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Due to global urbanization, urban areas are encountering many environmental, social, and economic challenges. Different solutions have been proposed and implemented, such as nature-based solutions and green and blue infrastructure. Taking into consideration exogenous factors that are associated with these solutions is a crucial question to assess their possible effects. This study examines the possible explanatory factors and their evolution until the year 2054 of several solutions in the Île-de-France region: wastewater heat-recovery, surface geothermal energy, and heat-mitigation capacities of zones. This investigation is performed by a series of statistical models, namely the ordinary least squares (OLS) and the geographically weighted regressions (GWR), integrated within a geographic information system. The main driving factors were identified as land use/land cover and population distribution. The results show that GWR models capture a large part of spatial autocorrelation. Apropos of prediction results, areas with low, medium, and high potential for implementing specific solutions are determined. Furthermore, the implementation capacities of solutions are compared with the demand depicted as the need for slowing down the effects of surface urban heat islands and the dependence on fossil energy. Moreover, the heat mitigation capacities are not at all times distinctively linked to human activities. Further investigations are needed to discover the remaining possible reasons, particularly air quality, water, vegetation, and climate change.

Modelling land use dynamics is a critical scientific issue. Despite a diversity of models coming from the fields of remote sensing, geography, and economics, including multicriteria decision analysis and machine-learning models, taking into account the external driving factors of urbanization is still a main challenge. This study aims at simulating various land use development scenarios with global and local parameters. Thus, the developed approach is able to estimate and simulate the dynamic evolution of land use classes, the evolution of urban attractivity, both of which depend on several driving factors. The proposed scenarios incorporate anticipated global changes, such as an increase in oil prices and a decrease in wealth, and local spatial changes such as the provision of new rail lines and the development of new activity zones. The results of simulations, for the study area covering a great part of the Île-de-France region, show for the year 2050 an 18% increase in urban areas and a 25% decrease in bare soils, compared to the year 2018. Moreover, the increase of global prices and the reduction of income levels would increase the attractivity of public transport modes and drive urbanization around stations, reduce the accessible distances to public transport systems by 8.5%, reduce the dependency on private vehicles, and increase the concentrated saturation of urban development. These scenarios will serve as a basis for the deployment of nature-based solutions and renewable energy production.

Worldwide, research community has studied the benefits of green and blue spaces implementation in urban areas, generating a great amount of literature regarding this topic. Since these solutions are of interest to face climate change impacts in cities, the European Commission (EC) has funded several projects to make an extensive review of the available literature. Three of these projects were especially studied here, namely EKLIPSE, Mapping Assessment of Ecosystem and their Services- Urban Ecosystem (MAES: Urban Ecosystems), and NATure-based URban innoVATION (NATURVATION). They all aim to identify the physical and social impacts, benefits and trade-offs of Nature-Based Solutions (NbS).To objectively compare findings presented in the deliverable reports, a text-mining approach was carried out. This methodology coupled with a data visual representation allowed to convert the EC projects reports (corpus) into a meaningful structured analysis. As a result, a graphical representation was created, making possible to recognize concepts, patterns and attributes addressed by each text, as well as stakeholders and their position with respect to the topic. The text mining analysis was implemented through Gargantex Blue Jasmine Version (an open source software developed by ISC-PIF). Gargantex results permitted to recover a list of key-terms from each corpus based in their co-occurrence in the whole text. These terms were used to elaborate a visual representation or network, placing the words strongly related close to each other and characterizing the obtained clusters by a similar color.This approach underlined the specific focus of each project: the conciliation between urbanisation and urban ecosystems (MAES), or the economic valuation and monetisation of NbS (NATURVATION) for instance. Moreover, it demonstrated that despite the different literature review methodologies of each report/project, there are some common trends exhibited by the obtained graphical networks and their statistical attributes. For instance, the need to assess the NbS performance with some adapted indicators; and the important EC supporting role in the implementation of NbS. Similarly, some regulating (e.g. water quality or temperature reduction) and cultural (e.g. recreation or health benefits) services are more addressed. This analysis can be applied to all kind of corpus, which makes it easy to understand different and similar concepts and approaches of a set of text data. A text-mining analysis can be conducted over the direct references of NbS benefits, on a collection of publications of a research database like Scopus or Science Direct.

sMonitoring and understanding the evolution of land use and land cover is a key factor for many environmental studies as well as for policymakers. Moreover, policymakers are interested in understanding the factors that have a significant impact on land use change. This paper analyses the dynamics of land use change in Lebanon between the years 1984 and 2019 and identifies the main factors behind this process. The use of LandSat satellite images enables the creation of land use maps at several periods and the monitoring of the evolution of built up areas as well as of green areas. Five periods emerge from this analysis, for which it is possible to propose explanatory factors, after an in-depth qualitative analysis. Within the framework of Structural Equation Models, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis is carried out to determine the impacts of several factors related to governance and financial data. Moreover, the urban sprawl is further investigated and explained by cultural, environmental, and infrastructural factors. The main results reveal that the development of built up areas is highly dependent on good funding conditions, whereas banking conditions and weak governance are correlated. The case of Lebanon presents specificities probably linked to historical and cultural considerations that deserve to be studied in future works. In the form of recommendations, new land use policies should be enacted to ensure sustainability in the form of an equilibrium between the urban development, from one side, and the preservation of natural resources and good environmental conditions on the other side. This could comprise the preservation of natural zones; the subsidization of the cultivation profession; and the encouragement of urban densification instead of horizontal sprawl.

The growth of the world’s population living in urban areas has led to change from natural to highly dense and impermeable landscapes. Moreover, the intensity and frequency increase of extreme event...

The challenges induced by the continuous urbanization and the climate change effects, such as extreme events (e.g. flooding or heat waves) or the intense increase of the urban temperatures (Urban Heat Island), encourage the implementation of Blue and Green Solutions (BGS). These solutions are inspired by the nature, favouring natural process in the cities like water infiltration or evapotranspiration (ET), reducing air temperature during heatwaves events.Characterize the thermal behavior governing a BGS is necessary to promote their implementation. Consequently, this research studies the energy fluxes –and particularly the evapotranspiration one- of a 1 ha wavy-shape green roof located in Champs-Sur-Marne (France), called Blue Green Wave (BGW). Therefore, a Large Aperture Scintillometer MKI, a CNR4 radiometer and 4 Type K thermocouples were installed on the BGW to measure the sensible heat flux of convection, the net radiation and the heat conduction into the soil substrate. The latent heat flux of ET was deduced from the energy balance.Each LAS unit was placed on the highest locations of the roof with about 100 m of distance between them. Diaphragms for short-range applications were placed in front of the units. The measurements were conducted on sunny and randomly days during the 2019 summer over an average time period of 7 hours.It appears that LAS sensible heat flux measurements on completely sunny days follow the net radiation flux trend. However, on cloudy days important flux fluctuations are noticed. Therefore, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to illustrate the significant correlation between the wind and the sensible heat flux during short time periods. In parallel, the heat conduction was analysed through a thermal gradient of temperature and a Fourier analysis demonstrating a poor conduction rate mainly on drier conditions of the BGW.Finally, the deduced latent heat was compared with the measurements of a dynamic evaporation chamber, confirming a significant over estimation of the latent heat computed from the energy balance. This can be explained by the sum of uncertainties related to each energy flux component, in addition to the restraint conditions of LAS measurement operation on the BGW (application over the limits of MOST theory). A multifractal analysis to determinate the temporal and spatial scaling behaviour of latent heat flux is ongoing.

International audience; This research provides new evidence about the relationship between travel behavior, workplace diversification, and environmental impact in the United Kingdom using data from the National Travel Survey for the period between 2002 and 2017. The path analysis approach based on SEM handles both direct and indirect effects and allows for a comprehensive study of travel behavior, trade-off effects, and work and non-work trips. The results suggest that workplace diversification is often reflected by longer average distances for work trips, which are often associated with more remote residential locations. Findings also show that for some categories, such as teleworkers and home-based workers, trade-off effects are observed between work and non-work trips, which increase CO2 emission levels.

International audience; Limiting commuting trips in major cities is important from the environmental, social and economic standpoints. In order to design policies that aim to change commuting practices it is, however, necessary to have acquired a good understanding of the trips in question and their determinants. However, these trips have been subjected to very little study in the cities of developing countries. This paper is concerned with the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Area (RJMA), and sets out to test the influence of “classical” socioeconomic and spatial variables on the distance and duration of the commuting trips of the region's inhabitants, especially those with the lowest incomes. The main original feature of this research is that it includes jobs in the informal sector. The results show that, all other things being equal, commuting distances and times are shorter for the informal sector, and people walk more from their homes to their place of work because jobs in the informal sector are more dispersed than jobs in the formal sectors. The notable exception is personal and household services for which employees (who are mainly women) live a long way from the city center where wealthy families (and their jobs) are concentrated.

International audience; In travel surveys, immobility is often approached as a technical issue that needs to be dealt with in order to measure mobility more accurately. By covering mobility patterns over a full week, the 2008 French Travel Survey allows immobility to be analysed other than as a marginal and random phenomenon. For working days alone, 28.8% of the adults in the survey had experienced one or more immobility episodes. By considering the intensity of immobility, and by introducing latent variables into Structural Equation Modelling, we have been able to propose a model with reasonable explanatory power. Our findings agree with previous studies and also show that within suburban or rural areas, access to shops or the type of local residential fabric are also factors that influence the number of immobile days. In addition, our findings show that the effects of the determinants differ between categories of individuals, notably between working adults and students on the one hand, and between retired and non-working people on the other.

International audience; Much has been spoken and written about the rationalization and optimization of services and amenities in urban territories. In this context, there is increasing use of numerical modeling techniques addressing the design, selection and/or calibration of policy instruments. The question of the relations between appraisal tools and policymaking has been widely studied. However, few studies have specifically focused on the role of modeling in policymaking processes. Drawing on two case studies, this paper suggests a change in the nature of multi-expertise: neither conflicting nor cross-sectoral, we observed in both cases an interwoven configuration with a network of experts making use of integrated models. We call this configuration distributed expertise, arguing that it is a novel configuration and that its emergence is closely linked to the development of integrated modeling techniques. Other authors have discussed the idea that the growing need for new appraisal tools is linked with the proliferation of wicked policy problems. From our case studies we would conclude that the emergence of integrated modeling is not a response to complex problems but to complex systems of actors who need to reach a consensus on actions.

International audience; The present article looks to pinpoint explanatory factors for the sharing of escorting of children in dual-earner families. It proposes a detailed analysis of inequalities and interactions in dual-earner families when it comes to escorting children by taking into account the characteristics of trips to and from school for children, the characteristics of the parents’ occupations, and the characteristics of the household. Compared with earlier research, the model considers more detailed data about the escorts’ jobs, such as specific working hours, which provide a better understanding of the constraints on parents and insight into the choices made when both parents are in a position to escort their children. The findings depart somewhat from those of earlier work on the question because more specific data are considered. They show a marked gender inequality in escorting because mothers in dual-earner families do more than two-thirds of the escorting. But the factors explaining the sharing of escorting act almost symmetrically for both parents, with the effect of work starting and finishing times being preponderant. These models confirm that the inequality kicks in ahead of this: mothers in dual-earner households are more often than fathers in jobs with short working hours and which are more compatible with escorting.

In Rio de Janeiro, immobility or the share of people with no journeys on any given day is very high (46%). Immobility has a marked geographical dimension in what is a segregated city. But income has only limited explanatory power. The population structure, with high proportions of people who are not in the labour force and who are unemployed, accounts for the high levels of immobility in the poor districts. Although population structure effects prevail, spatial factors such as the severance effect also account for differences between districts. Indeed, Rio de Janeiro features many different types of barriers that affect immobility in several districts and for several population groups. These barriers may be physical or symbolic and perceptive. This study proposes therefore to identify the scope of those barriers as they affect immobility. Our findings from the latest household travel survey available for the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro (2003) illustrate the effects of the two types of barrier, physical or symbolic and perceptive, on immobility that more specifically mark out certain categories of individuals such as housewives, the elderly, the unemployed or poor workers. Conversely, the wealthier active population seems to be little affected by the two types of barriers under study. Lastly, our results show that social fragmentation does not lead to greater immobility of favela populations in the heart of rich districts, but on the contrary to increased mobility, especially for the working age population in employment or looking for employment.

International audience; . Abstract The analysis of the evolution of transport networks can be performed by methods relating to the graph and network theory, for example by modelling the growth of the network or by analysing the evolution of global or local indices. However, this approach requires geographical databases representing the networks at different times. Maps are a natural source to create, by vectorisation, such geographical databases. We show in this article that, because of the particular nature of the cartographic representation that is a model of the territory rather than a mere image, it is necessary to explicitly take into account the modelling relation at the time of the map to be able to distinguish between the evolution of the territory and the art of the cartographer, rebuilding thus a kind of critical apparatus of the map.; L'analyse de l'évolution des réseaux de transport peut se faire par des méthodes issues de la théorie des graphes ou des réseaux, par exemple en modélisant la croissance du réseau ou encore en analysant l'évolution d'indicateurs globaux ou locaux au cours du temps. Cependant, cette approche nécessite de disposer de bases de données géographiques représentant les réseaux à différentes époques. Les cartes sont une source naturelle pour constituer, par vectorisation, de telles bases de données géographiques. Nous montrons dans cet article que, du fait de la nature particulière de la représentation cartographique qui est un modèle du territoire représenté et non une simple image, il est nécessaire de prendre en compte explicitement la relation de modélisation en vigueur à l'époque de la carte pour pouvoir faire la part de l'évolution du territoire et de l'art du cartographe, et reconstruire une sorte d'apparat critique de la carte.

This paper presents a new method for identifying urban fabrics based on population and build-up densities. It aims at creating a new zoning that embeds information about the composition of an urban area and its surroundings to help analyze the structuring role of transportation networks. The method allows for a more accurate characterization of areas sometimes ill-described in the zoning used in transportation studies. We developed a simple classification method transforming gridded data into radioconcentric grids thought to better fit European cities morphology. It provides a more adequate representation to retrieve urban fabrics. We apply our approach to datasets of the French cities of Besançon, Tours and Nancy, and compare the results to the zonings used in the last household travel surveys.; Cet article présente une méthode pour construire un zonage des tissus urbains sur la base des densités de population et de surfaces bâties. L'objectif est d'obtenir un zonage catégorisant l'étendue des agglomérations et de leur couronne périurbaine proche. Ce zonage se veut adapté pour l'analyse du rôle structurant des réseaux de transport et pour caractériser des zones périphériques parfois mal discriminées dans les zonages typiques des études de transport. La méthode répond à des critères de simplicité et d'indépendance vis-à-vis des maillages administratifs. Nous utilisons des densités initialement mesurées sur des grilles régulières, que nous transposons sur une grille radioconcentrique dont la structure morphologique semble plus adéquate pour caractériser et identifier les tissus urbains considérés. Testés sur les agglomérations de Besançon, Tours et Nancy, les zonages sont mis en situation par rapport aux découpages utilisés pour les dernières enquêtes ménages déplacements.

International audience; TOD (transit oriented development) is a land planning approach that aims at developing harmoniously a transit network and the land it deserves both at the local and at the regional scale. It has been implemented successful in several large North and South American cities. Its transposition to Europe and small to medium cities is not straightforward, especially because European cities are much more dense than American ones, and transit is already well developed. However, TOD can also be considered as a means to coordinate existing land use and transport planning, and this is a major issue for all cities whatever their size or their density. Indeed, there is a co-production relationship between transport and land use, and the city development is systemic with many feedback loops between its subsystems. We show in this paper that a medium-sized city such as Besançon in France can benefit from a TOD approach for its development by designing scenarios and evaluating hem with a LUTI model.

Digital Terrain Models constructed from contour lines often contain artifacts originating from their construction from irregularly spaced height measurements. We evaluate and illustrate these artifacts and their impact on terrain parameters. We provide algorithms to correct them as much as possible, and propose a methodology to predict areas where uncertainty still remains because of these artifacts. The analysis of these artifacts enables us to derive qualitative parameters such as "likely over-estimated", "likely underestimated", and "with no significant bias" on the DTM. Our method provides a qualitative description of local uncertainty, which is often more relevant for geographical applications than global quality parameters.

Olivia Le Saux,1 Bertrand Ripamonti,2 Amandine Bruyas,3,4 Olivier Bonin,4 Gilles Freyer,1,4 Marc Bonnefoy,4,5 Claire Falandry4,51Medical Oncology Unit, Lyon Sud University Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, 2Gynaecology-Obstetrics Department, University Hospital, Saint-Etienne, 3Croix Rousse University Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, 4Lyon University, Lyon, 5Geriatric Unit, Lyon Sud University Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, FranceAbstract: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common female malignancy in the world and almost one third of cases occur after 70 years of age. Optimal management of BC in the elderly is a real challenge and requires a multidisciplinary approach, mainly because the elderly population is heterogeneous. In this review, we describe the various possibilities of treatment for localized or metastatic BC in an aging population. We provide an overview of the comprehensive geriatric assessment, surgery, radiotherapy, and adjuvant therapy for early localized BC and of chemotherapy and targeted therapies for metastatic BC. Finally, we attempt to put into perspective the necessary balance between the expected benefits and risks, especially in the adjuvant setting.Keywords: elderly, breast cancer, geriatric assessment, surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy

A large deviation expansion is used to evaluate the impact of errors in a geographical database on the computation of travel times. We work in the framework of discrete random variables and improve a theorem by Book to solve this problem. Simulations are provided to illustrate the methodology.

We present in this paper a new urban morphogenetic model that enables to obtain by simulation a qualitative differentiation of urban spaces. The urban forms produced by the model are similar to those observed in actual cities. This model relies on a schematisation of RITCHOT?s urban form theory in the framework of ALONSO, MILLS and MUTH canonical economic model. The response of the model to variations of its parameter is correct, and the model enables to question the links between economy and politics in the building of urban forms.

Despite the popularity of the cosmopolitan idea of “postnationality” and multicultural concepts of citizenship, biculturalism continues to have a lasting impact upon Canadian institutions and group loyalties. This article constitutes the first empirical investigation of affiliations among the two largest official minority language groups in Canada, Anglo-Quebecers and Franco-Ontarians. Concurring with previous research, the study finds that organizational engagement predicts stronger socio-territorial affiliations. Furthermore, evidence shows that, Franco-Ontarians are 1) less likely to be cosmopolitan than Anglo-Quebecers, 2) about equally likely to be attached to the Canadian national identity as Anglo-Quebecers, 3) more likely to identify with their province than Anglo-Quebecers, and 4) more likely to have a strong affiliation with their local polity than Anglo-Quebecers. Taken together, the findings suggest that cosmopolitanism might work better for majorities than minorities, and as a consequence for Anglophones than Francophones even when the former are in a minority setting., Malgré la popularité de l’idée de « post-nationalité » et de citoyenneté multiculturelle, l’influence du biculturalisme persiste au sein des institutions canadiennes et des appartenances de groupe. Cet article constitue la première étude empirique des appartenances des deux plus grandes minorités de langue officielle au Canada, les Anglo-Québécois et les Franco-Ontariens. En phase avec la littérature, les résultats démontrent que l’engagement organisationnel permet de prédire une plus forte identification avec les différentes entités socio-territoriales. Les résultats démontrent également que, comparativement aux Anglo-Québécois, les Franco-Ontariens 1) s’identifient moins fortement comme cosmopolites, 2) environ autant comme Canadiens, 3) davantage à leur province, et 4) à leur polité locale. Dans l’ensemble, les résultats suggèrent que le cosmopolitisme correspond davantage aux attitudes des groupes majoritaires que minoritaires et, en conséquence, à celles des anglophones que des francophones, même lorsque les premiers se trouvent dans un contexte minoritaire.

Rapid urbanisation rate and the modification of surface properties have altered energy balance and wind dynamics within the cities. This has modified locate climate, enhancing the Urban Heat Island (UHI). This phenomenon creates elevated temperatures are experienced in dense areas, mainly at night. Likewise, climate change could induce intensity and frequency of extreme events (such as heatwaves) are higher, becoming the UHI a challenge and threat of urban resilience. Nature-Based Solution (NBS), such as green roof, have appeared as a strategy for mitigation of elevated temperatures, because of the effect of evapotranspiration (ET) from vegetation. Nevertheless, the performance of NBS to cooling the air and its variability across different temporal and spatial scales are still unclear. As well, conditions that can influence their implementation in complex urban environments are unstudied.In this context, this thesis focuses on the evaluation of elements than could influence their installation across scales. First, campaigns of measure of the ET process were carried out in the Blue Green Wave (BGW), a green roof located in Bienvenüe building in front of the Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, in the Cité Descartes (eastern of Paris). The thermal and physical performance of the BGW was characterised through three different methods: the surface energy balance (SEB), the evapotranspiration chamber and the water balance during dry conditions. Differences in the three methods of measure were observed and the errors causing these were discussed. A sensitivity analysis served to determine principal variables affecting SEB estimations and make recommendations for further campaigns of measure.Second, the fractal geometry was used to analyse the complexity and heterogeneity of the spatial distribution in the case study of Est-Ensemble (eastern of Paris), and to develop a multiscale scenario of NBS deployment. More specifically, fractal dimension helped to analyse the hierarchical organisation of the built-up structure and NBS across different scales. These properties served in the multiscale scenario to reconcile the built-up structure with the NBS, by installing NBS of different sizes in the spaces not occupied by the buildings (lacunas) but over the fractal structure of buildings too.Finally, in order to improve the understanding of thermal flux variability measured in the BGW, statistical multiscale data analysis was used. The preliminary results demonstrated than air temperature and structure parameter of refraction index of air (〖C_n〗^2), impacting ET, exhibit a scaling behaviour affecting by intermittency, a commonly observed feature of turbulent flows. In addition, results suggested the need to investigate the additional meteorological parameters affecting turbulent activity in the BGW, such as wind speed, L’urbanisation rapide et la modification des propriétés de surface ont modifié le bilan énergétique et la dynamique du vent dans les villes. Cela a engendré la modification du climat local, favorisant l'îlot de chaleur urbain (ICU). Ce phénomène crée des augmentations des températures importantes dans les aires plus denses, notamment dans la nuit. De plus, dans le contexte du changement climatique, l’intensité et occurrence des événements extrêmes (comme les vagues de chaleur) pourrait être plus élevée, ce qui fait de l'ICU une difficulté majeure pour la résilience urbaine. Les Solutions fondées sur la Nature (SFN), telles que les toits verts, sont apparues comme une stratégie d'atténuation des températures élevées, en raison de l'effet de l'évapotranspiration (ET) de la végétation. Néanmoins, la performance du SFN pour refroidir l'air et sa variabilité à différentes échelles temporelles et spatiales n’est toujours pas claire. De plus, les conditions qui peuvent influencer leur mise en œuvre dans des environnements urbains complexes n'ont pas été étudiées.Dans ce contexte, cette thèse s'intéresse à l'évaluation d'éléments susceptibles d'influencer la mise en place de SFN à travers les échelles. Dans un premier temps, des campagnes de mesure du procédé ET ont été réalisées dans le Blue Green Wave (BGW), un toit vert situé dans le bâtiment Bienvenüe, placée en face de l'Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, dans la Cité Descartes (est de Paris). Les performances thermiques et physiques de la BGW ont été caractérisées par trois méthodes différentes : le bilan énergétique de surface (SEB), la chambre d'évapotranspiration et le bilan hydrique en conditions sèches. Des différences dans les trois méthodes de mesure ont été observées et les erreurs à l'origine de celles-ci ont été discutées. Une analyse de sensibilité a permis de déterminer les principales variables affectant les estimations de SEB et de formuler des recommandations pour d'autres campagnes de mesure.Dans un second temps, la complexité et l'hétérogénéité de l'organisation spatiale d'un territoire où les SFN seraient implantées, a été étudiée à travers la géométrie fractale. Plus précisément, la dimension fractale a permis d'analyser l'organisation hiérarchique de la structure urbaine, et des primitives fractales ont été utilisées pour développer un scénario multi-échelles de déploiement des SFN avec une étude de cas dans Est-Ensemble (est de Paris). A partir de l'organisation fractale des SFN, le scénario multiéchelle a réconcilié la structure bâtie avec les SFN, en installant des SFN de différentes tailles dans les espaces non occupés par les bâtiments (lacunes) mais également sur la structure fractale des bâtiments. Enfin, afin d'améliorer la compréhension de la variabilité des flux thermiques mesurés dans le BGW, une analyse statistique multiéchelle des données a été utilisée. Les résultats préliminaires ont démontré que la température de l'air et le paramètre de structure de l'indice de réfraction de l'air (〖C_n〗^2), lesquels impactent le flux d’ET, présentent un comportement multiéchelle affectant par l’intermittence, une caractéristique couramment observée des écoulements turbulents. En outre, les résultats suggèrent la nécessité d'étudier les paramètres météorologiques supplémentaires affectant l'activité turbulente dans la BGW, tels que la vitesse du vent.