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In recent years, modular-type floating islands have been considered as a promising option for future ocean space utilization. A modular floating island consists of a number of standardized pontoon-type modules and connectors between them. In this study, the motion responses of a modular floating island in waves was investigated based on frequency-domain numerical analysis. The numerical method is based on the potential flow theory and adopts a higher-order boundary element method with Green’s function. First, motion RAOs were directly compared with the model test data by reference to validate the present numerical method. Then, numerical investigations were conducted to analyze the motion characteristics of the floating island by considering various modules shapes and arrangements. It was found that motion responses were reduced in a single central module compared to when divided central modules were used. Finally, the effect of modular arrangement on the motion responses in irregular waves was discussed. It was confirmed that multiple-layer outer modules are more effective in calming the central module than using single-layer outer modules, except under very long period conditions.

Left-node-raising (LNR), as a mirror image of right-node-raising (RNR), is a phenomenon in which the leftmost constituent is shared by the two conjuncts. In this paper, we empirically and theoretically explore two distinctive properties of LNR in Korean: licensing Case-mismatches of a shared element and the dependent plural marker tul. We argue that the first conjunct Case-licensing of the shared element in LNR is crucial across Case types. We thus confirm the explanatory edge of the scrambling-plus-pro analysis of LNR, nullifying previous symmetric analyses of LNR such as across-the-board scrambling and multidominance. Additionally, we argue that LNR is not a mirror image of RNR in that symmetric analyses may explain the distribution of the dependent plural marker in RNR but not that of the dependent plural marker in LNR. Therefore, we argue against a unified analysis of RNR and LNR. We further show that the island effect of LNR is evidence of the scrambling-plus-pro analysis of LNR.

Aim: Bone healing becomes problematic during certain states, such as trauma. This study verifies whether the application of c-myb with gelatin promotes bone healing during bone injuries. Materials & methods: A biodegradable membrane was modified with adenoviral vector c-myb ( Ad/c-myb) and gelatin and applied in the bone injury site of rat tibia. Results: c-myb enhanced osteogenic differentiation and mineralization in bone marrow stromal cells after induction with osteogenic media. In vivo examination of rat tibia after application of the biodegradable membrane with Ad/c-myb and a gelatin layer demonstrated increased bone volume, bone mineral density, new bone formation and osteogenic molecules, compared with Ad/LacZ. Conclusion: c-myb has the potential to assist bone healing and may be applicable to the treatment of bone during injury.

This study aimed to investigate the expression of PGC-1α/FNDC5/irisin induced by attenuation of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced bone accrual and determine whether swimming exercise could improve attenuating bone accrual through this mechanism. Eight-week-old Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into two groups for the first 8 weeks: CD, control diet (n = 10); and HFD, high-fat diet (n = 20). HFD-fed rats were again divided into two groups for further 8 weeks treatment: HFD (n = 10) and HFD with swimming exercise (HEx, n = 10). During this time, the CD group continuously fed the normal diet. Throughout the 16 weeks study period, the rats were weighed once every week. Samples were collected for analysis after last 8 weeks of treatment in the 16 weeks. Morphological and structural changes of the femur and tibial bone were observed using micro-CT, and Osteocalcin, CTX-1 and irisin levels in the blood were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of IL-1, β-catenin, FNDC5 and PGC-1α, in the femur were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Eight weeks of HFD increased body weight and epididymal fat mass and decreased bone mineral density (BMD). Subsequent 8 weeks of swimming exercise improved obesity, BMD, bone microstructure, and bone metabolic factors in the HEx group. The irisin levels in the blood and the expressions of FNDC5 and PGC-1α in the bone were significantly lower in the HFD group than in the CD group, but elevated in the HEx group than in the HFD group. Swimming exercise is effective in improving obesity-worsened bone health and increases blood irisin and bone PGC-1α and FNDC5 levels.

Study Design: Level III retrospective study.Purpose: We investigated the impact of short-segment lumbar fusion on the restoration of global sagittal alignment and the correlations between spino-pelvic parameters and clinical outcomes.Overview of Literature: Sagittal imbalance leads to energy consumption and pain in maintaining a standing position. For adult spinal deformity, it is critical to create optimal lumbar lordosis (LL) in order to achieve restoration of sagittal imbalance. However, surgeons do not pay attention to correcting LL in short-segment lumbar fusion.Methods: A total of 69 patients with transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) for degenerative spinal disease were evaluated with a minimum 2-year follow-up. All patients underwent TLIF with hyper-lordotic angle cages to achieve higher LL. Radiological spino-pelvic parameters including sagittal vertical axis (SVA) and clinical outcomes using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) were evaluated.Results: The average LL was 35.8°±9.9° before surgery, 42.3°±9.3° 1 year after surgery, and 40.3°±10.2° 2 years after surgery (p p p

New findings What is the central question of this study? What is the effect and mechanism of interval running training on age-related muscle wasting and bone loss in an ovariectomized rat model? What is the main finding and its importance? Interval running training improved muscle growth and osteogenic differentiation by enhancing the expression of bone morphogenic proteins and sirtuins in ageing-induced ovariectomized rats. Therefore, the repetition of low and high intensities within a single exercise bout, such as interval running training, may be recommended as a practical intervention to prevent skeletal muscle wasting and bone loss in the elderly. Abstract Effective prophylactic strategies are needed for the suppression of age-related muscle wasting and bone loss after menopause. Exercise training is attractive due to its potential for improving energy metabolism, as well as age-related muscle wasting and bone loss. In particular, interval running (IR) training involves a repetition of low and high intensities within a single exercise bout. Therefore, this study elucidated the effect of interval training on muscle and bone health, as well as anti-ageing, in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. The anti-ageing effect of IR on muscle and bone was tested using western blotting and micro-computed tomography analysis, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and immunohistochemical staining. IR significantly inhibited the expression of inflammatory molecules, and improved antioxidant activity via down-regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the ageing-induced OVX rats skeletal muscle. IR compared with continuous running (CR) improved muscle mass and growth in OVX rats by the promotion of muscle growth-related factors including MyoD, myogenin, phospho-mechanistic target of rapamycin (p-mTOR), sirtuins (SIRTs), and bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs). IR also effectively recovered OVX-induced bone loss via the down-regulation of bone resorption and osteoclast formation in receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL)-treated bone marrowmacrophages (BMMs). In particular, IR led to high expression of SIRT1 and 6, which promoted osteogenic differentiation and bone formation via modulating the BMP signalling pathway compared with CR training. The in vivo effect of IR was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining with the improvement of bone formation molecules such as BMPs and SIRTs. These results suggested that IR training affected myogenic and osteogenic formation. So, IR training may be considered for prevention of muscle wasting and bone loss for the elderly.

As the representative targeted anticancer drug for colon cancer patients, cetuximab is the EGFR targeted therapeutic antibody and used for treatment of KRAS wild type cancers. Even some patient with KRAS wt gene did not respond cetuximab. However, there is no treatment available for cetuximab-resistant patient group, which is almost 50% of KRAS WT gene holders. Recently, our team identified cetuximab primary resistant related proteins named as mtRTK (mutant receptor tyrosine kinase) by array analysis based cetuximab responder or non-responder colon cancer patient tissues. We investigated mtRTK’s oncogenic potential as a novel anti-cancer target. A large proportion of colon cancer patients (36.2% Caucasian, 56.9% Korean) expressed the mtRTK was identified, using the sequencing analysis of patient samples. Based on these results, our efforts have led to the discovery of WM-S1, mtRTK inhibitor, which is the first mtRTK inhibitor in clinical development. The potent enzyme inhibitor showed a high anticancer activity confirmed in Patient-Derived Cells (PDC) and Patient-Derived Xenograft (PDX) animal models expressing the mutation. In preclinical studies demonstrate that WM-S1 is well tolerated in rats and dogs. Furthermore, WM-S1 has potent anticancer activities for various solid tumor (NSCLC, cholangiocarcinoma, etc.) including activated mtKRAS colon cancer expressing the mtRTK. Currently we are investigating WM-S1 in a phase 1a trial in AUS, which is the first mtRTK inhibitor in clinical development. Meanwhile, the mtRTK inhibitor WM-S1 drives antitumor immunity (with anti-PD-L1) in NSCLC. Combinational approaches with immunotherapy showed that synergistic effect of WM-S1 and anti-PD1 monoclonal antibody, suppressing tumor growth by 75% in anti-PD1 resistance NSCLC-derived humanized mouse model. A phase 1b trial is expected to develop WM-S1 through not only indication expansion but also combination therapy with immuno-checkpoint inhibitors in the USA, AUS and KOR from Q2 2022. In conclusion, mtRTK is a potential oncogenic driver mutation in various solid tumor. A first-in-class anticancer agent WM-S1 targeting mtRTK can be promising therapeutic agents for cetuximab-resistant colon cancer patients regardless of KRAS mutation status and other cancers. Citation Format: Joseph Kim, Jai-Hee Moon, Kyung-Mi Lee, Hyun Ryu, Eun Hye Park, Sang Hee Kim, Jeong Seok Kim, Young Ok Ko, Yong Seok Kim, Hyo Jin Kim, Tae Young Kim Kim, Moon Seong Yoo, Soll Jin, Seongrak Kim, Yoon Sun Park, Min Ki Lee, Mi So Lee, Ji Hyun Go, Yu Geun Ji, Jun Hyung Lee, Haneul Lee, Min Hwa Kim, Eun Hee Ko, Yeo Jin Lee, Seung-Mi Kim, Joon-yee Jeong, Yeon-seoung Choi, Seung-geon Bae, Jinwoo Lee, Won Jun Lee, Min-Kyeong Kim, Ji min Shin, Dong-in Koh, Sun-Chul Hur, Chun-Ho Park, Hyun Ho Lee, Dong-Hoon Jin. WM-S1, the novel small molecule inhibitor of mutant RTK/receptor tyrosine kinase, for the treatment of cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 6219.

In this study, we sought to describe a novel imaging apparatus that is lightweight, inexpensive, and highly effective for use in colorectal diagnostic and treatment settings. Typical probes for use in colorectal ultrasonic imaging applications are developed for surgeons to diagnose and stage rectal tumors and image the rectum and anus. Here we outline a new technique and use it for colorectal imaging in an animal. This technique involves use of an ultrasound array module positioned along the axis of rotation such that improved rotation is possible. This module is in the shape of a linear rod with a rotary linear component that allows for emission of focused ultrasonic echo signals from a linear section of the probe. The usability of the transducer and rectal image quality are satisfactory in a porcine model with the technique proposed here, axial/lateral resolution as 0.96/2.24 mm with 6 dB applied through the contour map using the point spread function. When compared to currently available methods, this technique provides superior diagnostic 3D volumetric image quality with reduced acquisition time. Given this, the ultrasound device proposed here may prove a viable and preferable method to those currently available for urology and colorectal imaging applications.

A numerical study was performed to investigate the applicability of the linear decomposition method for the hydrodynamic energy conversion of an oscillating-water-column type wave energy converter (OWC-WEC). Hydrodynamic problems of the OWC chamber were decomposed into the excitation and radiation problems with the time-domain numerical method based on the linear potential theory. A finite element method was applied to solve the potential flow in the entire fluid domain including OWC chamber structure. The validity of the linear decomposition method was examined by comparing with the direct interaction method for the turbine–chamber interaction based on the linear pressure drop characteristics. In order to estimate the hydrodynamic energy conversion performance under the irregular waves, the response spectrum method was applied with the transfer function based on the linear decomposition method. Under the various irregular wave conditions, the pneumatic power of OWC-WEC calculated by the response spectrum based on the linear decomposition method agreed well with the direct irregular wave simulation results.

The International Energy Agency Technology Collaboration Programme for Ocean Energy Systems (OES) initiated the OES Wave Energy Conversion Modelling Task, which focused on the verification and validation of numerical models for simulating wave energy converters (WECs). The long-term goal is to assess the accuracy of and establish confidence in the use of numerical models used in design as well as power performance assessment of WECs. To establish this confidence, the authors used different existing computational modelling tools to simulate given tasks to identify uncertainties related to simulation methodologies: (i) linear potential flow methods; (ii) weakly nonlinear Froude–Krylov methods; and (iii) fully nonlinear methods (fully nonlinear potential flow and Navier–Stokes models). This article summarizes the code-to-code task and code-to-experiment task that have been performed so far in this project, with a focus on investigating the impact of different levels of nonlinearities in the numerical models. Two different WECs were studied and simulated. The first was a heaving semi-submerged sphere, where free-decay tests and both regular and irregular wave cases were investigated in a code-to-code comparison. The second case was a heaving float corresponding to a physical model tested in a wave tank. We considered radiation, diffraction, and regular wave cases and compared quantities, such as the WEC motion, power output and hydrodynamic loading. The Danish partners acknowledge the support from the Danish Energy Agency through project 374 64017-05197. The Swedish partners were supported by the Swedish Energy Agency under Grants P44423-1 and 375 P44432-1. J.V.R. and G.G. acknowledge the support by Science Foundation Ireland under Grant 13/IA/1886. This research was made possible by support from U.S. the Department of Energy’s EERE Water Power Technologies Office. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-mission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC., a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International, Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525. This work was authored (in part) by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308. Funding was provided by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Wind Energy Technologies Office. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent the views of the DOE or the U.S. Government. The U.S. Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledge that the U.S. Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this work, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes.

[Purpose] Recent evidence suggests that regular exercise training plays a decisive role in maintaining homeostasis and promoting muscle and skeletal formation. However, the effect of downhill exercise training on osteogenesis-related factors is not well understood. [Methods] Thus, we investigated the effect of uphill and downhill training on ovariectomy (OVX)-induced bone loss. After ovary removal, the exercise method performed included uphill (16 m/min, +15°) and downhill training (16 m/min, –15°) for 60 min/day and 5 days/week, respectively, for 8 weeks. [Results] Our results showed that both uphill and downhill training significantly decreased the body weight, total cholesterol, and creatine kinase (CK) levels in the context of OVX-induced bone loss. On the contrary, levels of an osteogenesis indicator, osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase were elevated. Consequently, the uphill and downhill training reduced OVX- induced bone loss in the distal femoral metaphysis. Likewise, the bone microstructure in OVX-induced bone loss was enhanced upon training. In particular, the inhibition of RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and osteoclast-specific gene expression improved upon downhill training compared to uphill training. [Conclusion] These results suggest that the uphill and downhill exercise types appeared to positively affect the expression of osteogenesis-related factors along with bone density and microstructure. Particularly, the downhill training has more beneficial effects on the maintenance of homeostasis during bone formation.

NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Exercise training by running has an effect on age-related muscle and bone wasting that improves physical activity and quality of life in the elderly. However, the effect of downhill running on age-related muscle and bone wasting, and its mechanisms, are unclear. What is the main finding and its importance? Gradual downhill running can improve skeletal muscle growth and bone formation by enhancing autophagy and bone morphogenetic protein signalling in aged rats. Therefore, downhill running exercise might be a practical intervention to improve skeletal muscle and bone protection in the elderly. Recent evidence suggests that autophagy and the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling pathway regulate skeletal muscle growth and bone formation in aged rats. However, the effect of downhill running on muscle growth and bone formation is not well understood. Thus, we investigated the effect of downhill and uphill running on age-related muscle and bone weakness. Young and late middle-aged rats were randomly assigned to control groups (young, YC; and late middle-aged, LMC) and two types of running training groups (late middle-aged downhill, LMD; and late middle-aged uphill, LMU). Training was progressively carried out on a treadmill at a speed of 21 m min-1 with a slope of +10 deg for uphill training versus 16 m min-1 with a slope of -16 deg for downhill training, both for 60 min day-1 , 5 days week-1 for 8 weeks. Downhill and uphill training increased autophagy-related protein 5, microtubule-associated protein light chain, Beclin-1 and p62 proteins in aged rats. In addition, superoxide dismutase, haem oxygenase-1 and the BMP signalling pathway were elevated. Phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin and myogenic differentiation were increased significantly in the LMD and LMU groups. Consequently, in the femur, BMP-2, BMP-7 and autophagy molecules were highly expressed in the LMD and LMU groups. These results suggest that both downhill and uphill training appear to have a positive effect on expression of autophagy molecules and BMPs. In particular, these physiological adaptations from gradual downhill exercise have an effect on bone morphological changes and muscle quality similar to gradual uphill training interventions in ageing.

Osseointegration of dental implants is affected by osteoporosis. The purpose of this study was overcome the implant failure and facilitate the osseointegration of dental implants by c-myb in ovariectomized (OVX)-induced osteoporosis. c-myb is a transcription factor and supports bone formation. Plasmid DNA/c-myb conjugated with chitosan-gold nanoparticles (Ch-GNPs/c-myb) promoted osteogenesis and inhibited osteoclastogenesis in MC-3T3 E1 cells. Ch-GNPs/c-myb involved the reduction of the nuclear factor of activated T-cells 1, c-Fos, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleated osteoclasts in receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) stimulated bone marrow macrophages. In vivo results of rat mandibles demonstrated Ch-GNP/c-myb-coated titanium (Ti) implants increased the volume and density of newly formed bone and the osseointegration of dental implant with bone by micro computed tomography examination after OVX-induced osteoporosis. Immunohistochemical analysis showed increased c-myb expression and upregulation of bone morphogenic proteins, osteoprotegerin and EphB4, as well as the downregulation of RANKL by Ch-GNP/c-myb-coated Ti implants. Hematoxylin and Eosin staining expressed new bone formation by Ch-GNP/c-myb-coated Ti implants. Our findings indicated that c-myb delivered by Ch-GNPs supports osseointegration of dental implant even in osteoporotic condition. c-myb may be applicable to support dental implant integration and treatment in age-dependent bone destruction disease.

This paper explores the derivation of the so-called Transparent Free Relatives (TFRs). Its bewildering characteristics have been investigated in a...

This paper explores Locative Inversion (LI) in English. Following Kim (1998, 2000), we argue that the inverted locative PP is in fact an NP with a null head N. Consequently, we confirm Chomsky’s (1995) suggestion that it is only the nominal feature that enters into a checking relation with the EPP requirement of T. LI involves the special alignment of semantic properties with syntactic positions driven by information structure. It allows the presentation of relatively familiar information before comparatively unfamiliar information. In a minimalist framework, we propose that syntax may manipulate discourse-related features like [+topic] and [+focus] via uninterpretable versions of these on functional heads, Top and Foc. The proposal will be extended to the analysis of the cleft construction involving LI.

In this study, a time-domain numerical method based on three-dimensional potential flow was developed to analyze the hydrodynamic characteristics of an inclined oscillating-water-column (OWC) wave energy converter (WEC). A finite element method was applied to solve the potential flow around and inside the OWC chamber. A turbine&ndash, chamber interaction was considered to take into account the pressure drop inside the OWC chamber, which is a nonlinear function of airflow speed via turbine operation. The instantaneous pressure drop was updated on the free-surface boundary condition inside the chamber in the time-domain to account for the coupling effect between the turbine and the chamber. The present numerical method was verified by comparing it with the model test results. The hydrodynamic characteristics of an inclined OWC chamber in terms of potential flow, such as the water column motion and the three-dimensional flow distribution around the chamber, were investigated. In terms of hydrodynamic performance, the energy conversion efficiency of the chamber showed a nonlinear response characteristic dependent on the incident wave height. In addition, numerical calculations were carried out to clarify the relationship between the main geometric parameters and the hydrodynamic response of the inclined OWC chamber.

Biological repair of cartilage lesions remains a significant clinical challenge. A wide variety of methods involving mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been introduced. Because of the limitation of the results, most of the treatment methods have not yet been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). However, bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) and human umbilical cord blood derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB-MSCs) implantation were approved by Korea FDA. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) outcomes after two different types of MSCs implantation in knee osteoarthritis. Fifty-two patients (52 knees) who underwent cartilage repair surgery using the BMAC (25 knees) and hUCB-MSCs (27 knees) were retrospectively evaluated for 2 years after surgery. Clinical outcomes were evaluated according to the score of visual analogue scale (VAS), the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective, and the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). Cartilage repair was assessed according to the modified Magnetic Resonance Observation of Cartilage Repair Tissue (M-MOCART) score and the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) cartilage repair scoring system. At 2-year follow-up, clinical outcomes including VAS, IKDC, and KOOS significantly improved ( P < 0.05) in both groups; however, there were no differences between two groups. There was no significant difference in M-MOCART [1-year ( P = 0.261), 2-year ( P = 0.351)] and ICRS repair score ( P = 0.655) between two groups. Both groups showed satisfactory clinical and MRI outcomes. Implantation of MSCs from BMAC or hUCB-MSCs is safe and effective for repairing cartilage lesion. However, large cases and a well-controlled prospective design with long-term follow-up studies are needed.

Poor bone quality and osteolysis are the major causes of implant failure in dentistry. Here, this study tested the effect of phelligridin D-loaded nanotubes titanium (Ti) for bone formation around the dental implants. The purpose of this study was to enhance osseointegration of phelligridin D-loaded implant into the bone for bone formation and prevention of osteolysis. Cell viability, crystal violet staining, Western blot, alizarin red S staining, alkaline phosphatase activity, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining, micro-computed tromography (μ-CT), hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemical staining were used in vitro and in vivo to test the biocompatibility of phelligridin D. Phelligridin D enhanced osteoblast differentiation and mineralization by increasing bone morphogenic protein-2/7 (BMP-2/7), Osterix, Runx-2, osteoprotegerin (OPG), alkaline phosphatase and inhibited osteoclast differentiation by decreasing receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) in MC-3T3 E1 cells. Further, phelligridin D promoted bone regeneration around nanotube Ti implant surface by increasing the levels of BMP-2/7 and OPG in a rat model. Phelligridin D also inhibited osteolysis by suppressing the expression of RANKL. These findings strongly suggest that phelligridin D is a new compound representing a potential therapeutic candidate for implant failure caused by osteolysis and poor bone quality of teeth.

The skeletal muscle in aged rats adapts rapidly following a period of exercise. This adaptation includes structural remodeling and biochemical changes such as an up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes, content of stress and heat shock proteins (HSPs). However, the associated molecular mechanisms mediating different types of exercise training-induced adaptations are not yet completely understood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of duration and frequency exercise on the expression of HSPs, antioxidant enzymes, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) in the skeletal muscles of aged rats. Young (3-month-old) and aged (20-month-old) male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 6 groups and extensor digitorum longus (EDL; fast twitch muscle fiber) and soleus (SOL; slow twitch muscle fiber) skeletal muscles were collected immediately. The expression pattern of HSPs in skeletal muscles was decreased in old groups compared with young groups. Especially, HSPs showed lower expression in SOL than EDL muscle. Interestingly, HSPs in aged rats was increased significantly after S1 (single long-duration; 1×30 min, 5 days/week for 6 weeks) and M1 types (multiple short-duration; 3×10 min·day−1, 5 days·week−1 for 6 weeks) than S2 (single long-duration; 1×30 min, 3 days/week for 6 weeks) and M2 (multiple short-duration; 3×10 min·day−1, 3 days·week−1 for 6 weeks) types of exercise training. Also, superoxide dismutase (SODs) showed similar expression as HSP did. On the contrary, the p-ERK and p-JNK were down regulated. In addition, p-p38 level in the SOL muscle was activated markedly in all exercise groups. These results demonstrate that increasing of HSP expression through duration and frequency exercise can lead to protection and training-induced adaptation against aging-induced structural weakness in skeletal muscles.

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[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect that muscle contraction induced NAD metabolism via NAMPT has on mitochondrial biogenesis. [Methods] Primary skeletal muscle cells were isolated from the gastrocnemius in C57BL/6 mice. The muscle cells were stimulated by electrical current at 1Hz for 3 minutes in conditions of normal or NAD metabolism related inhibitor treatment. NAD/NADH level, Sirt1 and mitochondria biogenesis related signal factor’s changes were examined in normal or NAD metabolism related inhibitor treated cells. [Results] Electrical stimulation (ES) induced muscle contractions significantly increased NAD/NADH levels, NAMPT inhibitor FK-866 inhibited ES-induced NAD formation, which caused SIRT1 expression and PGC-1α deacetylation to decrease. Moreover, NAMPT inhibition decreased mitochondrial biogenesis related mRNA, COX-1 and Tfam levels. Along with AMPK inhibitor, compound C decreases SIRT1 expression, PGC-1α deacetylation and muscle contraction induced mitochondrial biogenesis related mRNA increment. These results indicated that the AMPK-NAMPT signal is a key player for muscle contraction induced SIRT1 expression and PGC-1α deacetylation, which influences mitochondrial biogenesis. Inhibition of the AMPK upregulator, Camkkβ, STO-609 decreased AMPK phosphorylation and SIRT1 expression but did not decrease PGC-1α deacetylation. However, CAMKII inhibition via AIP decreased PGC-1α deacetylation. [Conclusion] In conclusion, the results indicate that NAMPT plays an important role in NAD metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis. However, mitochondrial biogenesis is also controlled by different calcium binding protein signals including Camkkβ and CAMKII. [Keyword] Muscle contraction, NAD metabolism, SIRT1, PGC-1 α, mitochondria biogenesis.

In English, there are many verbs that are transitive by nature but are sometimes used without an object. These have been called object-omission verbs. This paper classifies them into two types: indefinite object-omission verbs (e.g., eat, read, write, etc.) and definite object-omission verbs (e.g., know, shake, understand, etc.). Hankamer and Sag (1976) divide anaphora into two types, depending on the availability of linguistic or situational contexts: deep anaphora and surface anaphora. This paper proposes that the understood objects of object-omission verbs induce two different types of anaphora, corresponding to two types of object-omission verbs: inherent anaphora and contextual anaphora. We further propose that inherent anaphora is lexical, while contextual anaphora is either deep- or surface-anaphoric in the sense of Hankamer and Sag.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and General control nonderepressible 5 (GCN5) knock down on peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) deacetylation during electrical stimulated skeletal muscle contraction. [Methods] Skeletal muscle primary cell were isolated from C57BL/6 mice gastrocnemius and transfected lentiviral SIRT1 and GCN5 shRNA. Knock downed muscle cell were stimulated by electrical stimulation (1Hz, 3min) and collected for PGC-1α deceatylation assays. Immunoprecipitation performed for PGC-1α deacetylation, acetyl-lysine level was measured. [Results] Our resulted showed SIRT1 knock down not influenced to PGC-1α deacetylation during electrical stimulation induced muscle contraction while GCN5 knock down decreased PGC-1α deacetylation significantly (p

The study investigated the effect of high-and low-intensity exercise training on inflammatory reaction of blood and skeletal muscle in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic male Sprague-Dawley rats (243 +/- 7 g, 8 weeks). The rats completed treadmill running in either high-intensity exercise (6 weeks of exercise training, acute bouts of exercise) or low-intensity exercise (6 weeks of exercise training). Non-running, sedentary rats served as controls. To induce diabetes mellitus, rats received a peritoneal injection of STZ (50 mg . kg(-1)). Rats were sacrificed immediately after an acute bout of exercise and 6 weeks of exercise training. Inflammatory factors were analyzed by ELISA and by immune blotting from the soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles. In the serum, inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-4) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) (nitric oxide and nnalondialdehyde) increased in diabetic rats. However, all exercise training groups displayed reduced inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species. In skeletal muscles, low-intensity exercise training, but not high intensity exercise, reduced the levels of COX-2, iNOS, and MMP-2, which were otherwise markedly elevated in the presence of STZ. Moreover, the levels of GLUT-4 and MyoD were effectively increased by different exercise intensity and exercise duration. Low-intensity exercise training appeared most effective to reduce diabetes-related inflammation. However, high-intensity training also reduced inflammatory factors in tissue-specific muscles. The data implicate regular exercise in protecting against chronic inflammatory diseases, such as diabetes.

Polymer solar cells (PSCs) have attracted considerable attention because of their unique advantages of low cost, light weight, and potential use in flexible devices. Based on the concept of a bulk heterojunction (BHJ) structure, PSCs made by blending poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) as a p-type material and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) as an n-type material have been most intensively investigated and have shown power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) up to 5-6%. PCE of photovoltaic devices is proportional to the shortcircuit current density (Jsc), the open-circuit voltage (Voc), and the fill factor (FF). The Jsc of a solar cell is strongly affected by the absorption of the active layer, and thus an ideal p-type polymer should have a broad and strong absorption spectrum, which requires the polymer to have a low band-gap. The Voc is tightly related to the energy difference between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of the p-type polymer and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of PCBM. Thus, the p-type polymer should have a low band-gap with appropriate energy levels of HOMO and LUMO. A facile method to synthesize low band-gap polymers is to combine electron-rich (electron-donor, D) and electrondeficient (electron-acceptor, A) monomers, forming alternating D-A type polymers. Quinoxaline was reported to be a good acceptor that can be combined with appropriate donors. For example, a thiophene-bis(3-octyloxyphenyl)quinoxaline polymer (TQ1) exhibited PCEs up to 6.0%. Alternating copolymers consisting of bis(3-alkoxyphenyl)quinoxaline and either dialkoxybenzene (LBPP) or fluorine (APFO) with a thiophene spacer showed PCEs up to 2.9% Another alternating copolymers of quinoxaline and either thieno[3,2-b]thiophene or carbazole with a thiophene spacer showed PCEs of 2.27% and 1.8%, respectively. A copolymer of 2,3-diphenylquinoxaline-based combined with a ladder type oligo-p-phenylene with a thiophene spacer showed a PCE of 3.04%. Some other types of quinoxaline-based copolymers with much lower PCEs were also reported. Poly(10-hexyl-10H-hexylphenothiazine-3,7-diyl) is a very strong electron donor and has a high ionization potential and has thus been used as a hole injection material in polymer light-emitting diodes. D-A type polymers consisting of phenothiazine and quinoxaline are also expected to be p-type materials with low band-gaps, but such polymers have not yet been reported in the literature. Thus, we attempted to synthesize a copolymer (PPTQX) consisting of alternating phenothiazine (PT) and dithienylquinoxaline (QX) segments for photovoltaic applications. As shown in Scheme 1, diboronic ester (compound 1) was reacted with dibromide (compound 2) in the presence of a palladium catalyst via Suzuki coupling to give the corresponding polymer, PPTQX. The polymer was purified using a Soxhlet extraction. The H NMR of the isolated polymer is shown in Figure 1, where the two different sets of aromatic protons (a, b) and four aliphatic protons (d) in the QX segment are easily identified along with two aliphatic protons (c) in the PT segment, indicating that PPTQX has been successfully synthesized. The numberand weight-average molecular weights of PPTQX were 7,000 and 12,000, respectively. The relatively low molecular weight of the polymer may be a result of the low reactivity of the QX monomer since its reacting sites are sterically hindered due to the two large alkoxyphenyl substituents. Molecular weights of LBPP and APFO, which were synthesized from QX monomers similar to ours, were also relatively low (Mn 12,000-15,000). 11

Background: Selective lumbar nerve root block (SNRB) is generally accepted as an effective treatment method for back pain with sciatica. However, it requires devices producing radioactive materials such as C-arm fluoroscopy. This study evaluated the useful ness of the longitudinal view of transverse process and needles for medial branch block as landmarks under ultrasonography. Methods: We performed selective nerve root block for 96 nerve roots in 61 patients under the guidance of ultrasound. A curved probe was used to identify the facet joints and transverse processes. Identifying the lumbar nerve roots under the skin surface and ultrasound landmarks, the cephalad and caudal medial branch blocks were undertaken under the transverse view of sonogram first. A needle for nerve root block was inserted between the two transverse processes under longitudinal view, while estimating the depth with the needle for medial branch block. We then injected 1.0 mL of contrast medium and checked the distribution of the nerve root with C-arm fluoroscopy to evaluate the accuracy. The visual analog scale (VAS) was used to access the clinical results. Results: Seven SNRBs were performed for the L2 nerve root, 15 for L3, 49 for L4, and 25 for L5, respectively. Eighty-six SNRBs (89.5%) showed successful positioning of the needles. We failed in the following cases: 1 case for the L2 nerve root; 2 for L3; 3 for L4; and 4 for L5. The failed needles were positioned at wrong leveled segments in 4 cases and inappropriate place in 6 cases. VAS was improved from 7.6 ± 0.6 to 3.5 ± 1.3 after the procedure. Conclusions: For SNRB in lumbar spine, the transverse processes under longitudinal view as the ultrasound landmark and the needles of medial branch block to the facet joint can be a promising guidance.

In an IR proximity-based motion gesture sensor (MGS) mainly composed of an IR LED and photodiodes (PDs), the IR LED is the most power-hungry component. For reducing its power, both the size and the field-of-view (FOV) of each PD can be increased instead. However, it cannot be adapted to conventional MGSs due to the geometrical limitation of their optical structures. In this paper, the optical structure of the proposed MGS with a partially open cavity package allows for power reduction by at least 70.9% compared with conventional MGSs. Optical simulation and test results validate the theoretical analysis presented. (C) 2016 Optical Society of America

On the basis of the potentials for the growth of local economy and the result of investigation of the ocean space development status, an ocean resort complex was proposed at the small harbor with a parallel beach in the east coast of Korea. As the development plan needs to reclaim the noticeable amount of coastal water area together with the applied shore facilities, it is necessary to analyze their impacts. Here, it was intended to analyze the coastal environment change such as water circulation and bottom change because of the development plan. A horizontal two-dimensional numerical model was applied to represent the combined impact of wind waves and tidal currents to sediment transport in that coastal region. Based on the result of 30 days tidal current simulations considering major four tidal components of ,, and for the upper and lower boundaries and wind field data, bottom change was discussed. Flow velocities were not changed much at outer breakwater of Yangpo harbor. Bottom was eroded by maximum 1.7m after construction but some locations such as lee side of outer breakwater and some islets near the entrance shows isolated accretions. Although it needs more field observations for bottom change in the period of construction, the numerical calculation shows that there exist small impacts near the entrance area and coastal boundaries because of the development.

The issue of predication enters the syntactic research through the seminal work of Halliday (1967), who draws attention to secondary predicates, which express properties of local subjects. Setting resultative predicates aside, this paper examines the structural height of depictive predicates in relation to VP anaphora such as do ellipsis and do so proverbalization. It is argued that the stranding paradox of depictives results from the adjunction height: subject depictives are adjoined to vP, and object depictives to VP. Given the light verb structure (Chomsky 1995), VP ellipsis elides the VP containing object depictives, thus stranding subject depictives, whereas vP ellipsis elides the vP containing subject depictives.

This paper deals with the hypothesis for light preposition projections in English. We argue that the null light preposition p is responsible for licensing accusative Case of the complement DPs in PPs, extending Chomsky’s (1995) argument for the null light verb v. Following Svenonius (2003), we claim that there are lexical instances of light prepositions in English, such as from and to, which can motivate the postulation of pP, contrary to some agreement projection (Bo?kovi? 2004b). As an extension, we argue that small clause PPs are in fact IPs headed by a null inflection with an obligatory [+EPP].

This paper examines the ATB phenomenon in Gapping and Left-Peripheral Ellipsis. Based on Johnson"s (1994) movement analysis of Gapping, Agbayani and Zoerner (2006) argue for a sideward movement analysis of Gapping and Left-Peripheral Ellipsis. We point out that their analysis is problematic on both conceptual and empirical grounds. Instead, we argue for a multiple dominance analysis, along the line of Citko (2005). In short, we propose that Gapping results from vP coordination and LPE from VP coordination, thus capturing Neijt"s (1979) intuition that Gapping and Left-Peripheral Ellipsis are one and the same phenomena, contrary to Sag (1976).

This paper explores do so as a case of VP anaphora. According to Hankamer and Sag"s (1976) seminal work, do so is classified as a surface anaphor. After examining several tests of anaphora, I first show that do so is on the borderline of Hankamer and Sag"s dichotomy of deep vs. surface anaphora. As a consequence, I propose that shallow anaphora exists between deep and surface anaphora and that do so is such a case. The paper also explores Postal"s (1969) outbound anaphora of do so vs. do it out of anaphoric islands. I argue that outbound anaphora is influenced by the mood, tense, and aspect values associated with the host verb do.