768 results on '"ITS1 gene"'
Search Results
2. Six-Year Study on Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Al-Muthanna, Iraq: Molecular Identification Using ITS1 Gene Sequencing.
- Author
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Flaih MH, Alwaily ER, Hafedh AA, and Hussein KR
- Abstract
Background: The current study aimed to determine the prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Al-Muthanna province (Iraq) and to characterize the Leishmania species that cause cutaneous lesions through conventional polymerase chain reaction techniques in some patients during the first 7 months of the year 2020., Materials and Methods: Medical information on patients with CL was obtained from archived records at the Al-Muthanna Health Office's Public Health Department (2015-2020). In the Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital laboratory, 95 CL samples were collected and examined microscopically for molecular characterization using Giemsa staining., Results: Between 2015 and 2020, 2,325 patients (1,184 men and 1,141 women) were enrolled. Although CL occurred across all age groups, those aged range of 5-14 years had the highest proportion of infections (53.0%). This study found that most infections occurred between December and February, peaking in January. Only 63 of 95 CL samples were positive for the Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 region. L. tropica was found in 39 samples (61.9%), whereas L. major was found in 24 samples (38.1%), in CL patients. Although dermal lesions develop in all body regions, a single lesion is the most common. The upper limbs (13 of 16 samples, 33.3%)were infected with L. tropica , whereas the lower limbs (9 of 14 samples, 37.5%) were infected with L. major . In contrast to L. major , most L. tropica lesions occur in urban areas., Conclusion: Our study indicates that CL is endemic in the Al-Muthanna province and that two Leishmania spp. coexist in the province. Molecular diagnosis is a vital component in determining many clinical symptoms of the Leishmania parasite as well as implementing suitable therapeutic, epidemiological, and control strategies., Competing Interests: No conflict of interest., (© 2024 by The Korean Society of Infectious Diseases, Korean Society for Antimicrobial Therapy, The Korean Society for AIDS, and Korean Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Comparative Phylogenetic Perspectives on the Evolutionary Relationships in the Brine Shrimp Artemia Leach, 1819 (Crustacea: Anostraca) Based on Secondary Structure of ITS1 Gene
- Author
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Alireza Asem, Pu Wang, and Shi-Chun Sun
- Subjects
phylogenetic ,primary sequence ,secondary structures ,internal transcribed spacer 1 ,artemia ,Genetics ,QH426-470 - Abstract
This is the first study on phylogenetic relationships in the genus Artemia Leach, 1819 using the pattern and sequence of secondary structures of internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1). Significant intraspecific variation in the secondary structure of ITS1 rRNA was found in Artemia tibetiana. In the phylogenetic tree based on joined primary and secondary structure sequences, Artemia urmiana and parthenogenetic populations displayed new lineages, and two New World species (Artemia franciscana and Artemia persimilis) were located in a basal clade that was not detected in previous studies. The close evolutionary relationship between A. franciscana and A. persimilis are expressively supported by the previous empirical and experimental investigation on the ability of hybridization (in natural habitats and lab conditions) and analysis on allozyme markers.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Development of a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA-EXO) and lateral flow assay (RPA-LFA) based on the ITS1 gene for the detection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in gastropod intermediate hosts
- Author
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Argon Steel, Elizabeth S Atkinson, Susan I Jarvi, Lisa Kaluna, and Kirsten Snook
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Serial dilution ,030231 tropical medicine ,Recombinase Polymerase Amplification ,Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,Molecular biology ,Angiostrongylus cantonensis ,law.invention ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,030104 developmental biology ,0302 clinical medicine ,Infectious Diseases ,Real-time polymerase chain reaction ,Plasmid ,chemistry ,law ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,Gene ,DNA ,Polymerase chain reaction - Abstract
Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a parasitic nematode known to infect humans through the ingestion of third stage larvae which can cause inflammation and damage to the central nervous system. Currently, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is one of the most reliable diagnostic methods for detecting A. cantonensis in humans as well as in gastropod hosts, but requires expensive and specialized equipment. Here, we compare the sensitivity and accuracy of a recombinase polymerase amplification Exo (RPA-EXO) assay, and a recombinase polymerase amplification lateral flow assay (RPA-LFA) with a traditional quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay currently available. The three assays were used to test 35 slugs from Hawai‘i for the presence of A. cantonensis DNA. Consistent results among the three tests were shown in 23/35 samples (65.7%), while 7/35 (20%) were discordant in low infection level samples (μL−1 to ~1 copy μL−1. All three assays consistently detected 50–100 copies μL−1 in triplicate and qPCR was able to detect ~13 copies μL−1 in triplicate. RPA-EXO was able to detect 25 copies μL−1 in triplicate and RPA-LFA was not able to amplify consistently below 50 copies μL−1. Thus, our RPA-EXO and RPA-LFA assays do not appear as sensitive as the current qPCR assay at low DNA concentrations; however, these tests have numerous advantages that may make them useful alternatives to qPCR.
- Published
- 2020
5. Development of a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA-EXO) and lateral flow assay (RPA-LFA) based on the ITS1 gene for the detection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in gastropod intermediate hosts.
- Author
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Jarvi SI, Atkinson ES, Kaluna LM, Snook KA, and Steel A
- Subjects
- Angiostrongylus cantonensis enzymology, Animals, Angiostrongylus cantonensis isolation & purification, DNA, Helminth analysis, Diagnostic Tests, Routine methods, Gastropoda parasitology
- Abstract
Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a parasitic nematode known to infect humans through the ingestion of third stage larvae which can cause inflammation and damage to the central nervous system. Currently, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is one of the most reliable diagnostic methods for detecting A. cantonensis in humans as well as in gastropod hosts, but requires expensive and specialized equipment. Here, we compare the sensitivity and accuracy of a recombinase polymerase amplification Exo (RPA-EXO) assay, and a recombinase polymerase amplification lateral flow assay (RPA-LFA) with a traditional quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay currently available. The three assays were used to test 35 slugs from Hawai'i for the presence of A. cantonensis DNA. Consistent results among the three tests were shown in 23/35 samples (65.7%), while 7/35 (20%) were discordant in low infection level samples (<0.01 larvae per mg tissue), and 5/35 (14.3%) were equivocal. To evaluate sensitivity, a partial ITS1 gene was cloned, and serial plasmid dilutions were created ranging from 100 copies μL-1 to ~1 copy μL-1. All three assays consistently detected 50-100 copies μL-1 in triplicate and qPCR was able to detect ~13 copies μL-1 in triplicate. RPA-EXO was able to detect 25 copies μL-1 in triplicate and RPA-LFA was not able to amplify consistently below 50 copies μL-1. Thus, our RPA-EXO and RPA-LFA assays do not appear as sensitive as the current qPCR assay at low DNA concentrations; however, these tests have numerous advantages that may make them useful alternatives to qPCR.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. The Problem of Mixing up of Leishmania Isolates in the Laboratory: Suggestion of ITS1 Gene Sequencing for Verification of Species
- Author
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M Mohebali, GhR Hatam, P Parvizi, MH Alimohammadian, M Moradi, F Abrishami, M Doroudian, H Mahmoudzadeh-Niknam, and V Khalaj
- Subjects
Leishmania ,Crithidia ,Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) ,Isoenzyme Electrophoresis ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Background: Leishmaniasis is endemic in Iran. Different species of Leishmania (L.) parasites are causative agents of this disease. Correct identification of Leishmania species is important for clinical studies,prevention, and control of the diseases. Mix up of Leishmania isolates is possible in the laboratory, so there is need for verification of species for isolates of uncertain identity. Different methods may be used for this purpose including isoenzyme electrophoresis and molecular methods. The isoenzyme lectrophoresis, due to its drawbacks, is feasible only in specialized laboratories while molecular methods may be more feasible. The aim of this research was to study the application of the internal transcribedspacer 1 (ITS1) sequencing method, in comparison to isoenzyme electrophoresis method, for verification of Leishmania species.Methods: Six Leishmania isolates were received from different research institutions in Iran. The species of these isolates were known by donating institution according to their isoenzyme profile. The species of these isolates were re-identified in Pasteur Institute of Iran by PCR amplification of ITS1 followed bysequencing and comparison of these sequences with Leishmania sequences in GenBank. Isoenzyme electrophoresis was performed for confirmation of the results of ITS1.Results: ITS1 sequence showed that some isolates were mixed up or contaminated with Crithidia. Isoenzyme electrophoresis confirmed the results of ITS1 sequences.Conclusion: ITS1 sequencing is relatively more feasible than the traditional isoenzyme electrophoresismethod and is suggested for verification of Leishmania species.
- Published
- 2011
7. Study on ITS1 Gene of Iranian Trichomonas Vaginalis by Molecular Methods
- Author
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F Kazemi, H Hooshyar, B Zareikar, M Bandehpour, M Arbabi, S Talari, R Alizadeh, and B Kazemi
- Subjects
Trichomonas Vaginalis ,Mutation ,ITS1 Fragment ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Background: Trichomoniasis is a worldwide protozoan parasitic disease and metronidazole is a choice drug for its treatment. Because of disease importance in public health and its controversial ideas about the prevalence of drug resistance, this study was carried out.Methods: Fifty-two suspected vaginal samples were collected from 2006 to 2007 in Gynecology Maryam Hospital, Tehran, Iran. All isolates were examined by microscopic, culture and PCR techniques. The PCR products were analyzed by RFLP and CSGE methods and two suspected samples were sequenced.Results: Trichomonas vaginalis was identified from all 52 samples. Of 52 isolates, 45 samples were successfully cultured and amplified by PCR except one. Seven were positive only by PCR. Finally, ITS1 fragment was successfully amplified in 51 of 52. CSGE analysis and PCR products digestion by MspI followed by sequencing showed nucleotide mutation at position 209 (C209T) of the ITS1 fragment in two (3.9%) of them.Conclusion: The results showed mutation in ITS1 fragment of T. vaginalis in two (3.9%) of Iranian isolates which may be related to metronidazole resistance.
- Published
- 2010
8. Development of a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA-EXO) and lateral flow assay (RPA-LFA) based on the ITS1 gene for the detection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in gastropod intermediate hosts
- Author
-
Jarvi, Susan I., primary, Atkinson, Elizabeth S., additional, Kaluna, Lisa M., additional, Snook, Kirsten A., additional, and Steel, Argon, additional
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Development of a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA-EXO) and lateral flow assay (RPA-LFA) based on the ITS1 gene for the detection of
- Author
-
Susan I, Jarvi, Elizabeth S, Atkinson, Lisa M, Kaluna, Kirsten A, Snook, and Argon, Steel
- Subjects
Diagnostic Tests, Routine ,Gastropoda ,Angiostrongylus cantonensis ,Animals ,DNA, Helminth - Abstract
Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a parasitic nematode known to infect humans through the ingestion of third stage larvae which can cause inflammation and damage to the central nervous system. Currently, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is one of the most reliable diagnostic methods for detecting A. cantonensis in humans as well as in gastropod hosts, but requires expensive and specialized equipment. Here, we compare the sensitivity and accuracy of a recombinase polymerase amplification Exo (RPA-EXO) assay, and a recombinase polymerase amplification lateral flow assay (RPA-LFA) with a traditional quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay currently available. The three assays were used to test 35 slugs from Hawai'i for the presence of A. cantonensis DNA. Consistent results among the three tests were shown in 23/35 samples (65.7%), while 7/35 (20%) were discordant in low infection level samples (0.01 larvae per mg tissue), and 5/35 (14.3%) were equivocal. To evaluate sensitivity, a partial ITS1 gene was cloned, and serial plasmid dilutions were created ranging from 100 copies μL-1 to ~1 copy μL-1. All three assays consistently detected 50-100 copies μL-1 in triplicate and qPCR was able to detect ~13 copies μL-1 in triplicate. RPA-EXO was able to detect 25 copies μL-1 in triplicate and RPA-LFA was not able to amplify consistently below 50 copies μL-1. Thus, our RPA-EXO and RPA-LFA assays do not appear as sensitive as the current qPCR assay at low DNA concentrations; however, these tests have numerous advantages that may make them useful alternatives to qPCR.
- Published
- 2020
10. Detection of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Based on ITS1 Gene by PCR-RFLP Technique
- Author
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Hekmat i Ahmed Al-Fahdawi, Sarab Fawzi Al-Ani, and Thamir abdalmajed Al-Kubaisi
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Leishmania tropica ,biology ,business.industry ,Leishmaniasis ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Gastroenterology ,HaeIII ,Sandfly ,Cutaneous leishmaniasis ,Internal medicine ,Genotype ,medicine ,Leishmania major ,Restriction fragment length polymorphism ,business ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease transmitted by biting of the sandfly, it is a severe health problem in many countries and endemic in most regions of Iraq. Objectives: This study was conducted to find the best method for diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis, detect the genotypes of Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major in Ramadi (Iraq) by PCR-RFLP technique. Materials &methods: One hundred twenty-two patients 68 were males while the females gender were 54 with age ranged 1-68 years, CL who attended to Department of Dermatology in Al-Ramadi Teaching Hospital and dermatology Private clinics, during the period between November 2017 to April 2018. The Molecular study was carried out to detect the ITS1 gene by (PCR). The restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was adopted on ITS1-PCR product and after HaeIII digestion at 37Co for 2 hours. Results: Laboratory examination of 122 cases showed 62 infection cases in Cutaneous leishmaniasis by using PCR technique and in infection proportion reaches at 51% out of the total number of the cutaneous cases which are similar to leishmaniasis during the months of the study. The demographic study dealt with age, gender, number of lesions and body site of infection, demonstrated that the majority of patients at the age of 1-10 years with percent 28.7%. Also Males (55.7%) had higher infection than females (44.3%), upper limbs had the highest percentage (48%) when compared with other sites of infection, single lesion was documented in 55% of patients, while two lesions were observed in 25% and multiple (3-10) lesions were observed in 20%. Different techniques were used for diagnosis of CL including routine method performed by direct microscopic smear from lesion which showed amastigotes in the macrophage in 50 (41%) positive case. The Molecular study was carried out to detect the ITS1 gene (internal transcribed spacer1) by (PCR). DNA extracted from 122 samples showed 62 (51%) were positive for (ITS1)gene, The restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was adopted on ITS1-PCR product and after HaeIII digestion at 37Co for 2 hours obtained two fragments of 60 and 200 bp 42 as L.tropica, and two fragments of 140 and 210 bp were identified 20 as L.major, genotype techniques were performed for all positive samples. Conclusion: CL is highly spread with single lesions more than multiple lesions and molecular detection showed that L.tropica more common than L.major.
- Published
- 2018
11. The Problem of Mixing up of Leishmania Isolates in the Laboratory: Suggestion of ITS1 Gene Sequencing for Verification of Species
- Author
-
H Mahmoudzadeh-Niknam, F Abrishami, M Doroudian, M Moradi, MH Alimohammadian, P Parvizi, GhR Hatam, M Mohebali, and V Khalaj
- Subjects
Leishmania ,Crithidia ,Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ,Isoenzyme electrophoresis ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Background: Leishmaniasis is endemic in Iran. Different species of Leishmania (L.) parasites are causative agents of this disease. Correct identification of Leishmania species is important for clinical studies, prevention, and control of the diseases. Mix up of Leishmania isolates is possible in the laboratory, so there is need for verification of species for isolates of uncertain identity. Different methods may be used for this purpose including isoenzyme electrophoresis and molecular methods. The isoenzyme electrophoresis, due to its drawbacks, is feasible only in specialized laboratories while molecular methods may be more feasible. The aim of this research was to study the application of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) sequencing method, in comparison to isoenzyme electrophoresis method, for verification of Leishmania species. Methods: Six Leishmania isolates were received from different research institutions in Iran. The species of these isolates were known by donating institution according to their isoenzyme profile. The species of these isolates were re-identified in Pasteur Institute of Iran by PCR amplification of ITS1 followed by sequencing and comparison of these sequences with Leishmania sequences in GenBank. Isoenzyme electrophoresis was performed for confirmation of the results of ITS1. Results: ITS1 sequence showed that some isolates were mixed up or contaminated with Crithidia. Isoenzyme electrophoresis confirmed the results of ITS1 sequences. Conclusion: ITS1 sequencing is relatively more feasible than thetraditional isoenzyme electrophoresis method and is suggested for verification of Leishmania specie.
- Published
- 2011
12. Detection of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Based on ITS1 Gene by PCR-RFLP Technique.
- Author
-
Al-Fahdawi, Hekmat Ahmed, Al-Ani, Sarab Fawzi, and Al-Kubaisi, Thamir abdalmajed
- Subjects
- *
CUTANEOUS leishmaniasis , *DISEASE vectors , *RESTRICTION fragment length polymorphisms , *LEISHMANIA major - Abstract
Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease transmitted by biting of the sandfly, it is a severe health problem in many countries and endemic in most regions of Iraq. Objectives: This study was conducted to find the best method for diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis, detect the genotypes of Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major in Ramadi (Iraq) by PCR-RFLP technique. Materials &methods: One hundred twenty-two patients 68 were males while the females gender were 54 with age ranged 1-68 years, CL who attended to Department of Dermatology in Al-Ramadi Teaching Hospital and dermatology Private clinics, during the period between November 2017 to April 2018. The Molecular study was carried out to detect the ITS1 gene by (PCR). The restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was adopted on ITS1-PCR product and after HaeIII digestion at 37C° for 2 hours. Results: Laboratory examination of 122 cases showed 62 infection cases in Cutaneous leishmaniasis by using PCR technique and in infection proportion reaches at 51% out of the total number of the cutaneous cases which are similar to leishmaniasis during the months of the study. The demographic study dealt with age, gender, number of lesions and body site of infection, demonstrated that the majority of patients at the age of 1-10 years with percent 28.7%. Also Males (55.7%) had higher infection than females (44.3%), upper limbs had the highest percentage (48%) when compared with other sites of infection, single lesion was documented in 55% of patients, while two lesions were observed in 25% and multiple (3-10) lesions were observed in 20%. Different techniques were used for diagnosis of CL including routine method performed by direct microscopic smear from lesion which showed amastigotes in the macrophage in 50 (41%) positive case. The Molecular study was carried out to detect the ITS1 gene (internal transcribed spacer1) by (PCR). DNA extracted from 122 samples showed 62 (51%) were positive for (ITS1)gene, The restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was adopted on ITS1-PCR product and after HaeIII digestion at 37Cº for 2 hours obtained two fragments of 60 and 200 bp 42 as L.tropica, and two fragments of 140 and 210 bp were identified 20 as L.major, genotype techniques were performed for all positive samples. Conclusion: CL is highly spread with single lesions more than multiple lesions and molecular detection showed that L.tropica more common than L.major. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Cryptic long internal repeat sequences in the ribosomal DNA ITS1 gene of the dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides (dinophyceae): a 101 nucleotide six-repeat track with a palindrome-like structure
- Abstract
Extremely long PCR fragments were generated by PCR amplification of ITS and 5.8S rDNA from Cochlodinium polykrikoides against other dinoflagellates. These patterns were consistent among geographically different isolates of C. polykrikoies. DNA sequencing reactions revealed that the PCR products were 1,166 bp in length and consisted of 813 bp of ITS1, 160 bp of 5.8S rDNA and 193 bp of ITS2. Thus, the long length was caused mainly by the long ITS1 sequence. Cryptically, the ITS1 contained a tract of 101 bp that occurs six times in tandem. The six repeated elements had identical nucleotide sequences. ITS1, therefore, separated three distinct regions: the 5' end (122 bp), the six parallel repeats (606 bp), and the 3' region (85 bp). Interestingly, both the single and six-repeat sequences should be palindrome-like sequences. In inferred secondary structures, both repeat sequences formed a long helical structure. This is the first reported discovery of comparatively long internal repeats in the ITS1 of dinoflagellates.
- Published
- 2007
14. Cryptic long internal repeat sequences in the ribosomal DNA ITS1 gene of the dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides (dinophyceae): a 101 nucleotide six-repeat track with a palindrome-like structure
- Abstract
Extremely long PCR fragments were generated by PCR amplification of ITS and 5.8S rDNA from Cochlodinium polykrikoides against other dinoflagellates. These patterns were consistent among geographically different isolates of C. polykrikoies. DNA sequencing reactions revealed that the PCR products were 1,166 bp in length and consisted of 813 bp of ITS1, 160 bp of 5.8S rDNA and 193 bp of ITS2. Thus, the long length was caused mainly by the long ITS1 sequence. Cryptically, the ITS1 contained a tract of 101 bp that occurs six times in tandem. The six repeated elements had identical nucleotide sequences. ITS1, therefore, separated three distinct regions: the 5' end (122 bp), the six parallel repeats (606 bp), and the 3' region (85 bp). Interestingly, both the single and six-repeat sequences should be palindrome-like sequences. In inferred secondary structures, both repeat sequences formed a long helical structure. This is the first reported discovery of comparatively long internal repeats in the ITS1 of dinoflagellates.
- Published
- 2007
15. Cryptic long internal repeat sequences in the ribosomal DNA ITS1 gene of the dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides (dinophyceae): a 101 nucleotide six-repeat track with a palindrome-like structure
- Abstract
Extremely long PCR fragments were generated by PCR amplification of ITS and 5.8S rDNA from Cochlodinium polykrikoides against other dinoflagellates. These patterns were consistent among geographically different isolates of C. polykrikoies. DNA sequencing reactions revealed that the PCR products were 1,166 bp in length and consisted of 813 bp of ITS1, 160 bp of 5.8S rDNA and 193 bp of ITS2. Thus, the long length was caused mainly by the long ITS1 sequence. Cryptically, the ITS1 contained a tract of 101 bp that occurs six times in tandem. The six repeated elements had identical nucleotide sequences. ITS1, therefore, separated three distinct regions: the 5' end (122 bp), the six parallel repeats (606 bp), and the 3' region (85 bp). Interestingly, both the single and six-repeat sequences should be palindrome-like sequences. In inferred secondary structures, both repeat sequences formed a long helical structure. This is the first reported discovery of comparatively long internal repeats in the ITS1 of dinoflagellates.
- Published
- 2007
16. Effect of soil amendments on the chemical transformation of arsenic and the microbial diversity in rice paddy microbiome
- Author
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Begum, Monira, Mooney, Mark, Meharg, Andrew, and Meharg, Caroline
- Subjects
633.1 ,Microbiome ,diversity ,abundance ,biogeochemistry ,arsM gene ,16S rRNA gene ,ITS1 gene ,amendments ,amplicon sequencing ,detoxification - Abstract
Paddy management practices greatly influence arsenic biogeochemistry. For sustainable rice production, rice needs to be free from arsenic. Different soil amendments such as animal manure in flooded paddy soil could enhance arsenic reductive mobilization, biomethylation, and volatilization which could be a useful option for the arsenic detoxification process. Also, arsM genes in composting manure could enhance arsenic methylation. Furthermore, cattle manure also enhances arsenic mobilization and increased arsenic assimilation in rice grain in some regions. However, the application of biomass ash, a source of silicon (Si) could be beneficial for rice growth, as silicate competes with arsenite for root uptake and hence has the potential to decrease translocation of arsenic into the rice grain. In contrast, the application of chemical fertilizer is not sustainable and could lead to long-run problems. As such, it is hypothesized "do different fertilizers affect the rice paddy microbiome and influence arsenic biogeochemistry, arsenic speciation, methylation and ultimately assimilation of arsenic into rice grain?" Thus, the objectives of this research were to ascertain the effect of different soil amendments on arsenic methylation and mobility in paddy soil and rice arsenic accumulation over time. In addition, how soil amendments affect the abundance and diversity of the arsM, 16S rRNA bacterial and ITS1 fungal genes in the rice microbiome was also investigated. Therefore, the research approach was to set up a rice microcosm experiment in a growth cabinet with a rice cultivar, 'Yongyou12' (a Japonica indica hybrid) with application of five different treatments- mineral fertilizers, full-slurry, half-slurry, ash and no application (four replicates per treatment), were applied to study the arsenic biogeochemistry and microbial population in rice paddy microbiome. Rice soil porewater chemical characterization at 7, 14, 28, 56, 84 d, during heading (99-126 d), grain fill (107-134 d) and dry stage (145-170 d) showed a highly significant effect of time on overall soil and arsenic biogeochemistry, while different soil treatments resulted in a significant response only for pH, Eh, Asi, B, Zn, Rb, Pb. Rice porewater arsenic species (Asi and MMA, DMA and TMAO) showed a strong correlation with different porewater properties, B, P, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Mo, Cd and Pb. In rice shoot, overall treatments had a significant response for B, P, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Rb, Cd, S, K, Na and Sn; while in rice grain, the effects were not pronounced. The 16SrRNA and arsM bacterial abundance in rice rhizosphere soil at 14 d, 56 d, grain fill (107-134 d) and dry stage (145-170 d) revealed a significant increase in both arsM and 16S rRNA gene copy number over time. The highest bacterial abundance was observed during the grain fill (107-134 d) compared to other time points. For treatments, a significant increase in 16S rRNA gene copy number was identified in response to the full slurry treatment. Amplicon sequencing at the grain fill stage of both the bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal ITS1 genes showed that diversity significantly varied among the three compartments, rice rhizosphere soil, root and shoot. Soil showed the highest level of richness and diversity, followed by the rice root, while a low level of richness and diversity was seen in the shoot. The most pronounced treatment effects on microbial operational taxonomic units (OTU's) were observed for soil bacterial OTU's. In most instances, copy number was increased in response to full-slurry and/or half-slurry treatment or decreased in response to ash, full-slurry and/or half-slurry, while mineral fertiliser had no or little effect. For bacterial OTU's, Clostridium was the most relatively abundant genus in rhizosphere soil and shoot and Geobacter was the most relatively abundant in rice root. Geobacter, Clostridium, Anaeromyxobacter, Opitutus, Desulfocapsa, Methylocystis and Gemmatimonas were relatively abundant in all three compartments. Some of these have arsenic detoxification and methylation and could control the N, C and Fe cycling. The statistical analysis identified a significant increase in response to the manure treatment for several genus-level bacterial OTU's in soil (Sarcina, unclassified genera within the phylum Cyanobacteria, Bacteroidetes, the order Clostridiales and the family Rhodothermaceae). These could be involved in arsenic methylation and volatilization as found in the literature. For fungal ITS1, Ascomycota annotated OTU's was identified as the most abundant phylum in all three compartments. Pseudeurotium, Talaromyces, Cladosporium and Mortierella were relatively abundant genus in rhizosphere soil, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Pseudeurotium, Sarocladium, Talaromyces and Zopfiella in root and Cladosporium, Penicillium, Pseudeurotium in the shoot. Statistical analysis identified only a small number of fungal OTU's with significant treatment effect. Application of full-slurry, half-slurry, and ash showed much stronger effect compared to the chemical fertilizer in controlling rice arsenic chemistry and could be applied after filed trial. It is clear that the manure, ash, and half-slurry had some significant effect and could be beneficial to increase arsenic methylating bacteria and fungi in rice microbiome.
- Published
- 2021
17. Isolation, Identification and Molecular Characterization of Eimeria spp Infecting Chicken in Khartoum State, Sudan Using ITS1 Gene
- Author
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Sumaia Mohamed Ahmed Abukashawa, Mona Abdelrahman Mohamed Khaier, Hanan Ahmed Daffala, and Abuelgasim Ibrahim Abdelhalim
- Subjects
Veterinary medicine ,animal structures ,biology ,Molecular epidemiology ,animal diseases ,food and beverages ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Molecular diagnostics ,medicine.disease ,Eimeria ,Apicomplexa ,Coccidiosis ,Coccidia ,Genetic marker ,parasitic diseases ,Multiplex polymerase chain reaction ,medicine - Abstract
Coccidiosis in broiler chickens highly affects the economy for both producers and consumers. The later get a low quality meat due to anaemia induced by the parasite. The disease is characterized by lesions caused by seven host specific members of the family Eimeriidae of the phylum Apicomplexa. Collected positive samples of Eimeria species from broiler chickens were identified by measuring the dimensions of the sporulated oocyst. Seven species of Eimeria were detected using this method. When DNA was extracted and species specific primers were used to amplify ITS1 gene using single specific primer PCR and multiplex PCR, only six species were identified. The accuracy of identification of broiler chicken Eimeria species using PCR is more reliable than the conventional methods like oocyst measurements or histopathology of the affected intestinal regions. This is indicated by the finding that E. brunetti which was identified morphologically by oocyst measurement, could not be identified molecularly. The mitochondrial genome sequences (ITS1) are highly suited for molecular diagnostics of coccidia and may be a potential genetic marker for molecular epidemiology of broiler chicken coccidiosis in the future in Sudan. The aim of this study is to determine and identify the species causing poultry coccidiosis in broiler chicken by traditional methods and molecular characterization using ITS.
- Published
- 2020
18. Biodiversity of the Betta smaragdina (Teleostei: Perciformes) in the northeast region of Thailand as determined by mitochondrial COI and nuclear ITS1 gene sequences
- Author
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Chanon Kowasupat, Kornsunee Phiwsaiya, Amornrat Phongdara, Bhinyo Panijpan, Parames Laosinchai, Pintip Ruenwongsa, Warapond Wanna, and Saengchan Senapin
- Subjects
Species complex ,Betta ,biology ,Phylogenetic tree ,Bubble-nesting betta ,ITS1 ,Biodiversity ,Zoology ,biology.organism_classification ,Article ,Betta smaragdina ,Perciformes ,COI ,Northeastern Thailand ,Genus ,Fighting fish ,Genetics ,Betta splendens ,Genetics (clinical) - Abstract
In Thailand, there are currently five recognized species members of the bubble-nesting Betta genus, namely Betta splendens, B. smaragdina, B. imbellis, B. mahachaiensis and B. siamorientalis. In 2010, we indicated the possibility, based on COI barcoding evidence, that there might be two additional species, albeit cryptic, related to the type-locality B. smaragdina in some provinces in the northeast of Thailand. In the present study, after a more extensive survey of the northeast, and phylogenetic analyses based on COI and ITS1 sequences, the B. smaragdina group may be composed of at least 3 cryptic species members. The phylogenetic positions of these B. smaragdina group members in the bubble-nesting bettas' tree together with those of their congeners have been consolidated by better DNA sequence quality and phylogenetic analyses. With a better supported tree, the species statuses of B. siamorientalis and the Cambodian B. smaragdina-like fish, B. stiktos, are also confirmed.
- Published
- 2014
19. Characterization of ITS1 gene of Leishmania infantum isolated from Iraqi patients with visceral leishmaniasis by PCR- RFLP and sequencing methods
- Author
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Ilham A. Majeed, Nada Al-Bashier, and Fatemeh Gaffarifar
- Subjects
biology ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Molecular biology ,law.invention ,Restriction enzyme ,Visceral leishmaniasis ,law ,Polymorphism (computer science) ,parasitic diseases ,medicine ,Crithidia luciliae ,Leishmania infantum ,Restriction fragment length polymorphism ,Gene ,Polymerase chain reaction - Abstract
For the best of our knowledge, there is no information about molecular characterization of Iraqiisolates of visceral leishmaniasis, the present work aimed to characterize three different Iraqiisolates of Leishmania infantum by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction fragmentlength polymorphism (RFLP) and sequencing methods.Three isolates from bone marrow of Iraqi patients infected with kala azar were used in thisstudy. The isolates were already diagnosed by isoenzyme as Leishmania infantum. Patients wereinhabiting different parts of Baghdad. The samples after microscopic examination were culturedon modified NNN media. Then DNA was extracted for amplifying ITS1 (internal transcribedspacer 1) gene by PCR. Identification of samples was studied using RFLP (digestion with Apo1restriction enzyme) and sequencing of PCR products.The PCR of all samples showed a band under about 500 bp. The results by using PCR-RFLPmethod showed no restriction with digestion with Apo1 restriction enzyme. The results ofsequencing showed differences with all separated gene from Leishmania infantum in the genebank.In this study we found that the sequences of ITS1 gene of Leishmania infantum separated fromIraqi patients are different from other samples, as there is no similarity with Leishmaniainfantum (MHOM/TN/80/IPI1). The more similarity is with the Iranian isolate of Leishmaniainfantum (MCAN/IR/97/LON) with 41%, whereas the similarity with Crithidia luciliae internaltranscribed spacer 1, ITS1 is 96%.
- Published
- 2013
20. Biodiversity of the Betta smaragdina (Teleostei: Perciformes) in the northeast region of Thailand as determined by mitochondrial COI and nuclear ITS1 gene sequences.
- Author
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Kowasupat C, Panijpan B, Laosinchai P, Ruenwongsa P, Phongdara A, Wanna W, Senapin S, and Phiwsaiya K
- Abstract
In Thailand, there are currently five recognized species members of the bubble-nesting Betta genus, namely Betta splendens, B. smaragdina, B. imbellis, B. mahachaiensis and B. siamorientalis. In 2010, we indicated the possibility, based on COI barcoding evidence, that there might be two additional species, albeit cryptic, related to the type-locality B. smaragdina in some provinces in the northeast of Thailand. In the present study, after a more extensive survey of the northeast, and phylogenetic analyses based on COI and ITS1 sequences, the B. smaragdina group may be composed of at least 3 cryptic species members. The phylogenetic positions of these B. smaragdina group members in the bubble-nesting bettas' tree together with those of their congeners have been consolidated by better DNA sequence quality and phylogenetic analyses. With a better supported tree, the species statuses of B. siamorientalis and the Cambodian B. smaragdina-like fish, B. stiktos, are also confirmed.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. The Problem of Mixing up of Leishmania Isolates in the Laboratory: Suggestion of ITS1 Gene Sequencing for Verification of Species.
- Author
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Mahmoudzadeh-Niknam H, Abrishami F, Doroudian M, Moradi M, Alimohammadian M, Parvizi P, Hatam G, Mohebali M, and Khalaj V
- Abstract
Background: Leishmaniasis is endemic in Iran. Different species of Leishmania (L.) parasites are causative agents of this disease. Correct identification of Leishmania species is important for clinical studies, prevention, and control of the diseases. Mix up of Leishmania isolates is possible in the laboratory, so there is need for verification of species for isolates of uncertain identity. Different methods may be used for this purpose including isoenzyme electrophoresis and molecular methods. The isoenzyme electrophoresis, due to its drawbacks, is feasible only in specialized laboratories while molecular methods may be more feasible. The aim of this research was to study the application of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) sequencing method, in comparison to isoenzyme electrophoresis method, for verification of Leishmania species., Methods: Six Leishmania isolates were received from different research institutions in Iran. The species of these isolates were known by donating institution according to their isoenzyme profile. The species of these isolates were re-identified in Pasteur Institute of Iran by PCR amplification of ITS1 followed by sequencing and comparison of these sequences with Leishmania sequences in GenBank. Isoenzyme electrophoresis was performed for confirmation of the results of ITS1., Results: ITS1 sequence showed that some isolates were mixed up or contaminated with Crithidia. Isoenzyme electrophoresis confirmed the results of ITS1 sequences., Conclusion: ITS1 sequencing is relatively more feasible than the traditional isoenzyme electrophoresis method and is suggested for verification of Leishmania species.
- Published
- 2011
22. Study on ITS1 Gene of Iranian Trichomonas vaginalis by Molecular Methods.
- Author
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Kazemi F, Hooshyar H, Zareikar B, Bandehpour M, Arbabi M, Talari S, Alizadeh R, and Kazemi B
- Abstract
Background: Trichomoniasis is a worldwide protozoan parasitic disease and metronidazole is a choice drug for its treatment. Because of disease importance in public health and its controversial ideas about the prevalence of drug resistance, this study was carried out., Methods: Fifty-two suspected vaginal samples were collected from 2006 to 2007 in Gynecology Maryam Hospital, Tehran, Iran. All isolates were examined by microscopic, culture and PCR techniques. The PCR products were analyzed by RFLP and CSGE methods and two suspected samples were sequenced., Results: Trichomonas vaginalis was identified from all 52 samples. Of 52 isolates, 45 samples were successfully cultured and amplified by PCR except one. Seven were positive only by PCR. Finally, ITS1 fragment was successfully amplified in 51 of 52. CSGE analysis and PCR products digestion by MspI followed by sequencing showed nucleotide mutation at position 209 (C209T) of the ITS1 fragment in two (3.9%) of them., Conclusion: The results showed mutation in ITS1 fragment of T. vaginalis in two (3.9%) of Iranian isolates which may be related to metronidazole resistance.
- Published
- 2010
23. The Problem of Mixing up of Leishmania Isolates in the Laboratory: Suggestion of ITS1 Gene Sequencing for Verification of Species
- Author
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Mahmoudzadeh-Niknam, H., Abrishami, F., Doroudian, M., Moradi, M., Mohammad Hossein Alimohammadian, Parvizi, P., Hatam, Gh R., Mohebali, M., Khalaj, V., Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences [Iran] (SUMS), School of Public Health [Teheran], University of Tehran, Biotechnology Research Center, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Cette recherche a reçu un soutien financier de l'Institut Pasteur d'Iran (Projet de recherche n ° 314)., H Mahmoudzadeh-Niknam, F Abrishami, M Doroudian, M Moradi, MH Alimohammadian, P Parvizi, GhR Hatam, M Mohebali, and V Khalaj
- Subjects
Leishmania ,[SDV.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biotechnology ,Crithidia ,Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ,parasitic diseases ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,Original Article ,Isoenzyme electrophoresis ,[INFO.INFO-BT]Computer Science [cs]/Biotechnology ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases - Abstract
International audience; BACKGROUND: Leishmaniasis is endemic in Iran. Different species of Leishmania (L.) parasites are causative agents of this disease. Correct identification of Leishmania species is important for clinical studies, prevention, and control of the diseases. Mix up of Leishmania isolates is possible in the laboratory, so there is need for verification of species for isolates of uncertain identity. Different methods may be used for this purpose including isoenzyme electrophoresis and molecular methods. The isoenzyme electrophoresis, due to its drawbacks, is feasible only in specialized laboratories while molecular methods may be more feasible. The aim of this research was to study the application of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) sequencing method, in comparison to isoenzyme electrophoresis method, for verification of Leishmania species. METHODS: Six Leishmania isolates were received from different research institutions in Iran. The species of these isolates were known by donating institution according to their isoenzyme profile. The species of these isolates were re-identified in Pasteur Institute of Iran by PCR amplification of ITS1 followed by sequencing and comparison of these sequences with Leishmania sequences in GenBank. Isoenzyme electrophoresis was performed for confirmation of the results of ITS1. RESULTS: ITS1 sequence showed that some isolates were mixed up or contaminated with Crithidia. Isoenzyme electrophoresis confirmed the results of ITS1 sequences. CONCLUSION: ITS1 sequencing is relatively more feasible than the traditional isoenzyme electrophoresis method and is suggested for verification of Leishmania species.
- Published
- 2011
24. Cryptic long internal repeat sequences in the ribosomal DNA ITS1 gene of the dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides (dinophyceae): a 101 nucleotide six-repeat track with a palindrome-like structure.
- Author
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Ki JS and Han MS
- Subjects
- Animals, Base Sequence, Molecular Sequence Data, Nucleic Acid Conformation, DNA, Ribosomal Spacer chemistry, Dinoflagellida genetics, Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements
- Abstract
Extremely long PCR fragments were generated by PCR amplification of ITS and 5.8S rDNA from Cochlodinium polykrikoides against other dinoflagellates. These patterns were consistent among geographically different isolates of C. polykrikoies. DNA sequencing reactions revealed that the PCR products were 1,166 bp in length and consisted of 813 bp of ITS1, 160 bp of 5.8S rDNA and 193 bp of ITS2. Thus, the long length was caused mainly by the long ITS1 sequence. Cryptically, the ITS1 contained a tract of 101 bp that occurs six times in tandem. The six repeated elements had identical nucleotide sequences. ITS1, therefore, separated three distinct regions: the 5' end (122 bp), the six parallel repeats (606 bp), and the 3' region (85 bp). Interestingly, both the single and six-repeat sequences should be palindrome-like sequences. In inferred secondary structures, both repeat sequences formed a long helical structure. This is the first reported discovery of comparatively long internal repeats in the ITS1 of dinoflagellates.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Morphometrical and molecular identification of Echinococcus granulosus genotypes in wild canids in north of Iran.
- Author
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Darounkola, Moein Abolhasani, Ebrahimzadeh, Elahe, Borji, Hassan, and Khoshvaght, Mohammadreza
- Abstract
Background/Objective: The cestode Echinococcus granulosus causes cystic echinococcosis, a zoonotic parasitic infection that constitutes a significant public health risk. This parasite has been documented to have potential reservoirs and carriers among wild canids, namely wolves, foxes and jackals. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and molecular characteristics of E. granulosus sensu lato species/genotypes among wild canids in three northern, northeastern and north‐western Iran regions. Methods: From 2019 to 2022, 93 wild canid carcasses (69 jackals), (22 foxes) and (2 wolves) were collected that were killed in car accidents or illnesses. Analyses of morphology and morphometry were performed to verify the presence of E. granulosus. To determine E. granulosus s.l. species/genotypes, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐RFLP (ITS1) was performed utilizing the Bsh1236I (BstUI) restriction enzyme. COX1, NADH1 and ITS1 gene sequencing were also performed to confirm the PCR‐RFLP results. Results: During this study, 93 wild canids were examined, and 3.2% (95% CI: 0%–7%) of the 93 were infected with Echinococcus. The north‐western region of Iran showed two out of 30 jackals (6.6%) infected with adult Echinococcus compared to one out of 35 jackals (2.8%) in the northern region. DNA from Echinococcus was detected in these individuals by PCR. Based on PCR‐RFLP analysis of the ITS1 gene and sequencing of COX1, NADH1 and ITS1 gene, E. granulosus sensu stricto genotype was confirmed in the jackals that had been infected. Conclusion: Evidence shows that E. granulosus occurs in jackals in Iran, with the E. granulosus s.s. genotype being the most common. This parasite has been identified as a zoonotic parasite with a genotype that can be transmitted to livestock and humans. Establishing effective control measures to prevent the spread of echinococcosis and ensure public health is crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Population genetic structure of Pomacea canaliculata in China based on the COI and ITS1 genes.
- Author
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Wei, Ran, Chang, Ya-Wen, Xie, Hong-Fang, Wu, Cheng-dong, Yuan, Deng-Rong, Gong, Wei-Rong, and Du, Yu-Zhou
- Abstract
Comprehending the phylogeography of invasive organisms enhances our insight into their distribution dynamics, which is instrumental for the development of effective prevention and management strategies. In China, Pomacea canaliculata and Pomacea maculata are the two most widespread and damaging species of the non-native Pomacea spp.. Given this species’ rapid spread throughout country, it is urgent to investigate the genetic diversity and structure of its different geographic populations, a task undertaken in the current study using the COI and ITS1 mitochondrial and ribosomal DNA genes, respectively. The result of this study, based on a nationwide systematic survey, a collection of Pomacea spp., and the identification of cryptic species, showed that there is a degree of genetic diversity and differentiation in P. canaliculata, and that all of its variations are mainly due to differences between individuals within different geographical populations. Indeed, this species contains multiple haplotypes, but none of them form a systematic geographical population structure. Furthermore, the COI gene exhibits higher genetic diversity than the ITS1 gene. Our study further clarifies the invasive pathways and dispersal patterns of P. canaliculata in China to provide a theoretical basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Molecular Identification of Agents of Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis in Different Areas of Iran Using Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 PCR-RFLP
- Author
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Aref Teimouri, Mehdi Mohebali, Elham Kazemirad, and Homa Hajjaran
- Subjects
Leishmania, ITS1 gene, PCR- RFLP, Iran ,Pathology ,RB1-214 - Abstract
Background: Leishmaniasis is a major medical health problem and distributes in nearly half of 31 provinces of Iran. We aimed to identify cutaneous and visceral Leishmania spp. isolated from infected humans and domestic dogs in various regions of Iran, 2010‒2013.Methods: DNA was extracted from 108 lesion exudate samples of suspected patients to cutaneous leishmaniasis and nine liver and spleen aspirates of infected dogs cultured in RPMI-1640 and amplified using partial sequence of ITS1 gene. The PCR amplicons were digested using HaeIII endonuclease enzyme and used in restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay. Then, 48 amplicons representing various hosts were sequenced and compared to sequences from GenBank databases using BLAST.Results: PCR-RFLP analysis showed that 60 and 48 CL patients were infected by Leishmania tropica and L. major, respectively. From nine canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) isolates, eight isolates were identified as L. infantum and one as L. tropica. The greatest similarity of 95.7% in ITS1 region was seen between L. infantum and L. major. Furthermore, the lowest similarity with 65.7% was seen between L. tropica and L. major. Intra-species comparison of ITS1 region in L. infantum, L. major and L. tropica isolates were showed 100%, 98.2% and 72.4 % similarities, respectively.Conclusion: PCR-RFLP based on ITS1 region is an appropriate method to distinguish three Leishmania spp. of L. major, L. tropica, and L. infantum. In intra-species comparison of ITS1 region, genotypic variations showed that L. tropica isolates were more heterogeneous than L. major and L. infantum isolates.
- Published
- 2018
28. Anthroponotic and Zoonotic Hookworm DNA in an Indigenous Community in Coastal Ecuador: Potential Cross-Transmission between Dogs and Humans.
- Author
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Calvopina, Manuel, Aguilar-Rodríguez, Dayana, DeGroot, Audrey, Cevallos, William, Lee, Gwenyth O, Lopez, Andrea, Nutman, Thomas B., Levy, Karen, Eisenberg, Joseph, Sears, William J., and Cooper, Philip J.
- Subjects
INDIGENOUS peoples of South America ,INDIGENOUS children ,HOOKWORMS ,ANCYLOSTOMA ,MOLECULAR diagnosis ,HOOKWORM disease - Abstract
Humans can be infected with anthroponotic (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus) and with zoonotic (Ancylostoma ceylanicum, A. caninum, A. braziliense, and Uncinaria stenocephala) hookworms from dogs. Anthroponotic species are usually thought not to infect dogs. We used the internal transcribed spacer–1 (ITS1) gene in a quantitative PCR to detect anthroponotic and zoonotic hookworm species in fecal samples from 54 children and 79 dogs living in an indigenous community in tropical Northwestern Ecuador. Hookworm DNA was detected in 59.3% of children and 92.4% of dogs. Among samples from children, zoonotic hookworms were detected in 24.1% (A. ceylanicum 14.8%, A. caninum 11.1%, and A. braziliense 1.9%), whilst in dog samples, anthroponotic species were detected in 19.0% (N. americanus 12.4% and A. duodenale 6.3%). Sanger sequencing was performed successfully on 60 qPCR-positive samples (16 from children and 44 from dogs), and consensus sequences were obtained with >98% homology to GenBank references for hookworm spp. Phylogenetic analysis showed a close relationship between anthroponotic and zoonotic Ancylostoma species and no heterogeneity between A. duodenale and A. caninum; in human samples, we found A. ceylanicum but not A. braziliense sequences and we were unable to identify N. americanus in the dog samples. No infections with U. stenocephala were detected. Our data provide evidence for high rates of hookworm infections in indigenous children and dogs in a marginalized rural setting in coastal Ecuador. We also found evidence for potential cross-transmission of hookworm spp. between humans and dogs that represent a potential domestic reservoir for zoonotic and anthroponotic hookworms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Study on ITS1 Gene of Iranian Trichomonas vaginalis by Molecular Methods
- Author
-
Kazemi, F., Hossein Hooshyar, Zareikar, B., Bandehpour, M., Arbabi, M., Talari, S., Alizadeh, R., and Kazemi, B.
- Subjects
ITS1 fragment ,Mutation ,Trichomonas vaginalis ,Original Article ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases - Abstract
Background: Trichomoniasis is a worldwide protozoan parasitic disease and metronidazole is a choice drug for its treatment. Because of disease importance in public health and its controversial ideas about the prevalence of drug resistance, this study was carried out. Methods: Fifty-two suspected vaginal samples were collected from 2006 to 2007 in Gynecology Maryam Hospital, Tehran, Iran. All isolates were examined by microscopic, culture and PCR techniques. The PCR products were analyzed by RFLP and CSGE methods and two suspected samples were sequenced. Results: Trichomonas vaginalis was identified from all 52 samples. Of 52 isolates, 45 samples were successfully cultured and amplified by PCR except one. Seven were positive only by PCR. Finally, ITS1 fragment was successfully amplified in 51 of 52. CSGE analysis and PCR products digestion by MspI followed by sequencing showed nucleotide mutation at position 209 (C209T) of the ITS1 fragment in two (3.9%) of them. Conclusion: The results showed mutation in ITS1 fragment of T. vaginalis in two (3.9%) of Iranian isolates which may be related to metronidazole resistance.
30. Molecular Identification of Agents of Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis in Different Areas of Iran Using Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 PCR-RFLP
- Author
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Elham Kazemi-Rad, Mehdi Mohebali, Homa Hajjaran, and Aref Teimouri
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Leishmania tropica ,030106 microbiology ,030231 tropical medicine ,Iran ,ITS1 gene ,Microbiology ,PCR-RFLP ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Cutaneous leishmaniasis ,Genotype ,parasitic diseases ,medicine ,lcsh:Pathology ,Leishmania, ITS1 gene, PCR- RFLP, Iran ,Leishmania ,biology ,Molecular epidemiology ,Leishmaniasis ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Infectious Diseases ,Visceral leishmaniasis ,Original Article ,Parasitology ,Restriction fragment length polymorphism ,lcsh:RB1-214 - Abstract
Background: Leishmaniasis is a major medical health problem and distributes in nearly half of 31 provinces of Iran. We aimed to identify cutaneous and visceral Leishmania spp. isolated from infected humans and domestic dogs in various regions of Iran, 2010‒2013.Methods: DNA was extracted from 108 lesion exudate samples of suspected patients to cutaneous leishmaniasis and nine liver and spleen aspirates of infected dogs cultured in RPMI-1640 and amplified using partial sequence of ITS1 gene. The PCR amplicons were digested using HaeIII endonuclease enzyme and used in restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay. Then, 48 amplicons representing various hosts were sequenced and compared to sequences from GenBank databases using BLAST.Results: PCR-RFLP analysis showed that 60 and 48 CL patients were infected by Leishmania tropica and L. major, respectively. From nine canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) isolates, eight isolates were identified as L. infantum and one as L. tropica. The greatest similarity of 95.7% in ITS1 region was seen between L. infantum and L. major. Furthermore, the lowest similarity with 65.7% was seen between L. tropica and L. major. Intra-species comparison of ITS1 region in L. infantum, L. major and L. tropica isolates were showed 100%, 98.2% and 72.4 % similarities, respectively.Conclusion: PCR-RFLP based on ITS1 region is an appropriate method to distinguish three Leishmania spp. of L. major, L. tropica, and L. infantum. In intra-species comparison of ITS1 region, genotypic variations showed that L. tropica isolates were more heterogeneous than L. major and L. infantum isolates.
- Published
- 2018
31. First report of molecular identification of Cystoisospora suis in piglets with lethal diarrhea in Japan
- Author
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Ryosaku Yamaguchi, Misato Murata, Hideko Takayama, Tomoyuki Shibahara, Masahiro Kusumoto, Masaya Kaji, Kazumi Sasai, Yuka Uchiyama, and Makoto Matsubayashi
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Diarrhea ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Swine ,Isosporiasis ,Biology ,ITS1 gene ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Article ,law.invention ,Microbiology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Animal science ,Medical microbiology ,Japan ,law ,Ileum ,DNA, Ribosomal Spacer ,medicine ,Escherichia coli ,Animals ,Cluster Analysis ,Pathogen ,Polymerase chain reaction ,Phylogeny ,Swine Diseases ,Molecular epidemiology ,Coccidiosis ,Histocytochemistry ,Epithelial Cells ,Sequence Analysis, DNA ,DNA, Protozoan ,medicine.disease ,030104 developmental biology ,Parasitology ,Sarcocystidae ,piglet ,medicine.symptom ,Cystoisospora suis - Abstract
Cystoisospora suis is a pathogen that causes diarrhea in pigs and can lead to serious disease. Species identification, especially by histopathological examination, is often difficult because of morphologically similar parasites such as Eimeria species. In this study, we used histopathological, bacteriological, virological, and parasitological methods to identify the cause of the disease in two piglets with severe diarrhea. Villous atrophy, diffuse necrosis, and flattening of mucosal epithelial cells were found in the ilea of examined piglets, and coccidian parasites were found in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells. In some merozoites in the meronts, the presence of two nuclei indicated type 1 merozoites, characteristic of C. suis. According to Cystoisospora-specific PCR targeting the rRNA internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) gene, the sequences of the products were 98.5% similar to those of C. suis. Escherichia coli (O149 serogroup) exhibiting a virulence factor profile (LT, STb, and EAST1 as toxins and F4 as a colonization factor) was detected in one piglet. No other bacteria or significant enteric viruses were found. Co-infection with C. suis and E. coli could imply aggravation of the disease, although further study is needed to assess the pathogenicity of this interaction. This study is the first to clarify by molecular analysis the sequences of C. suis detected in piglets in Japan.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Genetic characterization of hydatid cysts of different intermediate hosts.
- Author
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Mousa, W. M., Abdel-Wahab, A. M., El-Gameel Sohila, M., and Mahdy, O. A.
- Subjects
ECHINOCOCCUS granulosus ,ECHINOCOCCOSIS ,NUCLEOTIDE sequence ,GENE amplification ,DONKEYS ,RABBITS - Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is an important cosmopolitan parasitic zoonosis that causes public health and economic problems in Egypt. The present study was undertaken to identify genotypes of hydatid cyst (HC) DNA isolated from different animal isolates and to identify the genotype of secondary hydatid cysts (HCs) developed in rabbits experimentally infected with camel HC for detection of any genetic mutation. In the present study, we extracted DNA from the germinal layers of 8 HCs collected from 3 camels, 1 cattle, 1 sheep and 3 donkeys in addition to 3 secondary HCs collected from rabbits experimentally infected with camel HC. PCR amplification of the ITS1 gene of all examined samples showed an amplified DNA band at 1115 bp. The partial nucleotide sequences of the ITS1 gene of all isolates were aligned and compared with the reference sequences of the genotypes G1–G8 in GenBank. The camel and rabbit samples were identified as Echinococcus canadensis genotype 6 (G6), while the cattle and sheep samples belonged to E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1). The donkey isolates belonged to E. equines (G4). Alignment of the ITS1 partial nucleotide sequences of the camel HCs and rabbit secondary HCs isolates with the G6 partial nucleotide sequence in GenBank was performed. Both camel HCs and rabbit secondary HCs isolates exhibited the same sequence identity matrix, which indicated the absence of mutation in the rabbit secondary HCs. It can be concluded that camel and rabbit samples were identified as E. canadensis (G6), the cattle and sheep samples belonged to E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1) and donkey isolates belonged to E. equines (G4). No mutation occurred during HCs transmission from camel to rabbit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. The Species Diversity of the Genus Echinogorgia in Xiamen Bay and Its New Record in China.
- Author
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Wang, Yun-Pei, Yang, Jing, Chu, Ta-Jen, and Liu, Jia-Ying
- Subjects
CORAL reefs & islands ,CORAL reef restoration ,CORALS ,SPECIES diversity ,ELECTRON microscopy ,OCTOCORALLIA ,HUMAN services ,HUMAN beings - Abstract
The rapid reduction in coral reefs worldwide has led to increasing attention toward protecting and restoring coral reef ecosystems. Coral reefs not only have a rich diversity of coral species, but they can also provide important products and services for human beings. One type of coral, Echinogorgia, has important scientific research value and application prospects. To understand the diversity of coral species, diving surveys were conducted in Xiamen Bay in 2017 and 2021, and a total of 928 samples were collected. Taxonomic research was conducted using methods such as morphological identification through electron microscopy. Specific phylogenetic trees of the COI gene, mtMuts gene, and ITS1 gene were analyzed. There were 47 specimens of Echinogorgia coral included among 928 samples. Fifteen species of Echinogorgia were identified, including Echinogorgia ramosa, Echinogorgia flexilis, Echinogorgia russelli, Echinogorgia ramulosa, and Echinogorgia gracilima (which represent the newly recorded species in the waters of China). This study increases the species diversity records in China and contributes to new geographical distribution information of Echinogorgia worldwide. The primary data also serve as the baseline data for long-term biomonitoring programs to estimate the status of octocorals in Xiamen Bay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Molecular Identification of Agents of Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis in Different Areas of Iran Using Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 PCR-RFLP.
- Author
-
Teimouri, Aref, Mohebali, Mehdi, Kazemirad, Elham, and Hajjaran, Homa
- Subjects
- *
CUTANEOUS leishmaniasis , *DNA - Abstract
Background: Leishmaniasis is a major medical health problem and distributes in nearly half of 31 provinces of Iran. We aimed to identify cutaneous and visceral Leishmania spp. isolated from infected humans and domestic dogs in various regions of Iran, 2010-2013. Methods: DNA was extracted from 108 lesion exudate samples of suspected patients to cutaneous leishmaniasis and nine liver and spleen aspirates of infected dogs cultured in RPMI-1640 and amplified using partial sequence of ITS1 gene. The PCR amplicons were digested using HaeIII endonuclease enzyme and used in restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay. Then, 48 amplicons representing various hosts were sequenced and compared to sequences from GenBank databases using BLAST. Results: PCR-RFLP analysis showed that 60 and 48 CL patients were infected by Leishmania tropica and L. major, respectively. From nine canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) isolates, eight isolates were identified as L. infantum and one as L. tropica. The greatest similarity of 95.7% in ITS1 region was seen between L. infantum and L. major. Furthermore, the lowest similarity with 65.7% was seen between L. tropica and L. major. Intra-species comparison of ITS1 region in L. infantum, L. major and L. tropica isolates were showed 100%, 98.2% and 72.4 % similarities, respectively. Conclusion: PCR-RFLP based on ITS1 region is an appropriate method to distinguish three Leishmania spp. of L. major, L. tropica, and L. infantum. In intra-species comparison of ITS1 region, genotypic variations showed that L. tropica isolates were more heterogeneous than L. major and L. infantum isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the central provinces of Hama and Edlib in Syria: Vector identification and parasite typing.
- Author
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Haddad, Nabil, Saliba, Hanadi, Altawil, Atef, Villinsky, Jeffrey, and Al-Nahhas, Samar
- Subjects
CUTANEOUS leishmaniasis ,DISEASE vectors ,PARASITES ,DISEASE prevalence ,ETIOLOGY of diseases ,EPIDEMIOLOGY - Abstract
Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a disease transmitted by sand fly bites. This disease is highly prevalent in Syria where Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica are the known aetiological agents. In 2011, more than 58,000 cases were reported in the country by the Ministry of Health. The central region of the country harbors 20 % of the reported cases. However, the epidemiology of the disease in this area is not well understood. An epidemiological survey was conducted in 2010 to identity the circulating parasite and the sand fly vector in the central provinces of Edlib and Hama. Methods: Sand fly specimens were collected using CDC light traps and identified morphologically. Total DNA was extracted from the abdomens of female specimens and from Giemsa-stained skin lesion smears of 80 patients. Leishmania parasites were first identified by sequencing the ITS1 gene amplicons. Then polymorphism analysis was performed using the RFLP technique. Results: A total of 2142 sand flies were collected. They belonged to eight species, among which Phlebotomus sergenti and Phlebotomus papatasi were the most predominant. L. tropica ITS1 gene was amplified from two pools of P. sergenti specimens and from skin smears of cutaneous leishmaniasis patients. This suggests that P. sergenti is the potential vector species in the study area. The digestion profiles of the obtained amplicons by TaqI restriction enzyme were identical for all analysed L. tropica parasites. Moreover, L. infantum ITS1 gene was amplified from two pools of Phlebotomus tobbi in the relatively humid zone of Edlib. Conclusions: L. tropica is confirmed to be the aetiological agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis cases in the central provinces. RFLP technique failed to show any genetic heterogeneity in the ITS1 gene among the tested parasites. The molecular detection of this parasite in human skin smears and in P. sergenti supports the vector status of this species in the study area. The detection of L. infantum in P. tobbi specimens indicates a potential circulation of this parasite in the humid zone of Edlib. Further epidemiological studies are needed to evaluate the burden of this visceral parasite in the study region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
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36. Biodiversity, Leishmania genetic typing and host identification of phlebotomine species in endemic foci of southeastern Iran
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Mohammad Saaid Dayer, Majid Pirestani, and Ismail Amiri Ghannat Saman
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0301 basic medicine ,Veterinary medicine ,Epidemiology ,Biodiversity ,ITS1 gene ,Article ,Environmental science ,PCR-RFLP ,03 medical and health sciences ,Diversity index ,0302 clinical medicine ,DNA typing ,Cutaneous leishmaniasis ,Vector-borne disease ,medicine ,Kerman province ,Leishmania major ,lcsh:Social sciences (General) ,lcsh:Science (General) ,Infectious disease ,Multidisciplinary ,Ecology ,Phlebotomine vectors ,biology ,Haplotype ,Health sciences ,Leishmaniasis ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Biodiversity index ,Insect ecology ,Biological sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,Visceral leishmaniasis ,Vector (epidemiology) ,lcsh:H1-99 ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,lcsh:Q1-390 - Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a growing health challenge in many parts of Iran, including Kerman Province. Investigating vector ecology and parasite-harboring capacity is prerequisite to the disease control measures. This study included six provincial sites namely Bam (Bm), Dehbakri (Di), Jiroft (Jt), Mohammad-Abad (Md), Rostam-Abad (Rd) and Darb-e-Behesht (Dt) where sand flies were trapped. The specimens were then identified before being exposed to DNA extraction. PCR-RFLP was used to detect leishmanial infection rates and feeding preference of vectors. Diversity indices indicated that the highest effective numbers of species was in plain sites, whereas, the highest expected numbers of species was in mountainous sites. P. papatasi and P. sergenti showed similar feeding preferences to both human and animal bloods. P. papatasi from indoor catches was found infected with Leishmania major at a 2% rate. The ITS1 gene sequences of isolated parasites were >99% similar to related GenBank haplotypes. Bam and Rostam-Abad remain active foci of both types of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Md and Di are prone to visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Jt is not at risk of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) due to absence of P. sergenti. Sand flies are absent in Dt, probably because of high elevation and cold climate. In conclusion, patterns of climate and ecosystem changes and vector-host-reservoirs interactions must be carefully scrutinized if leishmaniasis is to be controlled in the stricken sites.
- Published
- 2019
37. First molecular detection of Neospora caninum from naturally infected slaughtered camels in Tunisia.
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Amdouni, Yosra, abedennebi, Imen, Amairia, Safa, Abdelkader, Amara, Chandoul, Walid, and Gharbi, Mohamed
- Abstract
Background: Neosporacaninum has been documented to infect most domestic wildlife but is known to primarily infect dogs and cattle and is considered an important cause of abortion in camels. Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate the molecular detection of Neospora caninum in tissues of naturally infected camelids. Methods: Brain, tongue (bottom and tip) and masseter muscles from 35 slaughtered camelids from Tataouine and Médenine regions were collected (n = 140 samples). PCR was used to amplify and detect N. caninum DNA in tissues samples followed by sequencing of some PCR products. A phylogenetic tree was then constructed to compare the partial sequences of the ITS1 gene with GenBank sequences. Histopathology examination was used to detect Neospora spp. cysts, but no lesions were observed. Results: The overall molecular detection of N. caninum in camelids was 34.3% (12/35). The highest molecular detection of N. caninum was recorded in animals of more than 3 years old (6/9) and in animals aged between 1 and 3 years old (4/12). Whilst, the lowest molecular detection (2/14) was observed in animals 1 year or younger (p = 0.035). There were no significant differences in molecular detection of N. caninum according to both locality and gender (p > 0.05). Similarly, there was no difference of prevalence between different anatomical locations. Comparison of the partial sequences of the ITS1 gene revealed 100–95.5% similarity among our N. caninum amplicon (MW551566) and those deposited in GenBank. Conclusion: These results highlight the presence of a risk infection by N. caninum in camels. For preventing N. caninum infection further studies are needed to improve our knowledge about the epidemiology of neosporosis in North Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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38. Phylogenetic Relationship Investigation of Some Medicinal Plants Using Nuclear ITS Barcodes.
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Bavi, Mahdi, Fazeli, Arash, Arminian, Ali, and Rostami, Zeinab
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- *
MEDICINAL plants , *GENETIC barcoding , *PHYLOGENY , *GERMPLASM , *NUCLEOTIDES - Abstract
DNA barcoding is a straightforward strategy that uses short orthologous genetic sequences and standard genomes to specify species. This technique has the capability of molecular identification, detection of living species and discovery of unfamiliar species, preservation of genetic resources, identification of genetic diversity and phylogenetic characterization, and testing of differentiated existing plant species, as well as assuring the safety and efficacy of pharmaceuticals. In this experiment, the allelic diversity of 7 classes of medicinal plants viz. fenugreek, local fenugreek, waybread, cumin, flax, fixweed and sesame, from Ilam and Khuzestan provinces; west and south of Iran, respectively, was carried out employing this technique and with the aid of primers designed and established on ITS nuclear barcodes (ITS1 and ITS2 genes). The results indicated that there was a great difference between the fragments and the duplicated sequences of ITS1 and ITS2 barcodes in different samples. Moreover, the nucleotide searching of the sequences showed that there was a very high similarity (more than 90%) between the acquired sequences and their equivalents in the NCBI database. The nucleotide sequence of the ITS1 gene of fenugreek showed the highest similarity (78.2%) with native fenugreek. Regarding the ITS1 gene, more amount of G~C content than A~T was observed and, in the waybread plants the amount of C base was higher than G, and for native fenugreek, the amount of A~T content was more than G~C. In the case of ITS2 position, in all examined samples (except the fixweed plant, which had higher A~T), the values of G~C content were higher than A~T. The output of the cluster analysis with the UPGMA algorithm showed the precise grouping and separation of species and the high potential of these sequences using the barcode system in the phylogenetic evaluation of medicinal plant species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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39. Morphometrical and molecular identification of Echinococcus granulosus genotypes in wild canids in north of Iran
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Moein Abolhasani Darounkola, Elahe Ebrahimzadeh, Hassan Borji, and Mohammadreza Khoshvaght
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Echinococcus granulosus ,genotypes ,Iran ,molecular identification ,wild canids ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
Abstract Background/Objective The cestode Echinococcus granulosus causes cystic echinococcosis, a zoonotic parasitic infection that constitutes a significant public health risk. This parasite has been documented to have potential reservoirs and carriers among wild canids, namely wolves, foxes and jackals. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and molecular characteristics of E. granulosus sensu lato species/genotypes among wild canids in three northern, northeastern and north‐western Iran regions. Methods From 2019 to 2022, 93 wild canid carcasses (69 jackals), (22 foxes) and (2 wolves) were collected that were killed in car accidents or illnesses. Analyses of morphology and morphometry were performed to verify the presence of E. granulosus. To determine E. granulosus s.l. species/genotypes, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐RFLP (ITS1) was performed utilizing the Bsh1236I (BstUI) restriction enzyme. COX1, NADH1 and ITS1 gene sequencing were also performed to confirm the PCR‐RFLP results. Results During this study, 93 wild canids were examined, and 3.2% (95% CI: 0%–7%) of the 93 were infected with Echinococcus. The north‐western region of Iran showed two out of 30 jackals (6.6%) infected with adult Echinococcus compared to one out of 35 jackals (2.8%) in the northern region. DNA from Echinococcus was detected in these individuals by PCR. Based on PCR‐RFLP analysis of the ITS1 gene and sequencing of COX1, NADH1 and ITS1 gene, E. granulosus sensu stricto genotype was confirmed in the jackals that had been infected. Conclusion Evidence shows that E. granulosus occurs in jackals in Iran, with the E. granulosus s.s. genotype being the most common. This parasite has been identified as a zoonotic parasite with a genotype that can be transmitted to livestock and humans. Establishing effective control measures to prevent the spread of echinococcosis and ensure public health is crucial.
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- 2024
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40. Bionomics and phylo-molecular analysis of Leishmania species isolated from human lesions using ITS1 genes in north-east of Iran.
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Shafiei, Reza, Kalantari, Mohsen, Yousefi, Masoud, Aspatwar, Ashok, Arzamani, Kourosh, Bozorgomid, Arezoo, Mirahmadi, Hadi, Soleimani, Ali, and Raeghi, Saber
- Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by Leishmania species. The identification of parasite species and the type of disease is beneficial for treatment and preventive modalities. Leishmania tropica and L. major have been reported as the main etiological agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Iran. The incidence of zoonotic CL has increased and different in distinct loci of Iran. Hence, we perused the Leishmania species and its genetic traits in the North East of Iran. The investigation was conducted on 200 positive smears prepared from patients' lesions suffering from CL referred to the health care centers of northeastern provinces in Iran from 2013 to 2019. The obtained positive microscopy samples were divided to score the ranges from + 1 to + 6, of them 40 smears exhibited low-parasitemia. Leishmania species analyzed using PCR–RFLP, genetic diversity indices evaluation, phylogenetic analysis, and sequencing comparison with other species in the GeneBank based on ITS1 gene. The isolated L. major strains were similar to other Iranian isolates in this region. Pairwise fixation index (F
ST ) index was statistically significant in different L. major populations and showed the genetic differences in pairwise population of different geographical locations of Iran. The current study confirmed an old pattern endemicity of zoonotic CL in North-east of Iran. Therefore, in order to assess the hybrid formation, more epidemiological, ecological, and gene polymorphism studies are needed to understand the pathogenic role of Leishmania species in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2021
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41. Molecular Identification of Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus thynnus, Scombridae) Larvae and Development of a DNA Character-Based Identification Key for Mediterranean Scombrids
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F. Saadet Karakulak, Gualtiero Basilone, Işık Oray, Gregory Neils Puncher, Haritz Arrizabalaga, Salvatore Mazzola, Alessia Cariani, Francisco Alemany, Angela Cuttitta, Fausto Tinti, Gregory Neils Puncher, Haritz Arrizabalaga, Francisco Alemany, Alessia Cariani, Isik K. Oray, F. Saadet Karakulak, Gualtiero Basilone, Angela Cuttitta, Salvatore Mazzola, and Fausto Tinti
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Little tunny ,Scombridae ,Eggs ,Fisheries ,lcsh:Medicine ,ITS1 gene ,DNA, Mitochondrial ,larvae, Bluefin tuna, DNA barcoding, taxonomy, conservation, Mediterranean ,Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares ,Auxis rochei ,Databases, Genetic ,Mediterranean Sea ,Animals ,14. Life underwater ,Medio Marino ,Thunnus alalunga ,lcsh:Science ,Euthynnus ,Multidisciplinary ,biology ,Tuna ,Albacore ,CO1 gene ,lcsh:R ,taxonomic identifications ,biology.organism_classification ,Mitochondria ,Fishery ,Taxon ,Larva ,Euthynnus alletteratus ,lcsh:Q ,Fisheries management ,Bullet tuna ,Stock ,Sequence Alignment ,human activities ,Research Article - Abstract
The Atlantic bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, is a commercially important species that has been severely over-exploited in the recent past. Although the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean stock is now showing signs of recovery, its current status remains very uncertain and as a consequence their recovery is dependent upon severe management informed by rigorous scientific research. Monitoring of early life history stages can inform decision makers about the health of the species based upon recruitment and survival rates. Misidentification of fish larvae and eggs can lead to inaccurate estimates of stock biomass and productivity which can trigger demands for increased quotas and unsound management conclusions. Herein we used a molecular approach employing mitochondrial and nuclear genes (CO1 and ITS1, respectively) to identify larvae (n = 188) collected from three spawning areas in the Mediterranean Sea by different institutions working with a regional fisheries management organization. Several techniques were used to analyze the genetic sequences (sequence alignments using search algorithms, neighbour joining trees, and a genetic character-based identification key) and an extensive comparison of the results is presented. During this process various inaccuracies in related publications and online databases were uncovered. Our results reveal important differences in the accuracy of the taxonomic identifications carried out by different ichthyoplanktologists following morphology- based methods. While less than half of larvae provided were bluefin tuna, other dominant taxa were bullet tuna (Auxis rochei), albacore (Thunnus alalunga) and little tunny (Euthynnus alletteratus). We advocate an expansion of expertise for a new generation of morphology-based taxonomists, increased dialogue between morphology-based and molecular taxonomists and increased scrutiny of public sequence databases., SI
- Published
- 2015
42. Effects of Wheat Tempering with Slightly Acidic Electrolyzed Water on the Microbiota and Flour Characteristics.
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Qin, Mingqian, Fu, Yingwu, Li, Ning, Zhao, Yinyin, Yang, Baowei, Wang, Li, and Ouyang, Shaohui
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WATER electrolysis ,FLOUR ,TEMPERING ,WHEAT ,FUNGAL genes ,DIFFERENTIAL scanning calorimetry - Abstract
Slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) was prepared and used as wheat tempering water. This study explored the impacts of tempering with SAEW on microbial load and diversity and quality properties of wheat flour. As SAEW volume ratio increased, the residual level of total plate counts (TPC) and mould/yeast counts (MYC) decreased dramatically (p < 0.05). Based on genomics analysis, bacterial 16S rRNA gene and fungal ITS1 gene region were performed to characterize the changes in microbial communities' composition and diversity in response to SAEW treatment. SAEW optimal volume ratio (6.5:10, v/v) of SAEW with distilled water influenced wheat microbiome composition, with a higher microbial diversity and abundance discovered on the control grains. Bacteroidetes of predominant bacterial phylum and Ascomycota of the most abundant fungal phylum were reduced after SAEW optimal volume ratio tempering. The flour yield is higher and ash content is lower than the control samples. Falling number and "b*" in terms of colour markedly increased. DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) test showed that To (onset temperature), Tp (peak temperature), and Tc (conclusion temperature) were significantly decreased in thermal characteristics of flour. Gluten content, protein content, ΔH and pasting properties tests showed no significant change. It can be concluded that SAEW should be applied on wheat tempering for producing clean wheat flour. ANOVA and Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) test were used for the analysis of variance and differences between the experimental and control groups, with p < 0.05. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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43. Investigation of Parasitic Nematodes Detected in the Feces of Wild Carnivores in the Eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China.
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Chen, Qilu, Wang, Xu, Li, Chunyang, Wu, Weiping, Zhang, Kaige, Deng, Xueying, Xie, Yi, and Guan, Yayi
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NEMATODES ,FOXES ,RED fox ,CANINE distemper virus ,FECES ,CARNIVOROUS animals ,AQUATIC animals ,WATER pollution - Abstract
Wildlife shares grazing areas with herders in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and humans can be infected by zoonotic nematodes through direct contact with animals or contaminated water. In this study, fecal samples (n = 296) from wild carnivores were collected to explore the infection rate and molecular genetic characteristics of nematodes by stratified random sampling in the survey areas. Host species and the nematodes they carried were then identified using 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA gene sequencing, respectively. Statistical analysis, neutrality tests, genetic diversity analysis and Bayesian inferred trees were performed to complete the study. In total, 10 species of nematodes were detected in 240 feces from six species of carnivores identified (including dominant Vulpes ferrilata and Vulpes vulpes), namely Uncinaria stenocephala, Toxascaris sp., Crenosoma vulpis, Parapharyngodon bainae, Oesophagostomum muntiacum, Aspiculuris tetraptera, Mastophorus muris, Nematodirus spathiger, Muellerius capillaris, and Molineus patens. Among these nematodes, U. stenocephala (35.83%, 86/240) and Toxascaris sp. (14.58%, 35/240) were detected at higher rates than the other nematodes (χ
2 = 516.909, p < 0.05). Of 17 and 18 haplotypes were found based on the ITS1 gene for U. stenocephala and nad1 gene for Toxascaris sp., respectively. For the first time, using molecular methods, we report the infection of V. ferrilata by U. stenocephala, a potential zoonotic parasite, and suggest Toxascaris sp. may be a newly discovered nematode that lives within the fox intestine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2022
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44. Molecular Characterization of Leishmania Species among Patients with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Asir Province, Saudi Arabia.
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Alraey, Yasser, Alhweti, Rasha, Almutairi, Hatim, Abdullah Al-Qahtani, Abdulrahman, Alshahrani, Mohammed Ibrahim, Asiri, Mohammed Hussin, Alhammas, Abdulrhman Mousa, Alwagdi, Saeed Jubran, Alshahrani, Abdulaziz, Alouffi, Abdulaziz, Madkhali, Aymen M., Al-Salem, Waleed S., Al-Qahtani, Ahmed A., Saif, Ahmed, Ben Hadj Ahmed, Sami, and Zhioua, Elyes
- Subjects
LEISHMANIASIS ,CUTANEOUS leishmaniasis ,LEISHMANIA ,SAUDI Arabians ,ENDEMIC diseases ,LEISHMANIA major ,VECTOR-borne diseases - Abstract
Anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniais (ACL) and zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) caused by Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major, respectively, are endemic vector-borne diseases in southern Saudi Arabia. In 2021, an outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis occurred in the province of Asir. The main objective of our investigation was to analyze the epidemiological features of CL in southern Saudi Arabia. The ministry of health recorded 194 CL patients between January and December 2021 from the Asir province. Our findings showed that the majority of CL patients (87.1%) originated from the governorates of Khamis-Mushait and Abha. Most of the patients were males (62.3%). While CL affected all age groups, those under 13 years old were the most affected (38.1%). For both genders, CL patients were mostly Saudi citizens (90.7%) compared to non-Saudi expatriates. The majority of CL patients (75.2%) suffered from a single lesion, and the majority of lesions (61.3%) were located on the face. The seasonal prevalence of CL showed two peaks, a small one in July–August and a larger one in March. Of a total of 194 Giemsa slides samples, 188 showed positive amplification of Leishmania ITS1 gene. Based on PCR-RFLP and PCR-HMR, 183 patients showed positive amplification of L. tropica and five patients showed positive amplification of L. major. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a clear distinct separation between L. major and L. tropica sequences. Our results provided strong evidence of the pre-domination of L. tropica, the main etiological agent of ACL in Asir province. We reported for the first time the presence of L. major, an etiological agent of ZCL in the study areas. The co-circulation of ACL and ZCL highlighted the complexity of the epidemiology of CL in southern Saudi Arabia, and subsequently, further studies to identify competent vectors and reservoir hosts for the establishment of control strategies are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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45. The First Molecular Genotyping of Naegleria fowleri Causing Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis in Thailand With Epidemiology and Clinical Case Reviews.
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Soontrapa, Pannathat, Jitmuang, Anupop, Ruenchit, Pichet, Tiewcharoen, Supathra, Sarasombath, Patsharaporn T., and Rattanabannakit, Chatchawan
- Subjects
CENTRAL nervous system infections ,NAEGLERIA fowleri ,HORIZONTAL gene transfer ,MITOCHONDRIAL DNA ,MENINGOENCEPHALITIS - Abstract
Primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a rare and fatal central nervous system infection caused by Naegleria fowleri, a free-living amoeba found in the environment. To date, eight pathogenic N. fowleri genotypes have been reported worldwide. We aimed to explore the genotypes of N. fowleri that cause primary amebic meningoencephalitis in Thailand. In 2021, the 17th PAM case was reported, and a retrospective literature search of PAM cases in Thailand from 1982 through April 2021 was performed. Phylogenetic and genotyping analyses of the two mitochondrial (12S rRNA and 16S rRNA) and nuclear (ITS1 and 5.8s rRNA) genes of N. fowleri were performed on four available clinical isolates. Based on the mitochondrial and nuclear genes, N. fowleri genotype T3 was found to cause PAM in three out of four cases. However, disagreement between the genotype based on the mitochondrial and nuclear genes was found in one of the PAM cases, in which the 12S rRNA locus suggested the causative genotype as T1, while the ITS1 implied genotype T4. The discrepancy between the mitochondrial and nuclear genome was previously observed, which suggests the possible horizontal gene transfer among N. fowleri species. Based on the ITS1 gene, two N. fowleri genotypes, T3 and T4, were found to be the genotypes causing PAM in this study. In addition, N. fowleri genotype T2 was previously reported in a traveler who was infected in Thailand. Thus, at least three genotypes (T2, T3, and T4) of N. fowleri are found to be associated with PAM in Thailand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Fungal diversity in the gut microbiome of young South African children.
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Nel Van Zyl, K, Whitelaw, A. C., Hesseling, A. C., Seddon, J. A., Demers, A-M, and Newton-Foot, M.
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SOUTH Africans ,GUT microbiome ,FUNGAL communities ,HUMAN microbiota ,DEFICIENCY diseases ,DIETARY supplements ,CHILD patients - Abstract
Background: The fungal microbiome, or mycobiome, is a poorly described component of the gut ecosystem and little is known about its structure and development in children. In South Africa, there have been no culture-independent evaluations of the child gut mycobiota. This study aimed to characterise the gut mycobiota and explore the relationships between fungi and bacteria in the gut microbiome of children from Cape Town communities. Methods: Stool samples were collected from children enrolled in the TB-CHAMP clinical trial. Internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) gene sequencing was performed on a total of 115 stool samples using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Differences in fungal diversity and composition in relation to demographic, clinical, and environmental factors were investigated, and correlations between fungi and previously described bacterial populations in the same samples were described. Results: Taxa from the genera Candida and Saccharomyces were detected in all participants. Differential abundance analysis showed that Candida spp. were significantly more abundant in children younger than 2 years compared to older children. The gut mycobiota was less diverse than the bacterial microbiota of the same participants, consistent with the findings of other human microbiome studies. The variation in richness and evenness of fungi was substantial, even between individuals of the same age. There was significant association between vitamin A supplementation and higher fungal alpha diversity (p = 0.047), and girls were shown to have lower fungal alpha diversity (p = 0.003). Co-occurrence between several bacterial taxa and Candida albicans was observed. Conclusions: The dominant fungal taxa in our study population were similar to those reported in other paediatric studies; however, it remains difficult to identify the true core gut mycobiota due to the challenges set by the low abundance of gut fungi and the lack of true gut colonising species. The connection between the microbiota, vitamin A supplementation, and growth and immunity warrants exploration, especially in populations at risk for micronutrient deficiencies. While we were able to provide insight into the gut mycobiota of young South African children, further functional studies are necessary to explain the role of the mycobiota and the correlations between bacteria and fungi in human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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47. Long-Term Fertilizer Use Altered Soil Microbial Community Structure but Not α-Diversity in Subtropical Southwestern China.
- Author
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Zhao, G. R., Fan, Z. W., An, T. X., Kai, L., Zhou, F., Wu, K. X., Wu, B. Z., and Fullen, M. A.
- Subjects
MICROBIAL communities ,FERTILIZERS ,TOPSOIL ,SOILS ,SOIL fertility ,FUNGAL genes - Abstract
Despite the general consensus that fertilizer is the most important driver of the evolution of soil microbial communities, the specific effects of long-term fertilizer use on microbial communities remain unclear. Here, we collected soil samples from fertilized (NPK) and unfertilized (NF) plots in a subtropical farmland in southwestern China. NPK plots were consistently treated with chemical fertilizer (nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium) for the 20 years; NF plots were left unfertilized for the same period. To explore the effects of long-term fertilizer use on soil microbial community structure, microbial community composition in the topsoil was assessed using the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and the full-length fungal ITS1 gene. In conjunction, we measured various soil chemical properties. We found that metrics associated with soil fertility (i.e., total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium) were significantly greater in the NPK samples as compared to the NF samples, but that soil pH was significantly lower. We also found that long-term fertilizer use reshaped soil microbial community composition but did not alter community α-diversity. Notably, the bacterial phyla Nitrospirae and Planctomycetes and the fungal phylum Ascomycota were closely associated with the NPK plot, influenced by soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available potassium, and available phosphorus, while the bacterial phyla Bacteroidetes and Chloroflexi and the fungal phyla Glomeromycota and Basidiomycota were closely associated with the NF plot, influenced by soil pH. Our results provide long-term data clarifying the microbial regulation mechanisms underlying the response of farmland soil to long-term fertilizer use in subtropical China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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48. The First Molecular Genotyping of Naegleria fowleri Causing Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis in Thailand With Epidemiology and Clinical Case Reviews.
- Author
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Pannathat Soontrapa, Anupop Jitmuang, Pichet Ruenchit, Supathra Tiewcharoen, Sarasombath, Patsharaporn T., and Chatchawan Rattanabannakit
- Subjects
CENTRAL nervous system infections ,NAEGLERIA fowleri ,HORIZONTAL gene transfer ,MITOCHONDRIAL DNA ,MENINGOENCEPHALITIS - Abstract
Primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a rare and fatal central nervous system infection caused by Naegleria fowleri, a free-living amoeba found in the environment. To date, eight pathogenic N. fowleri genotypes have been reported worldwide. We aimed to explore the genotypes of N. fowleri that cause primary amebic meningoencephalitis in Thailand. In 2021, the 17th PAM case was reported, and a retrospective literature search of PAM cases in Thailand from 1982 through April 2021 was performed. Phylogenetic and genotyping analyses of the two mitochondrial (12S rRNA and 16S rRNA) and nuclear (ITS1 and 5.8s rRNA) genes of N. fowleri were performed on four available clinical isolates. Based on the mitochondrial and nuclear genes, N. fowleri genotype T3 was found to cause PAM in three out of four cases. However, disagreement between the genotype based on the mitochondrial and nuclear genes was found in one of the PAM cases, in which the 12S rRNA locus suggested the causative genotype as T1, while the ITS1 implied genotype T4. The discrepancy between the mitochondrial and nuclear genome was previously observed, which suggests the possible horizontal gene transfer among N. fowleri species. Based on the ITS1 gene, two N. fowleri genotypes, T3 and T4, were found to be the genotypes causing PAM in this study. In addition, N. fowleri genotype T2 was previously reported in a traveler who was infected in Thailand. Thus, at least three genotypes (T2, T3, and T4) of N. fowleri are found to be associated with PAM in Thailand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Molecular detection of 'Leishmania' spp. And blood source of female sand flies in the Parque Estadual do Rio Doce and municipality of Timoteo, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Author
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de Souza, Cristian Ferreira, dos Santos, Carlos Alberto, Bevilacqua, Paula Dias, and Brazil, Reginaldo Pecanha
- Published
- 2024
50. Fatal hepatic sarcocystosis in three captive and one free-ranging pinniped.
- Author
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St. Leger, Judy, Chen, Yang, Sakamaki, Kristen, Mena, Alexandria, Raverty, Stephen A., Rotstein, David, and Grigg, Michael E.
- Abstract
Fatal hepatic sarcocystosis was diagnosed as the cause of death in four pinnipeds: two captive Hawaiian monk seals (Monachus schauinslandi), a captive, and a free-ranging California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Based on necropsy, histopathology, electron microscopy and DNA sequencing, intralesional protozoal schizonts were determined to have caused the necrotizing hepatitis observed. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) revealed schizonts similar to Sarcocystis canis in hepatocytes. PCR-DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis at the conserved 18S rRNA and variable ITS1 gene markers within the nuclear rRNA gene array from schizont-laden tissue established that the parasites were indistinguishable from Sarcocystis canis at the 18S rRNA locus. However, six distinct single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were resolved at ITS1 suggesting that the parasites infecting pinnipeds were distinct from S. canis, which commonly infects bears and dogs. We hypothesize that the parasite represents a novel Sarcocystis variant that we refer to as S. canis- like that infects pinnipeds. The definitive host of S. canis is enigmatic and its life cycle incomplete. These findings document a critical need to identify the life cycle(s), definitive host(s), and all susceptible marine and terrestrial intermediate hosts of S. canis and the S. canis- like variant infecting pinnipeds. [Display omitted] • Necrotizing hepatitis in pinnipeds caused by protozoan parasites in the genus Sarcocystis. • Parasite infecting pinnipeds is similar to parasites causing fatal hepatic disease in canids and ursids. • Ultrastructure and histologic identification of a new species variant, similar to Sarcocystis canis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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