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This study proposes the use of a high-speed camera as a holographic visual sensor to obtain the dense full-field dynamic parameters of the main beam of a bridge by the field of view through uniaxial rotation photography. Based on the basic principle that the frequency and mode of a structure are inherent characteristics, the mode coordinates obtained from each field of view are unified, normalized, and matched according to the same name pixels to obtain the dense fullfield dynamic parameters of the entire bridge. The frequency and first three order modes of a self-anchored suspension test bridge are collected by the method proposed in this study. The frequency comparison between the accelerometers and dial gauges is within 3%, and the mode shapes are more holographic and more realistic than those obtained by limited measuring points. In addition, the difference in the curvature mode under various damage conditions obtained by limited measurement points is compared with that obtained by the method proposed in this study. Results shows that the dense full-field modal curvature difference can reflect the change in the damage location even in a low order, which means the sensitivity of the change of damage location in low-order modal.

We present a framework for calibration of parameters in elastoplastic constitutive models that is based on the use of automatic differentiation (AD). The model calibration problem is posed as a partial differential equation-constrained optimization problem where a finite element (FE) model of the coupled equilibrium equation and constitutive model evolution equations serves as the constraint. The objective function quantifies the mismatch between the displacement predicted by the FE model and full-field digital image correlation data, and the optimization problem is solved using gradient-based optimization algorithms. Forward and adjoint sensitivities are used to compute the gradient at considerably less cost than its calculation from finite difference approximations. Through the use of AD, we need only to write the constraints in terms of AD objects, where all of the derivatives required for the forward and inverse problems are obtained by appropriately seeding and evaluating these quantities. We present three numerical examples that verify the correctness of the gradient, demonstrate the AD approach's parallel computation capabilities via application to a large-scale FE model, and highlight the formulation's ease of extensibility to other classes of constitutive models.

The adoption of emerging imaging technologies in the medical community is often hampered if they provide a new unfamiliar contrast that requires experience to be interpreted. Here, in order to facilitate such integration, we developed two complementary machine learning approaches, respectively based on feature engineering and on convolutional neural networks (CNN), to perform automatic diagnosis of breast biopsies using dynamic full field optical coherence tomography (D-FF-OCT) microscopy. This new technique provides fast, high resolution images of biopsies with a contrast similar to H&E histology, but without any tissue preparation and alteration. We conducted a pilot study on 51 breast biopsies, and more than 1,000 individual images, and performed standard histology to obtain each biopsy diagnosis. Using our automatic diagnosis algorithms, we obtained an accuracy above 88% at the image level, and above 96% at the biopsy level. Finally, we proposed different strategies to narrow down the spatial scale of the automatic segmentation in order to be able to draw the tumor margins by drawing attention maps with the CNN approach, or by performing high resolution precise annotation of the datasets. Altogether, these results demonstrate the high potential of D-FF-OCT coupled to machine learning to provide a rapid, automatic, and accurate histopathology diagnosis.

The extraordinary advances in clinical hematology, biology, and oncology in the last decades would not have been possible without discovering how to identify and count the cells circulating in the blood. For centuries, scientists have used slides, counting chambers (hemocytometers), and diluting and staining solutions for this task. Then, automated hemocytometry began. This science, now linked to the daily routine of laboratory hematology, has completed an overwhelming path over a few decades. Our laboratories today operate with versatile multiparameter systems, ranging from complex single-channel instruments to bulky continuous flow machines. In terms of clinical information obtained from a simple routine blood test, the full exploitation of their potential depends on the operators' imagination and courage. A comprehensive review of the scientific publications that have accompanied the development of hemocytometry from the 1950s to today would require entire volumes. More than seven hundred contributions that authors worldwide have published in Clinical and Laboratory Haematology until 2007 and then the International Journal of Laboratory Hematology are summarized. Such journals have represented and hopefully will continue to represent the privileged place of welcome for future scientific research in hemocytometry. Improved technologies, attention to quality, new reagents and electronics, information technology, and scientist talent ensure a more profound and deeper knowledge of cell properties: current laboratory devices measure and count even minor immature or pathological cell subpopulations. Full-field hemocytometry includes the analysis of nonhematic fluids, digital adds to the microscope, and the development of effective point-of-care devices.

In the paper, an alignment methodology of finite element and full-field measurement data of planar specimens is presented. The alignment procedure represents an essential part of modern material response characterisation using heterogeneous strain-field specimens. The methodology addresses both the specimen recognition from a measurement’s image and the alignment procedure and is designed to be applied on a single measurement system. This is essential for its practical application because both processes, shape recognition and alignment, must be performed only after the specimen is fully prepared for the digital image correlation (DIC) measurements (white background and black speckles) and placed into a testing machine. The specimen can be observed with a single camera or with a multi-camera system. The robustness of the alignment method is presented on a treatment of a specimen with a metamaterial-like structure and compared with the well-known iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm. The performance of the methodology is also demonstrated on a real DIC application.

This work deals with development analytical formula which may satisfy the original problem of both tangential stress distribution as well as residual stress around the boundary of a hole in plate subjected to a variety of biaxial loading.The developed equation has been employed for computing the tangential stress around a hole for different biaxial loading conditions.Photoelastic coating technique has been used formeasuring the residual stress that remain in plates after performing a hole by piercing, drilling, forming or machining processes.Moreover, based on the strain gauge experimental technique the residual stress has been computed.Comparison of the results indicates the applicability of the developed equation in Computing both Tangential stress distribution as well as residual stress.Moreover, the use of photoelastic coating technique facilitate the experimental tests and provide full field experimental method for determination of stress distribution at points on the surface and in interior of specimens. Thus, the birefringent coating technique has many advantages for measuring residual stresses as compared to strain gauge method.

Comparisons between anomaly and full-field methods have been carried out in weather analysis and forecasting over the last decade. Evidence from these studies has demonstrated the superiority of anomaly to full field in the following four aspects: depiction of weather systems, anomaly forecasts, diagnostic parameters, and model prediction. To promote the use and further discussion of the anomaly approach, this article summarizes those findings. After examining many types of weather events, anomaly weather maps show at least five advantages in weather system depiction: 1) less vagueness in visually connecting the location of an event with its associated meteorological conditions, 2) clearer and more complete depictions of vertical structures of a disturbance, 3) easier observation of time and spatial evolution of an event and its interaction or connection with other weather systems, 4) simplification of conceptual models by unifying different weather systems into one pattern, and 5) extension of model forecast length due to earlier detection of predictors. Anomaly verification is also mentioned. The anomaly forecast is useful for raising one’s awareness of potential societal impact. Combining the anomaly forecast with an ensemble is emphasized, where a societal impact index is discussed. For diagnostic parameters, two examples are given: an anomalous convective instability index for convection, and seven vorticity and divergence related parameters for heavy rain. Both showed positive contributions from the anomalous fields. For model prediction, the anomaly version of the beta-advection model consistently outperformed its full-field version in predicting typhoon tracks with clearer physical explanation. Application of anomaly global models to seasonal forecasts is also reviewed.

The dimensional stability of paper products is a well-known problem, affecting multiple engineering applications. The macroscopic response of paper to moisture variations is governed by complex mechanisms originating in the material at all length-scales down to the fiber-level. Therefore, a recently-developed method, based on Global Digital Height Correlation of surface topographies is here exploited to measure the full-field hygro-expansion of single fibers, i. e. a surface strain tensor map over the full field of view is obtained as function of time. From the strain field, the longitudinal and transverse hygro-expansion and principle strains can be calculated. Long- and intermediate-duration dynamic tests are conducted on softwood and hardwood fibers. A large spread in the softwood fiber’s transverse and longitudinal hygro-expansion coefficient ratio was found, while hardwood fibers behave more consistently. Computing the principle strain ratios reduces this spread, as it takes into account the variations of the deformation direction, which is directly affected by the micro-fibril angle (MFA). Furthermore, long-duration tests allow identification of the half-times at which the fibers equilibrate. Finally, the determined major strain angles for all fibers are consistent with the MFA ranges reported in the literature.

Fatigue of filament wound materials was investigated using Digital Image Correlation DIC monitoring every 50th cycle of a high cycle fatigue test of a split disk ring sample. The ring was cut from a filament wound glass fiber reinforced polymer pressure vessel and had a hole. The strain field redistributed over time, lowering and moving strain concentrations. The redistributive behavior was most extensive in areas that later developed local fiber failure, which soon led to catastrophic failure. Microscopy was carried out on partially fatigued material. Damage evolved as matrix cracks and matrix splitting of groups of fibers and complete debonding of single fibers. This occurred at borders of voids and matrix cracks, easing progressive fiber failure. It was concluded that fatigue in filament wound composites has an extensive matrix damage phase before final failure. Fibers could locally withstand strains close to and above the static failure strain for considerable number of cycles if little local strain field redistribution was observed. The used method was able to detect changes in the strain fields that preceded catastrophic failure. It was concluded that DIC combined with the post processing methods presented may serve as a valuable tool for structural integrity monitoring of composite pressure vessels over time.

The current study was intended to use Card Lottery Games Media to improve writing ability. The design of the study is action research. The sample of the study was IX grade students in one selected school. It was found that after implementing Card Lottery Game Media in two cycles, it could be concluded that Card Lottery Games Media was effective to improve the students’ competency in writing report text There were five aspects that should be full field by the students in writing report text, there are; developing ideas (content), organizing ideas, vocabulary, grammar, and mechanics. The students’ improvement could be seen from the mean score of the pre-test (56,25), post-test 1 (74) and post-test 2 (84,25). During the implementation of Card Lottery Games Media, the students were looked serious, enthusiastic, motivated and interested.

Optical coherence tomography, or in short OCT, is a measurement technique established in the early 1990s for the non-invasive imaging of interfaces in the bulk of biological tissues or other samples. A full-field OCT setup is built from a microscope combined with a Michelson interferometer, where the mirror in one arm is replaced by the sample. Using white light, which is temporally partially coherent, interference fringes disclose the presence of an interface whenever the lengths of both interferometer arms are nearly equal. Scanning one arm allows for a volumetric reconstruction of all interfaces inside the sample. While the importance of OCT in medicine is indisputable, it is hard to teach students the basic aspects of such technology as most available setups tend to be rather complex. It is our purpose to present a fully functional full-field OCT setup that is stripped-down to its essential components and to promote its use in an undergraduate lab course. The contribution is complemented by a description of the basic theory necessary to understand the working principle of OCT.

Neurons in the visual system can be spatially organized according to their response properties such as receptive field location and feature selectivity. For example, the visual cortex of many mammalian species contains orientation and direction columns where neurons with similar preferences are clustered. Here, we examine whether such a columnar structure exists in the mouse superior colliculus (SC), a prominent visual center for motion processing. By performing large-scale physiological recording and two-photon calcium imaging in adult male and female mice, we show that direction-selective neurons in the mouse SC are not organized into stereotypical columns as a function of their preferred directions, although clusters of similarly tuned neurons are seen in a minority of mice. Nearby neurons can prefer similar or opposite directions in a largely position-independent manner. This finding holds true regardless of animal state (anesthetized vs awake, running vs stationary), SC depth (most superficial lamina vs deeper in the SC), research technique (calcium imaging vs electrophysiology), and stimulus type (drifting gratings vs moving dots, full field vs small patch). Together, these results challenge recent reports of region-specific organizations in the mouse SC and reveal how motion direction is represented in this important visual center.

A mathematical method is introduced for quantifying full field deformation images of right ventricle (RV) of the heart. These images are acquired from the RV of the heart during open-heart surgery and analysed using digital image correlation (DIC). The high degree of complexity of the deformation of the heart, especially for the patients who require heart surgery emphasises the importance of a method to analyse the visible section of the surface of the RV. This is difficult with conventional heart-monitoring methods, which rely on describing the overall deformation of the area of interest by measuring the deformation between two points only and discarding all other relevant information contained in the area of interest. In this work, we decomposed the full field deformation images of the visible section of RV into shape descriptor vectors and used the Euclidian distance between two shape descriptor vectors obtained from the reference image and the analysed image to quantify the full field deformation by a single number. The Euclidian distance was used to compare the motion and deformation state of the heart at various stages during the operation. We demonstrate that the Euclidian distance is a more robust indicator describing the overall function of the heart than an individual strain value, especially in case of poor-quality images from which the strain is derived. publishedVersion

When retinal activity is increased by exposure to dynamic visual stimuli, blood vessels dilate and the flow of blood within vessels increases to meet the oxygen and glucose demands of the neurons. This relationship is termed ‘neurovascular coupling’ and it is critical for regulating control of the human retinal vasculature. In this study, we used a recently developed technique based on a dual-beam adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope to measure changes in red blood cell velocities, vessel diameter, and flow in interconnected small parafoveal retinal vessels (t-test showed significant increases in velocity and flow in arterioles and venules. These measurements indicate that the mechanism of neurovascular coupling systematically affects the vascular response in small retinal vessels in order to maintain hemodynamic regulation in the retina when exposed to visual stimulation, in our case flicker. Our findings may provide insight into future investigations on the impairments of neurovascular coupling from vascular diseases such as diabetic mellitus.

Background Although traditional intraoperative assessments (ie, frozen sections) may lower reoperation rates in patients with breast cancer, time/tissue limitations and accuracy concerns have discouraged their routine clinical use. Full-field optical coherence tomography (FFOCT) and dynamic cell imaging (DCI) are novel optical imaging techniques offering rapid histologic approximations that are unfettered by requisite handling steps. This study was conducted to determine the feasibility and diagnostic utility of FFOCT and DCI in examining breast and lymph node specimens during breast cancer surgery. Methods FFOCT and DCI were applied to normal and cancerous breast tissue, benign breast lesions, and resected axillary lymph nodes. The tissues were then subjected to conventional processing and staining (hematoxylin-eosin) for purposes of comparison. Results A total of 314 specimens, including 173 breast biopsies (malignant, 132; benign/normal, 41) and 141 resected lymph nodes (tumor-positive, 48; tumor-negative, 93), were obtained from 158 patients during breast surgery for prospective imaging evaluations. In breast cancer diagnosis, the minimum sensitivities (FFOCT, 85.6%; DCI, 88.6%) and specificities of optical imaging (FFOCT, 85.4%; DCI, 95.1%) were high, although they diverged somewhat in nodal assessments (FFOCT sensitivity, 66.7%; FFOCT specificity, 79.6%; DCI sensitivity, 83.3%; DCI specificity, 98.9%). Conclusions These timely and tissue-sparing optical imaging techniques proved highly accurate in diagnosing breast cancer and nodal metastasis. They compare favorably with routine histologic sections and demonstrate their promise in this setting.

Flow modelling challenges in fractured reservoirs have led to the development of many simulation methods. It is often unclear which method should be employed. High-resolution discrete fracture and matrix (DFM) studies on small-scale representative models allow us to identify dominant physical processes influencing flow. We propose a workflow that utilizes DFM studies to characterize subsurface flow dynamics. The improved understanding facilitates the selection of an appropriate method for large-scale simulations. Validation of the workflow was performed via application on a gas reservoir represented using an embedded discrete fracture model, followed by the comparison of results obtained from hybrid and dual-porosity representations against fully explicit simulations. The comparisons ascertain that the high-resolution small-scale DFM studies lead to a more accurate upscaled model for full field simulations. Additionally, we find that hybrid implicit–explicit representations of fractures generally outperform pure continuum-based models.

On the basis of advanced functional structures such as aeronautics and astronautics, it is common to arrange strain measurements at finite points on the structure and then reconstruct the displacem...

Large tensile residual stress is detrimental to the structural integrity of welded structures. As a result, it is very important to understand the residual formation during the welding process. In this paper, a new non-contact welding residual stress measurement technique based on digital image correlation (DIC) is proposed as a way to investigate residual stress formation. To investigate the stress evolution of the welded plate, we conduct a series of experiments by using this new method. High-temperature full-field strain obtained from DIC was computed by incremental theory to acquire stress increment. Stress evolution and residual stress were obtained by superimposing the stress increment. Hole-drilling residual stress measurements for verification were also implemented. The maximum difference, which was 37 MPa between the two methods demonstrated that this new technique was able to characterize the full-field welding residual stress during the welding process.

Background Laser skin resurfacing with erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) lasers is a newer alternative to CO2 laser treatment, and was developed to reduce common complications. Although Er:YAG lasers have been available for years, safety parameters for efficacious resurfacing with these devices have not previously been available. Objectives The aim of this study was to utilize one practice’s laser treatment settings and outcomes data to identify complication rates for various energies and areas of the face and to offer safe energy/depth parameters for treating each area. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed for full-field confluent laser resurfacing patients treated with a Sciton Contour Tunable Resurfacing Er:YAG laser by the senior author. The data were retroactively analyzed with a time range of 8 years (January 2007-December 2015). Results The overall complication rate for MicroLaserPeels (ablation of 50 µm or less) was 10.1% (20 of 198 treatments) and the rate for deep resurfacing treatments was 26.5% (71 of 268 cases). In MicroLaserPeel treatments the cheek area had the highest complication rate, followed by the forehead, nose, perioral, and eyelid areas, in that order (complication rate range, 0%-9.1%). In deep resurfacing treatments the perioral area had the highest complication rate, 38.6% of 145 cases. This was followed by the lids, cheek, nose, and forehead, in that order (complication rate range, 15.2%-20.9%). There is a correlation between increased depth of ablation and increased rate of complication. Conclusions The study confirmed the efficacy of Er:YAG resurfacing and provides guidance for a safer approach to excellent outcomes. Level of Evidence: 4

This work is aimed at revealing the anisotropic full-field displacement and the progressive failure behaviors of interbedded marble under uniaxial compression using a three-dimensional digital image correlation (3D DIC) technique. The effects of the interbed orientation on the field displacement and strain pattern and the crack evolution were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Testing results show that different stress-strain responses can be generated depending on the interbed orientation, and the interbeds influence the localized deformation and high strain concentration pattern. The field displacement evolution curves present different patterns and are impacted by the localized deformation. In addition, the strain localization takes place progressively and develops at a lower rate for rock with 0° and 90° interbed than those of 30° and 60° interbed rock. The quick shear-sliding along the interbed leads to the minimum strength of rock having 30° interbed orientation. It is suggested that rock anisotropic field deformation is structure dependent.

Background The Electroretinogram is a mass potential, which reflects the summed electrical activity of the retina. Full-field ERG measures the electrical signals from the whole retina in response to a light stimulus. The weakness of the full-field ERG is that it cannot provide topographical information regarding the functional integrity of the retina and cannot detect subtle functional defects. The response is dominated by the peripheral retina due to its predominance of retinal cells. Aim of the Work to investigate the effect of axial length on fullfield (ffERG)and multifocal ERG (mfERG). Subjects and Methods Forty-four eyes of 44 healthy subjects were included in this case series study which has been conducted at Ain shams university hospitals after the approval of the research ethical committee in the faculty of medicine, Ain Shams University between July 2018 and September 2019. Full ophthalmologic examination was performed for all participants, including visual acuity assessment (Best corrected visual acuity) using Snellen chart, calculation of spherical equivalent (SE), slit Lamp biomicroscopy examination with IOP measurement via Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT), and fundus examination by indirect ophthalmoscope or via 90 D VOLK lens to assess macular area. Axial length measurement, ffERG & mf-ERG. Results; We found that in the absence of fundus changes, mfERG parameters showed decreased amplitudes with increase in axial length. The Six- Rings Response Densities showed negative correlation with AL while there is no significant correlation between Six- Rings Response Densities and SE. The Six- Rings P1 Amplitude showed negative correlation with AL while there is no significant correlation between P1 Amplitude and SE. The Six- Rings N1 Amplitude showed negative correlation with AL while there is no significant correlation between P1 Amplitude and SE. The four- quadrant Response Densities showed negative correlation with AL while there is no significant correlation between four- quadrant Response Densities and SE. The four- quadrant P1 Amplitude showed negative correlation with AL while there is no significant correlation between P1 Amplitude and SE. The four- quadrant N1 Amplitude showed negative correlation with AL while there is no significant correlation between P1 Amplitude and SE. There is no significant correlation between full-field clinical ERG parameters and both AL and SE. Conclusion In the absence of fundus changes, mfERG parameters showed decreased amplitudes with increase in axial length. For correct interpretation of ERG responses in clinical practice, we recommend consideration of axial length measurement when evaluating mfERG responses.

Purpose To describe the feasibility of peripheral OCT imaging in retinal diseases using a novel full-field device. Methods A total of 134 consecutive eyes were referred and imaged on the Optos Silverstone swept-source OCT (SS-OCT) (Optos PLC; Dunfermline, UK). Scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO) images and the associated SS-OCT images were obtained in the posterior pole, mid-periphery or far periphery based on the nature of the referral and on new areas of interest observed in the optomap images at the time of imaging. Results A total of 134 eyes (96 patients) were enrolled in the study. One hundred and twenty-five eyes (91 patients) with 38 retinal pathologies were prospectively assessed and 9 eyes (5 patients) were excluded due to incomplete image acquisition. The average age of the subjects was 54 years (range 21–92 years). Thirty-nine out of 125 eyes (31%) had macular pathologies. Eighty-six out of 125 eyes (69%) had peripheral only pathologies, an area which cannot be visualized by standard OCT devices with a 50 degree field-of-view. Conclusions The ability to capture peripheral pathologies using an integrated SLO-UWF imaging with full-field swept-source provided high-grade anatomical insight that confirmed the medical and surgical management in a majority of cases. Its use in the mid- and far periphery provides a holistic clinical picture, which can potentially aid in the understanding of various retinal pathologies.

Dynamic full-field optical coherence microscopy (DFFOCM) was used to characterize the intracellular dynamic activities and cytoskeleton of HeLa cells in different viability states. HeLa cell samples were continuously monitored for 24 hours and compared with histological examination to confirm the cell viability states. The averaged mean frequency and magnitude observed in healthy cells were 4.79±0.5 Hz and 2.44±1.06, respectively. In dead cells, the averaged mean frequency was shifted to 8.57±0.71 Hz, whereas the magnitude was significantly decreased to 0.53±0.25. This cell dynamic activity analysis using DFFOCM is expected to replace conventional time-consuming and biopsies-required histological or biochemical methods.

We demonstrate that full-field deflectometry is a viable alternative to interferometry for the characterization of free-form mirrors. Deflectometry does not require the use of a CGH. Instead of measuring the surface height map, the deflectometer measures the surface slopes in two orthogonal directions using the phase-shifting Schlieren method [1]. The surface height map is then reconstructed by integration of the slope maps. We present two instruments. The first one can be mounted in the lathe for in situ measurement. The second is adapted for the characterization of large concave mirrors.

This review presents the main findings from measurements carried out on cereals using chitosan, its derivatives, and nanoparticles. Research into the use of chitosan in agriculture is growing in popularity. Since 2000, 188 original scientific articles indexed in Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases have been published on this topic. These have focused mainly on wheat (34.3%), maize (26.3%), and rice (24.2%). It was shown that research on other cereals such as millets and sorghum is scarce and should be expanded to better understand the impact of chitosan use. This review demonstrates that this chitosan is highly effective against the most dangerous diseases and pathogens for cereals. Furthermore, it also contributes to improving yield and chlorophyll content, as well as some plant growth parameters. Additionally, it induces excellent resistance to drought, salt, and low temperature stress and reduces their negative impact on cereals. However, further studies are needed to demonstrate the full field efficacy of chitosan.

Objectives : The effects of full-field dynamic visual disturbance on body sway were examined in archery players (n = 24), ball game players (n = 35), and untrained subjects (n = 34). Methods : Participants were asked to stand on a platform surrounded a box, the inside of which was randomly dotted. After the box suddenly began to swing and continued to swing back and forth at a frequency of 0.42 Hz for 60 seconds in a damped sinusoidal waveform, the body center sway was recorded using a stabilometer. Results : Standard deviation (SD) of body center sway in the anterior-posterior direction suddenly increased just after the box began to swing, and gradually decreased as the box swung in a damped sinusoidal waveform. After a sudden initial increase in SD of body center sway, it significantly decreased in archery players, compared with that of ball game players 20 seconds or untrained subjects 15 and 20 seconds after the onset of the box motion. Conclusion : Archery players showed higher stability against visual disturbance, compared with ball game players and untrained subjects, suggesting that they rely on proprioceptive inputs to maintain balance, and that their training re-weights sensorimotor dominance from vision to proprioception for posture regulation to increase shooting accuracy. J. Med. Invest. 67 : 67-69, February, 2020.

In this work, we report on non-invasive observation of human esophagus, liver, and uterus samples with Full field optical coherence tomography (FFOCT). ln imaging process, fresh human samples were fixed in formalin immediately after excision and then imaged directly without staining and cutting the samples into a serial of thin slices. Tissue microstructures of each type of normal or cancerous tissue as well as their changes with the increase of the depth beneath tissue surface can be identified in the depth-resolved images. The results demonstrate the potential of applications of the en face images in clinic practice.

This paper reports calculation and measurement of magnetic fields from a 3 T 66-mm room-temperature bore no-insulation high-temperature superconductor nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) magnet with screening current and manufacturing uncertainty considered. The magnet reached its full field, 3 T under a conduction-cooling environment at 17 K. The measured magnetic fields along the magnet axis showed a substantial discrepancy to the originally designed ones. In simulation, measured dimensions of the 66 total single pancake coils of the magnet were used in consideration of the manufacturing errors of each pancake coil. And, the two-dimensional edge-element method with the domain homogenization technique was adopted to simulate screening currents within pancake coils and calculate the consequent screening current induced fields. The normalized magnetic fields between simulation and measurement showed good agreement that implies a potential to calculate “actual” magnetic fields of an REBCO NMR magnet with our approach.

Background: Breast cancer in women is a major public health problem throughout the world. To reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with breast cancer, early detection becomes a very important job. Addition of breast Tomosyn-thesis to mammography examination reduced and eliminated tissue overlap especially in women with radiographically dense breast.Aim of Study: To evaluate the impact of adding Digital Breast Tomosynthesis (DBT) to Full Field Digital Mammog-raphy (FFDM) in detection, characterization and diagnosis of mammographically indeterminate breast lesions.Subjects and Methods: The study included 80 patients with 86 indeterminate findings on mammography. DBT ex-amination was done and imaging findings were evaluated before and after the use of DBT.Results: Tomosynthesis showed better diagnostic perform-ance compared to mammography. The sensitivity of Tomo-synthesis was 90%, the specificity was 91.1%, the positive predictive value of 88%, the negative predictive value was 92.7% and the diagnostic accuracy was 91%, while the sensi-tivity of mammography was 62.5%, the specificity was 59%, the positive predictive value was 52.1%, the negative predictive value was 68.8%, and the diagnostic accuracy was 60.4%.Conclusion: DBT significantly enhanced the detection and characterization of indeterminate breast lesions on digital mammography especially in the context of dense breast parenchyma.

Background: Dual Energy Contrast Enhanced Spectral Mammography (DE-CESM) is a new and advanced clinical application of full field (FFDM) and is easily implemented, fast, and reproducible, and breast doses are comparable to those of standard digital mammography, it might be useful for shifting expensive MRI to digital mammography.Aim of Study: To evaluate the enhancing power of the Contrast-Enhanced Spectral Mammography (CESM) on breast lesions and its ability to differentiate malignant from benign masses.Patients and Methods: A prospective study was carried on 20 patients referred to Radio-Diagnosis Department. At the Air Forces Hospital over 12 months for the evaluation of breast masses, all patients were examined by a dual energy contrast enhanced spectral mammography, a complementary B-mode ultrasound and a histopathological examination of all masses.Results: The study included 8 benign (40%) and 12 malignant (60%) masses, 17/20 (85%) of them were enhanced while 3/20 (15%) were not enhanced. The enhanced masses were further subdivided into faint & avid enhancement as well as homogenous, heterogeneous & ring enhancement. Contrast uptake was significantly more frequent by malignant masses (p-value

Direct comparisons between crystal plasticity simulations and experiments dedicated to test a sample containing a small number of grains (oligocrystal), instrumented using full field measurement techniques (DIC, grid method), have demonstrated their efficiency to reproduce the behavior of BCC and FCC metals at the grain scale. The extension of this approach to HCP metals, specifically for a grade 2 commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) sample, is the objective of the present work. The influence of the critical resolved shear stress ratios on the numerical predictions of strain field and slip activity during uniaxial tension of the titanium oligocrystal was investigated. Simulation results were compared with their experimental counterparts, showing that a small variation of the critical resolved shear stress ratios identified by the authors in a previous study dedicated to grade 1 CP-Ti [Hama et al., Int. J. Plast., 91(2017), 77.] reproduced the experimental deformation behavior satisfactorily.

Accurately measured strains are critical when investigating the application of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) materials, but traditional mechanical strain measurement methods have several critical drawbacks related to the installation process and the recording capabilities of the devices. FRP materials typically used in the civil engineering field feature large asymmetries and heterogeneity originated from the manual installation procedures, as opposed to the highly controlled FRP fabrication methods used in other fields that result in more homogeneous materials. The feasibility of using an optical full-field Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique for measurement of strain fields on FRP materials used in the civil engineering industry has been investigated and the level of error in the DIC method when using more traditional methods was determined. The main advantage of using DIC over more traditional methods, which is the capacity of DIC to measure full field strains instead of strains at isolated points, has been demonstrated by providing exemplar measurements of various specimens of FRP materials. The reported strain fields are examples of what was obtained during an experimental campaign to understand the behavior of FRP anchors and other materials. The main conclusions drawn from the observation of those strain fields are discussed.

During compression of saturated fibrous reinforcement, the flow of the liquid can, under certain conditions, generate fiber-tows washout (in-plane movement of fiber-tows) due to the strong hydrodynamically induced force on the fibrous reinforcement. The objective of the study is first to detect experimentally the onset and measure the full-field magnitude of the flow-induced in-plane deformation occurring during the compression. Secondly, a methodology is presented, aiming at defining the mechanical signature of fiber-tow washout on transverse compression tests. For this purpose, a large-scale semi-transparent test bench has been developed in order to dynamically track the in-plane motion of the fiber-tows occurring in saturated compression. Then, a nomogram is given to identify a process window of a saturated fibrous reinforcement processed by consolidation.

Background: Intraoperative pathological diagnosis such as frozen section and imprint cytology is not routinely recommended in clinical practice because of time and accuracy concerns. Full-field optical coherence tomography (FF-OCT) is a new optical imaging technique that could generate sectioning tomogram from fresh tissue and provide depiction of the morphological structure and pathological changes in minutes without conventional tissue preparation, slicing, and staining, and dynamic cell imaging (DCI) added the viability information of cells/tissue, which could be more important in cancer diagnosis. This study was to evaluate the feasibility and diagnostic value of FF-OCT and DCI in breast lesions and lymph node specimens during breast cancer surgery. Methods: We evaluated normal breast tissue, benign breast lesions, breast cancer and axillary lymph node specimens from 107 patients using FF-OCT and DCI. After the optical assessment, the tissue was paraffin embedded and sent to conventional H&E diagnosis. The similar layer of OCT and H&E images were compared and diagnostic criteria were generated. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity by two trained surgeons without pathology diagnosis experience were evaluated. Results: A total of 194 specimens were examined, including 143 breast tissue(101 malignant and 42 benign/normal) and 51 lymph nodes(26 metastatic and 25 non-metastatic). On FF-OCT and DCI, normal morphological structures such as adipose, collagen, mammary ducts, and lobules in breast tissue and lymphoid follicle and hilum in lymph nodes were easily recognized. Breast cancer characteristics on H&E imaging correspond to collagen distortion, focal hypointensity, micro-calcification, clustered or linear lively cells et etc on FF-OCT or DCI, which could also be easily distinguished. We included the previously mentioned features to build diagnosis criteria for cancer on FF-OCT and DCI. The average acquisition time is 14±11 minutes. The sensitivity and specificity for breast cancer diagnosis were 92.1% and 94.3% respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for lymph node involvement were 92.3% and 84% respectively. Conclusion: The time- and tissue-saving optical imaging technique yielded high accuracy that was comparable to that of traditional intraoperative and postoperative pathological diagnosis in breast cancer and lymph node metastasis. These results implied the promising application in the intraoperative evaluation and possible decrease of the re-excision rate for breast cancer surgery. Citation Format: Yang H, Zhang S, Guo J, Xie F, Tong F, Cao Y, Liu P, Zhou B, Cheng L, Liu M, Wang S, Peng Y, Wang C, Yang Y, Ma Y, Chen D, Shen D, Wang S. Achiveing rapid intrao-operative diagnosis during breast cancer surgery using high-reloution full-field optical coherence imaging and dynamic cell imaging [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-14-18.

Background Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) is an important poultry pathogen worldwide. This bacterium may cause eggshell changes including an altered shell surface, thinning, and increased translucency in different areas, which leads to a greater incidence of eggshell cracks and breaks. In the present study the association between experimental infection of birds with two field strains of MS from different genotypes and the production of abnormal eggs is described. The analysis of those eggshells using a full-field optical coherence tomography (FF OCT) scanner is also reported. Results Eggshell samples were obtained from three experimental groups of chickens: one control and two infected tracheally with field strains of MS which produced abnormal eggs. In both experimental groups infected with MS a reduction of mean daily egg production by 11% was observed compared to the control group, which started at 21 to 42 dpi. Eggshell apex abnormalities increased to 24.5% of eggs and in some cases, soft-shelled eggs were produced. This study provides the first analysis of shells from anomalous eggs carried out using FF OCT, which allows three-dimensional structural imaging of an investigated sample at micrometre scale. FF OCT showed ultrastructural changes in eggshells and a smaller number of pores on the entire surface of the affected shells. Conclusions The eggshell pathology and the concomitant egg production losses that result from infections highlight the economic significance of MS in commercial poultry. There are differences in the strains of MS which may induce eggshell apex abnormalities (EAA) and egg production losses. The use of FF OCT, which is a noninvasive measurement method based on analysis of the light backscattered from the measured object, will confer the ability to control the quality of eggshells in flocks infected with MS.

One of the primary issues with acoustic emission (AE) technique is the lack of correlation of the AE signals with the quantitative mechanical behavior of any material and structure. In this paper, Digital Image Correlation (3D-DIC) is used as a complementary tool to support the AE observation for 15CDV6 ESR (electro slag refined) steel specimens. Towards this goal, standard surface cracked tensile (SCT) and plain tensile (PT) specimens were examined to understand their failure behavior. The surface cracks were generated on welds whereas the PT specimens were without any weld. Two parameters namely the centre crack opening displacement (CCOD) and the strain fields in the vicinity of the crack tips were correlated with the AE parameters to establish various stages of material degradation in SCT specimens. Similarly, in PT specimens AE signals corresponding to initiation of yielding and growth of an internal defect were identified correlating with the strains measured from DIC. The results indicate that integration of AE and DIC could be one of the favorable options for a comprehensive understanding of structural integrity and material degradation.

espanolEn este trabajo se desarrollo un sistema optico facil de entender para el estudio de la tecnica de imagen medica conocida como tomografia optica de coherencia (OCT). Esta tecnica permite la reconstruccion volumetrica de muestras inhomogeneas, opacas y esparsivas tales como los tejidos biologicos. La implementacion se realizo usando componentes no disenados especificamente para OCT, bajo el esquema de un interferometro de Michelson utilizando una camara CCD para la captura de los patrones de interferencia en una configuracion conocida como OCT de campo completo (FFOCT). El sistema, explicado en detalle, se diseno usando componentes opticos comunmente encontrados en los laboratorios de optica, ya que nuestro enfoque es brindar una aproximacion accesible para entender las bases de OCT. El sistema obtenido posee una resolucion axial de 1.74 μm y resolucion lateral de 4.5 μm. Con el sistema descrito se obtuvieron tomogramas de dos muestras: una moneda metalica y un ala de insecto ex-vivo de la familia blattodea. EnglishIn this work, an easy to understand optical system was developed for the study of the medical imaging technique optical coherence tomography (OCT). This technique allows volumetric reconstruction of inhomogeneous, non-transparent and scattering samples such as biological tissues. The implementation was based on using non-specialized components for OCT under the scheme of a Michelson interferometer with a CCD camera to capture the interference patterns in a configuration known as full field OCT (FFOCT). Our system, explained in detail, was designed using components commonly found in most optical labs because our focus is to provide an accessible experimental setup for understanding the basics of OCT. The developed system possesses an axial resolution of 1.74 μm and a lateral resolution of 4.5 μm. With the described system, tomograms of two samples were obtained: a metal coin and an ex-vivo insect wing of the blattodea family.

El objetivo del estudio fue obtener un perfil condicional de las tareas en fútbol sala, analizándolas en función de 5 variables (tiempo de intervención, duración, FCMáx, FCMedia y concentración de lactato). Participaron 8 jugadores profesionales, con una muestra total de 70 tareas agrupadas en 8 subcategorías. El análisis estadístico fue realizado con el SPSS 20.0, y consta de análisis descriptivos generales y dos pruebas ANOVA de un factor con corrección de Bonferroni. Los resultados muestran que las tareas de juego real no alcanzan la carga fisiológica de la competición. Además, las tareas de resistencia a la velocidad alcanzan una lactacidemia superior al resto. Finalmente, las tareas de transición, movilidad, campo completo, 4x4 y portero-jugador tienen características condicionales similares, adecuadas para el desarrollo de la resistencia mixta y umbral anaeróbico. Se concluye que las tareas analizadas sirven para el desarrollo de las diferentes vías metabólicas características del fútbol sala.

In this study, we explored how manipulating floaters’ positions in small-sided futsal games (SSGs) promote changes in the informational constraints that support decision-making (DM) for passing, dribbling and shooting tactics. We made changes in four experimental 3 vs 3 small-sided game conditions with 30 male futsal players (U19 age category): (a) Floaters Off (FO), (b) Final Line Floaters (FLF), (c) Lateral Floaters own field sideline (LFofsl) and (d) Lateral Floaters full field sideline (LFffsl). We assessed players’ activity with WIMU PRO™ software during the SSGs, using the Game Performance Evaluation Tool (GPET) to analyze a total of 1,635 decisions. DM for dribbling was generally based on the interpersonal distance between the ball carrier and direct opponent, considering the defensive team length and the offensive team area. Shooting decisions were constrained, by certain attacking-defending teams’ spatial-temporal relations with regard to playing space and team balance as affected by manipulating floaters’ positions. The coaches’ decisions to change the floaters’ positions during SSGs may change informational variables sustaining the dribbling decision, but no changes in SSG variables affected passing DM.

The increased use of optical measurement techniques in industrial environments has the potential to increase knowledge and creates an opportunity for a more comprehensive validation of computational predictions. In this paper, a quantitative validation methodology is applied to a 1 m × 1 m panel from an aircraft fuselage subject to compression and torsion, in order to evaluate the predicted response of the panel. A test matrix with four loading cases, namely pre-buckling and post-buckling compression with and without torsion, was used to demonstrate the capabilities of the validation methodology on the industrial component. The out-of-plane displacement fields were analysed with the aid of image decomposition and a validation process was successfully performed using a quantitative metric. The feature vectors, obtained through image decomposition, representing the surface curvature of the physical and virtual specimens were analysed to assess the similarity of the component’s overall curvature. Then, the feature vectors representing measured and predicted displacements for the four loading cases were used to analyse the deformed shapes and conduct a validation process for the simulation outcomes. The predictions of the deformation of the fuselage panel were found to have a high probability of representing the measured data.

In this work, we present a novel application of the full-field energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) imaging system based on a MicroPattern Gaseous Detector (2D-THCOBRA) in the cultural heritage field. The detector has an intrinsic imaging capability with spatial resolution of $$400\,{\upmu }\mathrm { m}\ \mathrm {FWHM}$$ , and is energy sensitive, presenting an energy resolution of approximately $$1\ \mathrm {keV\ FWHM}$$ at $$5.9\ \mathrm {keV}$$ . The full-field XRF scanner based on the 2D-THCOBRA detector allows mapping the distribution of elements in large area samples with high detection efficiency ( $$75\%$$ at $$5.9\ \mathrm {keV}$$ ), being a very promising choice for elemental mapping analysis of large area cultural heritage samples. In this work, we have demonstrated the imaging capabilities of the full-field XRF scanner and used it to assess the restoration of a Portuguese faience piece.

International audience; The highest three-dimensional (3D) resolution possible in in-vivo retinal imaging is achieved by combining optical coherence tomography (OCT) and adaptive optics. However, this combination brings important limitations, such as small field-of-view and complex, cumbersome systems, preventing so far the translation of this technology from the research lab to clinics. Here, we mitigate these limitations by combining our compact time-domain full-field OCT (FFOCT) with a multi-actuator adaptive lens positioned just in front of the eye, in a technique we call the adaptive-glasses wavefront sensorless approach. Through this approach, we demonstrate that ocular aberrations can be corrected, increasing the FFOCT signal-to-noise ratio and enabling imaging of different retinal layers with a 2µm × 2µm × 8µm resolution over a 5 o × 5 o field-of-view, without major anisoplanatism influence.; La plus haute résolution tridimensionnelle (3D) possible en imagerie rétinienne in vivo est obtenue en combinant la tomographie par cohérence optique (OCT) et l'optique adaptative. Toutefois, cette combinaison présente des limites importantes, comme un champ de vision réduit et des systèmes complexes et encombrants, ce qui empêche jusqu'à présent la transposition de cette technologie du laboratoire de recherche aux cliniques. Ici, nous atténuons ces limitations en combinant notre OCT compacte à plein champ dans le domaine temporel (FFOCT) avec une lentille adaptative à actionneurs multiples placée juste devant l'œil, dans une technique que nous appelons l'approche des lunettes adaptatives. Grâce à cette approche, nous démontrons que les aberrations oculaires peuvent être corrigées, augmentant le rapport signal/bruit de la FFOCT et permettant l'imagerie de différentes couches de la rétine avec une résolution de 2µm x 2µm x 8µm sur un champ de vision de 5° x 5°, sans influence majeure d'anisoplanatisme.