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Both the CD4-CD8- (double negative) and CD4-CD8+ T cell lineages have been shown to contain T cells which recognize microbial lipid and glycolipid Ags in the context of human CD1 molecules. To determine whether T cells expressing the CD4 coreceptor could recognize Ag in the context of CD1, we derived CD4+ T cell lines from the lesions of leprosy patients. We identified three CD4+ Mycobacterium leprae-reactive, CD1-restricted T cell lines: two CD1b restricted and one CD1c restricted. These T cell lines recognize mycobacterial Ags, one of which has not been previously described for CD1-restricted T cells. The response of CD4+ CD1-restricted T cells, unlike MHC class II-restricted T cells, was not inhibited by anti-CD4 mAb, suggesting that the CD4 coreceptor does not impact positive or negative selection of CD1-restricted T cells. The CD4+ CD1-restricted T cell lines produced IFN-gamma and GM-CSF, the Th1 pattern of cytokines required for cell-mediated immunity against intracellular pathogens, but no detectable IL-4. The existence of CD4+ CD1-restricted T cells that produce a Th1 cytokine pattern suggests a contributory role in immunity to mycobacterial infection.

A novel mechanism by which T cells contribute to host defense against microbial pathogens is release of the antimicrobial protein granulysin. We investigated the role of granulysin in human infectious disease using leprosy as a model. Granulysin-expressing T cells were detected in cutaneous leprosy lesions at a six-fold greater frequency in patients with the localized tuberculoid as compared with the disseminated lepromatous form of the disease. In contrast, perforin, a cytolytic molecule that colocalizes with granulysin in cytotoxic granules, was expressed at similar levels across the spectrum of disease. Within leprosy lesions, granulysin colocalized in CD4[sup.+] T cells and was expressed in CD4[sup.+] T-cell lines derived from skin lesions. These CD4[sup.+] T-cell lines lysed targets by the granule exocytosis pathway and reduced the viability of mycobacteria in infected targets. Given the broad antimicrobial spectrum of granulysin, these data provide evidence that T-cell release of granulysin contributes to host defense in human infectious disease., Author(s): Maria-Teresa Ochoa [1, 9]; Steffen Stenger [4]; Peter A. Sieling [1]; Sybille Thoma-Uszynski [1]; Shereen Sabet [1]; Sungae Cho [1]; Alan M. Krensky [5]; Martin Rollinghoff [4]; Euzenir Nunes [...]

By looking at the design process of a narrative-based design fiction, this paper introduces new areas of exploration for futures practices concerned with human-scale futures -- the internal worlds of daily lives. Called Trina, the design fiction imagines new practices through the simultaneous creation of storyworld, prototypes, characters, and plot, with an emphasis on relations as opposed to things. By theorizing the design fiction creators as participant-observers in a world that emerges from a field of forces (Ingold, 2013), the paper concludes with questions that arise from a method that may help explore the interconnectedness of futures "from the inside". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fictitious future scenarios are used in the technology industry to identify new opportunities, test high risk concepts, and rally teams toward a common goal. While such visions can play a crucial role in the technology development process, Digital Humanities futures are largely absent. Software development methods suited to the creation of tools for shoppers or workers are a poor fit for the design of tools that embody the intentional fuzziness, nuanced positionalities, and reflexive activities of critical interpretation. Therefore this paper proposes a design approach that combines core concepts from critical theory with design's speculative inventiveness and introduces the subject-computer-interface as an alternative to industry's user-centered concept. Case studies investigate how this triad of meta processes -- the meta of critical interpretation, the meta of speculative reflexive design, and the meta of subject-computer-interface -- might work by using critical making to engage recent concepts from digital humanities theory to invent new digital affordances. The paper concludes with a speculative design brief that challenges designers, humanists, and computer scientists to use a meta-meta-meta approach that begins with core humanities concepts and designs outward to imagine digital humanities tools that don't yet exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of ITlib: Informačné Technológie a Knižnice is the property of Slovak Centre of Scientific-Technical Information (CVTI SR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The theme of my proposal concerns quantitative methods and digital analysis in the recent literary theory. Starting from the assumption of the impossibility of accessing traditional ways of reading a textual corpus in its integrity (here I refer both to the exponential growth of interest for ex-centric literature, following the explosion of post-colonial studies, and to the discovery, as a result of several quantitative analyses, of a serious number of exponents for the central literatures), the quantitative research, and also the updated version of the literary analysis by means of the informational technology offers an ample theoretical area that deserves to be debated and disseminated in the Romanian academic field. From a comparatist perspective, I will try to trace the specific characteristics for the new paradigm of digital humanities and for the way in which the new methods of research can generate mutations of the comparatist discourse. My attempt is to make clear the concepts of quantitative research (distant reading, close reading) and digital humanities, and also to highlight the specific characteristics of the notions that are in the scope of this concept.Turthermore, I will try to question the relation between the methodological turn related to the most recent technologies and the traditional ways of reading and interpretation. Last but not least, I attempt to highlight the relation of influence between theories which precede the assessment of the concept digital, per se, and the ones that lead the research towards employing technological resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Digital Studies / Champ Numérique is the property of Open Library of Humanities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hermeneia: Journal of Hermeneutics, Art Theory & Criticism is the property of AXIS Academic Foundation Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There is growing attention to student assessments designed to reach beyond the classroom, including assessments with an immediate or future audience. The impact of audience, however, has not been examined in multimodal assessments across continents, institutions, disciplines, and teaching contexts. Using qualitative data, this article examines the impact on student learning of incorporating audience and awareness of audience in diverse settings through multimodal projects. These include a core assignment in an interdisciplinary, semester-long graduate class in the United States, a year-long capstone project for geography undergraduates in Northern Ireland, and a supplemental assignment for graduate and undergraduate biology students in Norway. This article investigates the impact of audience through multimodal assessments across these three settings and concludes that it can positively influence student learning, motivation, and skill development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholarly digital storytelling combines academic research and digital skills to communicate scholarly work within and beyond the classroom. This article presents three case studies that demonstrate efforts to integrate scholarly digital storytelling, a technology-enhanced assessment, across disciplines, geographic locations, and teaching contexts. The case studies originate in the United States, Northern Ireland [UK], and Norway, and represent learning across multiple disciplines, including history, higher education, geography, and biology. This article explores the potential for scholarly digital storytelling, when carefully planned, scaffolded, and implemented, to engage students in authentic learning, teaching students to think deeply and creatively about disciplinary content while creating sharable digital products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anuario Think EPI is the property of EPI SCP and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Digital Studies / Champ Numérique is the property of Open Library of Humanities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present article is a snapshot of Digital Literary Studies (DLS) in the present-day Romanian academia, higher education curricula, and research evaluation. In the first part, the emphasis falls on the term "digital turn" and on its specific uses and extensions in humanities, as DH (digital humanities), on the one hand, and as digital literary studies/computer literary studies (DLS/ CLS)/ computational linguistics (CL), on the other. In the second part, we zoom in the field of DLS/ CLS and analyze the way in which it has been localized, operationalized, institutionalized and understood in the Romanian academic environment and publications (DH-targeted journals, humanities journals, and cultural magazines), in higher education curricula (master/ bachelor programs of study), and in designing evaluation standards for DH/ DLS/ CLS research projects (methodologies for funding national research). In the third part, we provide a down-to-earth approach to Romanian DLS by bringing out the experience with digitization, format conversion, manual cleaning, encoding, annotation, and with various editing, quantitative analysis, and data management tools (AntConc, TXM, StyloR, Nooj, Heurist, Transkribus, Oxygen etc.), acquired throughout the implementation of Hai-Ro Project (Hajduk Novels in Romania during the Long Nineteenth Century: digital edition and corpus analysis assisted by computational tools). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What we propose in this article is to show, based on an example, how new teaching methods are adopted in the field of philology in an age where we move from an analog world to a digital one. Thus, we will present, first, some positive and negative opinions about the digital era in which we move. Secondly, we will focus on the methodology used in the Department of Romance Philology from the University of Zurich for the creation of an online course of linguistics and another of Romance literature for students of the first course. Thirdly, it will be mentioned the advantages and disavantages of such a project. And, finally, we will take some conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Digital Studies / Champ Numérique is the property of Open Library of Humanities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article addresses the problems that pertain to macro-historical data in music research. By presenting examples from recent research on European ladies' orchestras of the late nineteenth century, I aim to establish how large data sets could be used in a meaningful way. First, I shall present an overview of source materials. Second, methods for analyzing concert programmes will be critically assessed. Third, the possibilities of visualizing concert tours will be explored. Finally, special attention will be paid to questions regarding social class and gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pesquisa Brasileira em Ciência da Informação e Biblioteconomia is the property of Pesquisa Brasileira em Ciencia da Informacao e Biblioteconomia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although it has not been much considered as such, the digital humanities movement (or at least the most theoretically informed parts of it) offers a critique "from within" the recent mutation of the higher education and research systems. This paper offers an analysis, from a Critical Theory perspective, of a key element of this critique: the theory vs. practice debate, which, in the digital humanities, is translated into the famous "hack" vs. "yack" motto, where DHers usually call for the pre-eminence of the former over the latter. I show how this debate aims to criticise the social situation of employment in academia in the digital age and can further be interpreted with the culture industry theoretical concept, as a continuance of the domination of the intellectual labour (i.e. yack in this case) over manual labour (hack). I argue that, pushing this debate to its very dialectical limit, one realises that the two terms are not in opposition anymore: the actual theory as well as the actual practice are below their very critical concepts in the current situation of academic labour. Therefore, I call for a reconfiguration of this debate, aiming at the rediscovering of an actual theory in the academic production, as well as a rediscovering of a praxis, the latter being outside of the scientific realm and rules: it is political. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital Humanities (DH) is a field of research in which humanists at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) can take part and about which they can collaborate in debates and projects. Introducing DH in the academic programs at an undergraduate level can be a difficult path to traverse. Even so, for the academic year 2016, we managed to include a Specialized Seminar-Workshop on this field of study within the History Course at the Facultad de Filosofía y Letras at the UNAM. This article shows and analyzes the context, the methods and the academic, technical and specialization implications DH has in the History field (and in Humanities in general), and also presents the results of our teaching work, of the research project in teaching to which it is connected, and of some other activities which aim at establishing an academic digital culture in this School's community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of ProInflow is the property of Casopis ProInflow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper we introduce the syntagm "pragmatic modelling" as a productive way of contextualising research in Digital Humanities (DH). We define "pragmatic modelling" as a middle-out approach (neither top down nor bottom up) that combines formal and experimental modelling techniques with an effective use of language. Furthermore, in order to elucidate a "pragmatic understanding" of model building, we reflect on texts (considered here as objects) and modelling (or strategy of analysis) in DH research (and teaching). This paper does not identify a new practice or approach; rather it offers an explanatory framework for existing practices. As the paper explains, this framework goes beyond existing ones and allows us to think about modelling in a more integral way. Drawing on this framework, we reveal how DH modelling practices challenge epistemological and linguistic restrictions, by, for example, problematising the adoption of terminology belonging to the domain of computer sciences. Reflections on metaphorical reasoning are used to exemplify how polarities and some rigidities DH research could find itself embedded in are overcome in practice. We conclude by advocating the importance of a diachronic and historical analysis of the role of metaphors in DH to further explore the relation between theory and practice as well as to develop models of modelling integral to DH research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Comparative Literature / Primerjalna Književnost is the property of Slovenian Comparative Literature Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the Students Tackling Advanced Research (STAR) Scholars Program at Drexel University in Pennsylvania. It provides an overview of the structure, learning outcomes, and goals of the program which provides college freshmen digital media knowledge and skills to support their interdisciplinary research collaborations. It also mentions the case study of Red Bank Battlefield Park which used digital models, animations, and video recordings in the digital cultural heritage work.

In this paper, we present our preliminary reflections on whether minimal computing as a practice can extend beyond computing done under some technological constraints to served as a common ground between different digital humanities research dynamics in the Global North and South. We explore this question by commenting on our experience in developing and teaching an undergraduate course to students enrolled from both the University of Maryland, College Park in the United States and Universidad del Salvador in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The class was delivered for its first iteration in September–November 2020 and introduced students to digital publishing and textual scholarship of bilingual Spanish and English texts, presenting minimal computing as a shared set of values including: use of open technologies, ownership of data and code, and reduction in computing infrastructure. In this paper, we present our preliminary reflections on whether minimal computing as a practice can extend beyond computing done under some technological constraints to serving as a common ground between different digital humanities research dynamics in the Global North and South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leprosy presents as a clinical and immunological spectrum of disease. With the use of gene expression profiling, we observed that a distinction in gene expression correlates with and accurately classifies the clinical form of the disease. Genes belonging to the leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor (LIR) family were significantly up-regulated in lesions of lepromatous patients suffering from the disseminated form of the infection. In functional studies, LIR-7 suppressed innate host defense mechanisms by shifting monocyte production from interleukin-12 toward interleukin-10 and by blocking antimicrobial activity triggered by Toll-like receptors. Gene expression profiles may be useful in defining clinical forms of disease and providing insights into the regulation of immune responses to pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents the abstracts of studies to be presented at poster sessions in the 63rd Scientific Sessions of the American Diabetes Association. Adipocyte biology; Clinical therapeutics; Insulin delivery systems.

Digital humanities (DH) offers a creative perspective for the development and research of Chinese oral memory (COM). In this paper, based on the methods of digital humanities, the authors present a conceptual model for the development of COM and demonstrate how this fine-grained model facilitates categorizing the rich but scattered accounts in COM. The proposed model, which resembles a knowledge-related network, is useful for the multidimensional display of resources and is facilitative to in-depth explorations in COM research. Supplemented by visual examples, this model can demonstrate the aggregative and escalating processes (from data to information and then to knowledge linkage) of COM. This model provides assistance for scholars in this field to more efficiently approach COM research and enriches the research on oral memory (OM) of digital humanities at the same time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last decade in China, digital humanities (DH) has rapidly developed as a research area, attracting widening circles of inquiry and gaining prominence as an internationally recognized emerging discipline. In order to review the history and current status of DH scholarship in China, the research team conducted historical analysis and bibliometrics to reveal the conception and development of DH in China. The research findings indicate that the history of the evolution of DH in China may best be divided into two stages. In the preliminary period, DH had just been introduced into China, and emphasis was placed on the exploration of its connotation. Once the concept had been explored and research about DH had been widely accepted, DH in China gradually entered into the phase of rapid development, in which China witnessed a wide variety of DH inquiries and applications in the field of library and information science, linguistics, history, literature, art, cultural heritage preservation, and so on. DH in China is facing opportunities as well as challenges with regard to digital practice, such as DH infrastructure, interdisciplinary research, and DH education. As an essential part of DH communities in China, libraries are playing an important role in resource construction, space sharing, and training services, which may provide strong support to deal with opportunities and challenges in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes a collaboration between two tenured faculty members (one in the library and one in a department of modern languages) at a large, land-grant institution who sought to introduce a mixed undergraduate and graduate seminar in French literature to DH methods in the second-language classroom culminating in a digital mapping project. Lacking explicit previous training in DH, faculty drew on second language (L2) pedagogy, new literacies, and DH pedagogy to develop an inclusive approach to course design and implementation. The approach focused on students' development of agency and authority as rising scholars while underscoring conceptions of labor and professional development in the humanities. There is limited scholarship addressing implementing DH in a L2 classroom. However, implementing a combined approach where one pedagogy influenced the other afforded the opportunity to critically consider the role of multilingualism and multiculturalism in a global, open DH context. We adopted this approach in concert with lessons drawn from theories of information literacy and new literacies. This transdisciplinary method encouraged careful consideration of design and implementation given that how information is processed, acquired, and communicated are key concerns in both L2 classrooms and new literacies. Analyzes the implementation of DH theories and methods in designing and teaching a university-level second-language course [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay responds to two questions at the heart of the Invisible Labor in the Digital Humanities 2016 symposium at Florida State University: (1) what is at stake in making unseen work visible, and (2) how can DH projects equally distribute and value the labor involved in their construction? For us, the answer to these questions lies in privileging the pedagogical affordances of data construction by crafting a workflow that included undergraduates as intellectual partners, and using DH methods to visualize and make public this collaborative labor. By drawing on our work with Photogrammar, which visualizes federal New Deal documentary projects including photography and life histories, we highlight three strategies for making labor visible in the digital humanities. First, we discuss how this project served as a tool for teaching undergraduate students key methods in DH by giving them experience with conducting original research with credit on the public site. In this way, we explain how pedagogy can become a part of project development. Second, we argue that DH visualization techniques can make the labor behind DH projects visible. We focus on how Photogrammar uses a timeline and network analysis alongside the traditional About page to make visible all participants in the project. Third, we turn to an open discussion of the challenges faced in the politics of attribution when working with university, governmental and private historical organizations, including domain names and the use of organizational logos. Photogrammar and making labor visible in the digital humanities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid extension of what has become known as the Digital Humanities has resulted in an array of online resources for researchers within the subdiscipline of Victorian Studies. But the increasingly acquisitive nature of these digital projects poses the question as to what happens once all the information and material we have related to the Victorians has been archived? This paper is an attempt to anticipate this question with specific reference to future digital resources for the study of 'Victorian murder culture', and in particular, the essentially textual nature of the nineteenth-century experience of crime. It will argue that there is potential for new forms of digital-humanities archive that offer a more participatory user experience, one that nurtures a cognitively empathic understanding of the complex intertextuality of Victorian crime culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]