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There is a growing need for pre-health professional students to understand how the social determinants of health (SDOH) affect population health. The goal of this project was to evaluate the impact of a modified "Privilege Walk" (MPW) activity on students' awareness of personal privilege as a SDOH. Undergraduate students engaged in a MPW activity received a privilege score that could total 36 points (a higher score indicates more privilege). Students also completed a pre- and post-MPW survey to evaluate the impact of the activity on privilege awareness. Nonparametric tests were used to determine the effect of the MPW assignment on privilege outcomes. Twenty-one students completed the pre- and post-surveys. The majority of respondents were White (85.7%), non-Hispanic (90.5%), or female (81.0%). Ethnicity (1.14 points, p=0.052), race (0.71 points, p=0.0078), and current housing conditions (0.70 points, p=0.0273) were the top characteristics students felt gave them significantly more privilege. We demonstrated that an interactive approach in the classroom could increase students' awareness about privilege as a SDOH. These are promising findings as academic centers seek to evaluate and develop promising and evidence-based approaches to train healthcare students about the SDOH as they treat diverse and vulnerable patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioethics increasingly recognizes the impact of discriminatory practices based on social categories such as race, gender, sexual orientation or ability on clinical practice. Accordingly, major bioethics associations have stressed that identifying and countering structural discrimination in clinical ethics consultations is a professional obligation of clinical ethics consultants. Yet, it is still unclear how clinical ethics consultants can fulfill this obligation. More specifically, clinical ethics needs both theoretical tools to analyze and practical strategies to address structural discrimination within clinical ethics consultations. Intersectionality, a concept developed in Black feminist scholarship, is increasingly considered in bioethical theory. It stresses how social structures and practices determine social positions of privilege and disadvantage in multiple, mutually co-constitutive systems of oppression. This article aims to investigate how intersectionality can contribute to addressing structural discrimination in clinical ethics consultations with a particular focus on mental healthcare. To this end, we critically review existing approaches for clinical ethics consultants to address structural racism in clinical ethics consultations and extend them by intersectional considerations. We argue that intersectionality is a suitable tool to address structural discrimination within clinical ethics consultations and show that it can be practically implemented in two complementary ways: 1) as an analytic approach and 2) as a critical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Opinião Jurídica is the property of Revista Opiniao Juridica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article traces the history of attempts to institute compulsory voting in the U.S. during the Progressive Era and presents pro-democracy and reformers' arguments on compulsory voting. Topics discussed include Colonial Era statutes imposing fines for non-voting, legislative and academic efforts to institute compulsory voting, compulsory voting proposals from the 1930s to the present, right to vote as a privilege or duty, voter turnout and state enforcement of compulsory voting.

Background and Objective: Obesity has historically been seen as a sign of wealth and social privilege, as can be inferred from studying the ancient works. We aimed to report the causes, diagnostic approaches, and treatment among the authentic books of traditional Iranian medicine. Methods: We searched the original versions of historical books and used a narrative approach to report the history of obesity. Results: Obesity was often seen as an indicator of complete health. Obesity in healthy women was a requirement for beauty, based on descriptions of women from the Zoroaster period and from antiquity to the late Qajar period. This point of view existed during various ages. However, after the constitutional period, the view of obesity changed into that of an illness, due to modern ideas and offshore role models, especially during the Pahlavi era. This change led to serious attempts to treat obesity. Obesity is a critical problem that needs immediate attention to prevent substantial health consequences. Different medical paradigms have presented their criteria and foundations throughout history. The emphasis of Iranian alternative medicine was on prevention and the maintenance of health, with the next step being treatment. Prevention, treatment, consuming medicinal plants, and recovery have often been written about in the traditional books of medicine. Conclusions: Throughout the traditional Iranian medical texts, physicians have made recommendations about maintaining an appropriate body weight. The best treatment was prevention and a healthy lifestyle. The treatments for controlling and restricting obesity included paying attention to nourishment, mobility, and even the habitat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pervasiveness of digital media renders people constantly connected. Digital inequality theory tends to focus on how socio-digital factors link to technology access, skills, uses, and opportunities derived from such use. It is not clear, however, whether this theoretical lens applies to a time of heightened connection when privilege may also explain intended disconnection. Drawing on data from 1,551 U.S. adults surveyed during the pandemic, we find that younger age, higher education, frequent Internet use, less dependable access, and better skills are related to partaking in voluntary nonuse (e.g. having technology-free moments, switching off the Internet). As digital disconnection emerges from a place of socio-digital privilege as well as disadvantage, in a society of technology abundance, new inequalities arise around who has the freedom to use it in moderation rather than use it at all. Our study extends theoretical notions from digital inequality to the realm of voluntary digital nonuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Qur'anic term and principle of "qist"—generally defined as fairness, equity, and giving each his/her due share—occurs twenty-two times and forms a particular intentional discourse against social and economic privilege and against power in its various dimensions. These occurrences, their contexts, and fields of meaning demonstrate its distinctive place within the Qur'anic moral worldview, at the nexus between private virtue ethics and collective praxis. Qist is presented not merely as an abstract ideal, but as a specific, concrete social and economic goal for the marginalized and disempowered of any community. Especially in the domains of gender relations, poverty conditions, and authorial power, the divine injunction for applying equality in lived contexts becomes a call for liberation from "zulm" (injustice) and "taghut" (false deities). Can the examination of this concept and its affiliates form the basis for a scriptural theorization on an Islamic theology of social and economic justice, of resistance to tyranny and unjust constructions of privilege and superiority? Towards an answer to this inquiry, one can argue that qist directs attention to the practical ways of applying the overarching, comprehensive value of shari'ah, al-'adl (justice), as well as to its defining features of collectivity and distributiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios Sociológicos is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this article, I argue that a new norm has emerged in former gay and now gentrified neighborhoods. Straight upper‐ middle‐class residents claim to be gay‐friendly—an attitude that has not erased hierarchies, but has both displaced and instituted boundaries. Based on fieldwork in Park Slope, a neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City, this article highlights that gay‐friendly markers signal acceptance as much as they work to establish heterosexuals’ moral authority and social privileges. Sociability between neighbors and friends is characterized by exchanges and interactions that have an impact on heterosexuals, yet remain primarily checked and filtered by them. In the domestic sphere, which is still structured by heterosexual (and gender) norms, significant restrictions on homosexuality persist. By analyzing progressiveness in rela‐ tion to class and race, this study brings to light persistent power relations. It thus aims to contribute to the discussion about the extent, limits, and lingering ambivalences of a growing acceptance of homosexuality, which constitutes a significant dimension of so‐called inclusive cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevant research subjects of this study are the contemporary models of economic studies, the factors of business efficacy of the food market, and the marketing of farmers. The aim of this transversal study was to define the latent structures of business efficacy and their linear correlation with the marketing of agricultural food farmers. The pertinent sample included (N =156) male farmers from Kolubara district, Serbia. The average age of participants was 44.26 ± =10.35). The questionnaire regarding farmer’s entrepreneurial success in food production was used in this research. The values of the Cronbach’s alpha (α) coefficient of internal consistency were higher than 0.70, which means that the variables used in this research possess satisfactory psychometric criteria. Four components were extracted by analyzing the exploratory factorial analysis, with Kaiser– Guttman criterion, and the obliming rotation of the variables. The extracted four-factor groups of latent dimensions, on the level of statistical conclusion of 0,01, were interpreted as: quality – FI, economic privilege – FII, social privilege – FIII, and competition – FIV, which together account for 68.26% of the variance. The obtained findings on the coefficient of internal consistency (Cronbach’s) confirmed the reliability and validity of the applied measuring instrument, and thus future longitudinal studies can use it for examining the farmer population in Serbia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a strategy, named as Model of Social Cognitive Networks, for collecting relational data from key informants. We offer a solution to the double problem of, on the one hand, defining the boundary of a network of interactions, and on the other hand, collecting data from a complete network based on the perception of informants who are privileged observers of the social process under study. The design was implemented as part of a diagnostic on the dynamics of community relations in traditional fishing communities, in the service of a research-action project (PESCARTE), in the field of environmental education, on the coast of the state of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). The proposal combines techniques for collecting data from personal networks and complete networks. The instruments elaborated for data collection and the procedures used to validate the strategy are detailed. Article financed by the Environmental Education Project (PEA) PESCARTE, a mitigation initiative required by the Federal Environmental License conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community psychiatrists serve multiple institutional roles, and at times these roles may include the review of grant proposals from nonprofit organizations. In this column, the authors argue that privilege and social capital can easily become concentrated among a small group of centralized model organizations and influence the grant review process. Established and wealthy nonprofits can co-opt the growing interest in health equity by leveraging their existing resources, thereby excluding emerging organizations within communities in need. By applying a structural lens to this problem, funding entities can identify approaches that more effectively promote equity throughout the grant life cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discrimination based on ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation remains a pressing challenge throughout Europe, including within Ireland. Despite this, anti-discrimination education is lacking and uneven within school settings. Responding to this gap and seeking to capitalise on the perceived social potential of sport, one Irish NGO has begun delivering sport-based anti-discrimination workshops to students in primary and secondary schools nationwide. This paper presents an evaluation of these workshops, putting a specific focus on the learning outcomes generated. Data were obtained from standardised, open-ended student feedback forms and qualitatively analysed using a Framework Analysis. The results illustrate fairly consistent learning outcomes, but these outcomes generally focus on individual behaviours and attitudes. This contrasts strongly with literature on anti-discrimination education, which recognises a need to reflect on privilege and social structures while also developing clear strategies to address discrimination. To conclude, we propose recommendations and ways forward to help address both individual and structural realities within such sport-based workshops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faces can be represented at a variety of different subordinate levels (e.g., race) that can become "privileged" for visual recognition in perceivers and is reflected as patterns of biases (e.g., own-race bias). The mechanisms encoding privileged status are likely varied, making it difficult to predict how neural systems represent subordinate-level biases in face processing. Here, we investigate the neural basis of subordinate-level representations of human faces in the ventral visual pathway, by leveraging recent behavioral findings indicating the privileged nature of peer faces in identity recognition for adolescents and emerging adults (i.e., ages 18–25 years). We tested 166 emerging adults in a face recognition paradigm and a subset of 31 of these participants in two fMRI task paradigms. We showed that emerging adults exhibit a peer bias in face recognition behavior, which indicates a privileged status for a subordinate-level category of faces that is not predicted based on experience alone. This privileged status of peer faces is supported by multiple neural mechanisms within the ventral visual pathway, including enhanced neural magnitude and neural size in the neural size in the fusiform area (FFA1), which is a critical part of the face-processing network that fundamentally supports the representations of subordinate-level categories of faces. These findings demonstrate organizational principles that the human ventral visual pathway uses to privilege relevant social information in face representations, which is essential for navigating human social interactions. It will be important to understand whether similar mechanisms support representations of other subordinate-level categories like race and gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Th e aim of this article is to show the heuristic potential of comparative analysis of forewords, dedications, and aft erwords in Ukrainian old-printed church editions for portraying the image of the baroque editor. Th e research methodology is based on a prosopographic analysis of the personality of the Ukrainian editor, as refl ected in the forewords, dedications, and afterwords of old-printed church books. Th e scientifi c novelty of the research lies in the innovative utilization of forewords, dedications, and aft erwords to Ukrainian old-printed church editions as historical micro-sources of editor's personality exploration. This kind of source is regarded as a manifestation of a value system and pragmatic intentions that are common for the social group, connected with the work of Ukrainian printing houses of the early modern period. Conclusions. Th e prosopographic portrait of the Ukrainian church book of the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century editor reveals in a complex of mutually exclusive characteristics. On the one hand, the baroque editor portrays himself as a spiritual leader who cares for the church community by performing tangible acts such as providing books, which are critical for the salvation of souls in the battle against sin. Th is edge of the editor's personality acknowled ges God's help in all stages of book publishing and manifests a true belief in God's providence to take care of the book aft er its release. On the other hand, the editor of the church book reveals himself as a profi t-seeker. Th is edge of the editor's personality is demonstrated by his readiness to use a powerful person's protection or, if relevant, his own social privileges to get fi nancial advantages for the printing house. Th e image of a generous patron who supports the development of book printing is depicted in texts of dedications to church editions as an attempt to build up the fashion for fi nancial support of church book printing, presenting it as a virtue worthy of a heaven ly reward. Th e competitiveness of church book editors is evidenced by the discussions on the accuracy of translation and reliability of sources, which are seen in the forewords to particular editions of books for church ceremonies. Such a dualistic form of the editor's self-presentation refl ects the typical worldview of the Ukrainian baroque connection of selfl ess service to God, with expectations not only for salvation in eternity but also for prosperity in the earthly life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Although the American Psychological Association encourages clinical psychologists to recognize and understand the experience of social privilege both within themselves and the individuals and communities they serve, there is a dearth of research in the field to guide this pursuit. According to the available literature, an essential barrier to social privilege integration is its implicit and covert nature that prevents consistent consciousness due to hegemonic forces. Methods: This study explored the process, from initial social privilege awareness to the moment of the study, through individual interviews. A social-constructivist, grounded theory approach was utilized as it was aligned with the understudied phenomena oriented around social justice. Results: The result is a developmental model of social privilege integration that explicates accumulated exposures to privilege, the resultant threat to and protection of personal identity, and the conducive factors that lead to reconciliation. Discussion: Implications of this theoretical model include the importance of a developmental perspective to cultivate an understanding of individual prejudice attitudes and discriminatory behaviors, as well as a roadmap toward equitable change. This model may be used by clinical psychologists across multiple settings in response to the most recent APA multicultural guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper takes as its starting point the question of whether there is an inherent tension between co-production and critique. Whilst the former requires engagement, proximity, situatedness, an inclusive definition of expertise and an action-orientation, the latter has traditionally been equated with disengagement, distance, academic expertise and theory-building. Tracing both the critique of co-production and the critique of critique, I suggest that co-producing critique could be one basis for rescuing both from their detractors. Drawing on my experiences in the Realising Just Cities programme (2010–2020), I argue that co-producing critique from within the university requires designing boundary spaces, intermediating between knowledge claims and balancing between articulated and attributed values for co-production. This gives rise to co-production as an epistemic praxis, not method, characterised by boundary work, epistemic choreography and triple shifting. I argue that whilst academics should argue for altogether different kinds of institutions, there is also value in recognising how we are tethered to our institutions. More attention should be paid to choreographing universities into, rather than out, of critical-engaged work, in order to mobilise their privilege and position for social justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the dominance of elites, retaking the empirical case of Guatemala and contributes of the literature that seeks to explain the resilience of exclusionary state orders. The research is based on the theoretical-methodological contributions of René Zabaleta and the Gramscian perspective of the Integral State with the aim of understand the hegemony of the elites in three analytical dimensions: a) the defense of privileges based on instrumental control over the main processes and institutional mechanisms; b) the efforts to the subordinately and selectively integrate fragments of civil society into their projects; c) the disposition to resort to violent state and para-state mechanisms to counteract the antagonistic expressions of civil society. It is argued that the combination -with a changing weight- of these three strategies protected by a political culture that updates notions of social differentiation and privilege, lets decrypt with detail the Guatemalan hegemonic configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article summarizes a research whose general objective was to analyze the way in which the documentary corpus associated with the "Learn at home" strategy reproduces the relations of power, control, social-educational inequality and exclusion in its recipients. The units of analysis were organized in textual visualization matrices with double coding: one open, cross-coded and the other using NVivo v.12 software. Subsequently, the main lines of inquiry were categorized and an inductive categorical interpretation was carried out, relating the categories discourse and society with social knowledge as an interface. The findings indicate that the discursive structures analyzed reproduce power, control, inequality and exclusion, maintaining the status quo, prolonging educational social injustice and privileging symbolic elites; furthermore, the issuers resort to discursive strategies such as the principle of influence, values and praise to achieve the purposes of social domination. As for the research design, this was a qualitative documentary research, of discourse analysis type, in critical perspective from the socio-cognitive approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stereotypical view of creativity as an emblem of youth, and old age as a signifier of decline can hold grave consequences for filmmakers in the second half of life, as this misconception can result in negative attitudes, a decline in media coverage, and less funding for film production. Thus, ageing male film directors might face a collisional intersection, when the gender-based status that provides social privileges, meets with older age-based status, which leads to social weakening. This qualitative study explored the means which male directors in the second half of life use to remain creative and make films in an ageist, vastly changing world. The study is based on a dataset of transcribed semi-structured interviews with 13 well-known Israeli male directors over the age of 55. The findings led to the formation of a model of creativity in older age, which consists of the following six pathways: inspiration, adaptation, innovation, preservation, circumvention and imagination. While some of the interviewed directors emphasized their ability to change and adapt to the new cinematic world, others adhered to their old filmmaking language. The understanding of the cinematic creation as based upon the art of storytelling was common among both "camps". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the political work of forgiveness in a secular liberal West by examining the aftermath of two white supremacist violent events: the Charleston church attack in 2015 and the Christchurch mosque attacks in 2019. The article examines how the exaltation of forgiveness over anger after such events is symptomatic of what David Theo Goldberg (2015) calls the "postracial" turn which denies the structural harm of racism and privileges social unity at a time when racism bears its most violent face. What can be ascertained in centring forgiveness, and therefore the unifying figure of the victim of white supremacist violence, is how the postracial conceals the persistence of race as the secular investment and regulation in the articulation of religion in public life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging adults establish, question, and reestablish their values within the most diverse social contexts. Every social context privileges expressing certain values and/or punishes expressing conflicting ones. This makes a similarity between one's own values and those preferred in one's life contexts psychologically desirable (person–environment fit). This study focuses on the similarity of individuals' values with the perceived values of important others from five immediate social contexts, namely, family, friends, intimate partner, study group, and work group, and their relationship with life satisfaction. The sample consisted of emerging adults from Serbia interacting with the five mentioned contexts (N = 479). A mobile app with a game-like survey was launched to collect the data. The data indicated a positive association between life satisfaction and perceived value similarity with one's family and with one's intimate partner. Value similarity with friends and study and work colleagues emerged as insignificant. Identity centrality and the general importance of the immediate social contexts were studied as possible moderators. Identity centrality showed no moderation effect, whereas general importance of the intimate partner did: High importance of the intimate partner decreased the positive effect of value similarity on well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tradition of using jewelry has always preserved its importance as a means of adornment. The most precious metals and gemstones have been used in the making of jewelry for a long time, and they have been produced by developing special techniques. Gemstone and precious metal processing started in ancient times as well as in every period with the aim of providing faith, fertility, magic, and good luck; In addition to these meanings from time to time, religious rituals also included purposes such as presenting gifts to the gods or the dead, an indicator of social privilege and status, an expression of wealth and of course looking beautiful, according to the beliefs of the period. Our museums, which are active in preserving and preserving the artifacts of Anatolian civilizations today, are also home to jewelery with or without stones from all times, which were removed from our country. With this study, it is planned to determine the metal and stone types of jewelery with or without gemstones brought to the Niğde Museum during archaeological excavations or by confiscation, and to update them in the museum inventory. It is aimed to emphasize the importance of examining other antique period jewelery with or without stones, which are kept and exhibited in museums in our country, in terms of jewelry and gemology. Considering the existence of the remains of ancient civilizations in our country and the state and private history museums that have increased in recent years, the contribution of this study to our cultural tourism will be important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Americans are becoming increasingly aware of the systemic biases we possess and how those biases preclude us from collectively living out the true meaning of our national creed. But to fully understand systemic bias we must acknowledge that it is pervasive and extends beyond the contexts of race, privilege, and economic status. Understanding all forms of systemic bias helps us to better understand ourselves and our shortcomings. At first glance, a human bias against emerging technology caused by systemic risk misperception might seem uninteresting or unimportant. But this Article demonstrates how the presence of systemic bias anywhere, even in an area as unexpected as technology regulation, creates inefficiencies and inequalities that exact heavy costs in the form of human lives, standards of living, and lost economic opportunities. The decision to regulate or implement an emerging technology, like any other complex decision, naturally involves some form of cost-benefit or risk-reward analysis. However, in the context of emerging technology, that analysis is biased by systemic risk misperception. Immutable characteristics existing in emerging technology combine with interrelated characteristics in human decisionmakers and regulators to inflate perceptions of risks and depress perceptions of benefits. This artificial shifting of cost-benefit curves results in suboptimal legislative and regulatory responses to emerging technology, and ultimately, in the loss of American lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contributes to the ongoing discussion of student characteristics and usage/nonusage patterns in the writing center. Using a sample of 107 economics students from a selective, bilingual liberal arts program in Russia, the author finds statistically significant relationships among GPA, gender, English- language proficiency, and writing center usage. Namely, writing center usage predicts higher GPA and closes two achievement gaps related to gender and English proficiency. These findings complicate the picture presented by Lori Salem (2016), whose research showed gender, low SAT score, and being an English language learner to be strong predictors of writing center usage and produced a lively discussion about whether traditional writing center methods could be failing the students most likely to use the service. The present study suggests that while users may have less systemic social privilege, they also tend to be stronger students. As such, interventions should take care not only to address the needs of the students who actually visit but explore barriers to writing center access for nonvisiting students who are at the highest risk of dropping out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Quaestio Iuris (QI) is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article interrogates a cycle of myths perpetuated by Plato-based (Platonist) mathematics. Emphasis is placed on Grades (Years) 7 to 12 (ages 13-18). The cycle follows four stages: (1) Platonist mathematics' controversial ontological axioms lead to deducing its mythical images of itself, maintained by privileged social power. (2) Widespread beliefs in those myths. (3) Sociopolitico-economic power bestowed on those beliefs. (4) Privileges gained by that social power. The myth cycle pertains to: (a) the ontology, epistemology, and axiology of Platonist mathematics; and (b) its socio-politico-economics capital. The interrogation’s purposes are: (i) to expose myths and their current negative impact on a large majority of learners – those not interested in pursuing STEM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics) employment; and (ii) to counter some of mathematics’ educational propaganda aimed at teachers. The article’s purpose is to question the ethics of Platonist mathematics education dictating that all learners must enroll in a Platonist mathematics program imbued with its cycle of myths, when alternative mathematics programs are viable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social media platforms have for a long time been recognized as great disseminators of misinformation on health. Previous studies found a positive association between the use of social media as the main source of information and the acceptance of forms of misinformation, such as conspiracy theories. The association between populist attitudes and the valuation of information through social media is also described. From a questionnaire applied to 242 respondents after the first state of emergency of the covid-19 pandemic (March 2020) in Portugal, this study aims to identify the background and pre-requisites for the belief in misinformation. The data obtained suggest that individuals with populist feelings have less trust in institutional strategies to fight the pandemic, privileging social media as a source of information and revealing a greater acceptance of the conspiracy theories on the disease. The connection, documented in the literature, between the belief in conspiracy theories and risk behaviours recommends that measures be adopted to combat misinformation factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The paper examines the literacy of pastors' wives during the 16th -17th centuries. For a long time, the opportunity for women to acquire literacy was only the privilege of the upper social strata, but literacy was not widespread among them either. This trend came to an end in the 17th century, for which period we also found examples of the literacy of urban citizens. The daughters of the lower social strata were prepared primarily to be good wives, housewives, and good mothers in the family, especially next to their mothers. Examining the preachers' wives as a well-defined social group is a problem due to the scarcity of resources. In most cases, we know nothing but the name of the preacher's wife, and we do not have information about their origins and families; if we do, however, then their social situation and the occupation of their parents provide a basis for research into their education. The conclusion of the research is that even if they did not receive a formal education, the 16th-17th -century Calvinist pastors' wives were educated women. In many cases, this knowledge -- primarily wisdom, life experience, and piety -- and the virtues necessary for the roles of housewife, mother, and wife were the main aspects of choice for their husband. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article presents an interview with Shamus Rahman Khan, professor of sociology and American Studies at Princeton University writing on culture, inequality, gender, and elites. Topics include explaining about the term ‘ease of privilege' which being something like ideology; the way of shaping everyday social policy or politics in the US; and main difference between elites and oligarchy.

One of the most crucial discussions within water resource management is the debate between those who defend the concept of economic efficiency and those who privilege notions of social equity. This tension is located at the core of binary categories that currently constitute the public debate within comparative water law and policy. These categories are commodity/human right, private property/common property, free-market/state regulation, and market value/community value. This paper explores this tension by studying how neoclassical economics understands efficiency and tracing its rise as a key hegemonic principle for water resource management. I also present equity as a conceptual opposition to efficiency and describe its institutionalization through the human-right-to-water frame. A problematization of both the equity approach and the human-right-to-water frame follows. Finally, I propose a political ecology approach to better understand the tension between efficiency and equity and offer recommendations for informing the water research agenda on efficiency/equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies indicate that migrant integration is associated with migrants' characteristics as well as restrictions and opportunities in receiving cities. However, the effect of receiving cities and the relationship between migrants and receiving cities have not been fully explored due to the lack of large samples from cities. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of receiving cities alone and their regulating role in the interaction with individual characteristics. Methods: Cross-city data on 154,044 Chinese domestic migrants above 15 years old in 289 cities from the 2017 China Migrants Dynamic Survey are used. Migrant integration is assessed by a four-dimensional model proposed by Esser, which is slightly adjusted according to the characteristics of Chinese migrants. A hierarchical linear model is used to measure the proportion of effects of city factors in migrant integration as well as the effects when city factors are considered alone and in interaction with individual factors. Results: The individual-level and city-level factors are responsible for 69.81% and 30.19% of the effect on migrant integration, respectively. City political factors do not affect migrant integration directly, and cities with larger sizes and higher wages can directly and significantly improve integration, while higher housing prices will directly inhibit integration. From the cross-level interaction of city and individual, different social, economic and political factors at the city level have an indirect impact on migrant integration by inhibiting or strengthening the effect of individual-level factors on migrant integration. Conclusion: This study is one of the first to show the effect of cities and the relationship between receiving cities and migrants on migrant integration by keeping the national context constant. It is necessary to weaken the social and economic privileges associated with a city's administrative level and reduce the negative impact of cities' social and economic conditions by implementing city agglomeration, developing advantageous industries and optimizing the industrial structure. It is also essential to improve migrants' socioeconomic capital through social support, occupation training and contiguous education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there has been considerable interest in the Chilean education context in recent years, limited attention has been given to the specific educational experiences of social elites. As a starting point, this paper provides a systematic literature review of international and local research centered on the elites' school education. This review was based on relevant research published in the Web of Science, Scopus and Scielo databases between 2008 and 2018, as well as other documents and books identified as relevant to the subject. Overall, 104 texts were included in this review. The primary results suggest that there are critical mechanisms of (re)production of privilege and of social exclusion in the education of elites. Despite this closure, research demonstrates that small, yet significant, fissures have emerged. These have been triggered by globalization, the intensification of competition in educational markets, the reconfiguration of discourses about merit and privilege, and the demand for greater inclusion and equality. The analysis concludes that there is a pressing need to strengthen a research agenda in this domain regarding the Chilean experience to better inform educational policy-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article focuses on the brotherhoods of blind prayer singers in Early Modern Spain in terms of poverty and privilege. It mentions that blind of Our Lady of the Visitation church found in Sarrant asylum and tax exemptions and they must have constituted a claim to settle in the town and enter the brotherhood, where they began a period of musical learning.

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One of the important tasks of social policy is to ensure the social security and development of a state. Protection of the individual, society and the state from internal and external threats is ensured by social security. Social development is reflected in the effective implementation of social programs aimed at improving social welfare and the well-being of citizens. The article is aimed at suggesting some approaches to define social policy as a basis for the formation of social security of a state. Legal documents regulating security formation in the social sphere are considered. The components of social security are identified. Approaches to define the social policy of a state in the context of social security formation are offered. The types and models for carrying out social policies in the view of forming the social security of a state are analyzed. Ukraine’s social policy needs to be transformed, as it is characterized by low economic efficiency, this being the reason for the state’s inability to ensure a high level of well-being for all its citizens. Domestic social policy is characterized by a low level of security and limited social benefits for ordinary citizens, but the elite can use a whole system of social benefits and privileges. All this threatens the social security of the state. The ideology of domestic social policy makes the citizens highly dependent on the state, instead of promoting the citizens’ initiatives. However, the social security formation is impossible without improving life quality and bringing in social welfare, and without reforming and developing the social sphere. It can only become possible if social consensus is reached between different groups of political and economic interests and the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to assess the relationship between the variables of social class and religion in parental preferences regarding the socialization of values in contemporary Chile. Employing data from the 5th Metropolitan Survey of Family and Education, logistic models were estimated that show that upper-class families tend to favor more symbolic-relational values such as good manners and respect for others, while lower classes privilege social promotion values such as hard work and saving capacity. Parents who identify as Evangelical Christians, on the other hand, place a firm emphasis on values such as religious belief. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Far from being formulaic, the Pauline letter opening serves as a dynamic rhetorical strategy that intertwines characters and themes to suit the objectives of each letter. In Philemon2 the person of Apphia appears in the opening, occupying the unique intersection between identity and rhetoric, where she is inscribed into a social group privileged with proximity to Paul. As the sole female to be included in a Pauline address, questions regarding the inclusion of her name, the seemingly vague appellation of sister (ἀδελφή), and Paul's silence regarding her relationship to the other parties in the greeting, have led to an ongoing debate regarding this mysterious character. This paper traces and critically engages various renderings of Apphia in the Wirkungsgeschichte of Philemon. It explores the potential rhetorical effect of her inclusion in the Pauline corpus and what it means for Bible interpreters engaging her narrative from the Global South. It is, therefore, a central claim of this paper that tracing the many versions of Apphia retrieves history for contemporary audiences to appropriate meaning from Paul's salutation to our sister. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the historical novel Xicotencatl as a representative example of the Creole nationalist discourse of Mexican independence. By narrating the efforts of the sixteenth century Tlaxcalan general, Xicotencatl the Younger, who defends his nation and his betrothed from the Spanish invasion, Xicotencatl allegorically addresses political issues of the Creoles in the nineteenth century. The narrative seems to take an anti-colonial stance that denounces the barbarity and cruelty of the Spanish invaders. Yet, by praising virtuous conquistadors, Xicotencatl actually defends another type of colonialism, an anti-exploita4ve colonialism that criticizes arbitrary and abusive Spanish colonial practices, but it never denies or rejects the colonial system itself. This contradictory position of the novel allegorically represents the aLtude of the Creoles who only sought political autonomy under Spanish colonial rule while leaving the colonial order intact. In addition, by presenting a virtuous mestizaje that inherits only the good aspects of indigenous and European race and arguing that the Creoles should lead and educate this mestizo race, the novel promotes the Creoles as the post-independence ruling class. Xicotencatl's anti-exploitative colonialism and its mestizaje reflects how the Creoles tried to establish a nation that would protect their social privileges in the process of independence and na4on building in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]