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The paper presents the results of field research in the area of the damless water intake of the KMC on the Amudarya River. The article developed the optimal route and boundaries of the pioneer digging location, depending on the area of the main stream of the river relative to the point of the damless intake. It also provides hydraulic calculations for improving the condition of a damless water intake and recommendations for the rational use and placement of a dredgers fleet when laying a route of a ditch and cleaning it.

The article presents structural and technological solutions in the revision of the constructive paradigm that has been in effect for many decades, associated with the use of traditional structural materials (metal, concrete, reinforced concrete) in the creation of various types of protective devices for water intakes of urban water management systems. The paper notes that the currently existing various types of water intake structures made of traditional materials do not meet modern requirements for environmental acceptability indicators and, accordingly, cannot provide the necessary environmental safety. As a result of the conducted research, an environmentally safe bio positive design for protecting the water intake structure of urban water management systems in the form of a soft floating structure made of high-strength synthetic fabric materials, is proposed. Calculations of structural elements of a soft surfaced structure are given.

Water is essential for life which represents as a critical nutrient whose absence will be lethal within days. Water carries nutrients to all the cells in our body and oxygen to our brain. Water allows body to absorb and assimilate minerals, vitamins, aminoacids and other substances. Water allows to maximize physical performance, eliminate toxins and waste and helps to regulate body temperature. The main aim of this article is to study water-health relationship among Mamata Dental students. This paper offers an overview of hydration status. A semi-structural questionnaire was used to collect the data from 200 students of Mamata Dental College, Khammam in 2019 among which 184 are females and 16 are males.

Functional constipation (FC) is a chronic constipation for which no physiological, anatomical or iatrogenic origin can be evidenced. This condition has a high impact on a patient’s quality of life and healthcare costs. Since FC is frequently associated with low physical activity and a diet low in fiber and/or water, first-line recommendations focus on sufficient activity, and sufficient fiber and water intake. In case of inefficacy of these measures, numerous drug treatments are available, either over the counter or on prescription. Magnesium sulfate has a long history in the treatment of FC, and magnesium sulfate-rich mineral waters have been used for centuries for their laxative properties. The laxative effect of magnesium and sulfate has since been widely demonstrated. Nevertheless, it appears that no clinical studies aiming at demonstrating their efficacy in FC had been conducted before the 21st century. In this paper, we reviewed the clinical data reporting the efficacy of magnesium sulfate-rich natural mineral waters. In view of their reported efficacy and safety, magnesium sulfate-rich natural mineral waters may represent a natural treatment for FC.

The characteristics of frost heave have been evaluated with experimental results based on individual testing apparatus and methods even though frost heave testing methods have already been standardized in Japan and the U.S., such as through JGS 0172 and ASTM 5918. This paper introduces a simple frost heave testing method using a newly developed temperature-controllable cell. The reliability of the testing apparatus was carefully examined with various boundary temperature conditions based on a comparison between measured and calculated volumetric expansion of sandy soils when the pore water in a specimen was frozen. After temperature boundary conditions were determined, frost heave tests with frost-susceptible soils were performed along with measuring water intake. The adfreezing bond and side friction were thoroughly assessed, and a simple frost heave test method was finally established.

Frazil and anchor ice cause blockage of water intakes and icing of other type of submerged objects. In this paper, the physical mechanisms that control these phenomena are discussed and analyzed. Our conclusions are somewhat different from the views presented earlier. 1) Ice crystals in water may originate from microbubbles and turbulence, so that nucleation may occur regardless of an external source 2) The number concentration of ice crystals may not necessarily increase much during an active frazil ice event, 3) The heat transfer from a frazil ice crystal is controlled by its relative rise velocity, not by water turbulence, 4) The collision efficiency of frazil ice crystals on grid components is so small that frazil typically causes no blockage of submerged water intakes, and 5) Blockage is largely caused by ice platelets that grow in-situ on the structural components. We model frazil and anchor ice formation theoretically and find that the uncertainty about the concentration of ice crystals is the main obstacle to accurate modelling. Within these limits, our model results agree well with the available experimental data.

Received: 2016-07-04 | Accepted: 2016-10-27 | Available online: 2017-03-31 http://dx.doi.org/10.15414/afz.2017.20.01.01-05 The aim of this study was to continuously monitored drinking regime of 7 dairy cows of Holstein breed using boluses during 24 weeks of lactation in relation to the outside temperature and observed daily drinking regime with the impact of drinking on rumen temperature at University Experimental Farm in Oponice. Animals were fed once daily and milked 3 times per day. The bolus pH and temperature values implemented via esophagus were measured every 15 minutes (96 data points per day) with accuracy ±0.1 ph and °C. Outside temperature by FREEMETEO meteorological server (48 times per day) was measured. Outside temperature can affect the drinking regime of dairy cows. During lactation weeks with higher outside temperature higher average number of drinking events (ANDE) was determined. The biggest difference between weeks in ANDE 18.33 % (p = 0.000) was found. Daily ANDE 9.25 ±1.85 and average daily temperature (ADT) 19.03 ±5.19 °C were observed. The most of the drinking events (NDE) concentrated to 4 main peaks (25.17 %) during working hours (74.98 %) was found. After the feed intake and milking the highest frequencies of NDE were observed. The highest average ruminal temperature after drinking (ARTAD) during night before first feeding due to lower NDE in this time were found. Overall ARTAD 36.86 °C was observed. The most measured ruminal temperatures after drinking (RTAD) (51.53 %) in the interval 35–37 °C were found. This research proved that continuous ruminal monitoring with boluses is an appropriate tool for drinking regime evaluation and heat stress determination in herd of dairy cows. Keywords: dairy cows, Hostein cattle, bolus, rumen, temperature, water intake, outside temperature References Arias, R., Mader, T. and Escobar, P. (2008) Climatic factors affecting cattle performance in dairy and beef farms. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria , vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 7-22. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0301-732x2008000100002 Bewley, J. M. et al. (2008) Impact of Intake Water Temperatures on Reticular Temperatures of Lactating Dairy Cows. Journal of Dairy Science , vol. 91, no. 10, pp. 3880–3887. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1159 Bodas, R. et al. (2014) Ruminal pH and temperature, papilla characteristics, and animal performance of fattening calves fed concentrate or maize silage-based diets. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research , vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 280–285. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-58392014000300005 Brown-Brandl, T. M. et al. (2006) Comparison of heat tolerance of feedlot heifers of different breeds. Livestock Science , vol. 105, no. 1, pp. 19-26. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2006.04.012 Burgos, M. S. et al. (2001) Effect of water restriction on feeding and metabolism in dairy cows. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology , vol. 280, no. 2, pp. 418-427. CARDOT, V., LE ROUX, Y. and JURJANZ, S. (2008) Drinking Behavior of Lactating Dairy Cows and Prediction of Their Water Intake. Journal of Dairy Science , vol. 91, no. 6, pp. 2257–2264. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0204 Gasteiner, J. et al. (2009) Measuring rumen pH and temperature by an indwelling and wireless data transmitting unit and application under different feeding conditions. In Papers Presented at the 4th European Conference on Precision Livestock Farming , Wageningen 6-8 July 2009. Wageningen Academic Pub, pp. 127-133. Gonzalez Pereyra, A. V. et al. (2010) Influence of Water Temperature and Heat Stress on Drinking Water Intake in Dairy Cows. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research , vol. 70, no. 2., pp 328-336. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-58392010000200017 Huzzey, J. M., von Keyserlingk, M. A. G. and WEARY, D. M. (2005) Changes in Feeding, Drinking, and Standing Behavior of Dairy Cows During the Transition Period. Journal of Dairy Science , vol. 88, no. 7, pp. 2454–2461. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)72923-4 JAGO, J. G. et al. (2005) The drinking behaviour of dairy cows in late lactation. In 65th Conference of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production, Christchurch 21-24 June 2005. New Zealand: NZ Society Animal Production, pp. 153-156. Matarazzo, S. V. et al. (2003) Water Intake and Behavior of Dairy Cows in Response to Environmental Conditions. In Fifth International Dairy Housing Proceedings , Forth Worth, 29-31 January 2003. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, pp 213-217. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.11624 Meyer, U. et al. (2004) Investigations on the water intake of lactating dairy cows. Livestock production science , vol. 90, no. 2, pp. 117-121. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2004.03.005 Murphy, M. R. (1992) Water metabolism of dairy cattle. Journal of dairy science , vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 326-333. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(92)77768-6 National Research Council (2001). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle , 7th. rev. ed. Proceedings of National Academy Sciences, Washington,D.C. Nocek, J. E. and Braund, D. G. (1985) Effect of feeding frequency on diurnal dry matter and water consumption, liquid dilution rate, and milk yield in first lactation. Journal of Dairy Science , vol. 68. no. 9, pp. 2238-2247. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(85)81096-1 Osborne, V. R., Hacker, R. R., and McBride, B. W. (2002) Effects of heated drinking water on the production responses of lactating Holstein and Jersey cows. Canadian journal of animal science , vol. 82, no. 3, pp. 267-273. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/A01-055 Perera, K. S. et al. (1986) Effect of season and stage of lactation on performance of Holsteins. Journal of Dairy Science , vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 228-236. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(86)80390-3

The objective of the paper was to investigate the moisture change ability of bean, broad bean, pea, lupine, radish, beetroot, winter wheat, maize, cucumber, pumpkin and sunflower seeds. Seeds absorbed water in the system for measurement of the water absorption kinetics with the capillary and weighting method. The research results were presented in the form of plots of the relation of kinetics of the moisture change of seeds in the time for the first and second stage of the process which precedes germination. Moreover, the water content in seeds for the time of the end of the second stage of water absorption was determined and the maximum water absorption speed coefficient and the time of its obtaining was calculated. The water content for the end of the 2nd stage of its collection was the highest for seeds which include a hard caryopsis and for broad bean plant seeds. The maximum water absorption speed coefficient was the highest for seeds with low initial moisture - radish, beetroot, cucumber and pumpkin. The measurement of the water absorption speed with the use of the capillary and weighting method enabled investigation of seeds with a varied size, construction of a seed coat and chemical composition for a long period of time to the moment seedlings were obtained.

People suffering from dementia often forget to drink water due to deterioration of their cognitive functions. Usually water intake of these people is managed by care workers. However, the water intake cannot be monitored while the care workers are absent. Therefore, if we could estimate water intake of the patients while the care workers are absent, we could better manage the water intake of said patients. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a method for estimating water intake by measuring vibrations caused by larynx movement and swallowing sounds.When we ingest water, the larynx rises up with a vibration of 1 Hz to 20 Hz in the pharyngeal stage, and water flows into the stomach with a swallowing sound of frequency 400 Hz to 750 Hz in esophageal stage. Here, we assume that water intake is associated with the vibration and the swallowing sound. To measure the vibration and the swallowing sound, we developed two sensing devices based on an electret condenser microphone. The first device is an earphone-type device that measures the swallowing sound. The other sensing device is a neck-collar type device and measures the vibrations caused due to larynx movement. Output signals from the earphone-type device and the neck-collar type device are filtered by band-pass filters with passbands of 1 Hz to 20 Hz, and 400 Hz to 750 Hz, respectively. To estimate the water intake, we apply the dynamic time warping (DTW) algorithm that can take time dynamics into account for template matching method. The template data, which have n types of labels representing the water intake, is prepared in advance. Water intake is estimated by comparing the unknown data with the template data and selecting the label which gives minimum DTW distance.We conducted an experiment with two healthy subjects in their twenties. Each subject wears the proposed sensing devices. The sampling frequency is 25 kHz and measurement time is 3.2 s. In this experiment, n is set to three different values: 5 ml, 10 ml, and 15 ml. These are used as labels for the template data. Three trials were conducted for each round of water intake; therefore, the total number of observations is 18. The leave-one-data-out cross validation is applied, and accuracy is calculated to be 0.78. This result indicates that the proposed method can be helpful for the improvement of food management.

Conducting polymers operating in aqueous electrolyte represent mixed electron-ion conductors, where the ion injection and water intake can lead to structural and morphological changes that can strongly affect the material morphology and device performance. In the present paper, using molecular dynamics simulations, we provide an atomistic understanding of the structural phase transitions during electrochemical oxidation and ion injection in a conjugated polymer with glycolated side chains recently reported by Bischak et al. [J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2020, 142, 7434], where the polymer switched between two structurally distinct phases corresponding to different oxidation levels. To outline the structural changes, we calculated the polymer film morphology and X-ray diffraction patterns at different oxidation levels. We demonstrated that the observed phase transition arises due to interplay between several factors, including the effect of the substrate leading to the preferential edge-on arrangement of the chains and formation of lamellas; unzipping of the interdigitated polymer chains during oxidation and ion intake; and changes in the morphology when pi-pi stacking is absent at low oxidation level and forms at the high oxidation level facilitating the electron mobility and enabling the oxidation of the polymer film. Our calculations quantitatively reproduce the experimental data, which outlines the predictive power of the molecular modeling of the polymer systems that can be utilized for the design of materials and devices with improved performance. Funding Agencies|Knut and Alice Wallenberg FoundationKnut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation; Swedish Research CouncilSwedish Research Council [2017-04474]; Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Advanced Functional Materials at Linkoping University [2009-00971]

The fixed charge density (FCD) in the intervertebral disc (IVD) matrix is essential for its capacity of absorbing water, particularly during overnight bed rest. However, the FCD decreases with IVD degeneration, reducing the disc propensity to swell and the related convective transport of molecules across the IVDs. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the FCD on water intake in the IVD during bed rest. A multibody musculoskeletal model was extended to include the osmotic properties of the IVDs, and used for the analysis of IVD swelling and its water content in a human subject during bed rest. The simulations were conducted with both healthy lumbar IVDs and lumbar IVDs with a reduced FCD. It was predicted that a decrease in the FCD had a considerable impact on the IVDs swelling during bed rest. A 20% and a 45% reduction in the FCD resulted respectively in an average 25% and 55% reduction of disc water intake overnight. This study provided an additional, quantitative information on IVD swelling in human subjects during bed rest. The computational model presented in this paper may be a useful tool for estimating disc hydration at different loading and pathological conditions.

Maintaining fluid balance is critical for life. The central components that control fluid intake are only partly understood. This contribution to the collection of papers highlighting work by members of the Society for the Study of Ingestive Behavior focuses on the role that dopamine has on fluid intake and describes the roles that various bioregulators can have on thirst and sodium appetite by influencing dopamine systems in the brain. The goal of the review is to highlight areas in need of more research and to propose a framework to guide that research. We hope that this framework will inspire researchers in the field to investigate these interesting questions in order to form a more complete understanding of how fluid intake is controlled.

Deposition of debris on the screens of hydroelectric power plants translates into measurable economic losses. Occurring plant debris, although it is an organic material, is characterised by different forms and structure. It is often leaves, branches, and grasses in lowland areas, while in mountainous regions, broken boughs and trees can be expected. On the trash racks of power plants, debris may be deposited in different forms, shapes, and places. This work aims to determine the impact of the degree of submergence of debris on the values of the force acting on the racks. This paper analyzes the influence of the rectangular shape of the debris deposited on the trash racks and its degree of submergence and weight on the obtained values of the force acting on the racks as a result of water pressure, which directly affects the hydraulic losses and productivity of hydroelectric power plants. Our research confirms the negative influence of the deposited plant debris on the value of forces recorded on the gratings. The increase in the recorded force, and thus the resistance on the grating, is obviously dependent on the degree of obstruction of the debris by the grating obtained by changing the degree of debris immersion and its weight. In the case of changing the degree of submergence, the increase in force recorded on the gratings varied during the experiment from about 25% recorded for the fully submerged debris compared to that of the partially submerged debris for the mass of 100 g, in comparison, an increase of about 31% was recorded for that of the mass of 200 g. However, comparing the values of the forces recorded on the obstructed grids to that of the forces recorded on the clean grids, the increase ranged from about 15–53%.

The indoor environment determines the occupants’ comfort and significantly affects the energy consumed for heating and ventilating the building premises. Therefore, the proper complex thermal diagnostics of existing buildings requires a fair assessment of indoor environment conditions. The method for measuring and assessing the quality of the thermal environment and the quality of the indoor air is demonstrated through the example of two single-family houses and one apartment in a multi-family house. In this paper, attention was paid to the issues that should be taken into account when conducting indoor environment diagnostics in residential buildings.

This paper presents selected results of research connected with the development of a (3D) geostatistical hydrogeochemical model of the Kłodzko Drainage Basin, dedicated to the spatial variation in the different quality parameters of underground water in the water intake area (SW part of Poland). The research covers the period 2011-2012. Spatial analyses of the variation in various quality parameters, i.e., contents of: iron, manganese, ammonium ion, nitrate ion, phosphate ion, total organic carbon, pH redox potential and temperature, were carried out on the basis of the chemical determinations of the quality parameters of underground water samples taken from the wells in the water intake area. Spatial variation in the parameters was analyzed on the basis of data obtained (November 2011) from tests of water taken from 14 existing wells with a depth ranging from 9.5 to 38.0 m b.g.l. The latest data (January 2012) were obtained (gained) from 3 new piezometers, made in other locations in the relevant area. A depth of these piezometers amounts to 9-10 m. Data derived from 14 wells (2011) and 14 wells + 3 piezometers (2012) were subjected to spatial analyses using geostatistical methods. The evaluation of basic statistics of the quality parameters, including their histograms of distributions, scatter diagrams and correlation coefficient values r were presented. The directional semivariogram function γ(h) and the ordinary (block) kriging procedure were used to build the 3D geostatistical model. The geostatistical parameters of the theoretical models of directional semivariograms of the water quality parameters under study, calculated along the wells depth (taking into account the terrain elevation), were used in the ordinary (block) kriging estimation. The obtained results of estimation, i.e., block diagrams allowed us to determine the levels of increased values of estimated averages Z* of underground water quality parameters.

The paper analyzes the dynamics of planned and deep deformations on the section of the Amudarya River in the area of the damless water intake in the main structure of the Karshi Main Canal-KMC. The results of field studies of the state of the canal situation of the Amudarya River at the site of a damless water intake are studied. The course of riverbed processes in the riverbed is studied. Recommendations for improving water intake conditions have been developed. According to the results of the field survey and the study of the head section of the supply canal, the state of the Amudarya riverbed in the water intake zone was assessed. The results of surveys of the hydraulic and pumping modes of sediments of the Amudarya River in the area of the damless water intake are analyzed and summarized. The results of field studies of the canal situation of the Amudarya River in the water intake area in the Amudarya River KMC in the area of the Karshi head water intake are studied. The riverbed situation is not characterized by constant hydraulic characteristics over time for the same water flow rate, i.e. with the same water horizon marks, the flow rates may differ from each other by about half, and with the same flow rates, the horizon marks may vary up to ± 0.6 m. This is explained by the extreme instability and high mobility of the canal, and large deformations of the canal occur in a short time. The hydraulic regime of the river is characterized by a significant redistribution of speeds, depth and width of the flow. The range of their changes is within: Maximum speed >Vmax =2…5 m/s; average speed Vav = 0.5…2.5 m/s; depth H max = 4…14 m, Hav = 1…5 m; width B = 300…2000 m; slope i = 0.00016…0.0003. It is established that the characteristic feature of the river is that at a constant flow can have different average velocities depth and width, for example, when Qw = 1000 m3/s, respectively, v = 0.6…1.7m/s, B = 180…1030m, Hav = 1.1…4.3m.

The paper analyzes the dynamics of channel processes in the Amudarya River section in the area of water intake in the Karshi Main Channel (Karshi region). The results of field studies of the state of the Riverbed environment of the Amudarya River in the area of damless water intake were studied. The course of channel processes in the River bed is studied. A recommendation has been developed to improve the water intake condition. According to the results of a field examination and research of the head section of the supply channel. The state of the River channel Amudarya in the water intake zone was assessed. The results of surveys of the hydraulic and alluvial regimes of sediments of the Amudarya River in the area ofdamless water intake are analyzed and summarized. The results of field studies of the Riverbed environment of the Amudarya River in the region of the Karshi head water intake were studied.

A two-dimensional water quality model is established on a section in the middle reaches of Jinsha River, based on the numerical simulation method. Considering the situation within the reach of many sewage outlets, the transport of pollutants in the river is simulated. Calculation results reveal the distribution characteristics of pollutants concentration under the effect of multi-sewage outlet discharge. The results show that the transport of pollutants along the riverside has little effect on the other side of the river. According to the predicted results, the water quality of the water intakes near the downstream reaches may not meet the standard of water quality. Therefore, the water obtained by intakes is not suitable for irrigation. It is essential to carry out effective measures to improve the water intake scheme. The paper can provide a scientific basis for the planning and design of the reasonable water intakes of the Jinsha River.

The basis for the research was the GIS project, which includes groundwater monitoring data on the territory of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania. The paper presents generalized materials on fresh groundwater and comparative analysis of their quality change during water intake exploitation on the territory of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania. Special geoinformation system (GIS) including groundwater parameters data for about 20 years of monitoring was developed. The results of chemical analyzes of groundwater for different years are systematized. The characteristics of deformation changes in aquifers and their relationship to surface waters are given. The evaluation of the groundwater protection against natural and anthropogenic pollution is given. The methodology for calculating of protective sanitary zones for water intakes with various hydrogeological conditions is developed, and measures for sanitary protection and revealing of pollution sources are offered (reasons for increasing hardness and mineralization of fresh groundwater in the industrial zone of Vladikavkaz city). Based on the investigation results, the conclusions on possible sources of hardness increase and deterioration of groundwater quality in the Ossetian artesian aquifer were drawn.

Water has numerous roles in the human body. It acts as a building material, as a solvent, reaction medium and reactant, as a carrier for nutrients and waste products, in thermoregulation and as a lubricant and shock absorber. Water is the major constituent of the human body. The body cannot produce enough water by metabolism or obtain enough water by food ingestion to fulfill its needs. As a consequence,we need to pay attention to what we drink throughout the day to ensure that we are meeting our daily water needs, as not doing so may have negative health effects. Water is main constituent of cells, tissues organs and is vital for life. Despite its well-established importance, water is often forgotten in dietary recommendations, and the importance of adequate hydration is not mentioned. As a consequence health professionals and nutritionists arc sometimes confused and question the necessity of drinking water regularly. The purpose of this paper is to review the role of water in removing toxins which are accumulated due exposure of polluted environment.

The need for clean water in big cities is very dependent on water supply by water companies (PDAM). The increasing demand for clean water in big cities is proportional to the increasing of number population and industry, but not comparable to the clean water supply and quality of raw water available. PDAM has made various efforts to improve the quality of clean water services to the community. One of the effort is to improve the performance of water treatment plant (WTP). To support the improvement of the performance of WTP, required water quality monitoring at the intake location in use. This paper discusses the online and realtime water quality monitoring at the water intake location using a multi-probe digital sensor and GSM technology. This observation data is used as a comparative data analysis of laboratory data on raw water source PDAM Taman Kota (Cengkareng Drain). Keywords: air baku air minum, intake PDAM Taman Kota Cengkareng Drain, pemantuan kualitas air, multi probe digital sensor, teknologi online monitoring, Water Treatment Plant

In the Hokuriku district in Japan, large numbers of concrete structures have been suffering from damage caused by alkali silica reaction (ASR). Some huge volcanoes are located within this district, and the headwaters of main rivers prompt the outflow and spreading of volcanic rocks such as andesite, rhyolite and tuff stones, which are the main volcanic reactive stones causing the serious damage of ASR in the entire area. To solve this problem effective countermeasures such as repair and strengthening methods should be established. One intake tower in this area had deteriorated due to ASR, and deformation had occurred as a consequence of ASR ex-pansion of the concrete. Countermeasures were carefully considered by academic experts, and post-tensioned tendons were inserted into the intake tower concrete (vertically oriented) so that the power station can continue to operate safely in the future. This is thought to be the first challenge of its type anywhere in the world for which the deformation of a real structure caused by ASR expansion must be controlled. In this paper, the results obtained from laboratory tests using reactive aggregate and the overview of the investigation and the method of the reinforcement including the effect of the countermeasures will be discussed., 出版者照会済

This review is concerned primarily with the nature and origin of the forces bringing about movement of water from soil or other media surrounding roots into the conducting elements of the xylem, and with those internal and external factors which affect the rate of such movement. Absorption of water is not an independent process, but is closely related to other processes included in the domain of plant water relations. The rate of water intake is markedly affected by the rate of transpiration and by the extent and condition of the root systems. It is also affected by such environmental factors as the available moisture content of the soil, soil temperature, soil aeration, and to a lesser extent by the kind and concentration of ions in the soil. Some phases of the work discussed in this review naturally are incomplete and do not permit formulation of definite conclusions concerning certain aspects of the absorption problem. Where the writer has drawn conclusions or made generalizations they seem to be those most justifiable on the basis of the available evidence. It is realized, however, that as knowledge of these processes increases it may be necessary to modify some of the present conclusions. It is impossible to cite all the literature, but most of the papers cited have bibliographies in which the reader can locate other papers dealing with any particular phase of the field.

The present paper is the continuation of a previously published work, (Havre & al., 1960), on the study on conditioned and simple copper deficiency in cattle and sheep in Setesdalen, a valley in the South of Norway. In order to verify molybdenum as a conditioning factor, the fluctuations of the content of molybdenum and copper in the grass during the summer season 1959 have been studied. It was found that the content of both molybdenum and copper increased during the summer and reached its highest values in the first part of August. As stated in the previous paper, the conditioned copper deficiency in Setesdalen was proved to be a disorder occurring on autumnal pasture. From the clinical material collected during the years 1958–60, it may be concluded that the simple copper deficiency in Setesdalen occurs only in the winter season, on stallfeeding. This corresponds fairly well with the fact that the copper content of the herbage has its lowest value about the first of July, the time for grass-mowing in Setesdalen. The seasonal variations of copper and molybdenum were compared with statistics of the precipitation in the investigated areas in the same summer. The content of molybdenum as well as copper in grass was found to be lower in 1959 than in the previous years, probably due to the dry summer in 1959. The molybdenum figures, however, are still above 3 p.p.m. in herbage from areas with conditioned copper deficiency, and the copper figures below 5 p.p.m. in areas with simple copper deficiency. These concentrations were in the first work, in accordance with Cunningham, stated as the “dangerous” limits. In the present work, spectrographs analyses of a series of elements, altogether 18, are carried out on grass samples collected in the summer of 1959. The etiological importance of the various elements is discussed and particular attention is paid to sodium, manganese and sulphur. Sulphur is treated more thoroughly, as the whole herbage material from 1958 has been analysed on total as well as on inorganic sulphur (sulphate), in order to study Dick’s theory on sulphur as a conditioning factor in the syndrome of conditioned copper deficiency. The results of the analyses, however, give no support for sulphur as a conditioning factor in Setesdalen. A hypothetical “copper favouring factor”, possibly vitamin A, is discussed. The clinical observations are discussed in relation to the analytical results. Den foreliggende artikkel er en fortsettelse av et tidligere publisert arbeid om forekomsten av betinget og enkel koppermangel i Setesdalen (Havre & al., 1960). Det naervaerende arbeid har gatt ut pa a verifisere molybdenets virkning som en betingende faktor ved a undersoke svingningene i vegetas jonens innhold av molybden og kopper gjennom sommersesongen 1959. Det ble konstatert at innholdet av bade molybden og kopper steg utover sommeren, og nadde sitt hoydepunkt i forste del av august. Den betingede form for koppermangel i Setesdalen ble i forrige arbeid vist a vaere en beitesykdom pa hostbeite. Det samlede kliniske materiale fra arene 1958–60 har vist at den enkle koppermangel utelukkende forekommer pa inneforing i vinterhalvaret. Dette korresponderer bra med at kopperinnholdet i vegetas jonen viser seg a ha sin laveste verdi ved slattetider omkring 1. juli. Kurvene over molybden- og koppervariasjonene i gras ble ogsa sammenholdt med en nedborsstatistikk for de undersokte omrader samme sommer. Det har vist seg at de fundne verdier i gras for savel molybden som kopper, i denne sesong la lavere enn arene for, hvilket antakelig skyldes den torre sommer i 1959. Verdiene la imidlertid fremdeles over 3 p.p.m. molybden i omrader med betinget koppermangel, og under 5 p.p.m. kopper i omrader med enkel.koppermangel. Disse konsentr as joner ble i forrige arbeid, i overensstemmelse med Cunningham, karakterisert som de „farlige” grenser. I det foreliggende arbeid er ogsa utfort spektrografiske analyser av en serie elementer, tilsammen 18, i gras som ble samlet inn sommeren 1959. Betydningen av de forskjellige elementer i relasjon til forekomst av koppermangel-syndromet er droftet, og oppmerksomheten rettes saerlig mot natrium, mangan og svovel. Svovel er behandlet mer inngaende, idet hele vegetasjonsmaterialet som ble samlet inn sommeren 1958 er analysert pa bade total-svovel og uorganisk svovel (sulfat) ; dette for a forsoke a verifisere Dick’s teori om svovel som en betingende faktor ved den betingete koppermangel. Analyseresultatene gir imidlertid ingen direkte stotte for at svovel virker betingende under de radende forhold i Setesdalen. En hypotetisk „koppervennlig faktor”, muligens vitamin A, er droftet. De kliniske observasjoner er droftet i relation til de analytiske resultater.

Saltwater intrusion is detrimental to water utilization. It is of vital significance to study the joint impact of runoff and tide on salinity and the risk of saltwater intrusion. To analyze the risk of saltwater intrusion, this paper proposes two concepts: critical runoff–tide level line and guarantee rate of freshwater. Taking Nandu River Estuary in China as a study case, a three-dimensional (3-D) hydrodynamic and salinity numerical model is built. Critical runoff–tide level lines are obtained to determine the occurrence of saltwater intrusion. To quantify the guarantee rates of freshwater, copula joint distribution is utilized, which connects the numerical model and daily hydrological characteristics. Guarantee rates of freshwater are obtained under different amounts of water intake (0, 10 m3/s, 20 m3/s, 30 m3/s). In addition, critical locations of water intake that satisfy different guarantee rates (80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%) are identified. All the results will provide technical support for risk evaluation of saltwater intrusion and decisions on water intake location.

This paper presents a simplified method of calculating the optimal regimes of the fountain and the pumping exploitation of geothermal wells, reducing scaling and corrosion during operation. Comparative characteristics to quantify the heat of formation for these methods of operation under the same pressure at the wellhead. The problem is solved graphic-analytical method based on a balance of pressure in the well with the heat pump.

The paper discusses the results of studies conducted in 2011 and 2012, including the presence of five polycyclc aromatic hydrocarbons. Their limits are determined by Regulation of the Minister of the Environment dated 9 November 2011. Have been analyzed benzo (a) pyrene, benzo (b) fuoranthene, benzo (k) fuoranthene, benzo (g, h, i) perylene and indeno (1,2,3-cd) perylene. Water samples were taken to the nearby town of Nowodworce. Taken markings quantitative-qualitative / the substance. In addition, the average was calculated loads studied ingredients. The highest total concentration of PAHs was recorded in 2011, but it does not exceed the limit values. The following year, it was much lower.

This paper analyzes the trend of runoff and sediment entering the Bohai Sea using the streamflow and sediment data of the Yellow River estuary hydrological station. The results shows that runoff and sediment into sea in the Yellow River both reduce in the recent 60 years, there is significant positive correlation between the two. And the influencing factors of runoff and sediment are also researched, it is found that there is no significant correlation between runoff and precipitation, or between sediment and precipitation. The increase of the water intake quantity from the river is the main reason of runoff reduction entering the sea. And soil and water conservation measures and water storage projects result in the decrease of sediment in the river estuary.