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In recent years, evidence has emerged about the importance of healthy fluid intake in children for physical and mental performance and health, and in the prevention of obesity. Accurate data on water intake are needed to inform researchers and policymakers and for setting dietary reference values. However, to date, there are few published data on fluid or water intakes in children. This is due partly to the fact that drinking water is not always reported in dietary surveys. The aim of this paper is to review the current status of the literature and highlight the challenges of assessing total fluid intake in children and adolescents. From the dietary assessment literature it is apparent that children present unique challenges to assessing intake due to ongoing cognitive capacity development, limited literacy skills, difficulties in estimating portion sizes and multiple caregivers during any 1 day making it difficult to track intakes. As such, many issues should be considered when assessing total fluid intakes in children or adolescents. Various methods to assess fluid intakes exist, each with its own strengths and weaknesses; the ultimate choice of method depends on the research question and resources available. Based on the literature review, it is apparent that if the research focus is to assess only fluid intake, a fluid-specific method, such as a diary or record, appears to be a feasible approach to provide an accurate estimate of intakes.

In Exp. 1, six individually fed Hereford steers were exposed to hot (HOT) or thermoneutral (TNL) environmental conditions (ENV) while being adapted (stepped-up) to a finishing diet by decreasing roughage level from 55 to 10% of the diet DM over 17 d. Only at 10% roughage did heat exposure result in reduced (P

The water collection behaviour of colony foundresses of a Japanese paper wasp, Polistes chinensis antennalis , was recorded. A single round-trip of water collection consists of (1) an outward flight, (2) water-sucking, and (3) a homeward flight. The rate of water intake decreased as the length of water-sucking increased. There was a positive correlation between the duration of the outward flight and that of water-sucking. The variance of time for outward flights was larger than that for homeward flights. The data were consistent with the predictions of the central place foraging model of Orians & Pearson (1979) .

Purpose To compare (1) fluid, food and nutrient intake obtained with a paper versus an online version of a 7-day food record and (2) user’s acceptability of both versions of the food record. Methods A cross-over study was carried out in 2010 in France. A total of 246 participants aged 18–60 years reported their food and fluid intake using both versions of the 7-day food record, separated by a 7- to 14-day washout period. To help participants in estimating consumed portions, both versions of the food record were supported by a photographic booklet of standard portions and containers. At the end of the study protocol, participants completed a questionnaire designed to assess the acceptability of the two questionnaires. Results The reported water intake of fluids was significantly higher with the online version compared with the paper version (respectively 1348 ± 36 and 1219 ± 34 mL/day, p

A variety of dust control methods are often applied in coal mines, among which the application of wet scrubbers has proven to be an efficient technology for the removal of dust in airstreams, rather than diluting or confining the dust. In this paper, a wet scrubber design was developed. Based on a self-designed experimental test platform, the total dust concentration, respirable dust concentration, air volume, and average pressure drops of wet scrubbers with 12, 16, 20, and 24 blades were measured under different water intake conditions. The results show that the different water intake levels have only minimal effects on the air volume of the wet scrubbers. However, increased water intake had improved the dust removal efficiency of the wet scrubbers with the same number of blades. The wet scrubber with 16 blades was found to have the best dust removal efficiency at a water intake level of 1.35 m3/h. Its total dust and respirable dust removal efficiency reached 96.81% and 95.59%, respectively. The air volume was 200.4 m3/min, and the average pressure drop was determined to be 169.4 Pa. In addition, when the wet scrubber with 16 blades was applied in a coal preparation plant in China’s Shanxi Province, it was observed that the total dust concentration had fallen below 8.1 mg/m3, and the respirable dust concentration had fallen below 5.9 mg/m3. Therefore, the results obtained in this research investigation provide important references for the use of wet scrubbers to improve coal production environmental conditions.

Once the engine failure or fuel exhaustion above water, the aircraft should be ditching on the water surface immediately. From the perspective of floating characteristics, the overall layout of the wings will affect the float ability obviously. The paper based on the anti-sinking theory of floating characteristics and the discrete analysis method of water intake fragments, calculating the floatation characteristics for upper monoplane and lower mono-plane in different center of gravity. The analysis and conclusion can provide a reference for the safety assessment after ditching and the emergency escape device design.

After the above paper had been published it was discovered that because of difficulty in measuring rabbit water intake accurately with the containers used in the experiment described in that paper the amount of scopolamine hydrobromide ingested by the rabbits was less than as stated. It was therefore decided to repeat the experiment using a different type of water container. The original experiment was carried out in winter and the latter in summer and this could be another factor in the increase in water intake by the does in the present experiment.

Aim of the study To assess the effect of water intake on ultrasound tissue characteristics and hemodynamics of adult livers. Material and methods In February 2020, we prospectively performed ultrasound shear wave elastography and attenuation imaging (ATI) of the liver parenchyma, and spectral Doppler sonography of the portal vein and hepatic artery in 19 adult healthy volunteers (10 men and 9 women, mean age 27 years, mean body mass index 24.65 kg/m2). We measured liver shear wave velocity (SWV, m/s), shear wave dispersion (SWD, m/s/kHz), attenuation coefficient (dB/cm/MHz), main portal vein velocity (PVV, cm/s), hepatic artery peak systolic velocity (PSV, cm/s), and end diastolic velocity (EDV, cm/s) immediately before and at different time points (15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes) after water intake (1.0 l water and 1.5 l water for body weight < 150 lbs. and ≥ 150 lbs., respectively). Results The differences in SWV, PVV, hepatic artery PSV and EDV before and after water intake were significant (p < 0.01) whereas the differences in SWD and ATI were not (p > 0.05) based on repeated measures ANOVA tests. The values of SWV, PVV, PSV, and EDV reached a peak at 30-45 minutes and returned to baseline 60 minutes after water intake. We observed positive correlations of SWV with PVV, PSV, and EDV in linear regression analyses (r2 > 0.73). Conclusions Water intake affects the liver stiffness and hemodynamics. No water intake at least one hour prior to liver ultrasound elastography and Doppler sonography is recommended.

Telomeres length and telomerase activity are currently considered aging molecular stigmata. Water is a major requirement for our body and water should be alkaline. Recent reports have shown that aging is related to a reduced water intake. We wanted to investigate the effect of the daily intake of alkaline water on the molecular hallmark of aging and the anti-oxidant response. We watered a mouse model of aging with or without alkaline supplementation. After 10 months, we obtained the blood, the bone marrow and the ovaries from both groups. In the blood, we measured the levels of ROS, SOD-1, GSH, and the telomerase activity and analysed the bone marrow and the ovaries for the telomeres length. We found reduced ROS levels and increased SOD-1, GSH, telomerase activity and telomeres length in alkaline supplemented mice. We show here that watering by using alkaline water supplementation highly improves aging at the molecular level.

A vast population of the world is vulnerable to fluoride contaminated drinking water intake, and there are various defluoridation techniques available to date as well. But the removal of fluoride is still a challenge, especially in remote rural areas because available techniques require proper supervision and equally, ineffective due to economic issues and electricity crisis. Among all methods of defluoridation, adsorption methods are found better to carry out at the community and household level but sometimes demanded a replacement of commercial activated carbon (CAC) due to economic issues and less availability in remote areas. Hence keeping this in mind, the present study assessed the pine cone activated carbon (PCAC) as adsorbent material in the defluoridation that is easy to prepare like any other agriculture-waste material. The activated carbon was prepared using KOH as an impregnating agent for activation of pine cone by pyrolysis technique at 800 °C and has been analyzed for various parameters in the fluoride removal viz. contact time, dose variation, pH and initial fluoride concentration. The maximum adsorption capacity of fluoride on pine cone activated carbon was found 1.34 mg/g of initial fluoride concentration (2–12 mg/L) at pH (6.8–7.0) with a contact period of 45 min. Also, a comparison has been made between Pine Cone Activated Carbon (PCAC) with Commercial Activated Carbon (CAC) based on obtained results. It has been suggested that Pine cone activated carbon is efficient as well as cheap adsorbent and can be used for the removal of fluoride from drinking water in rural areas.

ObjectiveTo examine the association of water intake with risk of mortality from CVD.DesignProspective cohort study.Setting/SubjectsA total of 22 939 men and 35 362 women aged 40–79 years enrolled in the Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) Study with available data regarding water intake from foods and beverages. The underlying causes of death were determined based on the International Classification of Diseases.ResultsDuring the median 19·1 years of follow-up, 1637 men and 1707 women died from CVD. There was an inverse trend between high water intake and risk of CVD in both sexes. Compared with participants in the lowest quintile of water intake, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (95 % CI) for mortality from total CVD in the highest quintile of water intake were 0·88 (0·72, 1·07; P for trend=0·03) in men and 0·79 (0·66, 0·95; P for trend=0·10) in women. Those for CHD were 0·81 (0·54, 1·21; P for trend=0·06) in men and 0·60 (0·39, 0·93; P for trend=0·20) in women. Reduced risk of mortality from ischaemic stroke was also observed among women in the highest water intake quintile: 0·70 (0·47, 0·99; P for trend=0·19). There was no association between water intake and mortality from haemorrhagic stroke in either sex.ConclusionsHigher intake of fluids from foods and beverages was associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular mortality in both sexes and reduced risk of ischaemic stroke in women in Japan.

The present study aimed to establish whether supplemental Japanese pepper seed (JPS) affects feed intake in broiler chicks under ad libitum conditions. Experiments were designed to estimate the acute effect of JPS on feed and water intake using 5%-20% JPS supplemental feeds. JPS supplemental feed demonstrated a tendency to suppress feed intake and water intake in a dose-dependent manner during the 2 h post-feeding period, and chicks seldom ate 20% JPS supplemental feed at 1 h post-feeding. No significant difference was observed in the rectal temperature between groups during the 2 h post-feeding period. In a 5-h feeding experiment, no JPS level had any effect on feed or water intake in chicks. These data suggest that the adverse effect of JPS may be due to volatile stimulation; however, the effect disappears after 5 h post-feeding.

The European Food Safety Authority’s 2010 scientific opinion on dietary reference values for total water intakes was partly based on observed intakes in population groups. Large variability was observed, and it is unlikely that these differences can be explained by differences in climate, activity level and/or culture. This suggests that there are uncertainties in the methodologies used to assess water intake from food and fluids, including all types of beverages. To determine current methods for recording and reporting total water, beverages and fluid intakes, twenty-one European countries were surveyed using an electronic questionnaire. In total, twelve countries responded and ten completed surveys were summarised. Countries reported that their survey was representative of the population in terms of age and socio-economic status. However, a variety of methods were used – that is, repeated 24-h recalls, estimated food diaries and FFQ. None of the methods were validated to assess water and fluid intakes. The methods used to record liquid foods – for example, soup and diluted drinks – were inconsistent. Clarity and consistency on definitions of categories of beverages to facilitate comparisons between countries are needed. Recommendations for a unified approach to surveying and quantifying intake of water from fluids and foods are proposed.

ObjectiveTo examine the consumption of plain water among children in France and compare total water intakes with guidelines issued by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).DesignNationally representative data were used to assess food, beverage and water consumption by sex, age group (4–8 years, 9–13 years), income-to-poverty ratio, eating occasion and location. Beverages were classified into nine groups: water (tap or bottled), milk, 100 % fruit juice, sodas, fruit drinks, hot beverages, sports drinks and flavoured waters. Total water volume in relation to energy intake (litres/kcal) was also examined.SettingINCA 2 study (Étude Individuelle Nationale des Consommations Alimentaires 2006–2007).SubjectsFrench children (n 835) aged 4–13 years.ResultsTotal water intakes were accounted for by plain water (34 %), beverages (26 %) and food moisture (40 %). Plain water could be tap (18 %) or bottled (16 %). Older children drank more plain water than did younger children and boys drank more plain water than did girls. No socio-economic gradient for plain water consumption was observed. About 90 % of children did not meet the EFSA water intake recommendations. The daily water shortfall ranged from 367 to 594 ml/d. Water-to-energy ratio was 0·75–0·77 litres/1000 kcal (4184 kJ). Children drank milk at breakfast and plain water during lunch and dinner. Caloric beverages provided 10 % of dietary energy; consumption patterns varied by eating location.ConclusionsTotal water intakes among young children in France were below EFSA-recommended levels. Analyses of beverage consumption patterns by eating occasion and location can help identify ways to increase water consumption among children.

ObjectiveTo study the quantity and quality of water intake from beverages among pre-schoolers and investigate associations with gender and socio-economic status (SES).DesignKindergarten-based cross-sectional survey within the large-scale European ToyBox-study. A standardized protocol was used and parents/caregivers filled in sociodemographic data and a semi-quantitative FFQ.SettingKindergartens in six European countries (Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Poland and Spain).SubjectsEuropean pre-schoolers (aged 3·5–5·5 years) and their parents/caregivers (n 7051).ResultsMean water intake was 1051 ml/d; plain water, 547 ml/d; plain milk, 241 ml/d; other fruit juice, 104 ml/d; pure fruit juice, 59 ml/d; soft drinks, 55 ml/d; tea, 45 ml/d; sugared and chocolate milk, 37 ml/d; smoothies, 15 ml/d; and light soft drinks, 6 ml/d. Boys had a higher water intake than girls due to a higher consumption of plain water, but more importantly to the consumption of beverages of less quality. Lower-SES pre-schoolers scored better on quantity than high-SES pre-schoolers, but as a consequence of consumption of sugared beverages. Nevertheless, the associations differed by country.ConclusionsThe water intake from beverages did not meet the European Food Safety Authority standard of 1280 ml/d; especially in Western European countries water intake from beverages was low. The most important water sources were plain water, milk and fruit juices. Interventions aiming at a proper and sufficient water intake should focus on both quantity and quality. Messages about water and water sources should be clear for everyone and interventions should be sufficiently tailored.

Introduction Currently available recommendations regarding fasting requirements before phlebotomy do not specify any maximum water intake volume permitted during the fasting period. The aim was to study the effects of 300 mL water intake 1 h before phlebotomy on specific analytes. Materials and methods Blood was collected from 20 women (median age (min-max): 24 (22 - 50) years) in basal state (T0) and 1 h after 300 mL water intake (T1). Glucose, total proteins (TP), urea, creatinine, cystatin C, total bilirubin (BT), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides (Tg), uric acid (UA), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate-aminotransferase (AST), alanine-aminotransferase and lactate-dehydrogenase (LD) were studied. Results were analyzed using Wilcoxon test. Mean difference (%) was calculated for each analyte and was further compared with reference change value (RCV). Only mean differences (%) higher than RCV were considered clinically significant. Results Significant differences (median T0vs median T1, P) were observed for TP (73 vs 74 g/L, 0.001); urea (4.08 vs 4.16 mmol/L, 0.010); BT (12 vs 13 µmol/L, 0.021); total cholesterol (4.9 vs 4.9 mmol/L, 0.042); Tg (1.05 vs 1.06 mmol/L, 0.002); UA (260 vs 270 µmol/L, 0.006); GGT (12 vs 12 U/L, 0.046); AST (22 vs 24 U/L, 0.001); and LD (364 vs 386 U/L, 0.001). Although the differences observed were statistically significant, they were not indicative of clinically significant changes. Conclusions A water intake of 300 mL 1 h prior to phlebotomy does not interfere with the analytes studied in the present work.

High fluid intake has been universally recommended for kidney stone prophylaxis. We evaluated 24-h urine osmolality regarded as the best biomarker of optimal hydration and upper metastable limit osmolality after water evaporation from urine sample to the onset of spontaneous crystallization and its usefulness as a new risk index that would describe an individual lithogenic potential. We collected 24-h urine from 257 pediatric patients with kidney stones and 270 controls. After volume and osmolality assessment, the urine samples were subjected to volume reduction in vacuum rotavapor continued to the onset of an induced urinary crystallization. The upper metastable limit osmolality of urine sample was calculated based on its initial osmolality value and the amount of water reduction. Pediatric stone formers presented with higher urine volume and lower urine osmolality than healthy controls. Despite that, their urine samples required much lower volume reduction to induce the spontaneous crystallization than those of controls. The ROC analysis revealed an AUC for the upper metastable limit osmolality of 0.9300 (95% CI 0.9104-0.9496) for distinguishing between stone formers and healthy subjects. At the cutoff of 2696 mOsm/kg, the test provided sensitivity and specificity of 0.8638 and 0.8189, respectively. 24-h urine osmolality provided the information about current hydration status, whereas evaporation test estimated the urinary potential to crystalize dependent on urine composition. Upper metastable limit osmolality may estimate the individual lithogenic capability and identify people at risk to stone formation when exposed to dehydration.

Application of timber structures in civil engineering is completely traditional technology. On the other hand, the materials with better durability characteristics are preferred in present construction. Increased or fluctuating moisture of wood is a significant limiting factor of its life. Wood modification, which results in water intake reduction and also serves to maintain the low equilibrium moisture, may significantly improve the properties of wood, reduces the caused volumetric changes and extends its durability. Utilization of partial or total wood mineralization is just one of the material modification possibilities. This method seems to be promising due to so far gathered results, namely the anti swelling efficiency was greater than 65% for tested wooden species.

The potential use of iron removal sludge of freshwater treatment facilities for the recovery of oil from aqueous media was established. A high adsorption capacity for oil of this material was shown using the deep-well water iron removal sludge from the Tomsk Akademgorodok water intake site. The oil-absorbing capacity of as-recived sludge was studied, conditions for its thermal treatment were chosen, and the ability of the thermally activated sludge to recover oil from aqueous media was examined.

An experiment was conducted to examine the effects on mortality, production performance, water intake (WI), and organ weight of Satureja khuzistanica essential oil (SkEO) using 720 1-day-old Arian broiler chicks in a 42-day trial. Experimental treatments were addition of 0 (control(-)), 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg/L SkEO or 500 mg/L polysorbate 80 (control(+)) into drinking water. The birds were kept under natural ambient temperatures 4 to 6 °C above standard recommendation from days 22 to 42 of age. Addition of SkEO into drinking water at 200 and 500 mg/L decreased weight gain (P 0.05) of the birds from days 29 to 35 of age with no differences in feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to control groups (P 0.05). Supplementation of drinking water with 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg/L SkEO resulted in a 0.47, 4.40, 8.60, and 12.93% decrease in WI, respectively, from days 1 to 42 of age. The calculated European broiler index was greater for the birds received 400 mg/L of SkEO in their drinking water compared with that of the other birds (P 0.05). Pancreas percentage was increased for the birds received 200 to 500 mg/L SkEO at days 21 and 42 of age compared with that of the control(-) birds (P 0.05). The gall bladder weight was 17.56, 40.50, 12.16, and 38.73% greater for the birds received 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg/L SkEO compared with that of the control(-) birds, respectively. The results showed that an addition of 400 mg/L SkEO into drinking water for heat-stressed broiler chickens improves economic efficiency possibly by promoting digestion process, creating miniscule improvement in FCR and lowered mortality rate.

1. The effect of three metabolisable energy (ME) concentrations 12.2, 11.3 and 10.5 MJ ME/kg and two forms of diet (mash and pellet) on egg production in summer and winter were studied. The different ME values were obtained by diluting the 12.2 MJ ME/kg diet with sugar beet pulp of 2.88 MJ/kg DM. In a 3rd summer experiment the water intake of hens on these diets was examined. Data were analysed by factorial analysis of variance, and the relationship between performance and dietary energy concentration was examined by regression analysis. 2. The use of low energy diets (10.5 to 11.3 MJ ME/kg) decreased egg production in both seasons, but pelleting diets improved egg production and egg weight in summer. Egg weight was not affected by energy density in winter, but decreased in the summer when energy density increased. 3. In winter, food consumption was not affected by the dietary ME, while in summer food consumption increased when the dietary ME increased. Therefore, energy intake was not the same at all energy densities, but tended to increase as the energy density increased. 4. In summer, pelleting improved food efficiency and egg production and increased water consumption and the ratio of water to food intake. Water intake and water: food ratio decreased with increasing dietary energy concentration.

This chapter focuses on the balance of water intake and discharge in humans and animals. It explains how the intake of water by a human being is discharged by means of removal by kidneys and evaporation from the skin surface. It also describes the seriousness of reduction of water intake. It explains how sea birds can drink salt water and remove excess of salt by “weeping.” The chapter discusses the various studies and indicators used to measure water in humans. The chapter also describes how the constancy of volume and composition of liquids are maintained in an organism. It further explains the function of the kidneys and Henle's loop. It talks about ultrafiltration and equations for measuring urine concentrations. Cryobiology and biological antifreezes are detailed next. This chapter also describes the mechanism that many animals use for survival at extremely low temperatures. It discusses other types of solutions present in animals that act as natural antifreeze. Finally it explains how plants that survive cold temperatures also possess antifreeze.

A quantitative study of the course of water absorption by seeds during germination was made (1) to determine whether seeds actually differ in the total amount and rate of water intake; (2) to note the role played by the various parts of the seeds; (3) to determine whether there exist seeds with mesic (intermediate water), hydric (high water), or xeric (low water or desert) germination modifications; and (4) to determine whether there are varietal differences in water absorption by seeds. Many types of seeds have been studied, but, for the purposes of this report, the data are given only for the seeds of various beans studied. The bean seeds used are those of Phaseolus lunatus var. Florida Speckled Butter; Phaseolus coccineus var. Rubronanus; Phaseolus vulgaris var. Pinto or Mexican, and Glycine Max var. Arksoy, #2913. The details concerning the procedure, laboratory conditions, techniques, and handling of bean seeds used were described in an earlier paper (1). Seeds of each variety were sterilized in HgCl2, germinated on wet filter paper in Petri dishes at room temperature, and dissected at four 24-hour intervals of germination into their seed organs; the percentage of water was determined for like organs of each variety and expressed on absolute basis, and the percentage of water absorbed by the entire seed was determined by the same method.

The aim of the present study was to develop a simple disinfection method for reducing the content of bacteria in the water system of dental units to an acceptable level. The study was carried out at the Royal Dental College, Copenhagen, on 250 dental units. Samples of the cooling water supplying the ultrasonic scalers and of the water supplying the water glasses were obtained from eight different units representing different parts of the school. Disinfection of the water system was carried out by addition of chlorine to the pipe water near the institution's main water intake. The chlorination of the water was automatically regulated, and the installation was so flexible that the concentration of chlorine and the time and frequency of the chlorination could be varied. Different modes of chlorine dosage were examined. Before chlorination, the bacterial content in the water system of the units was about 104 - 105cfu/mL. It was found that an intermittent chlorination with 0.5-1 ppm chlorine for 10 minutes every day could reduce the normal bacterial counts in the water system to about a few hundred per mL.