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Considered the first autobiographical account of an Afrodescendant slave published in America, A Narrative of the Uncommon Sufferings, and Surprizing Deliverance of Briton Hammon, a Negro Man (Boston 1760) has not yet been translated into Spanish. This work, encompassing shipwreck, Native American captivity, slavery in Cuba, and slavery in Massachusetts, is of interest to Spanish-speaking scholars not only for its foundational character but also because Havana is a key location in Briton Hammon's captivity story. The text reflects the tense relationship between the Hispanic Caribbean and the British colonies in America in the 18th century. The following pages offer a translation and an introductory study of the same. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the growing number of murders of black people, many of whom were institutionalized, and based on emblematic cases, this paper aims to reflect on crime, the criminal, and the structural and historical racism of countries such as Brazil and the USA by following the psychoanalytic theory. It questions whether we have really overcome the systemic and indiscriminate racism of the Brazilian slavery period, or whether such racism has only changed its foundations, institutionalizing and persecuting black people as scapegoats against whom legalized punishment is authorized, or who are seen as evil incarnate and susceptible to punishment. Therefore, it seems that a current mode of enslavement allows us to choose black people as the criminals of our unconscious, for whom death is allowed, justified, and even necessary, in order to satisfy the desire to enjoy the suffering of the other, classifying that part of society as dispensable, since we support an ideal of a country that fosters slavery values and relegates evil to black people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the life of Antônio Varela, born in 1805, a pardo man whose mother was a freed woman, who became captain of the National Guardo of Brazilian Imperial State, a slave master, and a major landowner in the village of Piranga, a former district of the municipality of Mariana in Minas Gerais. This paper discusses his relationships with family, god parentage, and neighbors in the area where he owned land. In doing so, it highlights the routes of social mobility and economic ascension strategies, and explores the geographically-structured quotidian sociability that circumscribed his life course. This paper presents a cartography of freedom and socioeconomic ascension, emphasizing the new spaces of sociability that enabled Varela to raise his standing in the local hierarchy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Putumayo Atrocities (murder, torture, slavery of indigenous rubber workers) committed by the British registered Peruvian Amazon Company are well known. The official response of the British Government was that there was no direct British involvement; they were an aberration. There is though much evidence that during the early years of the 20th century, other British rubber companies in the Amazon Basin used the enganche por deudas bonded labour system. This article, adopting a granular approach, examines the activities of one British company, the Tambopata Rubber Syndicate, concentrating on its barracas at San Carlos and Marte, between 1907 and 1913. Using unpublished sources (diaries, correspondence and company records) it reveals direct British involvement in slavery. It details ill-treatment of indigenous workers and demonstrates the human consequences of rubber exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La esclavitud fue practicada por los distintos pueblos que ocuparon la Península desde la antigüedad, pero la existencia de población traída de África y vendida en los distintos pueblos extremeños próximos a la frontera portuguesa, es un hecho que se ha investigado más recientemente. A pesar de estas valiosas investigaciones y otras sobre la esclavitud en España, se han llevado a cabo pocas iniciativas a nivel institucional, para recuperar la memoria histórica y el patrimonio material e inmaterial que pueda quedar relacionado con la esclavitud. El objetivo de este trabajo es, identificar ese patrimonio y contribuir a crear una ruta de la esclavitud en Extremadura. Para ello, se ha utilizado una metodología cualitativa basada en la revisión de fuentes secundarias, teniendo en cuenta las poblaciones extremeñas donde hubo más esclavos en los siglos XVI y XVII. El resultado es una propuesta de ruta turístico-cultural, que puede contribuir a la puesta en valor del patrimonio relacionado con estos hechos y a promover el turismo cultural en la región. Slavery was practiced by the different towns that occupied the Peninsula since antiquity, but the existence of population brought from Africa and sold in the different towns of Extremadura close to the Portuguese border, is a fact that has been investigated more recently. Despite these valuable investigations and others on slavery in Spain, few initiatives have been carried out at an institutional level to recover historical memory and tangible and intangible heritage that may be related to slavery. The objective of this work is to identify this heritage and contribute to creating a slavery route in Extremadura. For this, a qualitative methodology based on the review of secondary sources has been used, taking into account the populations of Extremadura where there were more slaves in the 16th and 17th centuries. The result is a proposal for a tourist-cultural route that can contribute to enhancing the heritage related to these events and promoting cultural tourism in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The text proposes the analysis of three recurrent situations in the colonial documentation of Charcas (XVI-XVIII centuries) in which slavery, the prejudices of the colonial estamentary society and emotions intersect. It shows that, although the institution of slavery and its practice violently crossed and conditioned the affective life of the vassals, it did not prevent the development of strong bonds between those of different condition and quality; in particular between Afro-descendants and indigenous people whose prolonged contact the Monarchy sought, uselessly, to prevent. Also, that blood ties within the same family were no guarantee of affection or respect for the physical or symbolic integrity of the enslaved relatives who, nevertheless, showed effective skill in defending their rights before the courts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central thesis of this paper is that slavery is phenomenologically describable as a reduction of the effort to a physical force through the imposition of impossibility as a fountain of self-recognition of the ego in the defeat. The slave is constituted from the defeat of its egoic, personal, and concrete possibilities. I develop this thesis in three moments. First, I explore the effort concept on the phenomenological basis of Husserlian analyses of the constitution into Ideas II. In the second part, I describe how effort--as a concretion of an egoic-embodied will-is reduced to physical force--productive-- in the slavery, though the alienation of the possibilities for de 'I-can'. The correlate of this way of constitution of the own body, in the alienation, is a horizon of possibilities are present for the ego in the canceled, or impossibility way in which the ego recognizes itself as defeated, issue of the third and last part. The description of the defeat manifests the condition of the embodied will as a resistant limit against slavery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decades of the 18th century, the enslaved population of Chota Valley developed a discourse claiming multiple rights. This culminated in what I have called the creation of a political subject, with its own language and strongly linked to its ancestral territory. Thus, after reading the lawsuits the afrochoteños made by these years, this article will analyze the political actions of rebellion and freedom, such as escapes, confrontations, trials and violent events that allowed the population of the valley to disobey and revolt against colonial authority. We can say that at beginning of 19th century, Chota Valley lived in de facto independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abortion is an issue around the world, varying in intensity by location. In the United States, it generates enormous controversy, especially because Protestant fundamentalists have joined Roman Catholics in strenuous opposition and have essentially captured one of the two major political parties. This extended commentary essay contends that anti-abortion arguments are flawed and that an effective anti-abortion policy requires a harsh authoritarian, if not totalitarian, government, fueled by misogyny and disregard for human rights. Such policies force pregnant women into what must be described as a condition of slavery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to analyze the distribution and composition of the enslaved population in one of the most prosperous parishes of Mariana's district during the 18th century: Guarapiranga. To this end, the original "Rol dos que confessaram e comungaram no ano de 1766" is adopted as a source, its numbers being compared with those of the little known Mapa da população da Leal Cidade de Mariana no ano de 1810. The purpose is to understand the distribution of slaved population by household units of the parish over the decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay discusses a little-explored aspect in Cuban literature: the representation of indigenous people in one of Cuba's most important poets of the nineteenth century: Gabriel de la Concepción Valdés, better known as "Plácido." In these representations, which arise from independence movements in the rest of Latin America and the awakening in Cuba of a new social class, the criollos, Plácido recreates the life of literary characters such as Chactas, Cora and Atala in romantic settings, in which love and race are mixed, along with the topic of civilization and barbarity. This characteristic of his poems is important, because it draws attention to the prohibition in Cuba at the time against unequal marriages, marriages between blacks and whites, and Plácido's endorsement of those can be interpreted as a criticism of Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the history of the Cuban economy over a very long period. Its first part, offered here (the second one will follow soon), is devoted to the period extending from 1492, when the island was "discovered", to 1898, when the War of Independence ended. The period of the conquest of Cuba, followed by the collapse of the indigenous society into chaos and the establishment of a racial division of labour, is presented first. Then it is the turn of the island's plunder and the insertion of its economy into the capitalist world system – an insertion which was characterised by a series of non-industrialisations. The reader's attention then shifts to the period of capitalist slavery and sugar specialisation, up to the crisis of the slave system, the new flows of labour contracts and the transition to wage labour. Finally, Cuba's economic dependence on the United States, beyond Spanish political domination, is studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article contextualizes the institution of slavery in Greco-Roman antiquity, to show some postures of persons of the fourth century and earlier regarding that institution. This is worthwhile as a preamble to the presentation of the critical reading of Gregory of Nyssa, in the fourth homily of Ecclesiastes, on the institution of slavery. Those postulates show a great difference, compared to the opinion of his contemporaries, and are still valid today as a criticism of any attempt to enslave human beings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to present some perspectives about several practices who suggests forms of memory of the slavery and how this memory is perceived among adherents of Afro-Brazilian religions, Umbanda and Candomblé. Memory is a social construction and people appropriate those elaborations to guide their actions or discourses about past or present. At Umbanda the worship of "pretos-velhos" suggests a particular form of memory of slavery, pointing to fo rms of submission and violence, as well as the corporal marks of slavery, experienced through the religious trance of the "pretos-velhos". At Candomblé, slavery is perceived as a vacuum or historical gap, a requirement of the religious initiation. Slavery is remembered to be forgotten as a state of sense deprivation, who are retaken by the conclusion of the initiation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the current demands of compensation for the damages and crimes caused by the transatlantic slave trade of African persons and from the institution of slavery in the Americas. This proposal has been put forward by many actors and in different global historical contexts and it is currently is fundamental issue in the agenda of Afro-American activism, especially in the English-speaking Caribbean and in the United States. This topic is also under discussion in Latin America as a part of the "afro-reparations" approach. The article analyzes the mobilization around this issue in the English-speaking Caribbean, the "reparative justice" agenda put forward by the CARICOM Reparations Commission --mainly composed by former British colonies in the Caribbean--, and the demands directed against European governments. Using data collected in Jamaica, this text exposes the main arguments presented by advocates of reparations, as well the arenas where they have been more active: public education, awareness raising campaign and archival reconstruction of documentation evidencing the economic impact of slavery. Next, the activity of advocates in the social media and in transnational debates is discussed. Finally, consideration is given to the different approaches to the topic of reparations seen from an interregional perspective, focusing in viewpoints drawn from Cuba as a case representing the Spanish-speaking Caribbean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It must be remembered that during the colonial era, slavery was not a simple matter of racism as it could be understood, in which someone excludes another because of the color of his skin. Slavery was an institution, that is, in political terms, it was part of the supply and demand of goods and services, and, therefore, slaves were just another commodity. It is not new to mention it, but this means that in the framework of economic policies, the slave was part of the statistics and trade laws, reinforced by some ideological and philosophical justifications. It should be noted that slavery, and its dynamic reconfiguration, were a reality throughout Latin America and the Caribbean until the middle of the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I study the graphic series entitled Negro Woman (1946) by the American-Mexican artist Elizabeth Catlett. I rely on the concept of "postmemory" in relation to the slavery suffered by the artist's grandparents, as the base to interpret her desire to create consciousness on the double oppression experienced by black women, both in the past and in the present moment. Working in the artistic context of the Taller de Gráfica Popular, Catlett introduced in mid-century México the intersectionality of gender and race in a very explicit and forceful way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes and analyzes the paths followed by the enslaved afrodescendants of the Paraná city at the transition to free labor. Focusing on their experiences and trajectories, it seeks to find some clues to understand the transformations in the labor relations and the role of these subjects in the reconfiguration of the labor market at the local level. The starting point is the Estadística de esclavos de la provincia de Entre Ríos redacted in 1848. Considering the information provides about Paraná, it proceeds to link with other sources, such as provincial and national censuses, church records, notary books and court cases. From these documents, it reconstructs labor trajectories, family networks and forms of social mobility, contributing to highlights the complex and unfinished transition process between slave and free labor in a situated context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central objective of this article is to understand how Bernardo Guimarães in his book 'Rosaura, a enjeitada' presented aspects of the Civil Law in Brazil in XIX century. For this we will take into account the plot of the characters and the legal training of the author, at the Faculty of Law of São Paulo. In this sense, we ask: Why, is Civil Law considered as 'an eternal and insoluble problem', in relation to 19th century slavery in Brazil? How does the author present his arguments to defend such a thesis? The central problematic circumscribes the understanding that students occupied a social place that allowed the production of diverse writings (memoirs, theses, academic journals, novels, poetry, among others), which dealt with themes pertaining to imperial Brazil, especially slavery. In order to achieve the proposed objective the method of historical research was used to analyze the literary work, interrogating and problematizing the document. In this article, to mobilize the object we resort to the concept of repertoire, according to Alonso (2002). This concept served as a magnifying glass for the analysis of the work in focus. Finally we emphasize that the author used a born free slave to deal with slavery and Civil Law, showing how 'Rosaura', a victim of the system of slavery, could be restored as free from the evils of slavery that she had suffered since her birth. The author mobilized repertoires of legal culture from the intelectual circle of the Faculty of Law of São Paulo. Thus, within a general analysis of narrative, the expressions of law appear as social and legal elements, used not only as a mere elucidation. Certainly, there was selectivity and intentionality to report the contents of the laws in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the wide range of terms used by the ancient Greeks to refer to the slave, for decades the Hellenists will interpret this lack of precision as a characteristic of the untidy Greek conception of slavery, making it directly difficult for the same scholars to examine. modern. With the work of Detlef Lotze (1930-2018) in the middle of the last century, however, this plurality of concepts around the slave begins to be interpreted as an indication of the complexity with which slavery is conceived and applied in the Greek world, the which, finally, would consist of heterogeneous forms of subjection and not a universally defined and exercised institution. The concepts «slavery-dependence» and «slaverymerchandise », thus, acquire relevance to identify the necessary difference between a form of slavery where the slave manages the production process, and another where he participates only as a material element of it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: The incorporation of the former governorship of Popayán into Colombia was challenging and was only achieved by sacrificing an essential part of the revolutionary program. The cost for the Republic was very high, since a model of society that the other New Granada provinces rejected survived, aggravated, in a region of capital importance. A political vortex came about where party disputes in the country would swirl about until the end of the century. Methodology: To understand this momentous gestation, this article, built from pamphlets of the time and military and judicial sources, follows the footsteps of Colonel José Concha, who was entrusted by the pro-independence authorities with the expansion of the Colombian project in the newly created department of Cauca. Originality: As will be seen, the insurmountable difficulties he faced in recruiting and marshaling resources are a clear indication of the fierce opposition of society as a whole to revolutionary innovations. The approach adopted, by insisting on the intensely passionate and emotional adherence that the royalist and revolutionary cause aroused during the last stage of the War of Independence in the southwest of New Granada, proposes a way to overcome the collapse of that historical reality in the face of the unchecked importance given to ethnic and corporate factors. Conclusions: Despite his activity and his arrests, Concha failed in his mission, and the Republic, in a certain way, gave in as well for this reason, leading to pacification ending up strengthening poisonous aristocratic ambitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dismissal because of the "color defect" for descendants of enslaved and free Africans became a widespread feature of the licensing process for the secular clergy throughout the eighteenth century. However, the expression was neither natural nor meaningless. The standardization of these dismissals refl1ected vocabulary that was established based on the experiences of ecclesial agents in the context of a slave society permeated by Old Regime political culture. Therefore, the expression came to represent a vision about social classifications based on color and conceptions about slavery-related origins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across much of the Spanish empire in the Americas, indigenous and African-descent peoples lived in close contact. The entangled nature of labor, both in urban centers and on massive complexes, gave them the opportunity to measure themselves against one another. Law that developed across the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries suggested an eventual clarity about their separate conditions, but experience revealed the muddiness of both definitions and enforcement. Indigenous and Black subjects used those colonial discourses about freedom and hierarchy to understand their own positions and to argue for comparable protections and privileges. Rather than consider indigenous and Black lives separately, the essay argues for a more integrative approach to reading legal documents produced by and about them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The so-called Aristotelian defense of enslaving the americans, which Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda supposedly yielded in the 16th century, is, as I shall try to prove along this paper, a misunderstanding produced by careless and simplistic interpretations which do not consider the Sepulveda's approach to Aristotle's Politics, the Latin translation he published, the political and social context on Hispanic Monarchy during that century and some key concepts of Roman Law. Besides, the preconception, created by Menéndez Pelayo, maybe unintentionally, by translating a part of the title of the treatise Democrates alter, sive de iustis belli causis apud Indos, by "against the indians", printed a serious brand on Sepúlveda like a slavery defender since 19th century. With this text, I want to show the reading and interpretation Sepúlveda made about Aristotelian work in the light of textual and contextual conditionings, which make clear the way the spaniard humanist deals with the philosophical and political question of indigenous conquest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1450 and 1620, the African and European coasts of the Mediterranean Sea showed a world in constant movement, in which Christian and Muslim inheritances crossed and strained, creating a complex network of cultural, economic, social and political relations. The sources of the time bear witness to this frontier world, underlining the value of the captive as an emblematic character, since his figure transforms the life experience into a social and community testimony. Hence, it is possible to approach these stories on the basis of the relationship between "testimonial-trauma story", within an ideological context and religious beliefs characterized by the so-called "effectiveness of discourse", which I analyze from the "sensory turn" that historical research has taken in recent years, which allowed the recognition of new phenomena and objects of study, including the senses and, in my particular case, in the definition and identification of sensory marks, which embody the suffering of Christian captives in the hands of Muslims: sound, visual, olfactory, gustatory, tactile and affective marks allow me to reconstruct, from an intersensory approach, the analyzed sources, both unpublished (Los Milagros de Guadalupe, preserved in the Archive of the Royal Monastery of Guadalupe) and published (Tratado de la redención de cautivos and Peregrinación de Anastasio, written by Jerónimo Gracián Dantisco), hat configure the sensory model of an era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/context: This article documents the violent, imperfect and bloody process that naturalized the blueprint of Spanish imperial imagery in Santo Domingo as from 1492, and that was then exported to the rest of America. It refers to how space is reconstructed: with its processes of destruction and construction, population displacement and the racialization of space or racial infrastructures at the basis of Spanish imperial imagery. In doing so, the landscape is de-naturalized. Methodology: Through a thorough reading of primary sources dating from 1492 to 1548, including the chronicles of conquest, travel itineraries, ordinances, and letters from the Crown to its representatives in the Caribbean, this article reconstructs the creation of a Spanish landscape in Santo Domingo. It conceptualizes the landscape simultaneously as ideology and practice, and then approaches the city as a colonial weapon and, from here, the development of the plantation. Conclusions: The Spanish imperial imagery destroys the indigenous world and builds the Spanish city. The study of this imagery allows us to dissect the destructive process in the construction of the city and re-evaluate the counter-imagery developed by the indigenous and African Maroons. It also emphasizes the importance of methodology, as the study of imperial imagery destabilizes the spontaneity of the landscape and highlights the still-present destruction, violence and racism of the colonial landscape. Originality: The article centers the Caribbean within European modernity and favors the study of imperial imagery to re-establish the work and resistance of Arawakos and Africans to imperial visual culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports a gender perspective within the slave resistance in the historical region of Vueltabajo, in Cuba. The geohistorical, economic and natural parameters that determine the presence of the Maroon woman are established, with two representative case studies: that of Mother Melchora and that of Petrona Conga. The historical-logical methods, and the collection, ordering and documentary analysis of the primary sources, supported the results presented. It highlights as a conclusion, the role of women in the cimarronaje as carriers and transmitters of a culture of resistance, which contrasts with the scant attention on the matter in Cuban historiography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to discuss the resemblance processes in Colonial and Imperial Brazil that were imposed by the racism of slaveholders to the different African peoples who were brought here in order to supply the labor needed for large plantations and mining of gold and diamonds. As the black and feminist theologies, the article is developed from the narrative of the author's personal ecumenical experience in the process of becoming aware of his blackness, to then reflect on the ecumenical processes of confrontation with the rooted racism in Brazilian society throughout its history. The article seeks to emphasize that racism has dimensions that escape and transcend the struggle against economic exploitation and the political repression of the racially excluded. In the process of subjection imposed upon them, the churches have played a key role in the destruction of their culture. Fear, ignorance, intolerance and violence are the elements that nourish racism in its different expressions, especially in the religious field. The overcoming of racism implies necessarily in the affirmation of the different - in his or her right to be different. Thus, the question of religious freedom is of fundamental importance for the interreligious ecumenical practice in today's Brazil, teaching us that the differences can coexist without ceasing to be what they are, thus building each other in the encounter of the different ones. All are challenged to affirm their differences without denying each other: being includes nonbeing, without ceasing to be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how informal indigenous slave communication networks developed and were maintained in sixteenth-century Castile, as men and women served as witnesses or sources of information for those indigenous slaves initiating lawsuits to gain their freedom. Based on dozens of lawsuits in the section Justicia of the Archive of the Indies (Seville, Spain), I argue that the distinct oral communication channels formed by indigenous men and women living in different cities and towns of Castile constituted an important element of litigation suits, before, during and after a sentence was reached or the lawsuit ended. In the heart of the Spanish empire -Castile- slaves and freedmen and women inside and outside of the legal "courtroom" engaged with legal discourse about what it meant to be identified or to identify oneself as an indio (person of the Spanish Indies). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What are the limits of individual freedom? John Stuart Mill, who was an ardent advocate of liberty as a fundamental value, held that one could not freely choose to be unfree, and posited the extreme example of a person who willingly sells himself as a slave. His example has generated a debate about the consistency of Mill's positions. This article reviews this debate and tries to clarify his point of view using several convergent lines of argument: paternalism, slavery, the definition of property rights and public intervention of the state in markets, and marriage and gender equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focusing on the Commission on the Truth of Black Slavery in Brazil (Cvenb), supported by the Brazilian Bar Association (OAB), I will discuss its creation and the antiracist instruments that guide its performance. I will also present the reflection on the slavery in the context of the Truth Commission (TC) and how its proximity with other historical catastrophe is carried out. I analyse how the Commission interprets multiculturalism and how this understanding confronts the official narrative concerning the concept of the nation, which has been questioned by segments of the Black Movement. The examined material derives from direct observation of the Commission's activities, press material, videos and documents produced by the Commission itselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following article discusses the historical process shaping penal selectivity in Brazil, with a specific focus on the legal and social circumstances of the population of African descent, represented by hegemonic political and legal thought in a framework of moral and racial disqualification. We restrict our observations to the penal system within urban spaces, analyzing the penal legislations of the Imperial period and those of the early decades of the Republican regime, in light of the transition from the political regime (monarchy to republic) and the abolition of slavery. We locate the emergence of demands for greater penal repression to this period, in the light of an exploitation of a feeling of uncertainty and political fragility. The analysis is guided by a reading of Gaston Bachelard and research into the clash with hegemonic thought, by means of openings, cracks, and breaks in the absolutist and authoritarian thought that characterizes and governs the workings of punitive systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout the XVI century, the legal institution of slavery spread across Nueva España, as people were imported from Africa. Whereas traditional historiography has emphasized the sociopolitical aspect of the slave rebellion in Veracruz led by Yanga, this paper aims to clarify the juridical implications of the conflict, as well as the defensive and diplomatic policies implemented by the vice-royal authorities. The pragmatically prudent and diplomatic initial attitude of Viceroy Luis de Velasco towards the rebellious slaves, to avoid unnecessary public spending, switched gradually to an aggressive policy of interior defense that culminated with the pact that gave origin to the first free town in the American continent, which had an ex gratia legal nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the area of Postcolonial Studies, Cultural Studies and the New Narrative of historiographic theme, we propose a brief critical overview on the representation of slavery and its relation with the image of Africa in the contemporary imaginary. The corpus selected is constituted by the following novels: The kingdom of this world (1949) of the Cuban Alejo Carpentier; Changó, the great whores (1984) of the Colombian Manuel Zapata Olivella; A glorious family (1997) of the Angolan Pepetela; Rosalía the infamous (2003) of the Haitian Évelyne Trouillot and A defect of color (2006) of the Brazilian Ana Maria Gonçalves. Through this interdisciplinary approach, we make a critical reading of the past slave and outline a diversified literary corpus of works related to the issue of slavery. The relevance lies in the fact that the narrative approach simulates a first person, that is to say, it is carried away from testimonies of stories of the survivors of the slave system itself, in order to reinterpret the knowledge of the past and give different perspectives on it, and, at the same time, to destabilize the discourses on slavery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the decrees issued by the Spanish kings and colonial authorities granting freedom to runaway slaves from foreign colonies. The aim is to interpret these laws, comprised of royal cedulas, proclamations, orders, and instructions, which have been registered from 1680 to the late eighteenth century, in the field of international politics and inter-imperial rivalry. I claim that, despite the precedents in Castilian legal tradition dating back to medieval times, this set of legal dispositions was, above all, a diplomatic expedient used by the Spanish Crown as a threat to rival slavery-based Atlantic empires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we will discuss the conditions for slavery reproduction in Rio de Janeiro's plantations after the end of the Atlantic slave trade. In order to do that, we studied the slavery demography of Commendator Joaquim Breves' plantations, which were a symbol of slavery expansion on the coffee valley. Through one of the plantations' registers, we analyze the demographical development in this complex of farms. We demonstrate that, after the 1860s, a broad vegetative growth in those plantations began to develop through a movement that had different meanings to slaves and their owners. Thus, we will analyze the dimensions of slavery reproduction, and its limits, in the two decades preceding the downfall of slavery in Rio de Janeiro's coffee plantations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aimed to discuss the relationship between education and slavery in the Captaincy of Sergipe del Rey, as well as investigate the executrix Anna PaesTelles(1771)to evidence her profile in the seventeenth century society. To understand the legal order that governed the colonial society, we consulted the Philippines Laws (1870), First Constitutions of the Archbishopric of Bahia. (2010). Through these documentary sources, it was possible to go through the 18th century and analyze it under different perspectives. The authors who support this analysis are: Costa (1999), Freyre (1986-1990) Faria (1998), Silva (2008), among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article will seek to reflect on a series of experiences with elementary school teachers from the city of Buenos Aires concerning ideas on slavery and Afro-descendants in the colonial period and during the wars for independence. It is an account of representations that have circulated on these topics in school events, textbooks and instructional materials. Next, the paper focuses on an educational experience aimed at the questioning of those traditions from the production of didactic sequences that considered a multisensory teaching. Thus, teachers appropriated the new knowledge and were protagonists of the curriculum development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we analyze two texts by the Condesa de Merlin that address the topic of slavery and abolition in Cuba published at the height of the abolitionist debates in 1831 and 1841, respectively: Mis doce primeros años and Los esclavos en las colonias españolas. We trace the different positions used by the author to insert herself in a predominantly masculine public sphere and voice her opinion on political matters. In this way, we highlight a shift in her authorial position that moves from autobiography toward the use of the academic essay. At the same time, we aim to question the author's changing stance on slavery and, in particular, the tension generated between the trope of female liberation in Mis doce primeros años and the anti-emancipation argument espoused in Los esclavos en las colonias españolas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a slave, acquiring the legal condition for freedom was one of the first steps needed to reach social mobility in a colonial society. In these processes, the family played an important role by supporting, cooperating and caring for its members. This article addresses the reality of three slave families from the city of San Juan (Argentina) during the second half of the XVIIIth century. The efforts, strategies and resources used by these families to reach freedom for their members are presented in this paper. Based on notarial documents (freedom letters, testaments, notarial certificates) as well as parochial documents, this study reconstructs the path traversed by these families in their longing for freedom. In the processes observed here, there is evidence of the relevance of certain factors regarding to the decision of the families when freeing one of their members, such as the slave-master relationship, or their ability to gather enough economical resources for the payment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slavery was imposed and molded to unprecedented proportions during the colonization of the New World. However, while holding Africans captive did not perturb the European conscience, the slavery of indigenous peoples instead generated intense debate. The aim of this article is to outline the reasons why blacks and indigenous people were legally segregated in their subjection to colonial law. In the case of the indigenous peoples, we analyze the controversy surrounding their release and captivity by focusing on the ideas of the jurists and theologians who came to legally found the colonial domains in the Americas in the sixteenth century, through their establishment of the legal status of the inhabitants of these territories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1862 and 1889, the Brazilian elite perceived international exhibitions as an opportunity to promote and project an idealized image of the "modern nation". By displaying commodities and agricultural products, as well as some manufactured artifacts, Brazil sought to attract foreign investment and immigrants. However, in contrast to its Spanish American competitors at the world's fairs, many of Brazil's exhibits derived from slave labor. To downplay this unpleasant reality before a critical international audience, the exhibition organizers used the "objective" medium of photography to depict their country as overwhelmingly European, focusing on the gradual process of "whitening" through immigration. In addition, a few carefully selected photographs of black people aimed to corroborate the "benevolent" nature of the Brazilian slavery system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By studying coloured people baptism certificates we can see an approximate percentage of black and afrodescendant people in society. The analysis of these certificates saved at the church Inmaculada Concepción in Buenos Aires, shows that this group of people had a great presence in the city. Thanks to the high rate of slavery among black people and the low rate of this condition among mulattos we can observe how the whitening of this sector of the population causes the escape of slaves in some cases. This would mean a rise within the society. This can be proved by the interracial marriages shown in the baptism certificates. Nevertheless, the illegitimacy rates among black people are going to be the highest ones since the mothers of this ethnic group are the ones that appear in the documents as single mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The happy circumstance of tracing the origins of the captain of the slaving schooner Amistad to the Balearic island of Ibiza (known in Catalan as Eivissa) has brought to light unpublished data from Ibizan archives regarding Ramón Ferrer, his brother Damián and other sailors from that island. The latter were Gabriel Matutes, Joan Prats, and probably Vicente Arabí, who joined the Ferrer brothers in illegal slave trafficking in Caribbean waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on presenting three arguments that range from less to more in terms of their radical stance on the current legal definition of person. The contribution of the first argument to this discussion lies mainly with a clarification of terminology. In the second argument, Roberto Esposito, despite considering replacing "someone" with "something" and saving humanity as a result, does not surpass his teacher Simone Weil. She is far more important, thanks to the impact of her personality, her qualities as a writer and her radicalism. In the third argument, Simone Weil provides a demonstration of intellectual power that makes one shudder. Her writing reflects a consistent mind, at times out of reach, but her idea of a "philosophy of the impersonal" is unacceptable. Every human being has impersonal elements, such as language, and personal elements, including their manner of speaking and writing. A world without these two elements is simply inconceivable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the genesis and consolidation of devotion to the holy Ecce Homo in the city of Popayán -- located in the New Kingdom of Granada-- during the second half of the 17th century. It explores the influence of this mystical experience in crystalizing the city's religious feasts and the cultural nuances that permeated this particular invocation. It also describes the relationship of interdependence between the liberty of the free black man Juan Antonio de Velasco and other merchants, slaves, artisans, and the devout public in stabilizing this particular form of worship of the holy one. At the same time that it specifically traces the "life world" of the founder and confrere of the tradition, it calls attention to the imprint he made on this religious ritual in Popayán, "the white city." In addition to these social factors, it also shows the influence that the generalized natural crisis of the 17th century had on the emergence of new brotherhoods, rogation days and forms of devotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What does it mean to represent blacks in XIX Century travel writing? This is the essential proposed question in order to explore the topic. In order to find answers to this question, I will attempt to examine Charles Darwin's travel accounts (1809-1882). This work examines the way in which black communities are portrayed as well as the discursive devices the writer resorts to in order to narrate them. Throughout the study, I will show how the traveler, in his hasty attempt to interpret and describe these populations in his own community, describes and reconstructs them by means of certain recurring strategies of representation mediated by European imagery. The mechanisms that the writer uses to depict the Otherness reveal an ideology imbued with inconsistencies, ambiguities and contradictions that mimic colonial discourse. I will try to analyze this rhetoric by using the theoretical guidelines proposed by David Spurr in his book The Rhetoric of Empire: Colonial Discourse in Journalism, Travel Writing and Imperial administration and Mary Louise Pratt in Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation. Some theoretical key concepts are taken into account throughout this essay in order to classify the scenarios in which cultural encounters take place. Since Darwin is supposed to be an intellectual authority, particular attention is paid to the existing relation that comes into play between his discursive ideas and the role that they play in contributing to think black identity and cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers two key moments in the Dominican War of Restoration (1863-1865), fought against the Spanish reoccupation of the territory after annexation in 1861. The course of the fighting demonstrates how residents of the former republic had a keen sense of regional context. Specifically, Dominicans were acutely conscious of the ongoing threat of slavery that surrounded them and the attacks and reversals of the period in general. Documents reveal that memory of the institution also persisted in the territory itself. New archival research promises to reveal more about popular thought of the era, as well as bonds of connection to citizens (and institutions) in Haiti. The War of Restoration is an example of these connections, exhibiting ideologies of political federation whose roots extend to the beginning of the century. It is a story that connects the radicalism of pan-Caribbean visions of the period of the Haitian Revolution and continental independence to movements at the end of the nineteenth-century and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay argues that the Stoic thesis of natural equality among human beings presupposes a radical reconsideration of the notion of nature, probably inspired on Antiphon the sophist. Even though the Stoics seem to consider the Antiphontean naturalism, focused on bodily faculties, and recognize the "conventionalnatural" classical distinction applied to the difference between Greeks and barbarians, they develop the theory of natural equality toward a theory of justice and natural law that exceeds the identity of nature understood as bodily necessity. The author also maintains that this development is based on the Stoic thesis of familiarization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]