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The current demographic situation in Russia leads to its negative population growth, which makes it necessary for sociologists and psychologists to study the demographic behavior of young people, i.e., their attitudes to family, marriage, and children. Such studies could possibly predict further trends in population reproduction, as well as to choose an effective state demographic policy regarding human capital. The authors studied the image of the future as viewed by young people in relation to their demographic behavior. They systematized various interdisciplinary studies to create a theoretical and methodological background for empirical research that would eventually result in an efficient demographic policy for the region. The interdisciplinary approach demonstrated good prospects. Cognitive studies provided a better scientific understanding of the future envisaged by young people. Sociology and psychology yielded empirical indicators to describe the image of the future. The prospective research scheme included objective and subjective factors behind important life decisions as seen by young people, e.g., health, social, and financial status, as well as local infrastructure, institutional resources, values, locus of control, social and individual well-being, etc. In general, a well-designed youth and social policy might be able to change the productive demographic patterns in young population.

The article examines the specific features of how the interpretation focuses are implemented in the description of a political event by news publications of different ideological bents from the perspective of the cognitive approach. This approach allows to identify factors and cognitive mechanisms aimed at processing information and its interpretation, taking into account the intentions of the author of the news publication. The purpose of the study is to determine the specific features of interpretation focuses in media discourse. The research has established the significance of the factor “friend or foe” and a number of cognitive mechanisms on the basis of which the author’s interpretation focuses are realized. The following cognitive mechanisms are identified: the mechanism of frame recurrence, gradation, repetition, opposition, perspectivization, conceptual metaphor, conceptual metonymy, conceptual metaphtonymy, conceptual comparison. As a specific feature of the implementation of the author’s interpretation focus, it is determined that the author of the liberal publication activates all the identified cognitive mechanisms, and the highest frequency of use is characteristic of the mechanisms of gradation and conceptual metaphor. In general, this author is characterized by a high intensity of negative tonality, which is realized by all identifi ed cognitive mechanisms. The author of a conservative publication does not activate the mechanism of conceptual comparison. It has also been established that the mechanisms of gradation, repetition, perspectivization, and conceptual metonymy are in demand for the implementation of various interpretation focuses. Along with this, cases of joint implementation of some cognitive mechanisms have also been identified. These facts indicate the dynamics of the author’s interpretive activity in media discourse. The prospect of the study lies in the possibility of using the obtained results as a cognitive basis for the formation of interpretation focuses in media discourse on the analysis of other political events, as well as on the material of other languages.

Abstract Background Most patients with cervical radiculopathy improve within the first months without treatment or with non-surgical treatment. A systematic review concluded that these patients improve, regardless of their intervention. Still, many patients are offered surgery, despite limited evidence regarding the indications for surgical treatments. The aim of this article is to describe the intervention that is going to be followed in the non-surgical treatment arm of a randomised controlled trial (RCT) comparing the effectiveness of surgical and non-surgical treatment for patients with cervical radiculopathy. Methods The non-surgical intervention is a functional intervention within a cognitive approach founded on previous experiences, and current recommendations for best practice care of musculoskeletal pain and cervical radiculopathy. It is based on the biopsychosocial rather than a biomedical perspective, comprises an interdisciplinary approach (physicians, physiotherapy specialists), and includes brief intervention and graded activities. The intervention consists of 6 sessions over 12 weeks. The primary goals are first, to validate the patients´ symptoms and build a therapeutic alliance, second, to explore the understanding and promote alternatives, and third, to explore problems and opportunities based on patients´ symptoms and function. Motivational factors toward self-management are challenging. We will attempt shared decision-making in planning progress for the individual patient and emphasise learning of practical self-help strategies and encouragement to stay active (reinforcing the positive natural course). General physical activities such as walking will be promoted along with simple functional exercises for the neck- and shoulder region. We will also explore social activity, comorbidities, pain location, sleep, and work-related factors. The health providers will set individualised goals together with each patient. Discussion The aim of the intervention is to describe a functional intervention within a cognitive approach for patients with chronic cervical radiculopathy. The effectiveness of the present program will be compared to surgery in a randomised controlled trial.

The aim of the paper is to investigate the possibility (1) to harmonize the linguistic multi-level discourse analysis model DIMEAN by Warnke/Spitzmüller (2008) with M. H. Freeman’s (2000, 2006) cognitive approach to literary texts and translation; and (2) to include into the DIMEAN model the notion of subjectification/objectification as proposed by Langacker (1985). For this purpose, the science-fiction story BLIT (1988) of the so-called Basilisk series by D. Langford is to be examined. It is anticipated that the proposed modifications/enhancements of the DIMEAN model will make it possible to better reconstruct the conceptual and linguistic universe of the text under examination. It seems that such reconstruction, to be comprehensive and conducted in a minimally subjective manner, should be done according to clear criteria applied in a well-ordered analysis. The DIMEAN model appears to be well-suited for the purposes of such text analysis since it is clearly organized and provides a comprehensive (yet open- ended) list of aspects. Although the model initially was not designed for a literary text analysis, I share the opinion of Ulla Fix (2016), who, in her article, shows that DIMEAN can successfully be applied to literary texts. The results of the examination show that the proposed mode of text examination allows to identify salient features of the text-world, especially those to be translated, and issues potentially problematic for translation.

Background: Most patients with cervical radiculopathy improve within the first months without treatment or with non-surgical treatment. A systematic review concluded that these patients improve, regardless of their intervention. Still, many patients are offered surgery, despite limited evidence regarding the indications for surgical treatments. The aim of this article is to describe the intervention that is going to be followed in the non-surgical treatment arm of a randomised controlled trial (RCT) comparing the effectiveness of surgical and non-surgical treatment for patients with cervical radiculopathy. Methods: The non-surgical intervention is a functional intervention within a cognitive approach founded on previous experiences, and current recommendations for best practice care of musculoskeletal pain and cervical radiculopathy. It is based on the biopsychosocial rather than a biomedical perspective, comprises an interdisciplinary approach (physicians, physiotherapy specialists), and includes brief intervention and graded activities. The intervention consists of 6 sessions over 12 weeks. The primary goals are first, to validate the patients´ symptoms and build a therapeutic alliance, second, to explore the understanding and promote alternatives, and third, to explore problems and opportunities based on patients´ symptoms and function. Motivational factors toward self-management are challenging. We will attempt shared decision-making in planning progress for the individual patient and emphasise learning of practical self-help strategies and encouragement to stay active (reinforcing the positive natural course). General physical activities such as walking will be promoted along with simple functional exercises for the neck- and shoulder region. We will also explore social activity, comorbidities, pain location, sleep, and work-related factors. The health providers will set individualised goals together with each patient. Discussion: The aim of the intervention is to describe a functional intervention within a cognitive approach for patients with chronic cervical radiculopathy. The effectiveness of the present program will be compared to surgery in a randomised controlled trial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) are now living longer as a result of advancements in pharmaceutical and medical interventions. There is a paucity of research regarding therapeutic interventions to support this population to be independent and participate in life activities that are most important to them. The aim of this case report is to explore the use of the Cognitive Orientation to daily Occupational Performance (CO-OP) approach to support a child with SMA type 1 to achieve their functional and participation goals. This is a retrospective case study. A 7-year-old girl with SMA type 1 received ten 1 h sessions of CO-OP, weekly in the home and community settings with a physiotherapist. Clinically meaningful improvements were found in goal performance and satisfaction on the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) and Performance Quality Rating Scale (PQRS). Despite the progressive nature of SMA, the CO-OP approach was able to support goal attainment. Given medical advances are leading to a longer life span for children with neuromuscular conditions, further research is needed to investigate the efficacy of functional and participation-based interventions, including impact on quality of life and self-efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of virtual education of physics concepts (such as temperature and heat) with a cognitive approach on the academic achievement, cognitive levels of learning, and learning strategies of students. It was a quantitative research with quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test design with two control and experimental groups. The research population included all male students in the 10th year of the experimental sciences field in Mashhad normal schools in the academic year 1400-1401. The research sample consisted of 67 students who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. To measure academic achievement, a researcher-made test was used, and to measure the cognitive learning strategies, the standard questionnaire of learning motivational strategies (Pentrich and DeGroot,1990) was used. Physics virtual education with a cognitive approach was provided for 8 sessions of 90 minutes for the experimental group, and the control group was subjected to conventional virtual education. To check the reliability of the researcher-made academic achievement test and the standard questionnaire of motivational learning strategies, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was computed as 0.74 and 0.76, respectively. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and inferential analysis of covariance were used. The results showed the effectiveness of this educational approach in improving learning, academic achievement and strengthening the learning strategies of students. Based on the findings, it can be said that teaching with a cognitive approach facilitates the formation process of knowledge structure in learners and increases their understanding of educational concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the research of industrial nomination in modern discursive space; the psycholinguistic specificity of discourse in general and industrial discourse in particular is determined; the process of interrelation of language, thinking and reality is identified and analyzed in industrial discourse. The following research is especially relevant in the context of modern linguistics. Industrial discourse is a form of mass communication, a social phenomenon of reflecting reality and a priority guideline of correct life values. Industrial discourse requires to pay attention to nominations. The industrial nomination is a core of any informational, educational, conversational or advertising message. Industrial nominations function, influence, model and subordinate the communicative space to specific laws and rules. Industrial names abound in everyday life. Firstly, industrial nominations find generalization in the speech practice of society, then they enter the common language of all social members and become facts of social consciousness. The following research is based on content analysis and discourse analysis of scientific literature and media publications.

The present study aims at investigating the text worlds of Shirko Bikas’s Chair (2015) based on text worlds theory in cognitive poetics approach. The present study is the application of text world theory on Chair by Shirko Bikas, which is considered an interdisciplinary study between cognitive linguistics and stylistics. This stylistic analysis is not only a cognitive investigation of how to represent the nature of Shirko Bikas’s poetic experience in chair, but also the decoding of the cognitive mechanism taken by Shirko Bikas to make a complete mental image in the reader’s mind. The methodological nature of this study is descriptive-analytic, and the data were collected from Shirko-Bikas’s Chair in a library method, and also, in the selection of the data, it was preferred to refrain from reproducing the full text of chair. The findings showed that at the beginning of the Chair discourse, it has been used from the epistemic-deictic sub-world to express Shirko Bikas’s poetic experience, as well as world-building elements and function-advancing propositions have been used by creating deictic sub-worlds to form a complete mental image in the reader’s mind. IntroductionThe present study was conducted to examine cognitively the text worlds in the text of Shirkoo Bikas's Chair based on the theoretical framework of the text worlds proposed by Werth (1999). The authors seek to demonstrate how the cognitive mechanism proposed by Shirkoo Bakas shapes the formation of a complete mental image in the reader's mind. How is the nature of Shirkoo's new poetic experience in Chair represented? Based on the questions raised in this study, the research hypotheses are formulated as follows: The nature of Shirkoo's poetic experience in the novel poem Chair can be understood based on the theory of text worlds, through the process of constructing deictic-ontological sub-worlds. The cognitive mechanism adopted by this poet for forming a complete mental image in the reader involves expanding and elaborating world-building elements and advance-function propositions, combined with the reader's prior knowledge. Since the text world and the sub-world are structurally equivalent in terms of the elements of world-building and advance-function propositions, the expansion of various sub-worlds provides the reader with more details to construct a mental image.Literature ReviewAmong relevant works on the Text World approach one can refer to Afrashi (2015) Dehghan (2020) and Sadeghi Esfahani (2010). In addition, Golfam et al. (2012) highlighted layers of meaning, and Talaei & Abbasi (2019) explored historical narratives. Gholamhosseinzadeh & Rafaei Ghadimi (2020) analyzed Persian poetry, while Gavins (2001, 2003) dissected novels using text worlds theory. Lahy (2006) focused on place representation in poetry. Whitley (2010) studied Ishiguro's novels, and Halam (2013) applied text world theory to short stories.MethodologyA descriptive-analytical approach was employed, anchored in the theory of text worlds, with data sourced from Shirkoo's Chair using a documentary method. The novel Chair was chosen due to its innovative poetic narrative, supplemented by an interview with Shirkoo. The analysis focused on selective data relevant to research questions, emphasizing Shirkoo's vivid imagination, even in translation. Hypotheses were tested by extracting data into sub-paragraphs for independent analysis. Diagrams illustrating text worlds aided in comprehending the analyses.Theoretical FrameworkThe theory of text worlds is a discourse-processing linguistic theory whose initial proposal was first suggested by an English linguist in a series of articles published between the 1980s and 1990s (Lahy, 2014: 284). The complete theory was then presented in the form of a book titled Text Worlds: Representing Conceptual Space in Discourse after Werth died in 1999. After his death, researchers such as Stockwell (2002), Gavins (2000, 2001, 2003, 2007), and Lahy (2003, 2004, 2006) made significant efforts in the expansion, development, and necessary revisions of the theory of text worlds. The theory of text worlds, as a discourse framework, not only addresses how a particular text is constructed but also how the context surrounding that text affects its production and reception (Gavins, 2007: 8). The first level of the theory of text worlds provides a tool for examining how a spectrum of contextual factors influences the construction and understanding of a specific discourse. These mental representations are known as text worlds. The second level of this theory focuses on this domain of conceptual activity and provides a framework through which one can examine the precise structure and cognitive effects of individual mental representations (Gavins,2003:10). The third and final level of discourse proposed by Werth is the sub-worlds. Sub-worlds emerge from within the text world and represent a kind of realized substitution of the parameters of the text world.ResultsThe narrative of the novel Poem Chair is Kurdish and is narrated in a city which is Sulaymaniyah. The narrator at the beginning of the narrative of the novel poem Chair is Shirko himself, who talks about his characteristics and his poetic experience. In the middle of the narrative, with a change in perspective, Chair becomes the narrator and recounts the story of its life from birth to death. In this work, human characteristics were attributed to the chair; it walked, talked to itself, and interacted with others, being present as an actor on all levels of the text worlds. The examination of hypotheses and answering questions was based on dividing the extracted data into distinct para-discourses that were explored and analyzed in the previous section, and here are the cognitive results presented accordingly:In discourse 1, the reader starts constructing a mental world by using information related to the world-building elements and combining it with their background knowledge. Through this process, they establish the spatial and temporal setting of the world. Then, by providing further details about themselves, they create the first ontological sub-world. In discourse 2, the narrator delved into expressing their poetic experience using a type of referential-cognitive sub-world. The narrator appeared in the guise of poetry to articulate their poetic experience, taking on the form of both a poem and a narrative, transforming into prose and a play as well. In Para-discourse 3, the narrator employed a figurative approach to discuss an abstract concept such as loneliness. Using a metaphor of personification, they attributed a bird-like structure to the concept, as if it were sitting on a chair. In fact, by doing so, the narrator prepared the necessary cognitive framework to introduce a new entity named Chair in the reader's mind. This way, they introduced the previously undefined element of Chair as an object in the textual world of the Chair. In discourse 4, the narrator provides more details about the physical appearance of the chair to give the reader a complete image of it. In discourse 5, the deictic sub-world was implicitly internalized through the use of direct quotations, providing a mental image of the place and characters of the birthplace of the chair to the reader. In discourse 6, the mental representation of the discourse shifted from a static arrangement of objects and entities to dynamic physical movement, emphasizing the impact of expanded propositions in creating a mental image in the reader's mind.

The article determines that digitalization as a trend in the development of the global economy manifests itself to different degrees, although the place of each country in the world community depends on the degree of impact of digitalization on the national economic and social environment. Studies of the impact of digitalization on the development of countries’ economies are extremely relevant, as digital technologies are becoming a central element of modern economic development, affecting the productivity, efficiency and competitiveness of countries at the global level. The aim of the article is to build a model of the impact of digitalization factors on the economic development of the countries of the world using the cognitive approach. For this purpose, an appropriate methodical approach has been proposed and its approbation has been carried out. The world ranking indices for assessing the level of digitalization were used as indicators of digitalization, and the indicators of the development of the economies of the world countries were used the indicators characterizing GDP, gross value added, employment, production and trade in goods and services of ICT and computer communications. The World Bank’s World Development Indicators were used as a statistical information base. On the basis of the developed methodical approach, a cognitive model of the impact of digitalization factors on the economic development of the world countries has been built, the ties between the factors have been analyzed and conclusions have been drawn about the interdependencies between them. It is determined that an effective strategy for managing digitalization processes to increase the development of the country’s economy should include the development of innovative potential through the support of research and innovative start-ups, the expansion of digital infrastructure, especially in the field of telecommunications and mobile connectivity, increasing readiness for the introduction of new technologies through educational programs and training of qualified personnel, and the development of e-governance to ensure broad access to digital public services. Such measures will contribute to increasing productivity and growth of added value in production and services, which will lead to GDP growth, ensuring sustainable economic growth and quality of life of the country’s population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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В статье представлен анализ метафор, используемых руководителями и сотрудниками организаций, для выявления особенностей их самопредставления и профессиональной идентичности. На основании теорий когнитивной лингвистики, теории габитуса Пьера Бурдьё, социолингвистики, критического дискурс-анализа проведен опрос руководителей и сотрудников различных организаций (336 человек), позволяющий членам коллектива оценить свою социальную роль в организации через метафору. В результате исследования были выявлены ключевые категории организационных метафор (лидерство, командная работа, самооценка), представлена типология метафор с позиций когнитивистики. Осуществлен анализ метафор в корпоративной культуре в отношении эмоционального отклика и самоидентификации, социокогнитивных аспектов корпоративной культуры. Проведенное исследование организационных метафор позволяет понять, как руководители и сотрудники воспринимают и интерпретируют различные аспекты своей работы и профессиональной среды, а также с какой степенью они принимают или ассимилируют корпоративную культуру.

Purpose. The article is devoted to the topic of formation functional literacy of secondary school students which is relevant in modern sociocultural conditions. The subject of analysis is the most effective methods and technologies of formation the students’ functional literacy. The author aims to present the main directions of management of the formation and assessment of functional literacy at the regional level (on the example of the Samara region). Methods and methodology of the work. The research is based on the cognitive paradigm of education. The basis of the research is the cognitive approach and the corresponding principles of humanity and socio-consciousness. Results. The results of the work are that the management of the formation and assessment of functional literacy at the regional level (on the example of the Samara region) is based on the coordinative actions of head of the educational organization, teachers, parents, as well as student’s psychological readiness to form functional literacy. The author makes the assumption that it is necessary to develop methodology and tools for the formation and development of criteria for assessing students’ functional literacy. Practical implementations. The results of the study can be applied in the field of basic general and secondary general education.

Copyright of Revista Jurídica (0103-3506) is the property of Revista Juridica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This scientific article explores the cognitive aspects of English fishery terminology, aiming to uncover the intricate relationship between language and cognition. Fishery, as a specialized domain, exhibits a rich set of terms that enable effective communication and knowledge transfer among professionals in the field. While linguocognitive research has been carried out in various fields, the fishery terminological system has received limited attention. The cognitive approach emerged within the framework of cognitive linguistics considers terms as lexemes that model the world and reflect special knowledge. By analyzing the cognitive processes underlying the formation and comprehension of fishery terms, the study uncovers the cognitive mechanisms shaping language use in this sector. The article presents an analysis of the fishery concept's structure, hierarchy, and organization using methods from cognitive linguistics, focusing on its core, nuclear zone, and periphery. The study of the terms used to denote fishery in the cognitive aspect involves the selection and description of its key concepts, the identification of their main categorical features, the unification of identical concepts into categories of this field of knowledge. The results emphasize the importance of understanding how cognitive mechanisms influence the development and use of fishery terminology. The findings have implications for language teaching, communication in fishery-related industries, and the development of domain-specific terminology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To create an immersive experience, it is not important to have a plethora of stimuli for different sensors, but to have their coherence, or in other words, multi-sensory integration. This coherence becomes the necessary basis for immersing oneself in a story, a game, a movie, or any other experience. Sound plays a key role in creating such an experience, both by accompanying the action and emphasizing the narrative flow, and as an independent actor that takes a central role and directs attention. The aim of the paper and poster is to explore the means by which sound can influence immersion in computer-generated virtual environments and the psychological mechanisms involved in the musical induction of emotions. The main question to be answered is how these techniques and models can be used to create a sense of immersion. The first part of the article examines immersiveness itself. The second part is devoted to the practical aspects of sound design for immersive technologies, describing the tools and techniques used to create realistic and compelling soundscapes. The third part touches briefly on the psychological mechanisms behind the induction of musical emotions. Taking a holistic view of these components and using them to reveal each other is how sound can create a sense of presence and place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The task of urban development is to synthesize resource flows and create adequate anthropological conditions for the implementation of rational programmes and plans for the revitalization of urban spaces. Turning to the essence of the methodological principle of relativism, which consists in the absolutization of relativity and conditionality of any knowledge, and, consequently, restricts the description of the object of research to their immanent properties, the presence or absence of the latter ensures the priority not only of integrity, systemic reality over individual parts, but also of development over preservation. In other words, urban development should be regarded as a managerial functional of expanded reproduction (capitalization) of urban assets in its modern development. In relation to the city, it is also important that the material should not dominate and cannot be considered in isolation. The property of the integrity of urban space creates the basis for the realization of the advantages of systematicity and prioritization of development goals. The preservation of real estate objects over time allows us to study the dynamically changing parameters of real estate and the logic of urban development, reflecting the meanings of urban life, transformations of production methods, challenges and overcoming, values and preferences. A comparative analysis of the causes of emergence and factors of the development of settlements in Russia and Europe shows the similarity of evolutionary trends. At the same time, the study of natural conditions, specialization and peculiarities of mentality of the population of different countries, urban planning traditions allow us to identify common features and differences in the urban development of cities. The close relationship between urban development and the socio-economic development of the city has a dual nature of interaction, determined by historical periods, which are essentially discrete projections of each other. It is proved that urban planning activities affect the social and economic life of the country in the long term. The problems of maintaining a balance between opportunities and needs in the social, financial, cultural and environmental aspects of urban development lead us to the need to determine the vector of sustainable development. It is generally accepted to carry out the processes of real estate conversion in historically developed cities within the framework of the Redevelopment Concept. The change in functionality and operational characteristics is currently subordinated to the logic of the market economy, i.e. the support and multiplication of cash flows at all stages of the life cycle of real estate. The decision on the degree of construction and architectural intervention is subordinated to these motives. Targeted focus on solving social problems significantly changes the conceptual foundations of redevelopment, giving them a social focus on creating a comfortable living environment. In this regard, emergency housing, mothballed or abandoned real estate are subject to not just repurposing, but literally “revitalization”, i.e. recreating conditions for comfortable human habitation. In terms of the theory of sustainable development, this means the revitalization of the living space. According to the author, the term “revitalization of urban space” corresponds much more to the targeted focus of National Development projects.

A discourse-based approach to understanding security has been explored in the study of International Relations, yet how other agents rather than the political agents speak to conceptualize the emotive appeal in unconventional security issues is less discussed. This corpus-based cognitive critical discourse study examines security by combining the International Relations' theory of securitization with the proximization approach in Critical Discourse Studies. As a case study, texts concerning Confucius Institutes on the National Association of Scholars' official website from 2014 to 2020 were collected to discuss how the threat is constructed discursively and cognitively for an endeavor to influence the public and the political decision-making process. The corpus was further divided into two sub-corpora in order to expose the difference in their cognitive construction of Confucius Institutes. The findings show that the American academia delivers a bottom-up securitizing move by constructing education security discourse on Confucius Institutes in the initial process, yet later the whole-of-society security narratives interacting with a top-down securitizing move from the political agents have been adopted. As indicated by the corpus statistics, the concerned discourses are discursively constructed by following the "Self-Other" dichotomy security narratives, in which Confucius Institutes are cognitively transformed from an academic issue to a national security issue and legitimized through proximization in the spatial, temporal, and axiological dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study. The article discusses the research and further development of modern cyber-physical systems of the Internet of Things (CPS IoT). Researchers in the field of psychology, logic, lin- guistics, philosophy, for the study of artificial intelligence, used many different models of this phenomenon of “man”. Currently, the search for new approaches continues. One of the interesting approaches lies in the development of the application of cognitive mechanisms that a person uses in solving everyday tasks. The application of methods of gestalt processing of states of the CPS IoT worldview is considered to solve an ever-expanding range of tasks. Hybrid or, as they are also called, combined models can be used for gestalt processing to solve various tasks of cyber-physical systems of the Internet of Things related to forecasting indexes of the functioning of socio-economic systems. To do this, you can use a long-known approach to hybrid- ization, the essence of which is to split the entire set of initial data into subsets of initial data. The main stages of gestalt processing and one of the initial stages – the formation of a need are shown. The significant moments of the organization of interaction of CPS IoT modules with the environment are presented. In the demo example, the CPS IoT of the estate museum is considered. The main elements of the formation of the need for CPS IoT in organizing and conducting excursions are described.Materials and methods of research. To solve problems within the framework of gestalt processing of CPS IoT, new methods and developments of specialists in the field of intelligent systems are re- quired. Hybrid, combined models can be used for gestalt processing for various tasks of cyber-physical systems of the Internet of Things related to forecasting indexes of the functioning of socio-economic systems. You can use a long-known approach to hybridization, the essence of which is to split the entire set of initial data into subsets of initial data. It is possible to use gestalt processing within the framework of a holistic approach when splitting into subsets of the initial data - clusters. The cognitive approach uses sensory images, concept-representations, concept-scenarios and gestalts. The CPS IoT gestalt can be considered as one of the approaches to solving modern problems within the framework of Industry 4.0 technology. The article describes intelligent cyber-physical systems using methods of gestalt processing of their states - a picture of the world. Approaches to the use of needs and one of the many approaches to the formation of the needs of cyber-physical systems of the Internet of Things are considered.Results. Within the framework of the cognitive approach, con- cepts-representations of CPS IoT for arising (emerging) needs and their fixation are proposed. After fixing the need, as the main stages of its formation, the following are highlighted: concretization of the event, collection of relevant initial data for the need; formation (folding of perceived information) of the gestalt: checking the state of the necessary elements, searching for resources in the environment; organization of contact with the environment. These stages of the formation of the need relate to CPS IoT of any nature and are fo- cused on any tasks of the Internet of Things. It is advisable to save scenarios for the formation of needs for possible reuse in the future. The demo example shows an example of the formation of a need for CPS IoT during an excursion.Conclusion. The article considers a cognitive approach related to the use and development of intelligent cyber-physical systems for the Internet of Things and the Internet of everything. The main stages of the formation of the need for CPS IoT are considered. The implementation of the proposed approach, the development and use of gestalt concepts will allow reflecting CPS IoT with new emergent properties.

The cognitive and linguocultural aspects of metaphor implementation in Russian linguoculture are considered on the basis of figurative words and expressions in sports discourse. The novelty of the study lies in revealing the fact that more and more new conceptual areas are involved in presenting sporting events and building communication with reader: various terms of IT technologies, the world of TV series and computer games, while new stable systems of comparison begin to form: “sport” — “virtual computer world”, “sport” — “series”. The relevance of the study is confirmed by the use of terms from computer games and TV series that help to form an assessment of events or persons in the world of sports. It is noted that the study of metaphors is of great importance not only for the study of various types of discourse, but also for understanding the algorithms for mastering the picture of the world. At the same time, it is recognized that the main regular metaphors of sports discourse are based on the interaction of such conceptual areas as “sport” — “war”, “sport” — “show”, “sport” — “labor”. It is clarified that the focus of this article is on new conceptual areas that enrich and expand human understanding of sports

Virtual reality-guided imagery (VRGI) and mirror therapy (MT) have been used in isolation to treat patients suffering from different injuries. However, no attempts have been made to understand the effects of combined VRGI and MT added to conventional physical therapy, and no information exists regarding perceptual responses to these rehabilitation strategies in female football players. Thus, this study aimed to examine the effect of MT added to conventional rehabilitation on psychological readiness and perception of pain in ACL-injured female football players. Thirty ACL-injured female football players competing in the 2nd and 3rd Italian tier who underwent an ACL rehabilitation program from the same clinic participated in this study. Players were randomly distributed in an MT group (n = 15) and a CON group (n = 15). All participants reported their perception of pain on a VAS before and after the interventions and their psychological readiness to return to sport after ACL injury and reconstruction surgery on the ACL-RSI scale after the intervention. An independent-sample t-test was performed to assess between-group differences in post-intervention ACL-RSI, and a further independent-sample t-test to assume non-significant differences between VAS values before the intervention. A two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to test the null hypothesis of no different change in VAS over time between groups. After the intervention, the MT group perceived largely greater psychological readiness (p < 0.01). MT and CON groups experienced a large reduction in VAS after the intervention (p < 0.001). However, a small time × group interaction was observed (p = 0.023). MT reported a greater perception of the psychological readiness of the soccer players and a lower perception of pain than those who performed conventional therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Предлагаемая статья представляет собой продолжение исследования проблемы верификациилингвокультурологических построений, связанных с анализом культурно значимого понятия успеха. Основная задачастатьи – применить на практике методологические соображения автора относительно возможностей и ограниченийдефиниционного анализа и продемонстрировать интерпретационный потенциал анализа словарных дефиницийлексемы успех в русском языке в когнитивном контексте. Материалом для анализа послужили словарные дефинициилексемы успех в толковых словарях дореволюционной, советской и постсоветской эпох, которые нагляднодемонстрируют варьирование семантического представления лексемы успех. Анализ основывается на сравнениилексикографических описаний и направлен на выявление семной структуры слова. Семное описание рассматриваетсякак информационная база для интерпретации с точки зрения особенностей восприятия и осмыслениясоциокультурного явления успеха. В результате семного описания и когнитивной интерпретации каждого лексико-семантического варианта реконструируется и описывается в нарративном виде инвариантное значение слова. Онопредставляет собой когнитивную модель высокой степени абстракции, обладающую прототипическим эффектом, тоесть связывающую всю сеть системно-языковых значений слова и лежащую в основе контекстно-обусловленных иличностно-ассоциативных словоупотреблений. В статье также уделяется внимание верификации результатовдефиниционного анализа лексемы успех посредством системного методологического подхода, суть которогозаключается в установлении общих семантических закономерностей на разных этапах комплексного семантическогоанализа понятия.

Teacher talk plays an important role in second-language classroom interaction. Studies are informed by multiple theories and yet could be classified under two general approaches, i.e., cognitive and social. The two approaches provide different but complementary perspectives on the role of teacher talk in interaction, with a focus on either learners' cognitive change or their social participation. A conversation between them is called for in the academic field to understand their interdependent relationship as well as the loss and gain in the respective approach. However, the conversation is difficult to launch because the cognitive and social approaches have developed distinct perspectives on what constitutes language and how learning evolves, leading to seemingly incompatible descriptive paradigms. With reference to systemic functional linguistics (SFL), this article argues for reconciling the two approaches in the following aspects. First, the meaning-oriented view of language in SFL expands the learning scope beyond language forms and offers both approaches an angle to reconsider the focus of the interaction. Second, the semiotic view of learning in SFL blurs the boundary of cognition and language use and provides a perspective for understanding the mediated role of language in the cognitive and social processes of learning. Finally, the functions of scaffolding in teacher talk revealed by SFL based on a linguistic analysis may not only enrich the description of each approach but also enable findings across the two approaches to be comparable. It is anticipated that SFL would create new spaces for the conversation between the two approaches.

The present study aims to study the elements of the worlds of text in the story The ancient story or historical novel by Hedayat. This study was conducted using Text World Theory (1999) to identify the elements of the worlds of text based on three semantic layers of the discourse world, text world, and sub worlds. The results revealed that the writer has used the element of "time" to create suspension and narrates the story at different times so as to keep the audience in suspension, despite the fact that characters, places, and objects are completely clear and no suspension is observed; also demonstrated that role-advancing propositions used in the text world of this story are mainly descriptive since the writer must describe in order to induce the image and the addressee must illustrate for the purpose of communication. Also, in terms of the sub worlds, the locative hint is not so bold; instead, the writer focuses on the time. Findings showed that we can analyze hidden aspects and layers using the model of the worlds of a text.

The article contains a critical review of modern problems of Universal Grammar theory by Noam Chomsky. It examines the origins of the theory, the process of its development, the transition to the ‘Second Cognitive Revolution’ and some recent objections to Chomsky’s hypothesis about the innate status of our knowledge of language.

Purpose of the study. The aim of the study is to create and develop modern cyber physical systems. The evolution of cyber physical systems (CPS) is associated with the development of a cognitive approach within the framework of the application of mechanisms used by humans to solve their daily tasks. In the cognitive approach to working with cyber physical systems, gestalt is considered as one of the ways of solving modern tasks within the framework of the new Industry 4.0 technology. In the cognitive approach a simple task is considered for cyber physical systems of the Internet of Things (CPS IoT) with gestalt processing. When investigating such a task for a simple cyber physical system, it will be possible to use a gestalt with a simple structure. The complication of the task and structure of gestalt can occur with the development of CPS IoT. The article examines an intelligent cyber physical system of the Internet of Things using methods of gestalt processing of their states - a picture of the world, while solving various problems of the Internet of Things.Materials and research methods. To solve tasks within the framework of a cognitive approach to the construction and development of cyber physical systems, new methods and developments of specialists in the field of intelligent systems are required. In the context of Industry 4.0 technologies, the Internet of Things the gestalt processing of CPS IoT is considered. Within the framework of the cognitive approach sensory images, concept-representations, concept-scenarios, concept-gestalts of cyber physical systems are used to interact with the real world. It is important to use concept gestalts that can reflect CPS IoT with new emergent properties. CPS IoT gestalt refers to a certain state of the cyber physical system and its habitat, which occurs when a need arises and closes after the need is satisfied. The main task of gestalt processing for a cyber physical system is to satisfy its needs. The solution to this problem includes: the organization of the collection and the direct collection of the necessary elements for the formation of the gestalt, and later for its closure; the formation of the gestalt; the closure of the gestalt. For the accumulation of experience, its use and development, it is proposed to use machine learning methods. Machine learning results can be presented in the form of concept representations, concept scenarios.Results. The concepts-gestalts of CPS IoT, gestalt processing of CPS IoT are proposed within the framework of the cognitive approach. As the main stages of gestalt processing, the article highlights: - preparation of initial data for the formation of the need for CPS IoT: - formation of an imaginative perception - a picture of the world, including the current state of CPS IoT and necessary for the closure of the gestalt; - formation of gestalt; – formation of initial data for planning the control actions necessary for closing the CPS IoT gestalt; - implementation of control actions to close the CPS IoT gestalt; - saving the gestalt processing scenario for possible reuse in the future. These stages of gestalt processing relate to IoT CPS of any nature and are focused on any tasks of the Internet of Things. The demo example shows the use of gestalt processing for CPS IoT with a simple model without training.Conclusion. The article discusses the cognitive approach that refers to the use and development of intelligent cyber physical systems for the Internet of things and the Internet of everything. A method related to the gestalt processing of CPS IoT situations is proposed, which allows recognizing a need, and forming of a gestalt. Based on the generated CPS IoT gestalt, control actions are planned to close the CPS IoT gestalt. The implementation of the proposed approach, development and use of gestalt concepts will allow to reflect CPS IoT with new emergent properties.

There have been few studies that highlight the use of metaphor in political discourse and election, but none of those studies focus on the election abstention –known in Indonesia as Golput phenomena- and the discussion of the intertwined components in metaphor. This research aims to investigate various metaphor components in the metaphorical description used to describe the abstention during the Indonesian election 2019 within the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980). Kovecses (2003) highlighted components of metaphor are also used to examine the essential components of conceptual metaphor in the use. The sources of data were from five foreign media reports that discuss the Indonesian issue of election abstention. The result shows there few essential components that can be revealed behind a metaphor such as the importance of mental image, cultural context, and highlighted elements in metaphor that contribute to the metaphorical function and interpretation

The article is aimed at a brief overview of the three basic lines of the cognitive approach to phraseological studies in Russian linguistics: modelling the concepts, represented by phraseological units, applying the theory of frames to the analysis of the formation of phraseological semantics, and interpreting the conceptual foundations of phraseological semantics against the cultural background. The most significant characteristics and variety of the three lines of research are determined; herewith the connection of these lines with one another is stated. The relation of the lines of cognitive approach to the paradigmatic and syntagmatic studies of phraseological signs is established. The article reveals the dominance of synchronic-diachronic view of the semantics of phraseological units, taking into account their etymology and the actual motivation, as well as their usage in the text. In conclusion, the prospects of the studies of phraseological units within the framework of cognitive linguistics are stated.

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The present study aims at investigating English lexicon polysemy within the cognitive approach to study the way based on which Persian language learners learn English lexicon with the concepts used in cognitive linguistics such as, prototype, polysemy, categorization, etc. The nature of the methodology used in this qualitative research for studying the meanings of English lexicon is a descriptive-analytic method. After the semantic analysis of the English lexicon based on the model of Dirven & Verspoor (2004), it was found that the meanings of the lexicon are classifiable based on theoretical procedures on cognitive semantics. The authors are trying to show the cognitive concepts in cognitive linguistics can be used for teaching English lexicon. The findings, generally, showed that the unconscious knowledge of learners in learning the cognitive structure of the meanings of the lexicon has a meaningful relationship with learning. The results also revealed that the lexicon has a semantic network semantically, in which the notion of core or prototype is located in the center of the semantic network and the rest of the meanings can be examined as the peripheral meanings of a lexicon.

The purpose of this article is to define the communicative functions which monologue speech performs; to describe the characteristics of monologue speech; to show psychological approaches for building up a monologue-story. The following theoretical methods of the research were used to solve the tasks formulated in the article: a categorical method, structural and functional methods, the methods of the analysis, systematization, modeling, generalization. The results of the research. We distinguish the main psychological approaches which help pupils to understand English texts. The first one is the approach of Hermeneutics. It sees in the interpretation of the subject perceiving the novel, which is based on the imagination and intuition of the recipient, which allows him / her not only to reveal the author’s idea, but also to feel the process of creating the text. General theoretical backgrounds of hermeneutics and the approach to understanding as the actualization of reflection will be presented in our further articles. The process of understanding how to build meanings occurs by actualizing reflection, the most important source of the person’s experience that allows a person to improve his / her personality. The next approach is psycho-linguistic. We proved that the comprehension of the text was directly connected with the understanding of the person’s speech. We formulated the main aspects, which in subsequent psycholinguistic and cognitive studies were explained in the following aspects: 1) the activity basis of speech, such as its extralingual characteristics; 2) internal speech or universal subject code; 3) the concept of meaning and significance. Conclusions. The main for building up a monologue-story is a cognitive approach. The defining feature of the cognitive approach for the study of comprehension was the position that language was only a small part of the holistic phenomenon that speakers are trying to learn. The process of cognition is based on the complex interactions of memory processes, physiological characteristics of a man, his / her knowledge of the world, the social context of utterances, ways of interaction of all the activities of the individual in general and the organization of all types of knowledge in particular. The cognitive approach characterizes two main factors: 1) shifting the attention of researchers from the object (a text) to the subject («Me – the speaker»; «Me – the listener»; «Me – the reader»); 2) shift of the person’s attention from clearly identified micro-units, which are considered in isolation, to units with a high degree of complexity. In the first case, the understanding of speech is considered as a constructive activity of the subject, carried out on the basis of his / her knowledge; in the second one, involving more complex units for comprehension analysis instead of relatively simple messages. Accordingly, along with the text, the object of the activity, we try actively studying the subjects-speakers (listeners / readers) processes. The movement from meaning to sense determines the very process of understanding, in which we identify several integrated stages that have semantic independence: a psychophysiological perception of a physical sign (a word, color, spatial form); a recognition of meaning (as «a friend» or «a stranger»); understanding its recurring (general) meaning in language; understanding its significance in the specified context (near or far); active-dialogic understanding (agreement – disagreement), such as the evaluative moment in understanding.

Formulating regional development goals stands out as an important part of the state regional policy, which in its essence has a purposeful character reflected in the state’s permanent influence on the socio-economic development of the country's regions. Analysis of modern research on the issue has shown urgent need to deepen the theoretical foundations and toolkit for solving problematic situations in the regions, the latter being the purpose of the study. The theoretical basis to enable setting the goals (goal-setting) for regional development is substantiated. It is proved that the cognitive approach is among the most powerful tools for studying poorly structured systems and situations, and the expediency of using fuzzy cognitive modeling to form regional development scenarios and solve problematic situations present in the relevant regions is substantiated. A special algorithm to carry out structural analysis of socio-economic regional development and to form a fuzzy cognitive model has been designed. Using this algorithm, a fuzzy cognitive model of socio-economic development of Ukraine’s regions has been formed. Pulse modeling based on the fuzzy cognitive model of socio-economic development of Ukraine’s regions by the self-development scenario is carried out. Scenario modeling has been implemented as for raising the strategic goals level of socio-economic development in the Kharkiv region on the basis of pulse modeling. The expediency of introducing a criterion showing the total impact effectiveness of certain scenarios exerted on goals achievement topical for the Kharkiv region is analyzed. It is substantiated that this criterion should be based on weighted additive convolution of the growth rate as for the level of target factors relative to the self-development scenario. The scenario modeling of the Kharkiv region socio-economic development based on the cognitive model formed in accordance with the approach mentioned above shows that reaching the top level of the region’s goals requires implementing development scenarios based on the effective growth of the region’s scientific potential and its combination with other domestic potentials.

This article is devoted to the consideration of cognitive principles that justify the concept of introducing knowledge about ethnic variants of the German language into the educational process. The presented problem is relevant in connection with the need of modern society in personnel possessing cross-cultural communication skills, including the use of relevant language structures reflecting language variability. The dynamics of national language contacts encourages the development of methodological foundations for teaching linguistic and cultural differences at the lexical level. The stated topic involves consideration of the mental processes that determine the assimilation of language knowledge and their use in communication. The aim of the work is to formulate the cognitive principles of pluricentric knowledge assimilation in the framework of the intercultural competence formation. In the linguistic part of the work, the methods of comparative and conceptual analysis are used in the study of factual material. The didactic component of the study is based on the awareness of the learning process from the standpoint of cognitive processes responsible for the processing and assimilation of various types of information. The use of logical methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as the method of observation implemented in the course of experimental work, made it possible to create a pluricentrically-oriented concept of teaching German. The pluricentricity of the German language is realized in the existence of the Austrian and Swiss national variants. As a result of the study, the cognitive principles of introducing knowledge about German language variants into the educational process were formulated: consideration of the importance of the transition from the sensory stage of cognition to the rational one and the need for the formation of individual cognitive models and strategies that optimize the assimilation of territorial differences. The set of exercises and tasks developed in the course of the experimental work includes language, adaptive and real speech exercises and tasks aimed at the formation of cross-cultural competence within the framework of the development of lexical skills.

Many scholars argue about the possible influence of drugs on the mind of the prophets practicing Apolline divination in Ancient Greece. Laurel has been one of the first subjects analysed in this regard, as the Pythia reportedly chewed laurel leaves before uttering oracles. However, previous analyses conducted have revealed that the bay leaf lacks the chemical substances to alter the state of a human mind. In this paper, I argue that the laurel did nevertheless have the power to influence the Pythia’s mind thanks to its agency. My aim is to demonstrate the cognitive impact of the laurel on divinatory practices, due to its symbolical and evocative properties in the context of divination. The use of the laurel in divinatory practices is analysed in relation to the procedure at the sanctuary of Delphi in the Classical period. The methodology followed makes use of a cognitive approach that considers both the object affordances and the human neural response to them. These aspects are subsequently set in the correct cultural and ontological background, widely relying on primary sources. The article concludes that, despite the modality being different from the one proposed in the past, the laurel had a strong impact on divination through its evocative and symbolical properties. At Delphi, its evocative properties were fundamental for a successful divination.

Propositional frame-based modeling is one of the most effective methods of cognitive linguistics. This method considers the interaction between the semantic and cognitive aspects of units of two typologically different languages, e.g. Russian and Chinese, in order to study the way language structures and reflects human knowledge and experience. Propositional structures are the same for all languages, but they are implemented differently in every language. The authors used the propositional frame-based analysis to identify universal and specific aspects in the semantics of proverbs based on frame father – son, which is an important fragment of the Russian and Chinese linguistic world view. The cognitive potential of paroemiological units is enormous: proverbs reflect historical, cultural, linguistic, and extralinguistic cognitive experience. Cognitivists define experience as one’s knowledge about stereotypical situations, stored in one’s mind as frames. A frame is a collection of vertex ("top") and terminal ("low") components. Vertex components are formed by concepts that are valid in relation to the stereotypical situation of the frame. As a result, they are clearly structured and constant. The "low level" is not constant, and its terminals are variable. The semantics of the proverbs in question were represented by frames. The meanings of their components formed a common and complex situation. Knowledge about this situation made it possible to perceive the meaning of each proverb in a holistic way. The proverbs could be interpreted as units that activate a certain cognitive context about the content and structure of the concepts father and son in Russian and Chinese.

The paper examines views of the President of Finland Martti Ahtisaari on the development of the Russian-Finnish relations in 1994–2000. This issue has been thoroughly studied by both Russian and Western scholars, both in terms of bilateral relations and within a broader framework of Finland’s foreign policy in a post-bipolar world. This paper, however, attempts to address the issue from the perspective of a cognitive approach. According to the author, this approach may not only provide insights on the models of thinking of M. Ahtisaari, who played a key role in the formation of Finland’s foreign policy in 1994–2000, but also to reassess the dominant views by placing them within a new theoretical framework. To this end, the paper provides a cognitive mapping of a sample of speeches and articles written by the President of Finland in 1994–2000. The author identifies the most significant and pronounced themes specific to M. Ahtisaari’s foreign policy discourse, and establishes causal links between them. On that basis the author creates a cognitive map which in turn makes it possible to detect the central causal line: a set of closely related themes and ideas which provided a general framework that defined president Ahtisaari’s views on policy towards Russia. The subsequent analysis of the cognitive map reveals a hierarchical system of the key objectives and determinants in the M. Ahtisaari foreign policy agenda setting. The cognitive mapping shows that during M. Ahtisaari’s presidency the main goal of Finland’s foreign policy towards the Russian Federation was to promote peace and security in Europe in general and in the Northern Europe and the Baltic Sea region in particular. In that regard special attention was paid to the Northern Dimension programme. It was considered as a primary means of the EU-Russia rapprochement aimed at enhancing political dialogue and increasing economic cooperation between them, as well as at promoting reforms in the post-Soviet Russia.

The article examines the strategic action of activists who shape the policy community of territorial discussion in Brazil highlighting the role of ideas and the experience contributed by these actors in the federal government that began in 2003, culminating in with the formulation of the development policy of rural territories. Among the different theoretical perspectives, we chose to use the interface of US and French. Among the different theoretical perspectives, we chose to use the interface of North American and French contributions, the public policy community and the cognitive approach, respectively. The article brings together the trajectories, experiences and ideas of the actors who participated in the management of the Secretariat for Territorial Development (SDT) in PT governments, researchers on the theme of rural development and representatives of social movements. This information was collected through in-depth interviews, research on newspaper sites and reading of the minutes of the National Council for Sustainable Rural Development. The main conclusions indicate that these militants, when integrating the policy community responsible for the adoption of a new global framework, decisively influenced the foundations and outlines of public policies for rural development in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to study the elements of the worlds of text in the story The ancient story or historical novel by Hedayat. This study was conducted using Text World Theory (1999) to identify the elements of the worlds of text based on three semantic layers of the discourse world, text world, and sub worlds. The results revealed that the writer has used the element of "time" to create suspension and narrates the story at different times so as to keep the audience in suspension, despite the fact that characters, places, and objects are completely clear and no suspension is observed; also demonstrated that role-advancing propositions used in the text world of this story are mainly descriptive since the writer must describe in order to induce the image and the addressee must illustrate for the purpose of communication. Also, in terms of the sub worlds, the locative hint is not so bold; instead, the writer focuses on the time. Findings showed that we can analyze hidden aspects and layers using the model of the worlds of a text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to investigate the metaphorical description of abstention during the Indonesian election 2019 in foreign media news by analyzing the source domains and various metaphor components found in the metaphors. Lakoff's and Johnson's theory is used for revealing the beliefs, attitudes, and ideology behind metaphors. Kövecses' idea (2003), which highlights, the components of metaphor, is also used for examining the essential components in the metaphors analyzed. This study is a qualitative study. It examines five foreign media reports on abstentions in Indonesian elections, which are used as the data for this study. The findings show that the essential components behind the metaphor are mental images, cultural contexts, and elements highlighted in the metaphors. They contribute to the metaphorical function and interpretation. The metaphors that illustrate the electoral abstentions are used for pointing out beliefs, attitudes, and ideologies in several sub-domains that describes the expectations of the results and the reasons of the non-voting groups, which also trigger their voting actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of research. The aim of the research is to form modules of organizational and technical systems (OTS) using a cognitive approach to solve problems of adaptation of cyberphysical systems. Currently, there is a rapid development of elements of the Internet of things. New tasks related to self-organization and adaptation in a rapidly changing external environment are brought to the fore. These tasks occur when new elements appear in the telecommunications computer network, they fail, change the mode, new tasks occur, etc. To work out these tasks, the possibilities of approaches to support and decision-making such as situational, cognitive, and semiotic are considered. The authors consider the cognitive approach in more detail. Within the framework of the cognitive paradigm, the article describes the use of the cognitive approach for solving problems of adaptation of cyberphysical systems. To solve this problem on the basis of an agent-based approach, the structure of a cyberphysical system with the possibility of adaptation is presented and the functions of its agents are described. The main stages of solving problems of adaptation of cyberphysical systems are presented. An adaptation algorithm using the planning mechanism is presented. The demo example shows a knowledge base for solving the problem of adapting cyberphysical systems using a cognitive planning mechanism.Materials and methods of research. New approaches and methods are required to address adaptation issues in planning. The cognitive approach is one of the developing directions in solving many problems of the Internet of things. One of these tasks is the ability to adapt OTS modules in a rapidly changing external environment based on the planning mechanism. To solve the planning problem, we use the algorithm described by Aristotle more than 2,350 years ago and implemented in the GPS program. This algorithm can be considered the first description of the cognitive mechanism that a person uses. The knowledge base uses an integrated approach to knowledge representation. When developing OTS modules, an agent-based approach was used to solve the problem of adaptation.Results. The existing and developing approaches and methods for decision support and decision-making are considered for decisionmaking in newly emerging situations in OTS modules. The main provisions of such significant approaches as situational, cognitive and semiotic are presented. A cognitive approach to the adaptation of intelligent systems is proposed. The solution of the problem of adaptation of cyberphysical systems is considered within the framework of the cognitive paradigm. The structure of a cyberphysical system capable of solving adaptation problems is shown. The functions of OTS modules based on agent-oriented technology are described. A description of the adaptation algorithm using the cognitive planning mechanism is given. The main stages of solving problems of adaptation of cyberphysical systems are presented. A demo example of solving the problem of adaptation by a cyberphysical system-a cooking robot – is shown.Conclusion. Using the modular architecture of an intelligent system allows you to solve many problems. One of these tasks is to configure elements of the Internet of things when they deviate from their main function. The planning mechanisms proposed for parametric adaptation can be repeatedly applied in OTS modules as separate agents. This approach is relevant for elements of the Internet of things. In the case of expanding the functionality of the OTS modules of Internet of things, it is advisable to apply machine learning with fixing the results in the knowledge base of planning agents.

The article is devoted to the theoretical base of consideration of toponyms through the prism of cognitive and linguistic traditions. The author studies the advisability of introducing the terms "cognitive toponymy" and "cognitive toponym" and, after conducting a comprehensive analysis of domestic and foreign scientific literature on the topic, shows that, in general, researchers are careful with terminology in a cognitive toponymic context, preferring to replace the collocations "cognitive toponymy" and "cognitive toponym" by descriptive constructions. The article substantiates the conclusion about their necessity in an onomastic terminology system and puts forward proposals for the formulation of the definition of these terms. The author makes assumptions about the goals and objectives of cognitive toponymy as a science. The close connection between the scientific and cognitive approach and toponymy is supported by examples.

The article considers the conceptual basis of synonyms estimate, appraisal, assessment as a way of revealing their potential in combinations with adjectives. In the meaning of these synonyms there is a common sense “evaluation”, however, there are certain deep meaning components which should be taken into account when these synonyms go with adjectives. This article suggests the conceptual analysis of the given synonyms as a way of characterising their syntagmatic relations. Revealing characteristics of concepts ESTIMATE, APPRAISAL, ASSESSMENT leads to bringing to light all possible interactions of synonyms’ meaning and adjectives’ meaning in syntagmatic relations. The conceptual-definitional analysis is a major method of investigation which allows to study what is in common and what is different in the use of the given synonyms. They go with temporal and evaluative adjectives, as well as with adjectives of space semantics and those which denote an accurate, exact and complete performance. The independence of an estimating, appraising and assessing person and his/her licence or status as well as his/her interest are also important. Focusing on different conceptual characteristics leads to the differentiation of the given synonyms in their combinations with adjectives. The results of the case study support the proposed approach and can be regarded as a practical guide for the analysis of other synonyms’ syntagmatic potential, developing the linguistic competence of translators, teaching English as a foreign language and business advertising.

Extremism is one of the most pressing problems threatening the social and political stability of the state. The methodology of his research should include various approaches that allow us to identify the legal, social and cognitive aspects of extremist manifestations. The conclusions formulated should reflect the internal and external prerequisites for the emergence of extremist ideas, an organized form of activity, the presence of a structure, countermeasures and methods of rehabilitation of participants. Existing constructive methodological approaches and research methods of extremism are revealed in modern science. Extremism is presented as socio-political phenomenon, the illegality of which is determined by the state, based on the socially dangerous nature of the committed actions. Extremism is understood by society as deviance, given the nature of deviations from normative behavior. The article analyzes methodological approaches, the combination of which, in our opinion, is productive in the study of extremism. The degree of possible application of these methods is characterized. It is necessary to refuse to recognize the pathology of the personality of extremists as a criterion for studying because of the formation of erroneous and biased opinions. Cognitive approaches allow us to consider the behavior of extremists as rationally motivated, due to the normal functioning of the psyche and the corresponding cognitive biases. Socio-anthropological approaches help to determine the goals and objectives of the activity, the functional distribution of status roles, the specifics of behavior and thinking patterns, the characteristics of ideological attitudes, as well as the reconstruction of everyday life and social rituals. Mathematical and statistical methods help to identify patterns that can be measured, calculated, and predicted, such as the number of participants, the degree of involvement, and the level of radicalization of society. Important methodological principles include neutralizing the research position, evaluating the results objectively, and taking into account the historical and socio-political context. The methodology based on a combination of different research approaches allows developing an adequate system of counteraction against extremism and deradicalization of participants in extremist organizations.

The International System is traversing a challenging stage in its evolution. The United States should carefully consider the risks of an idiosyncratic leadership and closely work with their European partners, securing a world order based on the norms of multilateralism and democracy. Still, the US President Donald Trump unveils an approach based on emotional and synchronous elements. As a matter of consequence, the EU is considering other geopolitical alternatives to accomplish its goals and deliver the best outcome to the people it serves and for global prosperity. The paper investigates the very specific psychological factors influencing Trumpian political thinking and justifying his corresponding foreign policy decisionmaking processes, in the current transatlantic environment. By contextual examples, the analysis reveals the sensitivities and flaws in applying a subjective, belief-based approach of international (bilateral) relations. We put things into a broader perspective, by analysing the implications of such political behaviour patterns for the international liberal order, in the circumstances of the more and more prominent geopolitical triangle: the EU–China–the US.

A new cognitive approach is proposed for understanding the texts of planimetric tasks and for visualizing the task conditions to complement the syntactic-semantical sentence parsing. Two main difficulties in understanding texts of plane geometry tasks are observed: the ellipticity and vagueness of texts. To overcome the difficulties in understanding the task conditions it is proposed constructing cognitive models of objects and relations between them. The proposed cognitive approach is incorporated in an integrated system for automatic solving planimetric tasks with the natural language interface. The interactive visualization has been developed in the system. It depicts the syntactic and semantic structures as a result of natural language text analysis and searching for task solution. This visualization allows the users to obtain explanations associated with any elements of the images and to correct the tasks’ texts in dialog with the system. The destiny of the system is to serve for training schoolchildren in the domain of Euclidean geometry. The cognitive approach proposed can be a first step to automated analyzing plane geometry texts, in perspective, as a cognitively controlled parsing.

Purpose of research. The aim of the study is the use of cognitive technologies for the formation of speech dialogue management models. At present, for the development of the Internet of things, the expansion of communicative opportunities for their interaction, it is important to improve speech dialogue management models in many areas. The need for dialogue can arise between cyber-physical systems, between a person and cyber-physical systems, between users, developers, and administrators. The speech dialogue management models covers many issues related to processing a speech signal, semantic analysis, understanding the meaning of speech, using cognitive mechanisms for interaction, and some others. A special place among them is occupied by the problem of building a speech dialogue between users, developers, and cyberphysical systems. This article is devoted to the consideration of the use of speech dialogue management models of intelligent systems, as well as users, developers, administrators.Materials and methods of research. New approaches and methods are required to solve the problems within the framework of the Industry 4.0. The industry 4.0 concept represents a variety of technologies, including the creation of cyber-physical systems, a variety of different protocols for their interaction. One of its main directions is the Internet of things. Cognitive mechanisms associated with the formation and application of concrete sensory images, concepts-representations, concepts-frames are used to solve the problems of model formation. To form the abilities and speech skills for the communicative activities of the participants of the interaction within the framework of the Industry 4.0 concept, the methods associated with mastering foreign language technologies were used. The ultimate goal of their use is to achieve the ability to master spontaneous speech in both everyday and professional situations. Mastering a foreign language involves the use of cognitive technologies, which allows you to develop the structure of mental operations.Results. Some features of the formation of a voice dialogue management model for intelligent systems and the preparation of interaction participants in the framework of the concept — users, developers, and industrial system administrators – are considered. The application of cognitive mechanisms for organizing and using the model of speech dialogue management is shown. The use of conceptual representations and scripting concepts in intelligent systems allows us to develop the structure of the world model. The application of cognitive mechanisms for training interaction participants, within the framework of the Industry 4.0 concept, improves their training by improving understanding of the material being studied by building logical connections and a mental model of the material. Using concepts allows you to build mental models of your own thoughts. At the end of all mental operations, participants in the interaction acquire the ability to form speech dialogue management models.Conclusion. The use of cognitive technologies makes it possible, both for intelligent systems and for interaction participants, to use generalized static structures of concepts, situations, and dynamic structures for real and mental operations. The active use of such structures makes it possible to better understand the current situation and successfully formulate and use voice dialogue management models for solving problems arising during the development of the Industry 4.0 concept.

The paper sets out to investigate the interplay between image and text with reference to chosen cognitive models in order to pinpoint the image of distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. The bilateral nature of memes will be discussed in relation to the cognitive linguistics framework, in particular the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) (Lakoff and Johnson 1980, Kovecses 2002, Forceville 1996, 2008, 2009), Frame Semantics (Fillmore 1988) construal (Langacker 1987, 2008), blending theory (Fauconnier and Turner 2002), Discourse Viewpoint Space (Dancyngier and Vandelanotte 2017).