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This article examines letters and study guides sent by philosophical faculties of Nazi universities to soldiers enrolled in correspondence courses during World War II. These educational media were produced during a severe paper shortage brought about by autarky and the wartime Nazi economy. I consider the conditions surrounding paper production and soldiers’ learning materials to depict how the media circulating between universities and the front demonstrate evidence of material scarcity and economic exploitation. The brevity of the messages indicates that these media had been adapted to the material economy of the war and a scarcity of time. As I show, knowledge of the humanities was brought to the front via these media; at the same time, knowledge of an ideology was created that integrates the extraction of resources from a war of conquest into a version of German history—resources that were also required to maintain distance learning itself. The article contributes most directly to studies on the media and material practices of academic teaching and to the history of science and scholarship in the Nazi era. It also builds on recent studies on how the work of the sciences and humanities are reliant on supplies of natural resources.

This article has been written in response to Alexander Maxwell’s paper published in this issue of the Historický časopis. Based on an in-depth reading of Ludevít Štúr’s Nárečja slovenskuo alebo potreba písaňja v tomto nárečí, it is here demonstrated that the author of the mentioned paper creates an erroneous interpretation of Štúr’s term nárečja, when equating it with the modern term dialect or nárečie. What present-day linguists call dialect was by Štúr unambiguously denoted as rozličnorečja. Moreover, it is evident from Štúr’s Nárečja slovenskuo that Štúr cannot be regarded exlusively as a Pan-Slav (in the sense of an advocate of the All-Slav idea), since at the same time he was not only a Slovak patriot, but also a Pan-Humanist.

The article aims to find out how the census of 1701–1703 took place in the Kolomna diocese and to establish who took part in the practical conduct of the census events organized by the Monastery Order during the initial stage of the church reform of Peter I. The main attention is paid to the study of entries on the sheets of the census books of the Kolomna Episcopal House and monasteries of the Kolomna diocese.

This study focuses on the student towards paper implementation 3 subject of history. This study use where survey research design as many as 50 from respondent 4 in School orchid, Cheras, chosen by gregarious sample and use instrument in obtaining quantitative data. This research using Social learning theory Albert Bandura, theory of constructivism and also Bloom's Taxonomy model. Data analyzed by using Excel Microsoft software 2010 (Statistic pack) 2.0 (SPSS). Finding of correlation analysis show there is a significant relationship between student attitude approach with students’ knowledge towards paper of 3 history subject (r, =.846=, n=50, p

El presente artículo pretende ser una primera contribución al conocimiento de la fabricación, comercialización y uso del papel como materia scriptoria en la Castilla bajomedieval. El estudio del caso burgalés a través de la abundante y variada documentación de su archivo catedralicio ha permito identificar la importancia de su judería como centro productor de papel «hispano-árabe». Aunque la mayoría de la documentación medieval que se conserva está escrita en pergamino, paulatinamente desde fines del siglo XIII y en el siglo XIV el papel se convierte en el soporte principal. Al mismo tiempo, se utilizó otro tipo de papel, importado desde el sur de Francia, que testimonia las estrechas relaciones comerciales y políticas de ambos reinos.This article is an initial attempt to study the manufacturing, commercialization and use of paper as a material of support for script in Late Medieval Castile. Through abundant and variegated records in the Cathedral archive, the Burgos case study has enabled us to identify the importance of its Jewish Quarter as a producer of the type of paper know as «Hispano-Arabic». Even if the majority of medieval documents are written on parchment, gradually from the end of the thirteenth century and especially from the fourteenth century on, paper becomes the main material on which they are written. Furthermore, a different type of paper from the south of France was also used, which testifies to the close political and trade relations which existed between the two kingdoms.

This article examines a lineage of retrospective images that portray Maximilian I as armored Archduke of Austria and Duke of Burgundy, riding a horse that is clad in impressive plate armor from its head to its hooves. These artworks, which span the sixteenth century, participate in the early modern cultures of remembrance that surround Maximilian’s knightly persona and posthumous mythos. The central image of the study is a drawing, created during the 1540s, that is bound into the so-called Thun-Hohenstein Album. This drawing synthesizes two earlier paintings, now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna, that represent triumphal entries into the cities of Namur and Luxembourg in 1480. A later image, created in Augsburg around 1575, exactly parallels the drawing in the Thun album, which it may copy. Careful consideration of these images, their meanings and their different contexts of creation and reception, as well as the equine armor that they depict, demonstrates the persistent significance of armor in the early modern cultures of remembrance of the Holy Roman Empire. +++ Dieser Artikel untersucht eine Reihe von retrospektivischen Bildern, welche Maximilian I. als geharnischten Erzherzog von Österreich und Herzog von Burgund auf einem eindrucksvoll ausgerüsteten, von Kopf bis zu den Hufen gepanzerten Pferd reitend zeigen. Diese Kunstwerke, welche allesamt aus dem sechzehnten Jahrhundert stammen, nehmen an der frühneuzeitlichen Erinnerungskultur um die ritterliche Rolle Maximilians und an den posthumen Mythen um seine Person teil. Im Zentrum der Überlegungen steht eine Zeichnung, welche um 1540–1550 datiert und im sogenannten Thun-Hohenstein-Album gebunden ist. Diese Zeichnung kombiniert zwei frühere Gemälde, gegenwärtig in der Sammlung des Kunsthistorischen Museums Wien, welche zwei Triumphzüge durch die Städte Namur und Luxembourg im Jahre 1480 darstellen. Ein späteres Bild, entstanden um 1575 in Augsburg, zeigt dasselbe Motiv wie die Zeichnungen im Thun-Hohenstein Album: Es könnte sich demnach hier um eine Kopie handeln. Eingehende Untersuchungen zu diesen Bildern, ihren verschiedenen Kontexten und Bedeutungen, sowie zu den dargestellten Rossharnischen können die kontinuierliche Bedeutung von Rüstungen in der frühneuzeitlichen Erinnerungskultur des Heiliges Römischen Reiches demonstrieren.

History educationalists internationally agree on describing historical thinking and learning on the basis of narrative theoretical models. However, it is striking that there is often a significant difference between rigorous, demanding theoretical and normative expectations, and disappointing empirical results. In the context of the student dissertation project presented here, a substantially wide range of essays has been chosen. More than 1,100 essays from history students between the ages of 7 and 21, with an average length of 33 pages, provide the foundation of this research project. Considering the amount of relevant data (the essays, and submissions using other genres) involved, we developed as a methodological evaluation tool a mixed-methods approach with an explanatory three-phase design (QUANT – QUANT/QUAL – QUAL). This paper presents theoretical and methodological approaches drawing upon examples plus exemplary results of the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of student essays. Thus, we present for discussion the potential of the research field for mixed-methods research.

Aquest text, que té el seu origen en la ponència que vam presentar al simposi internacional Fonts gràfiques i documentals per a l’estudi històric dels hospitals (abril 2013), pretén oferir un petit mostrari de la informació que es pot extreure i les conclusions que se’n deriven, de la consulta directa de les fonts documentals de l’antic hospital de la Santa Creu de Barcelona. El punt de partida de la nostra recerca s’emmarca en els mateixos orígens històrics d’aquesta centenària institució, és a dir, l’albada del segle XV. En aquest sentit, bàsicament hem fet servir els llibres d’entrades de malalts i d’expòsits, un minutari comptable i uns manuals notarials del quatre-cents i d’èpoques posteriors, conservats a la Biblioteca de Catalunya i a l’Arxiu Històric de la Fundació de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau. El nostre propòsit no és fer-ne un estat de la qüestió, ni esbossar una història de la pobresa barcelonina, ni tampoc plantejar una visió comparativa de les institucions hospitalàries, senzillament, després de reflexionar sobre el tema, mirarem de dialogar amb les fonts i que siguin elles les que parlin. Procurarem, en el possible, sentir la veu dels pobres del passat, però sense oblidar que la pobresa no és propietat exclusiva dels temps medievals.

Con el término de la Guerra Fría en 1989 y el consiguiente declive de la URSS como un contendiente serio, así como la caída de Japón como otro posible contendiente, otras dos regiones, Estados y potencias comenzaron una nueva contienda. Una de ellas es Estados Unidos cuyas fortunas y perspectivas parecieron declinar después de 1970 pero se recuperaron en los 90; y aun así es un tigre de papel. La otra es Asia del Este, a pesar de su crisis post 1997, y especialmente China –el dragón fuerte-. Este artículo analiza las claves económicas y geopolíticas que orientan las estrategias de ambos contendientes. El examen de la economía mundial y del lugar predominante que tiene en ella Asia del Este, permite encontrar las bases fundamentales de los desarrollos económicos en la región y además presagia otros importantes desarrollos económicos mundiales en un futuro previsible._______________ABSTRACT:With the end of the cold war in 1989 and the subsequent decline of Russia as a serious immediate contender, as well as the decline during the 1990s of the hype of Japan as 1, two other regions, states and powers came into contention. One is the United States whose fortunes and prospects seemed to have declined after 1970 but recovered in the 1990s; and even so it is a Paper Tiger. The other is East Asia, despite its post 1997 crisis, and especially China -the Fiery Dragon-. This article analyzes the economic and geopolitical keys that orient the strategies of both contenders. The examination of the world economy and of the predominant place in it of the East Asian points to the most fundamental bases of contemporary economic developments in the region and also presages important world economic ones for the foreseeable future.

In her relation Grażyna Pytlak recounts how she got engaged in opposition activities. Already in 1976 she started cooperation with the Workers’ Defence Committee, the result of which was, among others, the distribution of illegal books and press in Gorzów. Moreover, Grażyna Pytlak took part in the meetings of Academic Chaplaincy organized by Rev. Witold Andrzejewski. Simultaneously with the creation of the Independent Self-Governing Trade Union ‘Solidarity’ she started working in union press, including most importantly ‘Solidarność Gorzowska’, where she fulfilled a function of editor-in-chief. On December 13, 1981 she was interned. After being released in March 1982, not paying attention to her poor health, she renewed contacts with underground structures of ‘Solidarity’. She continued to write for the underground press. Her texts were published, among others, in the periodical of the Regional Executive Commission entitled ‘Feniks’. However, she was not limiting herself to opposition circles in Gorzów. She was in contact with Jerzy Giedroyc’ Literary Institute ‘Kultura’ in Maisons-Laffitte. She was also meeting people connected to ‘Tygodnik Powszechny’. Her opposition activities came at a price of ruined health as well as numerous frisks. Although she often wondered if it is worth putting herself and her loved ones at risk, she never hesitated. She has become for many the symbol of the underground press in Gorzów as well as the whole Gorzów opposition.

In the early twentieth century, Grand Rapids, Michigan addressed a major political scandal, which was the tipping point of municipal politics in Grand Rapids between politics rooted in personal connections and those centered on business-like administration. However, reform moved slowly, hindered by the social and spatial relationships of the élite. Using digital tools in a digital history seminar shaped my analysis of these personal and spatial relations. As a vital step in my research process, the construction of a digital project not only informed my written argument, but also fundamentally shaped it. It also reveals the importance of small scale digital research projects, made accessible through the use of open access tools, in the ultimate widespread adoption of the digital humanities.

Edward Palmer Thompson (1924-1993) foi um dos mais importantes historiadores do século XX. Em 1988, foram publicados os The Sykaos Papers, um livro de ficção científica acerca das angústias de uma era nuclear, mas, também, uma declaração de amor (e de direitos) a certo planeta azul. Este artigo objetiva apontar alguns elementos e aspectos desse romance. Um objetivo mais geral poderia ser a análise a partir dos escritos de Thompson da prática literária mesma, e das fronteiras e interseções entre essa prática e a “lógica histórica”. A principal fonte desta análise é o poema My Study, escrito em setembro de 1973.

The text aims to analyze the strategies adopted by The Chamber of Olinda regarding the use of pecuniary legacy under its guard, belonging to the orphans of the captaincy of Pernambuco, without the prior royal authorization, which smote the provisions of the doctrine and legislation, notably what the Philippine Ordinances (1603) refer to. Also throughout the text, the reflections seek to reveal the close relationship between the historical and paleographic knowledge to the writing of history in the temporality of colonial Brazil in its political and administrative side.

This paper presents a proposed process of making Philippine Holy Week sacred images from clay, plaster, and paper fiber instead of the more precious wood from the country's shrinking forests. This paper theoretically established the durability of the product and environmental soundness of this alternative process compared to the traditional wood carving or the more recent resin casting by thoroughly describing this alternative process by understanding the notion of durability based on the traditionally preferred woods among santeros, by understanding the conservation status of these preferred woods, and by undertaking comparative calculations of the environmental impacts of the productions of the three current alternatives. This paper is significant because it proposes a sustainable way of assuring the continued existence of the Filipino cultural tradition of making and presenting Holy Week images.

This article is partly concerned with defining the history of history exhibitions in Australia as a field of enquiry. Its specific departure point is the notion that the use of archival documents within exhibitions repays historical examination. I discuss how documents have been selected for and used in exhibitions at the Australian War Memorial between 1922 and 1954. The Memorial’s collections began with the acquisition of archival records, and from the beginning, archives were fundamental to of the development of the institution and the exhibitions in it. I argue that documents were used to legitimise the historical interpretation the Memorial offered in its exhibitions. I also contend that words on paper had a power of their own to evoke visitors’ imaginings and memories.

This paper examines changes and trends in tributary gifts (pangmul 方物) sent by Chosŏn regular envoys to the Ming Emperor during the 15th and 17th centuries. First, pangmul items sent by the Chosŏn to the Ming were partially inherited from the Koryŏ era. Second, it examines how King Sejong’s 1429 request that the Chosŏn court pay its tribute by means other than gold and silver led the court to offer specialty goods as tribute instead of precious metals. It then moves on to explore how economic scarcity resulting from the Imjin Wars of 1592 led Chosŏn pangmul to be composed mostly of folding fans and stationery items such as paper (kyŏngmyŏnji, paekmyŏnji, and oil paper), inkstones (hwayŏn), ink (chinmuk and yumaemuk) and writing brushes (hwangmopil)–the dynasty’s common, major export goods. After the war, the Chosŏn dynasty regained stability and returned to its pre-war pangmul practices. However, the pangmul were not completely fixed and showed tentative patterns, going back and forth between the practices of the 15th century and the new circumstances of the 17th century. In short, this paper explores how pangmul practices were not completely fixed, and how contingencies such as the war and the changing landscape of manufacturing in 16th-century Korea influenced the composition of Chosŏn pangmul.

Background. The activity of justices of the peace as authorities in the counties of England during the Tudors and the first Stuarts, although considered by historians, have not yet been studied, which is noted in the research. By the materials of Nathaniel Bacon, who was the justice of the peace of the Norfolk county, one of the little-studied aspects of the activity of justices of the peace is considered, namely their part in the formation of marine crews for the Royal Navy. Materials and methods. Using the case-studies method, observing the principle of historicism, and the method of analysis and synthesis, various documentary and narrative sources available in the collection of N. Bacon fore the period 1580–1620 are analyzed. Results. An analysis of the sources showed the degree of participation of the justiceof the peace N. Bacon in the recruitment of sailors in the fifteen hundred of Norfolk county at the end of the 16th century and in 1620. His financial expenses fore these purposes and some other administrative actions are noted. The quantitative and personal date of people recruited into the Royal Navy are also determined. Conclusions. In addition to his participation in the socio-economic issue of local life, N. Bacon Was directly involved in the recruitment of sailors for the Royal Navy, using state’s funds. It was an episodic activity, but it required the justice of peace to personally visit the towns and villages of the county, accounting for state’s funds, maintaining contacts with both the constables of the hundreds and the officials of the Crown. The royal authority was pleased with his work in this regard. Without the participation of justices of peace, it is unlikely that officials of maritime department would be able to quickly recruit marine crews.

The study is focused on the policy of the pre-revolutionary (tsarist) government of Russia in the field of issuance of paper currency in view of situation around the First World War. Against the background of major historical events and the economic situation general analysis, the article reveals the reasons for the changes in the currency issuing policy in Russia, identifies and traces the consequences of this policy in the view of changes in the financial system, as well as in the transformation of money circulation. It is proved that, recognizing the participation in the war as an emergency requiring significant financial reserves the government was forced to prohibit the exchange of banknotes for gold, and to give the State Bank the right to additional issue of currency. Based on the statistical data analysis, it is found that the repeated extension to the State Bank of the right to issue non-gold-covered paper currency not only provided Russia with a source of funding for the war, but, together with other factors, led to inflation. The main goal of the study is to confirm that the change in Russias approach to currency issuance in connection with participation in the war and focusing on budget deficiency coverage by issuing money became one of the main reasons for the subsequent crisis phenomena and processes occurred in the country's economy. The study is based on regulations and statistical data of the considered period involving the work of leading economists of the beginning of the XX century, containing information about the liquidity creation policy in Russia during the years of its participation in the First World War. The paper concluded that the change in the liquidity creation policy in Russia and its continuation in the course of Russias participation in the First World War was due only to the need to reimburse the financial costs caused by participation in the War. At the same time, such policy subsequently led to a disorganization of currency circulation and the entire financial system, negatively affecting the economy of the country as a whole.

The Chinese Exclusion Act passed by the Cape parliament in 1904 was one of the first pieces of legislation promulgated in the southern region of Africa where a particular 'racial group' was singled out, documented and discriminated against. Although it had trans-oceanic antecedents and tapped into this global anti-Chinese sentiment, unlike the Chinese exclusion legislation elsewhere, the Cape exclusion legislation targeted the entire Chinese 'race'. This article proposes to trace the application of this unwieldy registration system and show how the small Chinese community was registered, identified, monitored and hounded both on paper and on the ground until well after the repeal of the Act three decades later. Through an analysis of these paper records, the article intends to elucidate the nature of this imposition and consider what they tell us of the Chinese it was imposed upon and how they responded. It also proposes that, while the Act was formulated for exclusion, ironically for just under 1,500 of the Chinese resident at the colonial Cape it eventually warranted a double inclusion, one in the form of a certificate of exemption and hence domicile - albeit with perpetual surveillance and scrutiny - and the other as part of the archived historic record.

This article examines the ways in which the voluminous archive of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) controlled, constructed and delimited the presence of slaves in the paper world of the VOC empire. The extensive paper archive of the VOC recorded slaves in ways which matched the concerns of the administration, such as enumeration in census returns and as objects for inheritance or sale in estate inventories. Nonetheless, historians have been able to uncover considerably more information about their experience and agency. Much detail is provided in criminal and (to a lesser extent) civil judicial records, which explains the emphasis on individual and collective resistance in the slave historiography of the 1980s. More recently Cape historians have adapted techniques of reading across the grain in order to explore the mentalité and cultural worlds of Cape slaves. However, the VOC archive was not only a record of the ruling classes. Slaves also used writing for their own purposes, either in alternative networks of literacy in Asian languages or by turning Dutch papers into documents for their own advantage, some of which has found its way into the official documents. The combination of these records with oral traditions and community memories have enabled Cape historians to transcend the apparent silence of the official archive.

The period between the publication of the Balfour Declaration in 1917 and League of Nations mandates official assignment to Great Britain in 1922 was not lengthy, but highly eventful. All this time England was maneuvring between the Jewish and the Arab national movements, which also gradually formed their own demands and objectives. The problem was, pursuing British interests was possible through maneuvring only, as support of just one local force was not quite strategically advantageous. Britains official commitment to the Balfour Declaration remained at the core of its policy, however it could not completely ignore the demands of the Arab polutaion of Palestine. Although there were quite a number of British administrators and imperial politicians, who were sympathetic towards the Zionist cause and thus were ready to meet their requests to a certain extent, adherence to the British Middle East interests remained crucial to them. The idea of a Jewish national home (not a state, though) in Palestine did not come into contradiction with the general policy of Great Britain in the Middle East: it was rather its integral part. At the same time implementing the Zionist project had to be in line with it: any relatively radical (from the British administrators point of view) proposals were rejected or postponed indefinitely. Towards the Arabs of Palestine Great Britain was conducting mainly declarative policy without any serious consideration of their problems and grievances, although trying to appease their demands to a certain extent. Even the Arab riots of 1920 and 1921 did not cause a serious change in the British political course in Palestine, although they did contribute to the emergence of Churchills White Paper in 1922, declaring certain concessions to the Arab national movement, which never accepted the document. At the same time British policy in general was neither pro-Zionist, nor pro-Arab: England was pursuing its long-term strategic goals in the Middle East, skillfully utilizing Zionist and Arab national movements to achieve them.

This article explores how Demitrios Tsafendas subverted the apartheid regime's immigration system designed to keep out people like himself: those with a history of madness and of what could be seen as impure racial origins. What makes this so remarkable is that, after 20 years of illegal immigration, deportation and stays in mental hospitals, Tsafendas not only circumvented South Africa's identity paper routines, he succeeded in assassinating the man credited as the architect of the apartheid state system. For the apartheid government, what was at stake was how Tsafendas managed to get into the country. The assassination of Verwoerd exposed the irrationality at the core of a racial order maintained by a repressive network that included one of the most efficient security police forces in the world. Since no breach of state security could be found, the answer was sought in the failure of a bureaucracy, known for its excessive recordkeeping, to keep efficient track of the life of the assassin. The article also demonstrates the coexistence within the apartheid state of two technologies of power, and the tensions and contradictions that arose when the methods of a dictatorial police state were used against one section of the population to defend the interests of another. The commission of enquiry into Verwoerd's murder exposed the fault lines of a bureaucratic apparatus overburdened by processes designed to shore up an insecure whiteness.

For a better knowledge of the economy but also of the editorial enunciation it is convenient to ask about the role of the different actors that cooperate in the manufacture of the book. Of all of them, perhaps the less known and taken into account are the printers, bookbinders and paper stockists. The analysis of the situation of the book arts in Madrid at the end of the 19th century and of the documentation provided by the printing presses of Aguado, Gómez Fuentenebro and López del Horno and two paper warehouses in relation to manufacturing, between 1896 and In 1913, about a hundred books for the Gregorio del Amo Catholic bookshop in Madrid allow a more precise idea of the technical, economic and even aesthetic dimension of their respective contributions.

W artykule zaprezentowano informacje o odkrytym w 2015 r. w katedrze gnieźnieńskiej licznym zbiorze dokumentów papierowych z XV i początku XVI w. Jak wskazuje wstępna inwentaryzacja, powstał on w związku z działalnością konsystorza gnieźnieńskiego i składają się na niego m.in. mandaty oficjałów, pisma procesowe pełnomocników stron czy zeznania świadków. Najlepszą analogię do znaleziska stanowią znane z archidiecezji Canterbury i York kolekcje tzw. cause papers. Tekst zamyka edycja sześciu przykładowych dokumentów. The paper presents a large collection of paper documents from the 15th and early 16th centuries, discovered in Gniezno Cathedral in 2015. Initial analysis shows that it originated in connection with the activities of the Gniezno consistory and contains, among other items, mandates of officials, process writings of plenipotentiaries of sides in court cases or testimonies of witnesses. The best analogy for the finding are the collections of so-called cause papers known from the archdioceses of Canterbury and York. The paper ends with editions of six sample documents.

This article aims to present how paper-folding activities were integrated into recreational mathematics during the 17th and the 18th centuries. Recreational mathematics was conceived during these centuries as a way not only to pique one’s curiosity, but also to communicate mathematical knowledge to the literate classes of the population. Starting with Leurechon’s 1624 Récréation mathématique, which did not contain any exercise concerning paper folding, we show how two other traditions—Dürer’s folded nets on the one hand and napkin folding on the other hand—prompted and influenced the integration of folding within subsequent books and manuscripts, especially those of Georg Philipp Harsdörffer and Daniel Schwenter. In Germany, but also to a lesser extent in France, folding was henceforth re-conceptualised within recreational mathematics as a way to transmit geometrical knowledge. Following Harsdörffer, the paper will claim that practising folding activities enabled the acquiring of a geometrical knowledge, which was haptic rather than symbolical or merely visual. This tactility reflects the Baconian conception of science and scientific experiment; and the paper will try to illuminate how folding, by advancing practice and tactility via experiments, was representing these traditions and conceptions.

A lo largo del presente trabajo se analiza el desarrollo de la diplomacia regia y la contribución de algunos eclesiásticos, a lo largo de los siglos XIV y XV, en Castilla. A través del análisis de la aparición y desarrollo de algunos oficios de la corte con especial relevancia para la diplomacia, así como del análisis de algunos casos un tanto especiales de eclesiásticos al servicio regio en embajadas, se ofrecen algunas respuestas y otras preguntas para la futura investigación del funcionamiento y organización de la diplomacia castellana.

General Pedro Aurélio de Góes Monteiro, morto em 1956 foi Ministro da Guerra no governo de Getúlio Vargas. O texto discute, a partir dos documentos pessoais do general, principal ator dos eventos políticos do período de 1930 a 1945, no Brasil

The presence of Spanish and Portuguese Jews in several Caribbean locations, such as Barbados, Curaçao, Suriname and Jamaica, has been studied by numerous scholars. However, the recent finding of hundreds of letters in the UK National Archives conveys a deeper understanding of these communities, settled there in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Besides allowing direct access to correspondence concerning the existing networks, these primary sources provide insights into the everyday life, trade and fears of these Jewish settlers, who were under surveillance in the period of the Anglo-Dutch wars. These letters, written either for personal or professional purposes, also offer relevant data for the study of individual and collective experiences in correlation with historical events. This article is part of the special theme section on Portuguese Jews in Europe and the Caribbean, 17th-18th Centuries, guest-edited by José Alberto Tavim.

Great Britain had been entrenched behind the myth of a golden isolation which seemed destined to outlive the deep changes in the geopolitical balance of Europe between 19th century and 20th century. For this reason, Great Britain has always been considered unconnected with the political project of a European union. However, it was the British political philosophy itself that made a significant contribution to the development of the pro-European thinking, helping to create a broad consent in favor of a European federation. The paper intends to examine the relationship between Britain and the cause of European integration and to investigate, with a peculiar attention, the case of Federal Union – the first political movement in British history to ever advocate the cause of a union of European democracies between 1938 and 1940.

The following is an expanded version of an interview with Marcus Rediker, a shortened version of which was first published in Pittsburgh City Paper. This new version also includes additional material supplied by Marcus Rediker.

The weekly review «L’Uomo Qualunque» was the most popular newspaper in Italy in the second postwar. Created by a Neapolitan playwright, Guglielmo Giannini, it was the voice of the discontent of the middle classes and strongly opposed the CLN governments and the antifascist political parties. The paper aims to provide analysis of the use of satire in the newspaper. It focuses on the section named «Le vespe», in which Giannini used jokes and humorous anecdotes to criticize the transition from fascism to democracy; in particular the epuration, the political system and its personnel.

This article analyzes and typifies all production referring to the International Brigades and “Brigadistas” in the current context of recuperating the historical memory of the Spanish Civil War. This includes historical, literary, political, sociological, journalistic, film and museum outputs. We treat the historical sources with the same scientific rigor and objectivity as that of the experimental sciences, and we have come to diverse conclusions concerning the complexity of these sources such as the fact that the contents of the historical sources do not present any real difficulty in their internal coherence and relationships, despite the subjectivity that characterizes them. We propose another method of analysis that differs from the technical and systems analysis of other areas of knowledge such as psychology and mathematical statistics. We are constructing our own research methodology, designed specifically for historical sources. Our goal is to achieve complete accessibility for all sources through digital systems and the Web and thus guarantee research and teaching and, above all, ensure the recovery of the collective memory of the Spanish Civil War and its protagonists.

Este trabajo tiene por objeto el estudio y análisis diplomático de las filigranas o marcas de agua y contramarcas de papel, teniendo en cuenta el valor diplomático que presentan las mismas. Estas se hallan impresas en las hojas de papel encontradas en los documentos de la Junta de Temporalidades de Córdoba redactados entre los años de 1767 y 1785. Nuestro interés radica no sólo por ser éstas uno de los componentes externos que hacen al soporte físico de la escritura, sino que constituyen además uno de los rasgos cruciales para determinar el principio de procedencia y autenticidad documental, siendo estos uno de los objetos principales de análisis de la Diplomática. Utilizaremos como base de este trabajo las filigranas papeleras que se encuentran en la documentación de Temporalidades del A.H.P.C, A.G.H.U.N.C y Fondo Documental Mons. Pablo Cabrera (ex Instituto Americanista) con el fin de identificarlas según sus motivos, formas, dibujos y figuras; y poder investigar a través de ellas, qué procedencia tenía el papel que circulaba en esta parte de las Indias durante el siglo XVIII.

The main thrust of this paper is to critically interrogate the nexus between environmental influence and migrant settlement. It argues that the place of environmental influence on population movement whether forced or voluntary cannot be overemphasized. It specifically discusses how environmental factor constituted one of the major factors that contributed to the migration and settlement of Oyo-Osun cocoa migrant farmers in Ondo Division of Southwestern Nigeria between 1930s and 1970s. Environmental influence is seen in this paper as a major push and pull factor of internal migration. While environmental challenge faced by the Oyo-Osun cocoa migrant farmers was a major push factor that forced them to leave their different places of origin, the favourable climatic conditions in Ondo Division for the cultivation of cocoa such as fertile land, availability and accessibility to abundant land as well as liberal reception of indigenes constituted pull factor, which attracted them to the division during this period. It explains that Ondo Division was one of the major divisions in Ondo Province that attracted large number of cocoa migrant farmers from other parts of Southwestern Nigeria between 1930s and 1970s. This development was as a result of favourable environment for cocoa plantation. It concludes that the emigration of these cocoa migrant farmers led to the emergence of different migrant settlements in the division such as Ago-Ikirun, Sokoto, Labosipo, Bamikemo-Oja among others. The paper is based on Everett Lee push and pull theory of migration. The methodological approach adopted in this paper is historical, thematic and qualitative. Sources of information include primary and secondary materials derived from archives, oral interviews and extant literature.

This paper traces the trajectory of North Korea’s historiography on ancient history, examining the political and social contexts surrounding the excavation (1974) and renovation (1993) of the Tomb of King Tongmyŏng. The 1974 excavation was a political project aimed at deepening the understanding of ancient history centered on Koguryŏ, an ancient kingdom whose capital was in P’yŏngyang along the Daedong River. The 1972 constitution, which established P’yŏngyang as the capital and proclaimed the Juche ideology, was a driving force behind this project. Over time, the P’yŏngyang-centric viewpoint on ancient history grew stronger, culminating in the excavation and renovation projects in the early 1990s of the tombs of Tan’gun, Tongmyŏng, and Wang Kŏn. The assertion that the legitimacy of Korean history is rooted in P’yŏngyang was used to justify North Korea’s own legitimacy, a concept this paper refers to as the "Principle of P’yŏngyang Legitimacy." In this context, the projects involving the tombs of Tan’gun and Wang Kŏn should be understood as extensions of the renovation of the Tomb of King Tongmyŏng, which had been underway since the late 1980s. In other words, the series of excavations and renovations of the tombs of the founding kings in the early 1990s originated from the Tomb of King Tongmyŏng, which, in turn, inspired the emergence of the "Principle of P’yŏngyang Legitimacy." This legitimacy is constructed as a linear genealogy belonging to a single subject, which is endowed with a legitimate self-identity, while entities outside this narrative are systematically excluded. The evolution and application of the "Principle of P’yŏngyang Legitimacy" serve as a caution against the politicization of history in South Korea’s historical research programs.

Von Schomberg offers a compelling examination of key open science principles and their potential role in fostering responsible research and innovation (RRI). Utilizing Merton's Ethos of Science framework, the paper constructs a series of arguments supporting a central thesis: “the transition towards open science is vital to facilitate RRI.” This transition necessitates significant institutional reforms within the scientific community and adjustments to incentive structures that promote the adoption of open and mutually responsive practices. The manuscript reframes the discourse surrounding responsibility and responsiveness in light of the evolving landscape of open science, shifting the focus from normative commitments to actionable frameworks in research and open science practices. Overall, the position paper strives to bridge the gap between idealised models of scientific communities based on RRI principles and the reality of actual scientific endeavour (Anderson et al., 2007; Politi, 2021, 2024). However, it is important to acknowledge certain omissions that could enrich the analysis. Firstly, a more comprehensive examination of the profound crisis facing science amidst the increasing marketisation and commodification of academia and research would provide valuable context beyond discussions of system failures related to productivity and reproducibility. Secondly, a more nuanced and critical approach to conceptualising open science would enrich the discussion, considering its multifaceted nature and potential pitfalls. Thirdly, the validity of the Mertonian framework and its selective analysis of values, particularly its exclusive focus on the norm of communism. Lastly, a deeper exploration of the challenges and promises inherent in the pursuit of responsible Open Science within ongoing institutional processes.

This research accumulated a representative source base on the history of military education institutions in Asian Russia in the XIX – early XX centuries. It featured the complex and contradictory processes that accompanied the first years of the Neplyuev military school in the first quarter of the XIX century. The paper introduces a wide source base that includes some previously unstudied documents from the Russian State Military Historical Archive and the Russian State Historical Archive. The author used a systematic approach that combined standard scientific techniques with special chronological, genetic, comparative, and functional historical methods. The paper describes the early years of the military school, i.e., prerequisites, opening, military governors’ contribution, the first teaching staff, financial issues, etc. The military school was unique in its international composition as it accepted sons of the Central Asian nobility. According to the curriculum, foreign languages were one of the main competences to acquire. The school trained not only officers for irregular Cossack troops, but also translators for the Orenburg Border Commission that provided international relations between Russia and the Turkic peoples of Central Asia. The school educated the indigenous population and developed its national intelligentsia while consolidating Russian influence in Central Asia. The school was an important step towards the development of the Russian Empire as a Eurasian power. The Orenburg Military School became the most important institution of military education in Asian Russia as it laid foundations for the formation of the local military and teaching personnel.

Objective/Context: In the field of Holocaust studies, the Latin American experience has occupied a liminal space. Even when the global character assumed by its forms of remembrance is widely accepted, little attention has been paid to the national cases of this region. This paper deals with a specific national case through the construction record of the National Monument to the Victims of the Jewish Holocaust, located in the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The present research reveals the legal and administrative process that accompanied its gestation, the recognition of the actors that intervened throughout the period, and, finally, the character and debates that the architecture of the pantheon provoked. This cycle, which lasted a little more than two decades, allows us to qualify the meaning of the global character of Holocaust memory by considering how this experience was redefined in a national context. Methodology: For this research, qualitative techniques are used in the analysis of the legislative and patrimonial records, journalistic sources, interviews with involved actors, and a documentary film called “Monument,” which aims to give an account of the history of its construction and the representational matrix of that memorial. Originality: Although there have been, in recent years, some works that addressed the memory of the Holocaust in Argentina, they focused on various cultural media: literature, film, and testimonial narratives. This paper addresses an object whose materiality is different—monumental—and which was conceived as a public policy of commemorative character. The analysis of the construction of this memorial pantheon allows recognition of how the transnational dimensions of Holocaust remembrance intersected with aspects of the Argentine political process of the last twenty years. Conclusions: The analysis of the construction process and the materiality assumed by its architecture demonstrate, first, how the global dimensions of Holocaust remembrance interact with local contexts and, second, the tensions raised between the actors and organizations that promote its memory and the victims of Nazi persecution in Argentina

This paper is an addition to scholarship on resistance to colonialism in Southern Nigeria. The paper underscores some important but neglected facts that triggered questions about the state of scholarship on indigenous peoples’ resistance against Great Britain’s imperial and colonial expansion in the region. It is evident that, most often, existing scholarship on resistance to imperialism tends to focus on the so-called big ‘ethnic groups’ with centralized political systems. Little or nothing has been done about the experiences of smaller groups in their encounters with the imperial powers. Thus, this study revealed some unknown facts, especially about the Kabowei people of the Western Niger Delta in their relations with Great Britain. It became evident that what we know as the standard historiography of the general relations between the various peoples of the Western Delta and Great Britain is not fully captured in the existing historiography. There are lots of gaps, which require filling in. It is, therefore, on the heels of such inherent gaps that this study examined and brought to light the experiences of the Kabowei-Ijaw about Great Britain’s imperial expansions within the period under review. From the findings, the Nigerian story of resistance to alien domination cannot be considered complete without including the Kabowei experience.