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This article explores the concept of the Anthropocene, a term used to describe the period in which human activities have significantly impacted the Earth's environment. It discusses the "Great Acceleration," which encompasses processes like climate change, urbanization, and species extinction. The recognition of the Anthropocene as a geological unit is a topic of ongoing debate, and geographers play a crucial role in understanding and defining this concept. The article also highlights the challenges in determining the beginning of the Anthropocene and the importance of using various datasets to study the Great Acceleration. Geographers are encouraged to contribute papers that offer conceptual frameworks and solutions for addressing the challenges of the Anthropocene, with the Covid-19 pandemic serving as a template for studying this phenomenon. [Extracted from the article]

Modern trends in the development of experimental research methods imply not only an increase in the accuracy of a specific technique but also the possibility of combining diverse measurements in the course of one experiment. While optical spectroscopy remains one of the most powerful tools used in the chemical and physical sciences to study the structure of a wide range of materials, it is impossible to imagine a single study of local mechanical properties without instrumental indentation. A powerful investigation technique is the in situ combination of these two methods within one experiment. This can be made by focusing the laser either through the transparent sample or through the transparent indenter tip of the special geometry preventing the total internal reflection in diamond. This Tutorial discusses the preparation and characterization of such a transparent diamond indenter. The obtained experimental results and promising application areas of simultaneous measurement of optical spectra during indentation are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this manuscript, an analysis is carried out on the dynamic behavior of the ill-posed Boussinesq equation, which arises in nonlinear lattices and shallow water waves. The simplified Hirota method is employed to obtain multi-wave structures, such as one-soliton, two-soliton and three-soliton solutions. Some solutions are visually demonstrated through 3D, 2D and density plots. Furthermore, a comprehensive discussion on the stability analysis of the equation under study is presented. These results are innovative and have not been previously investigated in the context of this equation. These results show that the methodology used is concise, straightforward, and efficient, and as a result, it makes a significant contribution to comprehending the complexity of multi-wave profiles in nonlinear physical science models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physics is a field of science that has traditionally used the scientific method to answer questions about why natural phenomena occur and to make testable models that explain the phenomena. Discovering equations, laws, and principles that are invariant, robust, and causal has been fundamental in physical sciences throughout the centuries. Discoveries emerge from observing the world and, when possible, performing interventions on the system under study. With the advent of big data and data-driven methods, the fields of causal and equation discovery have developed and accelerated progress in computer science, physics, statistics, philosophy, and many applied fields. This paper reviews the concepts, methods, and relevant works on causal and equation discovery in the broad field of physics and outlines the most important challenges and promising future lines of research. We also provide a taxonomy for data-driven causal and equation discovery, point out connections, and showcase comprehensive case studies in Earth and climate sciences, fluid dynamics and mechanics, and the neurosciences. This review demonstrates that discovering fundamental laws and causal relations by observing natural phenomena is revolutionised with the efficient exploitation of observational data and simulations, modern machine learning algorithms and the combination with domain knowledge. Exciting times are ahead with many challenges and opportunities to improve our understanding of complex systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Students' interest in STEM careers is governed by various factors: (i) family influences, (ii) out-of-school time learning experiences, (iii) inside-of-school learning experiences, and (iii) media influences. Previous studies often investigate the direct influence of these factors, collectively known as environmental factors, on students' interest in STEM careers. This study explains the role of self-efficacy on environmental factors that affect students' interest in STEM careers through a structural equation model. This study involved 14-year-old secondary school students who were selected based on cluster sampling and a total of 1800 students were chosen. However, only 1485 responses were considered valid for analysis. Survey design was utilised in the study. Structural equation modelling analysis was used to analyse the data. The results of the survey demonstrated that the effects of family influences and out-of-school time learning experiences on interest in STEM careers were fully mediated by self-efficacy except for media influences that affected interest both directly and indirectly via self-efficacy (partial mediator). Inside-of-school learning experiences did not affect self-efficacy and interest in STEM careers. STEM learning experiences through informal modality are better predictors of students' interest in STEM careers. Improving formal STEM learning is imperative to ensure that STEM careers are promoted to all school students in a systemic manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surfaces and their descriptions are significant in design, physical science, geology, and other natural phenomena. This study introduces a neutrosophic Bézier surface approximation with a four-by-four control net for the bicubic situation. The neutrosophic notion defines the neutrosophic control net relation. The control net is mixed with the Bernstein basis function to generate a surface blending function and a neutrosophic bicubic Bézier surface. Finally, the neutrosophic bicubic Bézier surface is shown using an approximation approach and data points having neutrosophic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to determine the relationship between the access mode of research articles [Open Access (OA) and Toll-Access (TA)] and their subsequent citation counts in Biological and Physical Sciences in three Impact factor zones (High, Medium and Low). Design/methodology/approach: Three subjects each from Biological Sciences (Biochemistry, Cell Biology and Genetics) and Physical Sciences (Astronomy, Oceanography and Optics) were selected for the study. A comprehensive list of journals (TA and OA) in select subjects of Biological and Physical Sciences was prepared by consulting Journal Citation Report's Master Journal List (for the compilation of both Open Access and Toll Access journal list) and Directory of Open Access Journals (for the compilation of Open Access journal list). For each journal, essential details like content language, format, year of publication, access mode (Open Access or Toll Access), etc. were obtained from Ulrich's Periodical Directory. Web of Science (WoS) was used as citations indexing tool in this study. The data set was run on the WoS to collect the citation data. Findings: The results of the study indicate that open mode of access is not a prerequisite for higher citation boost as in the majority of the cases in this study, TA articles have garnered a greater number of citations as compared to open access articles in different Impact factor zones in Biological and Physical Sciences. Originality/value: A novel approach has been adopted to understand and compare the research impact of open access (OA) and toll access (TA) journal articles in the field of Biological and Physical Sciences at three Impact factor zone levels to reveal the citation metrics encompassing three parameters, i.e. citedness, average citation count and year wise distribution of citations in select subjects of Biological and Physical Sciences. Peer review: The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/[DOI]/10.1108/OIR-01-2021-0029 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lévy processes are useful tools for analysis and modeling of jump‐diffusion processes. Such processes are commonly used in the financial and physical sciences. One approach to building new Lévy processes is through subordination, or a random time change. In this work, we discuss and examine a type of multiply subordinated Lévy process model that we term a deep variance gamma (DVG) process, including estimation and inspection methods for selecting the appropriate level of subordination given data. We perform an extensive simulation study to identify situations in which different subordination depths are identifiable and provide a rigorous theoretical result detailing the behavior of a DVG process as the levels of subordination tend to infinity. We test the model and estimation approach on a data set of intraday 1‐min cryptocurrency returns and show that our approach outperforms other state‐of‐the‐art subordinated Lévy process models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Louisiana State University College of the Coast & Environment (LSU CC&E) developed a multi-faceted strategic initiative to increase its diversity, equity, and inclusion. Elements of this initiative began one-by-one over the last decade and were aggregated into a comprehensive implementation plan--the 2020 CC&E Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Action Plan. Based on best practices in the "physical sciences" (i.e., geosciences, including oceanography), the plan aims to augment recruitment and retention using limited resources and personnel. The long-range goal is to increase the number of PhD graduates from underrepresented groups by employing strategies that start at the 6-12th grade level. The plan involves a change in culture, clear communications about needs and goals, and active participation and engagement of CC&E faculty, students, staff, supporters, and partners. This plan is increasing the diversity of enrollment in our academic programs and will ultimately lead to more students with both undergraduate and graduate degrees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women and underrepresented minoritized (URM) persons remain marginalized in physical science, technology, engineering, and math (pSTEM). Relative to non-URM men, URM women may experience a double disadvantage based on their gender and race whereby they observe few same-gender and few same-race role models in pSTEM while additionally internalizing stereotypes linking pSTEM with non-URM men. Our hypothesized model was partly supported in a sample of undergraduates (N = 1,068; 68% women, 44% URM). First, perceiving same-gender or same-race pSTEM role models predicted lower explicit stereotypes among women and URM individuals regarding gender and race, respectively. Second, explicit and implicit associations linking pSTEM with men and White/Asian persons predicted (a) lower pSTEM identity among women and URM students and (b) higher identity among men and non-URM students. Finally, both implicit and explicit pSTEM identity positively predicted expectancy–value beliefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methane emissions reduction can make an effective contribution to national climate policy objectives in countries with high ratios of methane to carbon dioxide emissions. This paper explores the physical science basis for Irish climate policy targets in a 'split-gas' approach i.e. separate targets for CO $_2$ 2 and methane. Explicit calculations of Ireland's historic and future warming contribution show that the planned phaseout in fossil-CO $_2$ 2 emissions by 2050, together with relatively modest but sustained falls in methane emissions from agriculture, can lead to early stabilization of Ireland's contribution to global warming. It is proposed that this 'temperature neutrality' concept provides a pragmatic framework for aligning national climate policy with Article 2.1(a) of the Paris Agreement in countries with high shares of agricultural methane emissions. National methane reductions required to achieve temperature neutrality by a target year are shown to depend on realized future atmospheric methane concentrations, with lower concentrations requiring stronger national reductions and vice versa. Temperature neutrality (TN) is a physically well-defined concept that can be used to balance emissions of methane and long-lived greenhouse gases and to align national with global climate policy goals. Policymakers in countries with significant shares of agricultural methane emissions should evaluate the relative merits of Global Warming Potential (GWP $_{100}$ 100 ) net-zero and temperature neutrality approaches when setting policy targets. Simple Climate Model assessments of national warming contributions help inform emissions targets in countries with significant agricultural methane emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review is a critical analysis of the current state-of-the-art in core spun yarn textile triboelectric nanogenerators (CSY-T-TENGs) for self-powered smart sensing applications. The rapid expansion of wireless communication, flexible conductive materials, and wearable electronics over the last ten years is now demanding autonomous energy, which has created a new research space in the field of wearable T-TENGs. Current research is exploring T-TENGs made from CSYs as stable and reliable energy harvesters and sensing devices for modern wearable IoT platforms. CSY-TENGs are emerging as an important technology due to its simple structure, low cost, and excellent performance in converting mechanical energy into electrical energy and due to its sensing ability. This paper provides a critical review on current progress, it analyzes the unique advantages of CSYs T-TENGs over conventional T-TENGs, it describes fabrication techniques and discusses the materials used along with their properties and electrical performance characteristics, and it highlights the recent advancements in their integration with self-excitation circuits, charge storage devices and IoT-enabled smart sensing applications, such as environmental and health monitoring. In the conclusion, it discusses the challenges and future directions of CSYs T-TENGs and it provides a future road map for optimization, upscaling, and commercialization of the technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The avoidance of hitting tipping points is often considered a key benefit of Solar Radiation Modification (SRM) techniques, however, the physical science underpinning this has thus far not been comprehensively assessed. This review assesses the available evidence for the interaction of SRM with a number of earth system tipping elements in the cryosphere, the oceans, the atmosphere and the biosphere, with a particular focus on the impact of SAI. We review the scant available literature directly addressing the interaction of SRM with the tipping elements or for closely related proxies to these elements. However, given how limited this evidence is, we also identify and describe the drivers of the tipping elements, and then assess the available evidence for the impact of SRM on these. We then briefly assess whether SRM could halt or reverse tipping once feedbacks have been initiated. Finally, we suggest pathways for further research. We find that SRM mostly reduces the risk of hitting tipping points relative to same emission pathway scenarios without SRM, although this conclusion is not clear for every tipping element, and large uncertainties remain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which observed the entire section of the brachial artery affected by the arm cuff compression during Korotkoff sounds (KSs) generation by leveraging the high spatiotemporal resolution of ultrafast ultrasound imaging (UUI). Topics include role of arterial wall motion in the generation of KSs, pulse wave and stethoscope signal, and wall velocity amplitude versus KS intensity.

EPA's DSSTox chemical structure database: a curated chemistry resource supporting computational toxicology research. As I shifted my focus to cleaning up datasets and chemical structure-identifier associations, I became alarmed at the scope of the problem across public datasets, undermining toxicity modeling efforts. Or consider a chemical-activity HTS result where the chemical was originally misidentified by a major supplier (yes, this happens) or, unbeknownst to the experimenter, the chemical reacted, volatilized, or degraded under the testing conditions. My hope for the near future is that public data resources supporting chemical-toxicity evaluation and regulation not only continue to expand, but that quality chemical curation becomes the norm and is demanded and expected by the scientific and regulatory communities. [Extracted from the article]

Large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT and PaLM, are able to perform sophisticated text comprehension and generation tasks with little or no training. Alongside their broader societal impacts, these capabilities carry great promise for the physical sciences, including applied mechanics. We present a summary of recent developments in these models, their application to mechanics and adjacent fields, and a perspective on their future use in applied mechanics, taking into account their limitations and the unique challenges of the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The life sciences must stand in a complementary relation to the physical sciences and cannot be subsumed by or reduced to them because there is a notion of complementarity also at play I within i the first-order life science (biology) as well as the first-order physical science (quantum mechanics). But any parallel one might see between Heisenberg's ordering of scientific disciplines and the old familiar intertheoretic reduction exercises stop here: Heisenberg does not proceed from the quantum-grounded physical sciences to biology, psychology, and so on. Konrad Kleinnecht, ed., Werner Heisenberg: Reality and Its Order, with introduction by H. Rechenberg and commentary by E. P. Fischer, translated by M. B. Rumscheidt, N. Lukens, and I. Heisenberg. [Extracted from the article]

In this paper, we develop a new technique known as Tempered Fractional -Transform (TF T). This scheme can be applied to study numerous linear and nonlinear dynamical systems in tempered fractional (TF) calculus in both Riemann–Liouville and Caputo and sense. Some new theories, properties, and applications of the above-mentioned -transform are calculated in detail. The proofs of some important theorems on TF Riemann–Liouville and Caputo derivatives are proved based on TF T. For validation, accuracy and efficiency, the general TF equations as well as TF linear and nonlinear Klein–Gordon equations are studied by using the proposed transform with the numerical illustrations. It is observed that the proposed technique is fast convergent and the results are the first precise confirmations of TF T in tempered calculus for nonlinear systems. This work can be studied as a substitute to present mathematical methods and will have extensive applications in physical sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics, Wittgenstein notes that he has 'not yet made the role of miscalculating clear' and that 'the role of the proposition: "I must have miscalculated"...is really the key to an understanding of the "foundations" of mathematics.' In this paper, I hope to get clear on how this is the case. First, I will explain Wittgenstein's understanding of a 'foundation' for mathematics. Then, by showing how the proposition 'I must have miscalculated' differentiates mathematics from the physical sciences, we will see how this proposition is the key to understanding the foundations of mathematics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the author's experiences as a teacher and the opportunities for travel that teaching provided. The author recounts teaching at various institutions, including City College of San Francisco, the University of California at Berkeley, and the University of California, Santa Cruz. The author also describes teaching in Japan, New Mexico, and Hawaii, as well as presenting workshops and conferences in Canada and various countries. The article emphasizes the author's appreciation for the chance to travel and meet new people through teaching. [Extracted from the article]

This article explores the role of glucose metabolism in gastrulation, a crucial stage of embryonic development. It emphasizes the significance of metabolism in regulating energy needs and cellular processes during embryogenesis. The authors present findings from various studies that investigate the relationship between glucose metabolism and gastrulation in different models. The studies suggest that glucose metabolism is adjusted during the emergence of specific cell lineages and the specification of mesoderm. The article also discusses the potential connections between glucose metabolism and signaling pathways, as well as the impact of metabolic intermediates on post-translational modifications and epigenetic changes. Overall, these findings contribute to a better understanding of the complex relationship between metabolism and development. The text also suggests future research directions, including the study of post-translational modifications, the role of metabolism in epigenetics and gene regulation, and alternative metabolic pathways in development. [Extracted from the article]

Microbes, including bacteria, archaea, and microeukaryotes, make up the majority of organisms in our biosphere. They play a crucial role in Earth's biogeochemical cycles and have shaped the habitability of our planet throughout its history. The proliferation of microbes has been observed during mass extinctions, but their role as either accomplices or saviors in these events is still debated. On one hand, microbes can generate toxic by-products and greenhouse gases that may have exacerbated mass extinctions. On the other hand, microbes provide essential services such as nitrogen fixation, carbon fixation, and the removal of toxic substrates, which could have mitigated the impacts of mass extinctions. Further research is needed to understand the complex interactions between microbes and the environment during these events. [Extracted from the article]

"The Crystalline States of Organic Compounds" by Angelo Gavezzotti is a book that explores the intersection of crystallography and computational chemistry. It provides insights and humor, appealing to both crystallographers and theoreticians. The book covers topics such as the nature of crystallography, intermolecular cohesion, crystal structure prediction, polymorphism, cocrystals, hydrates, nucleation, and molecular dynamics. It is recommended for researchers studying the condensed phases of organic molecules and offers a valuable resource for understanding the literature in the field. [Extracted from the article]

With the concept of topological order of electronic states in crystals being proposed, the pursuit of topological phases in various systems has become an important subject of modern physical science. The existence of antisymmetric Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction caused by spin–orbit coupling in magnetic systems leads to the non-reciprocal propagation of magnons, which is a key factor to realize the magnonic analog of an electronic topological insulator (TI). Here, a two-dimensional magnetic skyrmion crystal (SkX) is introduced as a platform for realizing magnonic TI. It is numerically demonstrated that nonchiral and chiral edge states could exist in different magnonic bandgaps. The nonchiral edge magnons can propagate to both directions simultaneously along the boundary of the SkX with different wavelengths and group velocities. By contrast, chiral edge magnons are topologically protected, resulting in the unidirectional propagation along the boundaries and the robustness against defects or disorders. Furthermore, the chirality and the presence of edge magnons can be manipulated by the polarity of skyrmions and the width of the second magnonic bandgap via the magnetic field. Our findings could provide a skyrmionic paradigm for investigating topological magnonics and even quantum magnonics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the competition between anthropogenic aerosols (AAs) and greenhouse gases (GHGs) in driving water-mass changes in the North Pacific over the past six decades. Topics include the dominance of AAs in causing salinity changes on density surfaces, the transition to GHGs as the dominant factor after 1985, and the significant role of AA climate forcing in shaping the ocean's water masses and their impact on climate change.

Sparse neural networks can achieve performance comparable to fully connected networks but need less energy and memory, showing great promise for deploying artificial intelligence in resource-limited devices. While significant progress has been made in recent years in developing approaches to sparsify neural networks, artificial neural networks are notorious as black boxes, and it remains an open question whether well-performing neural networks have common structural features. Here, we analyze the evolution of recurrent neural networks (RNNs) trained by different sparsification strategies and for different tasks, and explore the topological regularities of these sparsified networks. We find that the optimized sparse topologies share a universal pattern of signed motifs, RNNs evolve towards structurally balanced configurations during sparsification, and structural balance can improve the performance of sparse RNNs in a variety of tasks. Such structural balance patterns also emerge in other state-of-the-art models, including neural ordinary differential equation networks and continuous-time RNNs. Taken together, our findings not only reveal universal structural features accompanying optimized network sparsification but also offer an avenue for optimal architecture searching. Deep neural networks have shown remarkable success in application areas across physical sciences and engineering science and finding such networks that can work efficiently with less connections (weight parameters) without sacrificing performance is thus of great interest. In this work the authors show that a large number of such efficient recurrent neural networks display certain connectivity patterns in their structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this paper is to study properties of Ξ-Hilfer fuzzy fractional differential equations which are useful in modeling a variety of phenomena in physical sciences. The existence, uniqueness and stability of solutions are obtained. The technique used for study is the fixed point theorem and Gronwall inequality. Ulam-Hyers-Rassias stability of the solution is also investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We learned that global action to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has been lower than predicted, and that under current rates, emissions are projected to rise. Graph I View of the dais during the afternoon plenary, IPCC58 - March 16, 2023. i The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established in 1988 to inform our governments of the latest climate science - what is happening, why, and what we humans can do about it. For example, carbon capture and storage (CCS) is popular with fossil fuel interests, yet CCS is not proven to scale, maintains fossil fuel dependence, is more expensive, and is both less effective in reducing GHG emissions and less equitable in ownership than renewable energy transformations. [Extracted from the article]

Although physics does not often veer into financial concerns, it is an illuminating exercise to try estimating the value of a barren planet at market prices for dirt, rock, water, copper, aluminum, silver, gold, etc. Energy perspectives Physics "owns" energy (and space and time if we're being greedy), so energy and power domains offer rich opportunities for gaining new understanding. The thermodynamic consequences of this absurdity can also be examined, by which it is revealed that waste heat from all this energy production on Earth would rival climate change in a century and be 10 times worse a century after that, eventually boiling Earth's oceans in about 400 yr.[3] It can be tricky to convey to students that this is not a I prediction i of what I will i - or even I can i - happen, but a tool to understand I limits i to what is possible and what I cannot i transpire. [Extracted from the article]

In my context, such a class might be a general physics course for science majors (pre-calculus- or calculus-based) or an algebra-based, mostly conceptual survey course for non-science majors, with between 8 and 30 students per class. Homework assignments, reflections, surveys, and biweekly anonymous feedback from 2017 onward (excepting 2020) from general physics courses for science majors and for non-science majors indicate enhanced interest in physics, greater cognitive understanding of climate science basics, increased appreciation of the value of climate stories and justice issues, ability to think critically about proposed climate solutions, and, for the majority of students (in some classes greater than 80%), a desire to take meaningful action for climate justice. Today, I still teach the basic science of climate change as it aligns with physics topics in my general physics courses. [Extracted from the article]

The highest annual temperatures in northwestern Iran are associated with the mid-tropospheric ridge building caused by the development of a cyclonic circulation over the Mediterranean Sea and a northward shift of the subtropical jet stream. The analysis of the daily observed temperature at five stations in northwestern Iran indicates an increasing trend in the highest annual temperature during the period 1980-2018. The data of the synoptic stations were obtained from the Meteorological Organization of Iran. gl We first used the daily observed data at five synoptic stations in northwestern Iran to identify the values and the days of occurrence of the lowest and highest annual temperatures during the period 1980-2018. To the authors' knowledge, previous investigations have not elucidated the driving mechanisms of the occurrence of extreme weather events in northwestern Iran, although some studies focused on the identification of extreme weather events and their long-term changes in Iran (e.g. Alizadeh-Choobari and Najafi, [4]). [Extracted from the article]

The article addresses the challenge posed by George Ritzer's conclusion in his McDonaldization thesis by showing how social research can empower people to improve society by empowering on its institutions as social models, equivalence to theories in the physical sciences. Topics discussed include the McDonald's model as social knowledge, theories in natural and social science, and layers of social analysis as exemplified by fast-food chain McDonald's.

Keywords: metalloporphyrins; self-assemble; aggregation; coordination; oxygen ligands; dimerization EN metalloporphyrins self-assemble aggregation coordination oxygen ligands dimerization 2595 2601 7 07/31/23 20230817 NES 230817 Graph Bio-inspired self-assembly of porphyrins into large supramolecular structures is not only important for a better understanding of natural photosynthetic process, but also attractive and promising for its potential applications in photochemical energy conversion. Metalloporphyrins, self-assemble, aggregation, coordination, dimerization, oxygen ligands The formation of dimers is based on self-assembly via the ligation of the zinc atom with the imide C=O and 7-oxanorbornene as oxygen ligands. Fluorescence spectroscopy is very sensitive to the coordination of an axial ligand to a metalloporphyrin and thus can be applied to detect the association process of axial ligands to metalloporphyrins, even if at very low concentrations (10 SP -6 sp to 10 SP -10 sp M). [Extracted from the article]

The article informs Radar remote sensing provides a new perspective on rainfall kinetic energy (RKE) and its role in soil erosion, challenging traditional empirical relations between RKE and rainfall intensity. The study presents global estimates of RKE based on raindrop microphysics, highlighting potential underestimations of RKE and rainfall erosivity with implications for soil erosion assessment and conservation practices, particularly in the context of climate change.

The article examines the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and its response to carbon dioxide reduction, revealing strong hysteresis effects in sea surface temperature variability and global teleconnections. Topics include the significant increase in Eastern Pacific SST anomaly variance during CO2 ramp-down, attributed to the tropical Pacific Intertropical Convergence Zone's meridional position response, impacting ENSO's prolonged influence under varied future mitigation pathways.