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In this paper, the topography properties as layer thickness, porosity, and shape are studied for porous silicon prepared by using electro‐chemical etching method from p‐type bulk silicon like one side mirror with hydrofluoric acid (39%–43%) and ethanol (99.9%) (2:1), the etching time is (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10) min, with potential (6 V DC), the porosity and layer thickness can determine by using gravimetric method and SEM image to study the comparison between the image for different etching time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the terrorist group in Africa named Jahba East Africa which is associated with Islamic State including its history, its leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi and its relation with the Islamic group al-Qaeda.

The article reports that former Libyan Premier Al-Baghdadi al-Mahmudi, who was accused of murder and corruption, has been ordered by a Tripoli, Libya court to be prosecuted, with trial adjourned to October 9, 2013.

This section offers news briefs about international relations in Africa including deal between Egypt and Ethiopia to open a new chapter in their relations, former Libyan prime minister Al-Baghdadi Ali Al-Mahmoudi was sentenced to prison in Tunisia, and border deal between South Sudan and Sudan.

Self-management ( SM) programmes are commonly used for initial treatment of patients with temporomandibular disorders ( TMD). The programmes described in the literature, however, vary widely with no consistency in terminology used, components of care or their definitions. The aims of this study were therefore to construct an operationalised definition of self-management appropriate for the treatment of patients with TMD, identify the components of that self-management currently being used and create sufficiently clear and non-overlapping standardised definitions for each of those components. A four-round Delphi process with eleven international experts in the field of TMD was conducted to achieve these aims. In the first round, the participants agreed upon six principal concepts of self-management. In the remaining three rounds, consensus was achieved upon the definition and the six components of self-management. The main components identified and agreed upon by the participants to constitute the core of a SM programme for TMD were as follows: education; jaw exercises; massage; thermal therapy; dietary advice and nutrition; and parafunctional behaviour identification, monitoring and avoidance. This Delphi process has established the principal concepts of self-management, and a standardised definition has been agreed with the following components for use in clinical practice: education; self-exercise; self-massage; thermal therapy; dietary advice and nutrition; and parafunctional behaviour identification, monitoring and avoidance. The consensus-derived concepts, definitions and components of SM offer a starting point for further research to advance the evidence base for, and clinical utility of, TMD SM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this qualitative systematic review was to identify the behaviour change techniques most frequently employed in published temporomandibular disorder (TMD) self-management (SM) programmes. The reviewers matched the components of SM programmes into the relevant behaviour change technique domains according to the definitions of the behaviour change taxonomy (version 1). Electronic databases were searched for randomised controlled trials assessing an SM programme for TMD. Manual searches were also conducted for potentially important journals. Eligibility criteria for the review included: the type of study, the participants, the intervention utilised and the comparators/control. Fifteen randomised controlled trials with 554 patients were included in this review. The review concludes a minority of the available behaviour change techniques are currently employed in SM programmes. Other behaviour change techniques should be examined to see whether there is a theoretical underpinning that might support their inclusion in self-management programmes in TMD. Further trials are required to conclude that SM programmes are more effective than no treatment at all and or placebo. With more structured SM programmes, greater therapeutic benefits might be achieved, and certainly if SM programmes published in the literature define their components through use of the behaviour change taxonomy, it would be easier for clinicians to replicate efficacious programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporomandibular joint ( TMJ) 'closed lock' ( CL) is a clinical condition causing TMJ pain and limited mouth opening (painful locking) that is mostly attributed to disc displacement without reduction ( DDwoR), or less commonly to anchored disc phenomenon ( ADP). Both conditions are described clinically as CL that can be 'acute' or 'chronic' depending on the duration of locking. There is, however, no consensus about the duration of locking that defines the acute state and its effect on the success of interventions. This review paper, therefore, aims to provide: (i) a narrative review of the pathophysiological need for early intervention in DDwoR and the clinical implications of acute/chronic CL stages on the management pathway; (ii) a systematic review investigating the effects of locking duration on the success of interventions for CL management. Electronic and manual searches until mid-August 2013 were conducted for English-language studies of any design investigating the effects of non-surgical and surgical interventions for acute or chronic CL ( DDwoR or ADP). A total of 626 records were identified, and 113 studies were included. Data extraction and quality assessment were completed for all included studies. Included studies were, however, heterogeneous and mostly of poor-quality leading to contradictory and inconsistent evidence on the effect of the duration of locking on treatment outcomes. Future high-quality trials investigating the effect of CL duration on treatment outcome are needed. At present, early intervention by 'unlock' mandibular manipulation seems to be the most practical and realistic approach that can be attempted first in every CL patient as an initial diagnostic/therapeutic approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Photogrammetric Record is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article offers information on "Dabiq," the online magazine of the Islamic State. The magazine praised the downing of a Russian aircraft and displayed a picture of the homemade bomb claimed by it to have caused the crash. Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi has been quoted in the magazine following the speech praising the acts of terror.

This section offers news briefs concerning politics in Libya in June 2012. The Al-Zawiyah and Tabu tribes in the town of Kufrah have agreed to impose of cease fire. Libya's former prime minister Al Baghdadi Ali al-Mahmoudi has been extradited to Libya for trial under the transitional Libyan leadership. Four International Criminal Court envoys were detained by Libyan authorities due to national security reasons.

Ferroptosis and apoptosis are key cell‐death pathways implicated in several human diseases including cancer. Ferroptosis is driven by iron‐dependent lipid peroxidation and currently has no characteristic biomarkers or gene signatures. Here a continuous phenotypic gradient between ferroptosis and apoptosis coupled to transcriptomic and metabolomic landscapes is established. The gradual ferroptosis‐to‐apoptosis transcriptomic landscape is used to generate a unique, unbiased transcriptomic predictor, the Gradient Gene Set (GGS), which classified ferroptosis and apoptosis with high accuracy. Further GGS optimization using multiple ferroptotic and apoptotic datasets revealed highly specific ferroptosis biomarkers, which are robustly validated in vitro and in vivo. A subset of the GGS is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients and PDXs and contains different ferroptosis repressors. Depletion of one representative, PDGFA‐assaociated protein 1(PDAP1), is found to suppress basal‐like breast tumor growth in a mouse model. Omics and mechanistic studies revealed that ferroptosis is associated with enhanced lysosomal function, glutaminolysis, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, while its transition into apoptosis is attributed to enhanced endoplasmic reticulum(ER)‐stress and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)‐to‐phosphatidylcholine (PC) metabolic shift. Collectively, this study highlights molecular mechanisms underlying ferroptosis execution, identified a highly predictive ferroptosis gene signature with prognostic value, ferroptosis versus apoptosis biomarkers, and ferroptosis repressors for breast cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores focuses on the declaration of a caliphate or the Islamic State among Arab countries. An overview on the origins, military operation and goals of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) is noted. It cites that ISI organization has reemerged between 2010 and 2013 in which it aimed to rebuild the military and administrative capacities of Iraqi state and to solve the growing conflict of the Iraqi state. The caliphate of ISIS serves as the result of peace agreements.

The corrosion of mild steel in HCl solution remains a critical issue in various industrial applications. In the quest for effective corrosion inhibitors, 4‐(2‐Hydroxy‐3‐Methoxybenzylideneamino) antipyrine (HMBA) has emerged as a promising candidate. This study investigates the inhibitory properties of HMBA on mild steel corrosion in HCl solution through weight loss measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) techniques. The experiments spanned over various time periods, including 1, 5, 10, 24, and 48 h. The results reveal that HMBA exhibits exceptional inhibition efficiency (IE), with an impressive 94.7% inhibition rate. This outstanding performance underscores its potential as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in aggressive HCl environments. To elucidate the adsorption behavior of HMBA on the mild steel surface, Langmuir isotherm modeling was employed, demonstrating a strong correlation between the experimental data and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. Furthermore, the study employs density functional theory (DFT) to gain insight into the mechanism of HMBA inhibition. DFT calculations suggest that both physisorption and chemisorption mechanisms are involved in the interaction between HMBA and the mild steel surface. The calculated Gibbs free energy of adsorption (ΔGadso $\Delta {G}_{\mathrm{ads}}^{o}$) is found to be approximately −33.8kJmol−1 $-33.8\mathrm{kJ}\mathrm{mo}{\text{l}}^{-1}$, indicating a spontaneous and energetically favorable adsorption process. In conclusion, HMBA emerges as a highly effective corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in HCl solution, offering impressive IE over various time intervals. The combination of experimental techniques, such as WL, EIS, and PDP, along with computational insights from DFT calculations, provides an understanding of the inhibitory properties of HMBA. These findings hold great promise for the development of environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors in industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the role of 8th and 9th century renunciants, who were the forebearers of the Sufis, as the transmitters of Hadith. Description of renunciants according to Sufi biographers; Information on renunciants in rijal literature; Reason behind the separation of renunciants and Hadith transmitters.

In this study, we synthesized a novel corrosion inhibitor derived from thiophene and conducted a comprehensive evaluation of its inhibitory properties through both experimental and theoretical approaches. Our investigation encompassed experimental assessments employing Mass loss tests and electrochemical techniques. Additionally, we performed computational studies to delve into the electronic structure and bonding characteristics of the inhibitor, aiming to elucidate its inhibitory mechanism. Our findings revealed that the synthesized inhibitor displayed remarkable inhibitory efficiency, demonstrating its effectiveness in preventing the corrosion of mild steel. Specifically, the thiophene derivative exhibited an impressive inhibitory efficiency of 92.8%, underscoring its potential as a robust corrosion inhibitor for mild steel. Furthermore, this study delved into optimizing the conditions for employing the thiophene derivative as a corrosion inhibitor. Our investigation revealed that the most effective inhibition was achieved at a concentration of 0.5 mM and a temperature of 303 K. To elucidate the interaction between the inhibitor and the mild steel surface, we applied the Langmuir adsorption isotherm concept, shedding light on both the physical and chemical adsorption processes of the thiophene derivative on the metal's surface. Our investigations demonstrated that the addition of the inhibitor significantly reduced the corrosion rate of the metal. Our computational results further reinforced these experimental findings, indicating that the inhibitor formed stable adsorption complexes on the metal surface. This dual confirmation from experimental and computational approaches strengthens the confidence in the inhibitor's efficacy in mitigating corrosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Battery cost, short‐range, and long charging time problems await effective solutions in electric vehicles, where the fight against pollutant emissions from vehicles comes to the fore. In order to solve these issues effectively, vehicles should be equipped with a compatible fuel cell. Therefore, in this study, a hydrogen‐powered PEM fuel cell (PEMFC) and a battery‐powered electric vehicle model were created with GT Suite simulation software. This simulation model vehicle was operated under FTP75, NEDC, and WLTC class 3 driving cycle conditions, and the performance analysis of the PEM fuel cell and the battery was conducted. Along with the contribution of PEMFC, an increase of 113% was calculated for the potential range of Fuel Cell Battery Electric Vehicle (FCBEV) on a single charge. Although the battery provides energy quickly at sudden vehicle accelerations, the fuel cell supplied the necessary energy with a delay. With the PEMFC, a total of 4224.23, 19386.9, and 13596.9 kW of energy were stored by charging the battery, and 0.885, 0.449, and 0.878 kg of hydrogen were consumed in the FTP 75, NEDC, and WLTC tests, respectively. Accordingly, NEDC is the driving cycle that stores the most energy and consumes the least hydrogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We aimed to compare multiple MRI parameters, including relaxation rates (R1$$ {R}_1 $$, R2$$ {R}_2 $$, and R1ρ$$ {R}_{1\rho } $$), ADC from diffusion weighted imaging, pool size ratio (PSR) from quantitative magnetization transfer, and measures of exchange from spin‐lock imaging (Sρ$$ {S}_{\rho } $$), for assessing and predicting the severity of polycystic kidney disease (PKD) over time. Methods: Pcy/Pcy mice with CD1 strain, a mouse model of autosomal dominant PKD, were imaged at 5, 9, and 26 wk of age using a 7T MRI system. Twelve‐week normal CD1 mice were used as controls. Post‐mortem paraffin tissue sections were stained using hematoxylin and eosin and picrosirius red to identify histological changes. Results: Histology detected segmental cyst formation in the early stage (week 5) and progression of PKD over time in Pcy kidneys. In T2$$ {T}_2 $$‐weighted images, small cysts appeared locally in cystic kidneys in week 5 and gradually extended to the whole cortex and outer stripe of outer medulla region from week 5 to week 26. Regional PSR, R1$$ {R}_1 $$, R2$$ {R}_2 $$, and R1ρ$$ {R}_{1\rho } $$ decreased consistently over time compared to normal kidneys, with significant changes detected in week 5. Among all the MRI measures, R2$$ {R}_2 $$ and R1ρ$$ {R}_{1\rho } $$ allow highest detectability to PKD, while PSR and R1$$ {R}_1 $$ have highest correlation with pathological indices of PKD. Using optimum MRI parameters as regressors, multiple linear regression provides reliable prediction of PKD progression. Conclusion: R2$$ {R}_2 $$, R1$$ {R}_1 $$, and PSR are sensitive indicators of the presence of PKD. Multiparametric MRI allows a comprehensive analysis of renal changes caused by cyst formation and expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This article revisits the prevalent use of content analysis for examining terrorist propaganda in response to the methodological stagnation and aims to propose a novel methodological framework for understanding terrorist propaganda. Method: Borrowing from Quentin Skinner's intellectual works and using a terrorist propaganda video as our case study, we construct an analytical framework and apply it into practice. Results: The application of this approach yields and enlightens a prevalent speech act of inviting performed through terrorist propaganda. Conclusion: We highlight the role of an innovative methodological approach that underscores the role of revolutionary political concepts in legitimizing violent jihadist activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuning application performance on modern computing infrastructures involves choices in a vast design space as modern computing architectures can have several complex structures impacting performance. Moreover, different applications use these structures in different ways, leading to a challenging performance function. Consequently, it is hard for compilers or experts to find optimal compilation parameters for an application that maximizes such performance function. One approach to tackle this problem is to evaluate many possible optimization plans and select the best among them. However, executing an application to measure its performance for every plan can be very expensive. To tackle this problem, previous work has investigated the use of Machine Learning techniques to predict the performance of the applications without executing them quickly. In this work, we evaluate the use of graph neural networks (GNN) to make fast predictions without executing the application to guide the selection of good optimization sequences. We propose a GNN architecture to make such predictions. We train and test it using 30 thousand different compilation plans applied to 300 different applications, using ARM64 and LLVM IR code representations as input. Our results indicate that the control and data flow graph can then learn features from the control and data flow graph to outperform nongraph‐aware Machine Learning models. Our GNN architecture achieved 91% accuracy in our dataset compared to 79% when using a nongraph‐aware architecture–taking only 16ms to predict a given input. If the application been optimized took an average of 10 s to execute, and we evaluated 1000 optimization sequences, it would take almost 9 h to assess all pairs, but only 16 s with our GNN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation, a known pathologic classifier, initiates metabolic reprogramming in glioma cells and has been linked to the reaction status of glioma‐associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs). However, it remains unclear how IDH genotypes contribute to GAM phenotypes. Here, it is demonstrated that gliomas expressing mutant IDH determine M1‐like polarization of GAMs, while archetypal IDH induces M2‐like polarization. Intriguingly, IDH‐mutant gliomas secrete excess cholesterol, resulting in cholesterol‐rich, pro‐inflammatory GAMs without altering their cholesterol biosynthesis, and simultaneously exhibiting low levels of tumoral cholesterol due to expression remodeling of cholesterol transport molecules, particularly upregulation of ABCA1 and downregulation of LDLR. Mechanistically, a miR‐19a/LDLR axis‐mediated novel post‐transcriptional regulation of cholesterol uptake is identified, modulated by IDH mutation, and influencing tumor cell proliferation and invasion. IDH mutation‐induced PERK activation enhances cholesterol export from glioma cells via the miR‐19a/LDLR axis and ABCA1/APOE upregulation. Further, a synthetic PERK activator, CCT020312 is introduced, which markedly stimulates cholesterol efflux from IDH wild‐type glioma cells, induces M1‐like polarization of GAMs, and consequently suppresses glioma cell invasion. The findings reveal an essential role of the PERK/miR‐19a/LDLR signaling pathway in orchestrating gliomal cholesterol transport and the subsequent phenotypes of GAMs, thereby highlighting a novel potential target pathway for glioma therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of DOMES: Digest of Middle East Studies is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Each tRNA is aminoacylated (charged) with a genetic codon‐specific amino acid. It remains unclear what factors are associated with tRNA charging and how tRNA charging is maintained. By using the individual tRNA acylation PCR method, we found that the charging ratio of tRNAGln(CUG) reflects cellular glutamine level. When uncharged tRNAGln(CUG) increased under amino acid starvation, the kinase GCN2, which is a key stimulator of the integrated stress response, was activated. Activation of GCN2 led to the upregulation of ubiquitin C (UBC) expression. Upregulated UBC, in turn, suppressed the further reduction in tRNAGln(CUG) charging levels. Thus, tRNA charging is sensitive to intracellular nutrient status and is an important initiator of intracellular signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) find it difficult to undergo dental care due to challenges caused by their condition, previous temporomandibular joint surgery or invasive dental procedures, and the impact of comorbid conditions. Managing routine dental care for some patients with TMD can be seen as challenging by some dental practitioners. Objective: The objective of this study was to work with patients experiencing TMD and clinicians to co‐produce recommendations aimed at helping general dentists to provide routine dental care for patients with TMD. Methods: A modified Delphi process was used to co‐produce recommendations. Six patients experiencing TMD, patient advocates and seven clinicians took part, including international TMD clinicians. Two meetings were held with patient participants, mediated by a trained facilitator. Recommendations suggested by patient participants were distributed to clinicians who were asked to add additional suggestions, but not to modify patients' recommendations unless to aid clarity. Additional themes were identified from the existing literature, and the recommendations were then reviewed by the International Network for Orofacial Pain and Related Disorders Methodology (INfORM) consortium. Results: Recommendations were given to support patients before, during and after dental treatment. Participants identified specific and practical recommendations to help patients with TMD receive routine dental care, but also emphasised the need for professionals to listen sensitively to patients' concerns and work with patients in an empathetic and non‐judgmental way. Conclusion: These recommendations, co‐developed with patients experiencing TMD, should help dental professionals to provide supportive general dental care for patients with TMD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salafi I "ulama" i in Egypt dedicate sermons, lectures, religious rulings and publications to undermining Al-Azhar's religious credibility and commitment to what the Salafis consider to be "authentic" Islam. Al-Azhar's religious authority extends beyond Egypt to many parts of the Sunni world. This article finds that the Salafi-Azhari contestation revolves around three overlapping issues: Salafi disdain for Sufism, the I Ahl al- adith i -Ash'ari creedal divide, and socio-political contestation in modern Egypt. The perceived rise of Salafi popularity through Salafi satellite channels in the early 2000s, and the relentless criticism by Salafi clerics of the Azharis, contributed to an intense anti-Salafi counter-attack from al-Azhar. [Extracted from the article]

B Method: b Women were categorized as underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m SP 2 sp ), overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9 kg/m SP 2 sp ), obesity class I (BMI 30.0-34.9 kg/m SP 2 sp ), obesity class II (BMI 35.0-39.9 kg/m SP 2 sp ), and obesity class III (BMI >=40.0 kg/m SP 2 sp ) and compared to women with normal BMI (18.5-24.9 kg/m SP 2 sp ). We analyzed the database for incidence of BMI, using CDC categories, including overweight (BMI 25-29.9), class 1 obesity (30-34.9), class 2 obesity (35-39.9), and class 3 obesity (>40). OP.0030 The impact of BMI on pregnancy and perinatal outcomes in 497,932 women Maria Carolina Borges 1; Gemma Clayton 1; Rachel M Freathy 2; Janine F Felix 3; Alba Fern... 1 University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; 2 University of Exeter, Exeter, UK; 3 Erasmus MC, Rotte... B Objectives: b To improve the evidence base on the causal effect of maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) on a range of pregnancy and perinatal outcomes, including miscarriage, stillbirth, hypertensive disorders of pregnancies, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, maternal anaemia, perinatal depression, pre-labour membrane rupture, induction of labour, caesarean section, preterm birth, large-for-gestational age, small-for-gestational age, low birthweight, high birthweight, low Apgar score after 1 min, low Apgar score after 5 min, neonatal intensive care unit admission, and breastfeeding initiation. PP.0104 The Impact of Abnormal Maternal Body Mass Index on Perinatal Outcome Ghinwa Lawand; Fathima Minisha; Thomas Farell Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar B Objective: b Abnormal Body mass index (BMI) during pregnancy is a growing public health concern as it has been associated with an increased risk of maternal and neonatal complications. [Extracted from the article]

Mild hypothermia can induce apoptotic cell death in many cancer cells, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In a genetic screen in Caenorhabditis elegans, we found that impaired endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response (UPRER) increased animal survival after cold shock. Consistently, in normal human lung cells, decreasing culture temperature from 37 to 30 °C activated UPRER and promoted cell death. However, lung adenocarcinoma cells were impaired in UPRER induction and resistant to hypothermia‐induced cell death. Mechanistically, hypothermic stress increased HSF1 levels, which in turn activated UPRER to promote apoptotic cell death. HSF1 expression was associated with UPRER genes in normal tissues, but such association was lost in many cancers, especially lung adenocarcinoma. Activating UPRER enhanced the cytotoxicity of chemotherapy drugs cisplatin preferentially in cancer cells. Consistently, cancer patients with higher UPRER expression had generally better prognosis. Together, our study on hypothermia has led to the discovery of HSF1‐UPRER in the regulation of drug sensitivity in lung cancer cells, providing novel thoughts on developing new strategies against chemoresistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this narrative systematic review is to use the behaviour change techniques taxonomy to identify the most frequently used behaviour change techniques in published supported self‐management (SSM) programmes to manage temporomandibular disorder (TMD) in adult patients. Materials and methods: Electronic database and manual searches were undertaken for randomized controlled trials assessing a SSM intervention for TMD. A definition of SSM was constructed from multiple sources and used as a basis for eligibility criteria. The relevant behaviour change technique (BCT) used within each SSM intervention was identified according to the definitions of the behaviour change taxonomy (version1). Results: Twenty randomized controlled trials were identified as eligible for inclusion in this systematic review. No study tested multiple SSM programmes or tested SSM against no treatment or placebo. There was a wide variety in the number and types of BCTs used within the SSM interventions. Conclusions: Evidence regarding SSM is limited with significant differences identified between SSM programmes. Further research is required to test differing SSM programmes and to test the intervention against no treatment. Improved reporting of methodologies and consensus on the minimum required components to be used within a SSM intervention would improve comparison between studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing from statements by politicians, the media, policy analysts, and researchers, the current study identifies nine myths associated with terrorism and the practice of counterterrorism. We focus on those myths that have special policy relevance since the four al-Qaida hijackings on September 11, 2001, and the ensuing heightened security concern. Many of those myths generated research articles that, at times, come to contradictory conclusions. Our goal is to provide recent statistics and a literature evaluation to sort out such contradictory results. In the case of the alleged macroeconomic consequences of terrorism to a typical country, we supply updated estimations. Throughout our presentation, we draw from the post-2001 literature or statistical evidence. Often, empirical methods and procedures have evolved to a point wheremore clear-cut and robust findings are now available through better identification and advanced estimation procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corrosion inhibitors for mild steels subjected to aggressive media are needed by various industries, especially in power plants, petrochemical, automobile, and pharmaceutical. Accordingly, Schiff bases as a category of organic inhibitors have demonstrated efficient protecting activity in corrosive environments. This review focuses on the corrosion inhibitory performance of different Schiff bases for mild steel in acidic media and underlines the reports on which the protecting efficiency and applicability of Schiff bases have been affected by introducing different reagents as well as considering the environmental and structural issues. Therefore, discussed influential factors could endow approaches to design and apply more effective Schiff bases in the corrosion field, particularly alternatives under ecological guidelines and high inhibition efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The secret is essential for terrorists. Aware of their position of political and military inferiority towards their adversary, terrorists typically have no choice but to operate clandestinely, emerging from the shadows to carry out acts of violence in order to attract attention. However, the social organisation of the secret has not been the subject of a thorough reflection in the literature on political terrorism. Following Simmel's classic investigation into secrecy and secret societies, this article intends to shed light on "external secrecy", understood as the social practice of intentionally hiding information and knowledge from external actors that do not belong to the terrorist organisation. The paper explores how external secrecy takes the form of a sort of barrier system that can be crossed by individuals and can be built and removed by organisations. It also examines how external security in terrorist organisations can produce both opportunities for deliberate deception and risks of undesired manipulation by external actors. Finally, the article focuses on the inherent trade‐off between the need for external secrecy and the quest for visibility in terrorist organisations. Overall, this discussion suggests the opportunity to develop a research programme on the management of secrecy in terrorism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluation of gene co‐regulation is a powerful approach for revealing regulatory associations between genes and predicting biological function, especially in genetically diverse samples. Here, we applied this strategy to identify transcripts that are co‐regulated with unfolded protein response (UPR) genes in cultured fibroblasts from outbred deer mice. Our analyses showed that the transcriptome associated with RASSF1, a tumor suppressor involved in cell cycle regulation and not previously linked to UPR, is highly correlated with the transcriptome of several UPR‐related genes, such as BiP/GRP78, DNAJB9, GRP94, ATF4, DNAJC3, and CHOP/DDIT3. Conversely, gene ontology analyses for genes co‐regulated with RASSF1 predicted a previously unreported involvement in UPR‐associated apoptosis. Bioinformatic analyses indicated the presence of ATF4‐binding sites in the RASSF1 promoter, which were shown to be operational using chromatin immunoprecipitation. Reporter assays revealed that the RASSF1 promoter is responsive to ATF4, while ablation of RASSF1 mitigated the expression of the ATF4 effector BBC3 and abrogated tunicamycin‐induced apoptosis. Collectively, these results implicate RASSF1 in the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress‐associated apoptosis downstream of ATF4. They also illustrate the power of gene coordination analysis in predicting biological functions and revealing regulatory associations between genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stabilisation splint therapy (SST) and low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) are effective‐invasive treatment for temporo‐mandibular disorder (TMD) patients. However, the specific efficacy of each therapy in patients with chronic closed lock (CCL) from temporo‐mandibular joints (TMJ) disc displacement without reduction (DDwoR) remains unknown. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess and compare the efficacy of SST and LLLT alone or in combination in patients with CCL from TMJ DDwoR. Methods: This parallel randomised clinical trial included 42 patients who were diagnosed with CCL from TMJ DDwoR. Patients were allocated equally and randomly into three treatment groups: group I received combined SST and LLLT, group II received LLLT and group III received SST. Maximum mouth opening (MMO), visual analogue scale (VAS), muscle and joint palpation scores and time required to achieve normal state were evaluated at baseline, 1, 2, 4 weeks, 3 and 6 months after the intervention. Data were collected and analysed using SPSS software. Results: Regarding MMO and VAS, a statistically significant improvement was found between group I versus group II and versus group III at all evaluation times. Regarding muscle and joint palpation scores, a statistically significant difference was found between group I versus group III, while non‐significant difference was found between group I and group II. A statistically significant faster improvement was found in group I versus group III and versus group II. Conclusion: All treatment modalities can be effective in management of CCL from a TMJ DDwoR cases, but the combined SST and LLLT group seems to provide the best and quickest improvement. Clinical trial registration number: NCT05548894. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen production through an alkaline electrolyzer as well as a techno‐economic and enviro‐economic analysis are presented. The proposal of this innovative study is to generate hydrogen gas energy from an alkaline electrolyzer energy system. The prototype of this alkaline electrolyzer was developed by application of hydrogen production through alkaline electrolyzer optimization. This novel chemical mixture is made up from the combination of ammonia, ethyl alcohol, urea, and deionized or distilled water. The result proved to be a model study by emphasizing the annual profit of the alkaline electrolyzer of a simple payback period of the prototype system. A prototype of alkaline electrolyzer is designed and developed to produce oxyhydrogen gas through water electrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID‐19 pandemic and its accompanying infection control measures introduced sudden and significant disruptions to the lives of children and adolescents around the world. Given the potential for negative impacts on the mental health of youths as a result of these changes, we conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis to examine the prevalence of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and sleep disturbances in children and adolescents during the pandemic. We searched major literature databases for relevant cross‐sectional or longitudinal studies that included primary and secondary school students or children and adolescents ≤18 years of age. Prevalence values were extracted, logit‐transformed, and pooled. Based on 191 included studies with 1,389,447 children and adolescents, we found the pooled prevalence of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and sleep disturbances to be 31%, 31%, and 42%, respectively. Age, grade levels, education levels, gender, geographical regions, and electronics use were correlated with the prevalence of mental health symptoms. The prevalence of mental health symptoms also increased with time, although signs of recovery and stabilization were also observed. Overall, the results from this review demonstrate the need for increased mental health research, monitoring, and intervention for children and adolescents during the current and future pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mild steel has been considerably exploited in various manufacturing and commercial fields due to its tremendous mechanical performance. However, mild steel's high susceptibility to corrosion under acidic conditions leads to vast economic losses and environmental consequences. Inhibitors used for steel corrosion in the acidic medium are ordinarily polar heteroaromatic molecules with electronegative atoms. Acridines are one type of inhibitor with several advantages, such as heteroatoms, functional groups and their polarity, double bond conjugation, and importantly efficient and non‐hazardous synthetic routes. The polar moieties of such inhibitors are considered to augment their adsorption on steel surface, thus creating a shielding to inhibit steel corrosion. Acridine analogs are N‐heterocyclic organic compounds that can be easily produced owing to impeccable inhibition capacity. The current review discusses the chemistry, synthesis, corrosion inhibition mechanism, and properties of acridines and their derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review examines the coloniality infused within the conduct and third reporting of experimental research in what is commonly referred to as the 'Israeli‐Palestinian conflict'. Informed by a settler colonial framework and decolonial theory, our review measured the appearance of sociopolitical terms and critically analysed the reconciliation measures. We found that papers were three times more likely to describe the context through the framework of intractable conflict compared to occupation. Power asymmetry was often acknowledged and then flattened via, for instance, adjacent mentions of Israeli and Palestinian physical violence. Two‐thirds of the dependent variables were not related to material claims (e.g. land, settlements, or Palestinian refugees) but rather to the feelings and attitudes of Jewish Israelis and Palestinians. Of the dependent measures that did consider material issues, they nearly universally privileged conditions of the two‐state solution and compromises on refugees' right of return that would violate international law. The majority of the studies sampled Jewish–Israeli participants exclusively, and the majority of authors were affiliated with Israeli institutions. We argue that for social psychology to offer insights that coincide with the decolonization of historic Palestine, the discipline will have to begin by contextualizing its research within the material conditions and history that socially stratify the groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is characterised by progressive cysts formation and renal enlargement that in most of cases leads to end stage of renal disease (ESRD). This pathology is caused by mutations of either PKD1 or PKD2 genes that encode for polycystin‐1 (PC1) and polycystin‐2 (PC2), respectively. These proteins function as receptor‐channel complex able to regulate calcium homeostasis. PKD1/2 loss of function impairs different signalling pathways including cAMP and mTOR that are considered therapeutic targets for this disease. In fact, Tolvaptan, a vasopressin‐2 antagonist that reduces cAMP levels, is the only drug approved for ADPKD treatment. Nevertheless, some ADPKD patients developed side effects in response to Tolvaptan including liver damage. Conversely, mTOR inhibitors that induced disease regression in ADPKD animal models failed the clinical trials. Results: Here, we show that the inhibition of mTOR causes the activation of autophagy in ADPKD cells that could reduce therapy effectiveness by drug degradation through the autophagic vesicles. Consistently, the combined treatment with rapamycin and chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor, potentiates the decrease of cell proliferation induced by rapamycin. To overcome the dangerous activation of autophagy by mTOR inhibition, we targeted MDM2 (a downstream effector of mTOR signalling) that is involved in TP53 degradation by using RG7112, a small‐molecule MDM2 inhibitor used for the treatment of haematologic malignancies. The inhibition of MDM2 by RG7112 prevents TP53 degradation and increases p21 expression leading to the decrease of cell proliferation and the activation of apoptosis. Conclusion: The targeting of MDM2 by RG7112 might represent a new therapeutic option for the treatment of ADPKD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Surgical interventions are recommended for cases of advanced mitral regurgitation, however, limited facilities are available. The most prominent complication in such procedures is heparin‐derived bleeding. An alternative anticoagulant to heparin, nafamostat mesilate (NM), can reduce the occurrence of complications associated with heparin such as bleeding or shock. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the utility and safety of using NM during anaesthesia in canines. Methods: Six healthy adult Beagle dogs were anaesthetised, and NM was administered intravenously as a 10 mg/kg bolus dose over 5 min, followed by a continuous infusion of 10 mg/kg/h over 20 min. Blood tests and blood pressure measurements were performed at 0, 5, 25 and 55 min after NM administration. Results: Activated thromboplastin times at 0, 25 and 55 min were 13.0 ± 0.7 s, 106.7 ± 13.3 s and 28.2 ± 2.9 s, respectively, with a significant difference between 0 and 25 min (p < 0.01) only. No significant differences were observed in prothrombin time, antithrombin, fibrinogen and fibrin degradation product concentrations between timepoints. Activated clotting times (ACTs) at 0, 5, 25 and 55 min were 119.5 ± 9.6 s, 826.7 ± 78.6 s, 924.8 ± 42.4 s and 165.2 ± 13.5 s, respectively. Significant differences were observed between 0 and 5 min (p < 0.05) and between 0 and 25 min (p < 0.05). Blood pressure changes occurred in four dogs (66.7%). No other serious adverse effects were observed. Conclusions: ACT results indicated that NM use in anaesthetised healthy dogs was sufficient to obtain procedural anticoagulation with minimal adverse effects. However, these preliminary data require validation in further studies on cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that Libyan government decided to lay off 400,000 state employees to ease budgetary strains and encourage private sector investments in the country. Prime Minister Al-Baghdadi Ali al-Mahmoudi said that it is necessary to cut back the dinar 4 billion (euro2.5 billion) spent on salaries over the national budget. Furthermore, Libyan workers have no labor rights and there is no exist trade union that would challenge a public employer in the country.

The case is a 67‐year‐old female with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease who was followed up regularly. CT scan showed a mural nodule growing over the past 4 years inside the hypodense region surrounded by hepatic cysts. Surgery was performed and the pathological diagnosis was StageI gallbladder cancer. The prognosis of ADPKD has been prolonged, accordingly the number of patients with malignant tumors is expected to increase. There are few reports on the association between ADPKD and gallbladder cancer, and further accumulation of data will be needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since Donald Trump's political campaign, Americans have appeared increasingly divided over public opinion issues and U.S. policies with the media seemingly reflecting these divisions. One of Trump's early initiatives was the "Muslim ban," which restricted visitors from seven Muslim‐majority countries. Focusing on the portrayal of Muslims in over 900 hand‐coded articles, our study uses multilevel modeling techniques to examine how newspapers changed their frames and claimsmakers in discussions about Muslims before and after Trump was elected. After the election, newspapers were more likely to include government claimsmakers and an immigration frame and were less likely to mention a radical terrorist leader or portray Muslims as violent. Trump's election and the ban may have ushered in a more sympathetic view of Muslims with more articles focused on them as victims of violence and negative expressions. Across counties, states, and newspapers and between the national versus local presses, we find almost no significant differences in how Muslims were portrayed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A leading intellectual of the late‐Ottoman and early‐Turkish Republican period, İsmail Hakkı İzmirli taught philosophy, theology, and law in İstanbul, and was a prolific writer, with more than forty‐five published and unpublished books, and many articles. The article reproduced here in translation, which was part of a series of articles on leading Muslim thinkers, is on the life and work of Ibn Khaldun, in which the author both briefly introduces his major books (al‐'Ibar, al‐Muqaddima, and al‐Ta'rif in particular) and outlines his methodological principles and main arguments in the Muqaddima. İzmirli treats Ibn Khaldun as a philosopher and historian, admiring his philosophical views and methodological perspective as quite original and in many ways trailblazing, though he also criticizes him for unnecessarily "delving into useless issues such as Sufism." Finally, he frequently compares him with both Muslim and Western intellectuals, e.g. Ibn Rushd, Ibn Miskawayh, al‐Farabi, Ibn Bâjja, Niẓām al‐Mulk, and Edward Gibbon, Marx, Spencer, and Comte, often finding Ibn Khaldun as a pioneer anticipating the ideas of later thinkers. He devotes a separate section to compare him with Machiavelli, emphasizing differences as well as similarities between the two, and likening the latter to a "disciple" of Ibn Khaldun's, claiming that "Machiavelli followed his mentor's path in his The Prince." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the set backs of Islamic State's (IS) military-police departments where the author presents Caliphate's emergence and decline out of Iraqi al-Qaeda and the associated religious ideologies. He mentions the Arab Spring uprisings of 2011 and Salafism that was inspired by life of Prophet Muhammad. Further he indicates that the Jihadi forms were apparent in the Syrian uprisings and mentions the political leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi's proclamation of a single Islamic State.

Between 1952 and 1970, Gamal Abdel Nasser and Egypt's Free Officers Movement established the paradigmatic pan- Arabist revolution from above. Yet it has become something of a cliché to maintain that the Free Officers had no blueprint of action before seizing power and that they later instrumentalised pan- Arabism in their foreign policy, thinly veiling their actual commitments to Egyptian nationalism and imperialism. By contrast, this contribution underlines the impact of the British colonial context on the Free Officers' political formation and their early identification with pan- Arabism in turn. Drawing on pamphlets, speeches, media output and memoirs, it shows that the Free Officers developed a distinctive form of anticolonial nationalism that emphasised social justice and invoked overlapping Egyptian and Arab identities. Their aspirations for liberation thus entailed a connected foreign policy and nation building programme in which pan- Arabism was a prime - and early - component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are the most common source of non‐odontogenic orofacial pain in the United Kingdom. International evidence suggests that Physiotherapy can improve the symptoms of a TMD. The objective of this observational study was to see if physiotherapy in the United Kingdom can improve the symptoms of patients with a TMD in light of the variability of physiotherapy practice worldwide. Materials and Methods: Sociodemographic, TMD diagnosis and outcome data were drawn from service evaluations of patients with painful and mechanical TMDs diagnosed via the Diagnostic Criteria for TMDs who underwent physiotherapy between 2017 and September 2019 in four physiotherapy departments in the United Kingdom. Data were collected and analysed in Autumn 2019. Outcome measures used were a Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), the Jaw Function Limitation Scale‐8 (JFLS‐8) and change in maximal mouth opening (MMO). Results: Data from 108 patients were collected and analysed. Female was the most common gender of patients with a mean age of 37 years. Myalgia and myalgia with arthralgia were the most common TMD diagnosis (82%). Mean symptom duration was 7 years. Results demonstrated a mean reduction of 3.7 on the NPRS, a mean improvement of 15.5 points on the JFLS‐8, and MMO improved by a mean of 5.5 mm. The mean improvement in pain was clinically meaningful; however, significant variability in the effectiveness was demonstrated in the results of all three outcome measures. Conclusion: Commensurate with consistent international evidence this study supports the use of physiotherapy in the conservative management of chronic TMDs. Robust studies are required to verify these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]