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The article presents a summary of several studies related to ecology. These include "The shingle beach as a plant habitat," by F. W. Oliver, "The pelophilous formation of the left bank of the Severn estuary," by J. H. Priestley, "On the brown seaweeds of the salt marsh," by Sarah M. Baker, and "Ecological terminology as applied to marine Algae," by N. M. Johnson. A paper on the eastern moorlands of Yorkshire, England is also presented, as well as the research paper on the ecology of Calluna vulgaris.

Information about several papers discussed at the general meeting of the British Ecological Society which was held on April 12, 1913 in the Botanical Department, University College in Great Britain is presented. Topics include the brief historical summary of the work of the British Vegetation Committee from its inception in 1904, and the resolutions of the British Ecological Society.

The article discusses the vegetation in Great Britain. It highlights the richness of the vegetation in the country that nearly all the forest trees and shrubs of the British flora are represented, that the species of vascular plants number about 700, and that of mosses and hepatics there are about 270 species. It also says that southern portion of Herefordshire vegetation together with the adjoining part of West Gloucestershire, enjoys a mild equable climate, with no great extremes of temperature, and with a moderate rainfall averaging about 70 cm. The article noted that South Herefordshire represents an isolated area with a mean rainfall of 60-75 cm. surrounded on all sides by a rainfall of 75-90 cm.

The article discusses the vegetation and grassland's condition in Great Britain. According to the authors, the country's grassland distribution depend on various sets of conditions including the economic requirements determined by farm practice, the relation between crops and stock and prices obtainable. It says that the grassland has been allowed to take possession in areas where the original natural vegetation has been destroyed by cultivation, deforesting and other processes. Furthermore, the degree of grazing has enabled grassland to supplant the original vegetation.

The article discusses the highlights of the annual general meeting of the British Ecological Society on May 23, 1914 held in the Botanical Lecture Theatre at University College in London, England. Several officers were elected including professor F. W. Oliver, W. B. Crump and O. V. Darbishire. A general statement of the financial position of the Society up to December 31, 1913 was presented by the treasurer. Society president, A. G. Tansley, delivered an address citing the Society's achievements.

The article presents summaries of several articles that deal with the vegetation of some areas in Great Britain. They are "Blakeney Point in 1914," by F. W. Oliver, "Hydrilla verticillata in Britain," by W. H. Pearsall, "Pilura globulifera in Glamorgan," by M. Y. Orr, "Stratiotes aloides near Criebb," by R. C. Davie and "The Ecology of Knockdow Estate, Argyllshire," by Augusta Lamont. Information on the journals wherein the articles are published is provided, as well as the number of pages of the articles.

The article presents the geological history of the Dovey Estuary and the Adjoining Flats. During the glacial period the valley and estuary were occupied by ice which came down from the Ordovician range of Cader Idris and Aran Mawddwy. It also indicates that the western boundary of the Flats is formed by a storm-beach which extends northwards from the cliffs near North for two or three miles. The article also stresses that the geological history of the estuaries on the west coast of Great Britain is imperfectly known.

The article discusses the significance of the distribution of Nardus Stricta, a dominant type of grass species in the hilly parts of Northern Britain, in relation to peat, a carbonized vegetable matter saturated with water. It is stated that Nardus grassland is an important type of vegetation but being a dominant species among plant associations, Nardus is likely to have little relationship. However, the necessity for observing its relation to other types of species is of higher value in terms of its evolution and displacement by herbage. Furthermore, Nardetum occurs typically on peat which will be redistributed from the exposed surface of peat by wind, water, and biologic agents. During redistribution, Nardus form a zone marginal to the mass which will serve as its habitat.

The article discusses the need to recognize the classification of aquatic plant communities to address issues on aquatic vegetation in Great Britain. Accordingly, the three major methods of classifying plant communities includes warming, types of British Vegetation, and accordance to the Norfolk Broads which is contributed by Miss Marietta Pallis. For warming, plant communities are being classified according to growth form. For British Vegetation, plant communities are laid on the importance of the habitat factor. Lastly for Norfolk Broads concerns primarily on how the relation between successive plant communities is described regarding aquatic and fen communities as part of one succession being applied to British vegetation.

Information about several papers discussed during the two Summer Meetings of the British Ecological Society (BES) is presented. During the first meeting which happened on June 29, 1918, the main topic discussed was on the effect of rabbits to the vegetation and formation of soil. In the second meeting, which was held on August 1-6, 1918, topics discussed was mainly focusing on the characteristic of hill and valley vegetation in the hill region of northern Great Britain.

This article investigates the causes of the lack of natural regeneration in British oakwoods. In October 1914, various oakwoods in Cambridge, England were littered with several well-ripened fruits. However, there were changes in the number of visible acorns during the next few weeks which can be attributed to the removal or concealment of acorns. According to foresters, rabbits eat large quantities of acorns so plots were established to temporarily protected against them. Some experiments were also conducted which showed the value protection against the attacks of animals. It also found that mice are a powerful factor militating against successful regeneration by their consumption of large quantities of the seed. Other animals known to eat acorns are cattle, wild pigs, and squirrels.

The article focuses on the distribution of Primula elatior in Great Britain. It is contended that Primula elatior, even though wide-spread in the continent, is confined to two districts in Great Britain, forming a single area within which the plant grows in abundance in all old woods, and in small numbers in boggy meadows beside streams. The two districts are separated by a gap that is about 15 to 20 miles wide, formed by the valley of the River Cam. The author notes that the distribution of the Oxlip species is overlooked in Great Britain because it was confused with the widespread hybrid between the Cowslip and the Primrose.

The article reviews several publications on vegetation in Great Britain. They include "The Soils of Blakeney Point: A Study of Soil Reaction and Succession in Relation to the Plant Covering," by E. J. Salisbury, which appeared in a 1922 issue of "Annals of Botany," and "The Physiological Anatomy of the Vascular Plants Characteristic of Peat," by J. H. Priestley and Mildred Hinchliff and "Plant Distribution and Basic Ratios," by W. H. Pearsall, which were both published in the August-September 1922 issue of "The Naturalist."

The article presents a study that examined ecological problems relative to the ecology of soil insects on British agricultural lands, with reference to their nature of occurrence and their food relations. It presents a list of common soil insect species found in nine representative areas in Lancashire, Cheshire, Northumberland, and Durham, which shows that the areas are the real habitat in various associations of the soil insects. Moreover, it provides a composite graph of the occurrence of the different feeding groups, phytophagous and carnivorous, on grassland and arable lands, which shows that on all types of agricultural land has a kind of equilibrium built as regards to different insect species.

Information about several proceedings discussed at the nineteenth General and tenth Annual Meeting and field meetings sponsored by the British Ecological Society on ecology and environmental science is presented. Topics include the water content of developing and mature foliage leaves, dwarf oakwoods, and examination of vegetation and mollusca of the chalk downs at Aldbury. The symposium featured several professors including R. H. Yapp, W. L. Boys-Smith, and B. M.Griffiths.

The article reports on the Imperial Forestry Institute in Oxford, England. The establishment of a central training institution like this institute is a proof a great development in Forestry training and research although there were several questions discussed by the British Empire Forestry Conference in 1920. The Institute will be a University Institution with the professor of Forestry as its director and under the control of a Board of Governors representing the University. The Institution will be open to qualified students of any nationality although it is intended primarily to serve the needs of Forestry in the British Empire.

The article presents a study regarding the vegetation of the English Chalk, a type of grassland in Hampshire-Sussex border in England. The study focuses on the colonization of certain chalk species and soil surfaces in the chalk soils of the South Downs. The stages of these colonizations were described. It concludes that the first significant colonization of bare chalk is through "chomophytes." The author further explains that a wide variety of species can colonize chalk talus particularly finely divided chalk débris, and mainly depends largely on the surrounding vegetation.

The article discusses the two ancient upland oak woods in Cumberland, England. According to the author, these two small oak woods are known as the Birkrigg Oaks and the Kaeskadale Oaks that are situated on the southern slopes of Causey Pike and Ard Crags respectively. The author also provided a brief description of these two oak woods that includes their features and habitat conditions. He further concludes that these two ancient woods eventually disappeared due the failure of natural regeneration by means of seedlings.

The article provides an overview of two publications concerning British vegetation. The booklet "British Woodlands as Illustrated by Lessness Abbey," by St. John Marriott, features a vegetation survey that brings out the effect of the various soils on the flora and vegetation. The article "The Vegetation of Tinto Hills," by Donald Patton in the "Annals of the Andersonian Naturalists Society," explains the annual rainfall, glacial landforms and the flora in the Tinto Hills, in Upper Clydesdale, Lanarkshire, Scotland.

The article offers information on the scheme for abstracting publications on the British Empire Vegetation. The proposed plan is to invite authors of papers and books dealing with vegetation and ecology to send to the Secretary of the Committee abstracts of their publications. It is noted that the abstracts will be collected and edited by a number of collaborators, and will then be published by arrangement with the British Ecological Society in the form of supplements to "The Journal of Ecology."

The article offers information on an investigation carried out under the direction of researcher Charles Elton regarding the existence of a cycle in the numbers of the short-tailed field mouse, or vole, in Great Britain. It states that the vole maximum is not necessarily a plague, as the numbers may increase and fall again without doing any noticeable damage. It offers information on the cycles in the numbers of voles and the occurrence of vole maxima from 1890 to 1929. It also offers information on the results of the 1929 census for voles, Microtus hirtus and Microtus agrestis, and mentions that the study shows that past maximum years for field voles show a periodicity of nearly four years, and there is evidence that disease and the climatic factors are the controlling mechanism.

The article discusses a preliminary account of mountain detritus vegetation of some non-calcareous British screes. The general characteristics of screes and scree vegetation in Great Britain are described. The relationship between the vegetation of screes and that of mountain-top detritus as indicated by the general resemblance that exists between the respective vegetation of the two habitats is examined. Information is presented on the Lake District on which the observations for the present account were based.

The article discusses the special role played by special herbaria in modern botanical research. The general tendency that exists in the human mental equipment to over-valuate personal experiences as exemplified in the use and abuse of herbaria and herbarium methods in botany is described. It is noted that the taxonomist equipped with a modern scientific training is able to criticize his special subject with more reason than his colleagues in other branches of botany. Information is presented on transplant experiments being conducted in some areas in Great Britain.

The article focuses on further investigations concerning the study of cycles in British voles or microtus. To obtain evidence concerning future fluctuations, several methods have been used including an annual trapping census carried out on a number of areas in Great Britain and a system of reports from observers throughout the country. Sponsored by the Empire Marketing Board, the research was conducted under the direction of Charles Elton in the Department of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy at Oxford. One factor affecting the cycles of British voles is the effect of weather conditions on trapping in the exposed areas.

The article outlines recommendations relating to the accurate use of the taxonomic aspects of ecological investigations, which are approved by the Council of the British Ecological Society. The Council hopes that the Flora and Edition which has been used in determining the taxonomic concepts and nomenclature followed in the paper should be stated by contributors to the "Journal of Ecology." The Council also encourages the preservation of material of all the taxonomic units, from each plant community described. Finally, the Council calls on contributors to state the herbarium or herbaria in which his specimens have been deposited.

The article discusses the highlights of the summer meeting of the British Ecological Society at the Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Lowestoff from May 22-24, 1931. A brief account of marine fishery research was made by Doctor E. S. Russell, director of the Society. Other presentations on marine fishery research are made, including one by R. E. Savage on Phaeocystis poucheti in relation to Herring Shoals.

The article compares the Dovey salt marsh and the small area of salt marsh on Canvey Island in Essex, Victoria. The two marshes, accordingly, do differ in their geographical position, their geology, and in their phanerogam flora. The Dovey salt marsh is marked by slaty rocks and coarse grits, while the one at Canvey offers deposits that are very fine and can form a sticky tenacious mud. As to zonation in the phanerogam flora, the Dovey salt marsh is emphasized by the Salicornetum, Glycerietum, Lower Festucetum, Upper Festucetum and Juncetum, while the Canvey salt marsh's zonation is allegedly difficult to explain because it is covered by a coarse closed community dominated by Glyceria maritima.

The article offers information on a study about the distribution of macrophytic vegetation in the rivers of Great Britain. It highlights the various factors influencing the distribution of vegetation in moving waters, as contrasted with lakes and ponds, and outlines the various communities of plants in the same manner as has been done for woodland, health, saltmarsh and mountains. It notes that by quadrat studies, it is demonstrated that some plants persists throughout the year while others decay in the autumn, and that vegetation is impermanent and tends to move to unoccupied portions if the river bed leaving the other parts barren. It also notes that the macrophytic vegetation acts as a habitat for animals and algae and largely determines the fertility of a river.

Information about several topics discussed at the summer meeting held at Barnard Castle in Durham in Great Britain on August 27-31, 1933 is presented. The meeting was held by the British Ecological Society, discussing the outline of the geology and topography of Teesdale. Topics include the characteristics of Teesdale flora, the local distribution of the species and the subarctic species.

The article presents a report about the activities of the British Ecological Society for the year 1932. The article contains information regarding the meetings of the organization held at the University of Oxford and Teesdale in England supplemented with the minutes of such meetings. Details about the excursion event and transplant experiments conducted by the Society are given. It also mentions the periodicals "The Journal of Ecology" and "The Journal of Animal Ecology" and provides a discourse about its membership. The article ends with an announcement of the resignation of O. V. Darbishire, one of the founders of the society.

Presents news briefs related to psychology as of December 1, 1933. Growth in the number of papers of psychodiagnostic interest which are read at the meetings of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; Information on lectures delivered at a meeting of the German Society for the Study of Heredity on problems of heredity in the animal and vegetable kingdom; Information on experiments in Russia which aimed at finding methods to regulate the sex of offspring.

The article describes the habitats of land Mollusca in Great Britain. The normal food for Mollusca includes decayed remains of the higher plants, fungi, lichens, algae and dead leaves. It is stated that the occurrence of any snail or slug is determined by its history, its geographical distribution and the nature of its habitat. Some of the Mollusca species living in wet places include Agriolimax laevis, Zonitoides nitidus and Pupa anglica while those living in dry places include Helix virgata, H. caperata and H. cartusiana. It discusses the influence of man on Mollusca.

The article announces the decision of the British Empire Vegetation Committee to discontinue the series of abstracts which have been published in the "Journal of Ecology" since 1928. The intent of the scheme when it started was that authors books and papers on ecology relating to the Overseas Empire should send abstracts of their work to the Committee. It is cited that authors of ecological publications in the Empire have not responded to the scheme and very few authors' abstracts have been received. It offers information on the other sides of the Committee's work.

Presents international news briefs on character and personality as of March 1934. Experiments conducted in Great Britain on the transmission of mental traits in generations of rats; Papers presented at the 93rd meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science held from December 27, 1934 to January 2, 1935 in Boston, Massachusetts; Information on the association called German Allgemeine Aerztliche Gesellschaft fuer Psychotherapie.

Presents updates on the field of psychology in Great Britain as of September 1935. Information on the Heath Clark Lectures which focused on temperament; Details of the paper written by E. Feuchtwanger and K. Román-Goldzieher regarding the effect of localized brain injuries on handwriting.

Examines the gross metabolic changes among neonates in Great Britain. Nature of bodily activity; Influence of feeding time in the induction of bodily activity; Effects of crying on the rate of metabolism.

The article offers information on the autecology of Mercurialis Perennis, including the effect of soil factors on distribution and growth, and the light intensity as a factor in the distribution and growth of the two sexes. It is cited that the effect of hydrogen-ion concentration on the distribution and growth of Mercurialis perennis in Great Britain were determined, with pH values of more than 200 samples of soils. It is mentioned that the light intensity is an important factor for the distribution and growth of the male and female plants of Mercurialis perennis in nature.

The article presents a discussion on the vegetation of grass verges and explores the grass habitats which are regarded as excessively trodden places. It is implied that a considerable degree of similarity exist between the vegetation of the trampled grass verge found on highways and that of the grassy footpath or the sheep track situated whether on lowlands or at high elevation. The article is supplemented with details regarding the botanical composition of the plant communities, ecological distribution, climatic and edaphic backgrounds, and observations drawn from investigating samples coming from Great Britain, Australia, and New Zealand.

The article presents a study on both the algal and phanerogamic vegetation of Scolt Head Island in Norfolk, England. The study attempts to secure a general information on the series of marshes between King's Lynn and Blakeney. It was observed that during the flooding and non-flooding tides there is a marked rise and fall of the water table in the sand stratum below the surface mud, ranging greatest near creeks and diminishes with increasing distance from them. Among the main factors in determining the daily movements of water-table includes the following: the height of the previous tide; resistance of the strata; and strength and direction of the wind.

The article examines the soil composition of plant communities relative to the characteristic of woodland soils. The study describes soils on which certain characteristic of plant communities in the north of England are found. It also attempts to throw some light on the nature of the soil complex as it is related to natural vegetation. In relation to the distribution of natural types of woodland vegetation within the area regarding soil characters, the study tentatively recognized five soil types.

The article focuses on the study on the use of chalk flora to interpret the calcicole habit in the lower Greensand in Surrey, Great Britain. The study was conducted on a small piece of grassland, known to be calcareous sand, where the soil was seen to be physically typical of that of the chalk. The study found that chalk was scattered, and mixed with the sand for agricultural purpose many years before. It was concluded that factors determining the calcicole habit in vast majority of chalk grassland species are chemical.

Information about several papers discussed at a meeting by the British Ecological Society on ecology is presented. Topics include general ecology in Great Britain, works on the Society's laboratory, and light penetration. The meeting featured several members of the Society including Dr. Pearsall, and Dr. Worthington.

The article offers the summary results of the transplant experiments of the British Ecological Society. The experiment was conducted to determine the reaction of selected species of the British flora to different soils. A list of species of the British flora is presented which includes Centaura nemoralis, Silene vulgaris, and Silene maritima. The experiment was observed in ten years, which was conducted at the beds on the Potterne Upper Greensand soil. Meteorological conditions, biotic factors, and observations on the species were also presented.

The article describes the ecology of several salt-marshes in Great Britain. The depth of clay mud and the height of the dominant vegetation types are shown and the presence of a dense algal covering in the Asteretum and Salicornietum is also indicated. The phanerogamic and algal vegetation in the salt-marshes are described and the algal salt-marsh communities is surveyed. Some of the algal communities surveyed, include sandy Chlorophyceae, Enteromorpha minima, Phormidium autumnale and Fucus limicola.

The article offers information about the annual meeting of the British Ecological Society at the University College in London, England, on January 5-6, 1939. Professor Tansley explained how pressure of work had made him unable to prepare a speech, and how the Council had made arrangements for it to be read at a meeting at Easter. Resignation of Mrs. Hand was accepted and Elflyn Hughes was elected as a new member of the society.

The article presents a study that investigates the ecological status of Breckland in Great Britain. The study was administered by analyzing the essence and characteristics of the different types of soil which corresponds to the different developmental stages of podsol and grass-heath as well as the physiognomic communities of its vegetation. The study reveals that grass-heath depicts various variable quality of floristic composition and physiognomy which is caused by the elements of soil and other factors wherein the different stages of soil shows traces of acid and calcium carbonate. It also presents a description and characterization of vegetation based on different soil types as well as evidences on the different factors of grass-heath.

The article focuses on the Committee Report released by the British Ecological Society regarding the relevance and implication of the paper "The classification of tropical woody vegetation types," by J. Burtt Davy. According to the authors, Davy's essay commendable work should be recognized, however, his work does not present appropriate knowledge regarding the concept and classification of tropical woody communities which only uses a mixed criteria and is not based on habitat. It also offers information on the proper approach on the classification of woody vegetation communities as well as the basic formation type and units of study.

The article focuses on the endemic trees of the British Guiana Peneplain. It describes the situation, climate and topography British Guiana and the distribution of the main climatic associations. It also notes the influence of climate on the distribution of other species and the prevalence of endemism in the Guiana flora through the analysis of the local and general range of forty of the commonest trees. It also states the likelihood of the endemic species of the Guiana flora which have evolved in the highlands that borders the western and southern limits of the peneplain.

The article discusses the biological flora in Great Britain, specifically focusing on the species Juncus macer. The author describes the characteristics of J. macer's leaves, flowers, perianth segments and capsules. Also, the geographical and altitudinal distribution of the species is discussed, as well as its communities, habitat and reception to biotic components. J. macer species has the ability resist to trampling by man, animals, rolling by wheels, cutting or grazing since the rootstock is deeply extended on the ground. Details and illustrations related to the plant are also presented.

The article discusses Frangula alnus in Great Britain. It is a bush or a small tree with branches which are not very regular and which appear in alternating pairs. Its bark is smooth, except for very old trees, while buds are naked with small leaves covered with brown hairs. Moreover, flowers are borne in small groups and are pentamerous. Frangula alnus appears in six types of habitat such as alkaline fen peat, modified raised bogs, and scattered undergrowth in woodland. Information regarding the species' geographical and altitudinal distribution and performance in other habitats is also presented.