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Copyright of Zeithistorische Forschungen is the property of Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The current paper seeks to investigate the achievements of two female writers from two European countries of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Mary Hays and Pauline de Meulan-Guizot were both highly involved in the issue of education, albeit from separate angles. The British author, Mary Hays, an adept of Godwinian and Helvetian philosophies, emphasized the need for schooling in general and for girls in particular. Most of her writings were dedicated to the cause of female liberation. In France, Pauline de Meulan-Guizot wrote several pedagogical and didactic works, both together with her husband, the liberal politician François Guizot, and independently. Her writings were mainly focused on the moral upbringing of the young. The aim of this study is to compare the different outlooks of the two writers as well as to identify the links between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In World War II American intelligence proved to be a place where German-Jewish émigré intellectuals not only warred against Germany but also connected successfully to their American-born comrades. This paper is dealing with a post-war intellectual network contributing to the intellectual foundations of the New Left in the United States. The origins of this circle of intellectuals can be traced back to the wartime Office of Strategic Services. In the early Cold War period intellectual analysts of Nazi Germany continued their cooperation in academic settings, and with support from philanthropic institutions such as the Rockefeller Foundation. In this context their leftist political discourse and activism took shape. Their Cold War politics, however, was associated with their concept of intellectual history as well as with a "decontaminated" version of Weimar thought. A close reading of archival sources with regard to Herbert Marcuse will exemplify the main argument of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been numerous and extensive discussions of the role of 'слухи' [gossip] in nineteenth-century Russian literature; usually gossip was viewed as a formative force behind plot dynamics, and as the launching point for grotesque narrative effects. This article attempts to frame different perceptions of gossip, treating it in its specific relation to the subject of ageing and as a contributive factor to the development of the Russian realist tradition. This paper proposes a new approach to the reading of gossip by examining how it functions in the nineteenth-century Russian genre of the 'society tale'. It emerges there as a witch's spell, in which ageing heroines choose gossip as their defense mechanism in response to physiological and psychological changes within and around them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The paper deals with a challenging issue of cooperation between civic organizations in Europe that are engaged in anti-extremist activities. The author defines and conceptualizes transnational cooperation of civic society against extremism, briefly outlines the historical development of transnational non-governmental anti-extremist cooperation in Europe, analyses contemporary pan-European anti-extremist networks in Europe, and selects other forms of anti-extremist cooperation in Europe. The case study is dedicated to the Platform of European Memory and Conscience

The article presents the situation, dilemmas, and political activities of Arab exiles and students in Germany between 1933 and 1945. The author discusses the question of individual moral culpability, describes the pressures and exploitation experienced by Arabs in National Socialist Germany, and presents the consequences of their stay in Germany for their later lives, careers, and thinking. The Egyptian journalist and political activist, Husni al-Urabi, is mentioned, along with Arab students in Berlin.

Sexual violence created an utterly asymmetric constellation between the offender and the violated person, as well as between the accuser and the court. This paper differentiates and criticises this simple and static view. With a comparative perspective on European examples and based on court records of the communal state of Zurich, the paper discusses how to dealwith the conceptual and empirical problems arising in a historical analysis: How can we make pre-modern and modern sources relate to each other? How can we approach what “rape" and “abuse" meant for the contemporaries?What can we find out about the constellations between the accusers, the defendants and the court? How can we understand the sentences which seem extremely unjust to us today as being fair at that time? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion of a "third world" rose to prominence in international political discourse around 1960 and vanished around 1990. It designated a group of countries aligned with neither of the two other worlds. I argue in this article that the term needs to be situated in a larger history of the perception of global difference at least as old as the Enlightenment. The peculiar career of the concept of the "third world" is connected both to changes in the order of knowledge and, more specifically, to the history of economic thought, of which it is an effect. The paper thus focuses on the emergence of the term around 1960 and investigates the irrelevance of economics in late colonialism as opposed to the prominence of economic experts in the post-1945 world order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time devoted to the total of paid plus unpaid work has hardly changed since the middle of the twentieth century. But while there is little gender difference in this total, and the paid/unpaid balance has narrowed substantially over the period, men still do a higher proportion of paid work. This remaining differential contravenes John Rawls' “Principle of Fairness” in a gender context: it leads to an unjustifiable divergence in earnings capabilities on a scale that might, for example, explain the “gender wage gap”. This paper is based on analysis of a collection of 522,000 days of time-diary evidence covering adults aged 20-59 from 52 nationally representative surveys from 13 developed countries between 1961 and 2011. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historical Linguistics / Historische Sprachforschung is the property of Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article discusses a paper which lays out a historical scenario to explain forms with vrddhi-looking long vowels in the root which are sporadically observed in some nominal forms in Latin. Topics covered include (derivational) compounds in Latin such as convicium 'angry noise' and suspicio 'suspicion' and simplex adjectives like sacri- pertaining to the sacred (place/rites) and acri- 'sharp', the vowel lengthening in nominal compounds, and vowel lengthening in simplex adjectives.

The aim of this paper is to revise the etymology of the Greek verb ἡγá½³ομαι. It has been derived from a verbal root *seh2g/ĝ-, and this point does not pose any special problem. However, this derivation raises some morphosyntactic difficulties that are to be addressed here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The suffix *-nt- is taken for granted as a Caland suffix in two of the most recent and important works on the Caland system, those by Nussbaum (1976) and Rau (2009), but other authors have entirely ignored the suffix, usually treating alleged examples rather as participles.1 This paper re-examines the morphological, syntactic and semantic evidence for a category of *-nt- adjectives associated with the Caland system distinct from the categories of active present and aorist participles. I also consider several forms in Indo-Iranian which have not previously been considered as potential Caland adjectives: citánt-, śucánt-, tujánt-, bhrā́jant-, sáhant-, pṣant-. Morphological and syntactic evidence shows that no single form must be analysed as a Caland adjective in contradistinction to anything else; on the other hand, the combined weight of evidence supports the supposition that a synchronically distinct adjectival suffix *-nt- did exist in ProtoIndo-European. The morphological evidence for a distinction between Caland adjectives and participles in -nt- however also suggests that there may be a deeper connection between the two at a Proto-Indo-European stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a paper which examined the discrepancy between the syntax of Greek and Lycian texts found on the faces of a four-sided stone stele called the Létôon Trilingual Stele in Turkey. Topics covered include the synoptic method applied to the interpretation of the Létôon Trilingual, an analysis by Laroche and Metzger which showed that the syntax of the Greek text does not match the syntax of the Lycian one, and the semantics of the Lycian text and Greek text.

This article discusses a paper which looked into why object agreement which is not found in any other Anatolian language developed only in Lycian. Topics covered include the semantic concepts of uniqueness and totality, the triggers of object agreements such as definite noun phrases, proper names and anaphoric/cataphoric pronouns, and the no object agreement triggers like indefinite noun phrases and demonstrative descriptions. Also mentioned is the diachrony of Lycian object agreement.

Past scholarship has made almost no mention of the effects in the Indo-Iranian languages of ‘laryngeal coloring', the putatively Indo-European development according to which */e/ is ‘colored' into */a/ or */o/ by an adjacent */h2/ or */h3/, respectively. And for good reason: the merger of nonhigh vowels in Proto-Indo-Iranian would have effaced these distinctions in any case. In this paper I survey the etyma in which laryngeal coloring could have interacted with Proto-Indo-Iranian palatalization, which (in part) preceded the merger of nonhigh vowels, and find that palatalization in almost every case has not occurred to inputs involving */Keh2/ or*/Keh3/, where coloring may be assumed to have taken place. This strongly suggests that laryngeal coloring – not as a discrete ‘sound change', but as a phonological rule which requires additional sound changes (such as palatalization) before it can ‘show itself' by affecting the distribution of phonemes in the lexicon – was present in the early stages of Proto-Indo-Iranian, giving further support to the hypothesis that laryngeal coloring was a feature of Proto-Indo-European itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the continuity of personal interlocks among German major companies from 1914 to 1938. Continuity in economic transactions together with concentration, cartelization and a corporative system is regarded as a main characteristic of the German production system. The paper analyses the continuity assumption concerning interlocks in a period of critical economic shifts and multiple changes of the political system. As a result, the extreme economic cuts after the First World War had lower impact on network change compared to the global economic crisis after 1929. Generally, the structure of the production system remained flexible. It was after 1933 when the National Socialists came into power that stability increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the topic of parliamentary debates in the aftermath of the dictatorship in Poland. Analysing the parliament's lustration debates as a case study, the paper demonstrates how the Polish model of coming to terms with the past had been influenced by the experiences of other European countries. This is achieved by employing the concept of “translation" and examining when that concept was put into practice by the Polish parliament. Thereby the following questions are discussed: What was drawn from the original foreign experience? What became lost in the process of translation and which factors determined this practice? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contemporary research, the history of Protestant mission societies is often studied as a constitutive element of political, social, and cultural developments within the broader frame of non-European and colonial history. Mission societies are viewed as translocal enterprises and analysed as multi levelled, interactive, and dialogical phenomena. The paper focuses on specific forms of mediation within the mission context in eighteenth century South India carried out by intermediaries (middlemen/interpreters/translators) who had developed the skills and knowledge required for these processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the importance of address books of British exile in World War II. It states that address books are an integral part of people's lives as they tend to maintain memory aids by writing down on paper or on digital devices since early times. It also states that maintaining a memory aid by writing helps manage and assist one's memory through spellings.

The article reports on the possibilities and limits of computer-aided historical semantics using the example of the GDR press. Electronic publishing and online source material have changed the science of history. Lowered access hurdles and simple search options accelerate the look in sources and literature and broaden the empirical basis. Programs for bibliography, research and excerpts replace the paper box.

Copyright of Zeithistorische Forschungen is the property of Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper deals with the political and social conflicts in 18th century Val de Bagnes. The existence of a large genealogical database of its population provides new insights into the mobilization patterns of an early modern rural area. Our prosopographical approach, which attempts to identify the protagonists of the different conflicts, reveals the existence of well-organized and relatively stable political factions. Rather than simply being shaped by personal solidarities, they had a coherent political program. Comparison with genealogical data reveals the influence of kinship ties within the political factions, which are responsible for continuities within the structure of political conflicts. However, kinship alone does not explain the logic of political mobilization, other social networks like spiritual kinship or village solidarities also need to be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most early modern instances of migration are connected to the emergence of the modern state, and/or to the different confessional cultures in Europe following the Reformation. Since the onset of modern times and, contrary to recent trends in migration research, early modern migrations have mainly been analyzed as a challenge to the order and stability of early modern society. Migrants were furthermore looked upon as part of somewhat “given" groups (for instance “the" Huguenots, Salzburgers etc.) defined by geographical, ethnic, or religious characteristics. The paper argues for a more thorough analysis of the historical dimension of such presuppositions, and challenges older dichotomies in research of early modern migrations. It advocates a view based on the communicational opportunities and individual options of migrants within the contemporary political and confessional frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of memory had great impact on cultural history during the last two decades.However, due to the influence of theorists such asMaurice Halbwachs and Pierre Nora, it is often used in a very limited way only: either as a denomination for collective interpretations of the past or as a synonym for historical myths. Individual memory is often construed as a mere function of such collective patterns of historical perception. Several studies using the method of oral history, though, have demonstrated the tensions and the discrepancies that can exist between individualmemory and hegemonic discourses of remembrance. In this paper, I will argue that the use of the oral history methodology bears a considerable social historical potential for the history of recollection and [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a recent paper, Gerhard Schildt has argued that we suffer from mass unemployment today because technical progress has caused structural change that has led to a long-term decrease of working opportunities. By showing the secular decline of hours worked per year, Schildt concludes that this trend is irreversible and causes increasing unemployment. We argue that this conclusion is based on the confusion of a statistical observation with a causal explanation. Schildt's thesis is not compatible with the empirical fact that every advanced country has experienced the same decline of hours worked whereas many do not suffer from unemployment today. Moreover, Schildt focuses only on the labour demand of firms without taking into account the labour supply of households. It is not that technological progress has rendered human work obsolete, but rather the other way round: it allows us a life that is not fully devoted to work in order to survive and even comes along with a much higher standard of living. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

East Germany is one of the most secularized regions in the world. The paper argues that this development was the result of not only a political conflict, fought with repression and pure power, but also an ideological conflict. The institutional conflicts between churches and the state were intertwined with ideological conflicts, above all the devaluation of religion by scientistic arguments. Since the second half of the 19th century numerous organisations engaged in the promotion of science as an explicit counterpart to traditional religion. During the existence of the German Democratic Republic (GDR), thismovement took off in the country's institutions.The article outlines this development by focussing on the Urania. Founded in 1888 to provide scientific knowledge without an anti-religious agenda, in 1954 the Urania was resurrected in the GDR to propagate the “ScientificWorld-View." The Urania tried to combine popular scientific themes (astronomy, aerospace) with a particular interpretation referring to theWissenschaftlicheWeltanschauung. The article analyses the program and work of the Urania until the end of the GDR. Finally it presents research results to show how this promotion of scientism contributed to the East German secularization process on an individual level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The communist commitment of intellectuals in West Germany during the period from the end of the Second World War until the Hungarian crisis in 1956 was based on a secular form of political faith. This paper will first discuss the term "intellectual" and develop - using Paul Tillich's and Max Weber's thoughts on religious theory - a particular concept of "political faith". On this basis, the causes and motives for the conversions of the intellectuals of the West German KPD will be investigated. These conversions had mostly already occurred during the Weimar Republic or during the Nazi period. Further, the change in the intellectuals' political faith in the epoch from 1945 to 1956 will be traced. In this context it will become apparent that the intellectuals 'understanding of their role and the forms of their political commitment were closely connected to the specific nature of their faith in communism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the early 20th century onwards, US-American foundations played an important role as exponents of worldwide philanthropic engagement. The Rockefeller Foundation (RF) gained special significance as it promoted research in Europe in general and sponsored the social sciences in Germany, France and Great Britain in particular. This paper first sets out central links of the topic with current research on international „scientific diplomacy", Americanization, Philanthropy and Cultural Transfer. Then it drafts major aspects of the concrete historical setting of the RF's philanthropic engagement in Europe in the interwar years. Finally it discusses main features of the academic infrastructure in Germany, France and Britain that shaped the Foundation's funding strategies. Thus it offers a rough comparative outline of - partly similar, partly peculiar - Western European preconditions of transatlantic knowledge transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying the history of German foundations since 1945 meets with a number of methodological difficulties. Empirical and historical studies have been very rare for nearly a century. The paper therefore concentrates on a number of post-1945 creations and asks whether they may be seen as matching the development of an overall conception of civic engagement. It shows that donors gradually move from strict subservience to the state to a vision of an independent pursuit of public purposes, while retaining a strong interaction with the state, which by creations of its own and political and regulatory measures remains highly influential. The findings suggest that foundations present a good case for the peculiarly German corporatist paradigm of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the German Kaiserreich, urban expansion and social segregation fostered new mechanisms of indirect and delegated gift-exchange in which the mediations between donors and recipients became increasingly important. In urban societies, mediators were in greater demand than ever before to act as system builders in forging connections between civil society, the municipality, and the state, coordinating private philanthropic initiatives and institutionalizing the resources available for patronage. This paper draws on theories of gift exchange and of social recognition in order to overcome the false dichotomy of interest v. morality in philanthropic action. The cases of failed patrons, competing mediators of culture and disregarded outsiders may illustrate why the history of philanthropy in the late 19th and early 20th centuries cannot simply be regarded as a success story of middle-class civil society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores representations of economic reform in Czechoslovakia immediately before and after the fall of the centrally planned economy in 1989/90. By what means was the concept of rapid economic transition towards a liberal market setting mediated into the academic and the public sphere? How did it achieve wide public consent? In the first part, the paper analyzes the Czechoslovak academic discussion about perestroika in the late 1980s, where a rapid liberal transition was cast by a distinct group of younger scholars as the only possible way of reforming the socialist economy. Their training was based above all on Paul A. Samuelson’s canonical textbook Economics, which presented this discipline almost as a natural science with universal standards. Immediately after 1989/90, when some of these scholars assumed executive positions within the new Czechoslovak government, what were at first purely economic ways of reasoning merged with certain images of the national past, creating a mixture of liberal economic knowledge and national exceptionalism. ∗ ∗ ∗ Der Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit den Begriffen, Konzepten und Darstellungen der ökonomischen Reform in der Tschechoslowakei unmittelbar vor und nach dem Ende der zentralen Planwirtschaft 1989/90. Wie wurde das Konzept eines schnellen Übergangs zur liberalen Marktordnung vermittelt – zum einen in der akademischen Sphäre, zum anderen in der größeren Öffentlichkeit? Wie kam es, dass dieses Konzept breite Unterstützung erhielt? Im ersten Teil geht die Studie der akademischen »Perestroika«-Diskussion in der Tschechoslowakei der späten 1980er-Jahre nach, wo das Konzept einer raschen liberalen Transformation Fuß fasste, vermittelt von einer kohärenten Gruppe jüngerer Wissenschaftler. Besonders geprägt waren sie von Paul A. Samuelsons vielfach aufgelegtem Lehrbuch »Economics«, das die Wirtschaftswissenschaften als eine Art Naturwissenschaft mit universellen Standards präsentierte. Nach 1989/90, als einige dieser Ökonomen Positionen in der neuen tschechoslowakischen Regierung übernahmen, erweiterte sich die zunächst allein auf die Wirtschaft bezogene Argumentation, indem sie bestimmte Interpretationen der nationalen Vergangenheit mit einbezog. So entstand eine Mischung von ökonomischem Wissen und historischen Narrativen, die die stattfindende Transformation als den einzig möglichen Weg zu legitimieren half.

Abstract Based on a protest survey conducted in October 2021, this paper will have a close look at a Corona protest organized by the Polish antivaccination movement. The focus of interest is the question of who joins such an event and why. In doing so, the data paint a picture of protesters who place their individual rights above pandemic-related restrictions. The attitude felt by many in this movement is one of disdain for the danger posed by the virus, which stems from a greater distrust towards established institutions and, not least, finds expression by a strong approval of Corona- related conspiracy narratives.

This paper analyses J. E. Millais's Pre-Raphaelite painting Ophelia. Drawing on ideas formulated by Hermann Broch regarding the origins of romanticism and Adorno and Hor- kheimer's theory of a dialectic of Enlightenment, the analysis focuses on the complex handling of gender and nature in the painting in order to show the shifting and contradictory constellations of meaning inherent in the subject. Central to the argument is the relationship between the characterization of Ophelia as a femme fragile and the nature that surrounds her, rendered with an almost hallucinatory clarity. Both nature and woman are shown to be capable of both conforming to and escaping from Millais's painterly control. The painting turns out to be a vehicle for a young middle-class Victorian and his anxieties and yearnings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines expertise and policy in the field of plague prevention in the Soviet Union from the 1920s to the 1950s. It argues that anti-plague schemes underwent significant transformations during that period due to the gradual development and establishment of new research institutions and practices. During the early years of Bolshevik power, reactive intervention figured as the core strategy in anti-plague policy. In cases of plague epidemics, the state intervened in the daily lives of people using brute methods, similar to those of the forced collectivisation. Military and police forces as well as medical experts played a key role in the early history of anti-plague policy. After World War II, prevention became the strategy of choice. As a network of research institutions developed, new representations of the plague emerged. Plague, which had been considered as an alien disease for a long time, now became acknowledged as an endemic burden. The paper presents sources from state and party archives in Russia and Azerbaijan. ∗ ∗ ∗ Der Aufsatz entwirft eine Zeitgeschichte der Vorsorge, die sich für den hygienepolitischen Übergang von Praktiken der Intervention und Krisenbewältigung zu Praktiken der Prävention interessiert. Am Beispiel der Pestvorsorge in der Sowjetunion wird erstens ein Prozess der Institutionalisierung, Professionalisierung und Verwissenschaftlichung dargestellt. Zweitens werden die Eigenheiten des sowjetischen Falls herausgearbeitet. Die dortige Pestbekämpfung war bis in die 1930er-Jahre von Interventionen geprägt, die aus einem Repertoire repressiver, im Kontext der Zwangskollektivierung etablierter Maßnahmen schöpften. Der Umgang mit der Pest war nicht mit Aufklärung verknüpft, sondern mit Geheimhaltung. Die Einrichtung eines Netzwerks wissenschaftlicher Forschungsstätten führte zu einem Wandel im Umgang mit der Seuche. Dies war eingebettet in parallele Diskurse über administrative Grenzen und geographisches Wissen. Der Aufsatz stützt sich auf Quellen aus Staats- und Partei-Archiven in der Russischen Föderation und der Republik Aserbaidschan.

Copyright of Zeithistorische Forschungen is the property of Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract The current paper seeks to investigate the achievements of two female writers from two European countries of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Mary Hays and Pauline de Meulan-Guizot were both highly involved in the issue of education, albeit from separate angles. The British author, Mary Hays, an adept of Godwinian and Helvetian philosophies, emphasized the need for schooling in general and for girls in particular. Most of her writings were dedicated to the cause of female liberation. In France, Pauline de Meulan-Guizot wrote several pedagogical and didactic works, both together with her husband, the liberal politician François Guizot, and independently. Her writings were mainly focused on the moral upbringing of the young. The aim of this study is to compare the different outlooks of the two writers as well as to identify the links between them.

Copyright of Zeithistorische Forschungen is the property of Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The case study examines the career of British politician and imperial official John Pope Hennessy. Using this example, the author seeks to elucidate the concept of an imperial biography, which he defines as biographies of socially and geographically mobile elites within an empire. He also discusses the historiography of British imperialism, the alternate example of British colonial statesman Edward John Eyre, and the use of network analysis in the study of colonialism and imperialism.

Paintings by the Spanish baroque artist Jusepe de Ribera (1591–1652) prompted a range of contradictory responses in the nineteenth century. Poets, travel writers, critics, and artists reacted to his work, especially his striking depictions of violent subjects, with both admiration and displeasure. In 1845, Théophile Gautier published a collection of poems, including two on Ribera in which he provocatively addresses the artist as ‘le noir Valencian’ (the black Valencian) and ‘plus dur que Jupiter’ (harsher than Jupiter). Through a comparative study of Ribera’s paintings and Gautier’s poems, this essay provides a more nuanced account of Ribera’s reception during this period. The essay argues for the significance of these poetic responses by suggesting that Gautier calls attention to the problematic relationship between art making and bodily unmaking: a tension which is central to an understanding of Ribera’s violent imagery, and to the myth making of Ribera as a ‘violent’ artist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the reception of Hans Christian Andersen’s tales in Ukraine by analyzing the translation history, socio-political context, and cultural interpretation. It explores the complex ways in which the understanding of translation has changed as it was influenced by Ukraine’s relationship with Russia and the Soviet Union and the impact of these factors on dissemination and interpretation. The study also investigates the cultural comprehension of Andersen’s works in Ukraine, focusing on translating Christian motifs and reflecting Ukrainian cultural perspectives on religion. Additionally, it considers the influence of Soviet-era translation censorship on the reception and interpretation of Andersen’s tales. By connecting these objectives, the article provides insights into the role of Andersen’s tales in Ukrainian literature and society, highlighting the historical context, societal values, and challenges faced during the translation process. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of the reception and interpretation of Andersen’s tales within the Ukrainian literary landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dieser Beitrag geht der Frage nach, wie Migration durch Statistik sozial relevant wird. Welche Kategorien kommen dabei zum Einsatz? Zuerst wird die historische und wissenssoziologische Perspektive erläutert. Im zweiten und dritten Teil werden historische Umbrüche in der Kategorisierung von Migration am Beispiel der amtlichen Statistik im Deutschen Kaiserreich und in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland skizziert. Der Fokus verschob sich von Migration als Ein- und Ausreisebewegung zu Migration als Alteritätszuschreibung (gestützt auf die Kategorie »Migrationshintergrund« ab 2005). Vor diesem Hintergrund wird im letzten Teil gezeigt, wie sich vergangene und aktuelle Kategorisierungen von Geflüchteten mit der Migrations- und Integrationssemantik verbanden bzw. verbinden. Über die Rekonstruktion der semantischen Brüche und Kontinuitäten hinaus dient die historische Kontextualisierung dem Ziel, heute gängige Kategorien für Migration und Flucht besser reflektieren zu können, die in der Wissenschaft, Politik und Verwaltung verwendet werden. * * * How do statistics contribute to the social making of migration? What categories are involved in this process? The first part of the article outlines the historical and sociological perspective on knowledge adopted here. In the second and third parts, historical ruptures and continuities in migration categorisation are traced, looking at official statistics in the German Empire and the Federal Republic of Germany. In the German Empire, migration was used in official statistics as a category describing the movement and mobility of people. Since 2005, the term ›migration background‹ (Migrations­hintergrund) has been used in Germany as a category for the description of people themselves. The final part of the article therefore analyses the connections between this semantics of migration and integration on the one hand and past and present categorisations for refugees on the other. Besides reconstructing historical and semantic shifts, the paper aims to historically contextualise and thus reflect on the categories that are used to speak about migration and flight in research, administration and politics today.

This paper analyses J. E. Millais’s Pre-Raphaelite painting Ophelia. Drawing on ideas formulated by Hermann Broch regarding the origins of romanticism and Adorno and Horkheimer’s theory of a dialectic of Enlightenment, the analysis focuses on the complex handling of gender and nature in the painting in order to show the shifting and contradictory constellations of meaning inherent in the subject. Central to the argument is the relationship between the characterization of Ophelia as a femme fragile and the nature that surrounds her, rendered with an almost hallucinatory clarity. Both nature and woman are shown to be capable of both conforming to and escaping from Millais’s painterly control. The painting turns out to be a vehicle for a young middle-class Victorian and his anxieties and yearnings.

There have been numerous and extensive discussions of the role of ‘слухи’ [gossip] in nineteenth-century Russian literature; usually gossip was viewed as a formative force behind plot dynamics, and as the launching point for grotesque narrative effects. This article attempts to frame different perceptions of gossip, treating it in its specific relation to the subject of ageing and as a contributive factor to the development of the Russian realist tradition. This paper proposes a newapproach to the reading of gossip by examining how it functions in the nineteenth-century Russian genreof the ‘society tale’. It emerges there as a witch’s spell, in which ageing heroines choose gossip as their defense mechanism in response to physiological and psychological changes within and around them.

Examining the ideas of the barbarian and barbarism, this article considers and compares the work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Franpois-Rene de Chateaubriand in both historical and poetical terms. I argue that both Rousseau and Chateaubriand present and identify with the figure of the barbarian as a means to make poignant questions regarding Enlightenment optimism and rationalism, and that both exploit it as part of their media theory of writing. While Rousseau primarily highlights being an outsider and chastiser of modern society, Chateaubriand stands mournful before the scene of history, a witness to an increasing array of ruins. Their approaches illustrate two diverging views: an eighteenth-century politics highlighting the necessity of action and emancipation, and a romantic nostalgia aware of irredeemable historical discontinuity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores various themes, including the cultural background of the conflict between Ukraine and Russia, as demonstrated in the translation history of Hans Christian Andersen's works in Ukraine. It also mentions the historical and cultural potential in the journey motif, examining the discovery journey to Vinland in Adam Oehlenschläger's saga play and the changing descriptions of the Scottish landscape in William Wordsworth's Yarrow poems.

This article is based on a new archival find from the papers of foreign correspondent Louis P. Lochner. It proves the existence of a secret German-American cooperation between Associated Press (AP) and the ›Bureau Laux‹, an agency of the SS and the German Foreign Office, during the war years 1942–1945. With the permission of the Roosevelt administration, AP and the Bureau Laux exchanged photos via diplomatic pouch on a daily basis until spring 1945, first via Lisbon and from 1944 via Stockholm as well. Approximately 40,000 photos were swapped in this way between the war enemies while the battles of the Second World War were fought and the Holocaust was taking place. In Berlin, the AP photos were presented daily to the highest Nazi leadership. They were then also used for anti-American and anti-Semitic propaganda in the German press. Conversely, thousands of Nazi photos received by AP New York via Lisbon and Stockholm were printed in the American and international press. This article sheds new light on both AP as a news and picture agency and on foreign reporting during the Nazi era and the Second World War. * * * Der im vorliegenden Aufsatz präsentierte Quellenfund aus dem Nachlass des Auslandskorrespondenten Louis P. Lochner belegt eine geheime deutsch-amerikanische Kooperation zwischen Associated Press (AP) und dem »Büro Laux«, einer Agentur von SS und Auswärtigem Amt, während der Kriegsjahre 1942–1945. Mit Genehmigung der Roosevelt-Administration tauschten AP und Büro Laux bis zum Frühjahr 1945 täglich per Diplomatenpost Fotomaterial aus – zunächst via Lissabon, ab 1944 auch via Stockholm. Schätzungsweise 40.000 Fotos wurden so zwischen den Feinden übermittelt, während die Schlachten des Zweiten Weltkrieges geschlagen wurden und der Holocaust stattfand. In Berlin war das AP-Fotomaterial für die oberste Führung des NS-Regimes bestimmt; zudem wurde es für antiamerikanische und antisemitische Propaganda in der NS-Presse genutzt. Umgekehrt gelangten durch den Austausch Tausende Fotos aus der NS-Bildproduktion jener Jahre in die amerikanische und internationale Presse. Der Aufsatz gibt neue Einblicke in die Unternehmensgeschichte der Bild- und Nachrichtenagentur AP sowie in die Mechanismen des Auslandsjournalismus der NS-Zeit.

George Romney (1734–1802) became famous as a portrait artist but also aspired to history painting throughout his career. In 1760 he exhibited the first painting to commemorate the death of General James Wolfe, who had died the previous year during the battle for Quebec. It wasalso the first history painting – if we understand by this term the dramatic depiction of a heroic action – to dare to depict its subject in modern dress. The object of considerable controversy, it nevertheless gained a special premium and was bought by a prominent collector. It also set a precedent for following treatments of its subject by Edward Penny, Benjamin West, and James Barry. It was taken to India by a subsequent owner, and its location is now unknown. Using Romney’s sketches and contemporary descriptions as a basis, in this paper I reconstruct the appearance of this painting and discuss its importance in the history of British art.

This essay examines the Danish critic P. L. Møller's evaluations of Alexander Pushkin, S0ren Kierkegaard, and Gustave Flaubert, three authors responding to a common problem of belatedness in respect to international and domestic romanticisms. Whereas Pushkin's historical consciousness and verse provided suitable forms for his contemporary content and allowed him to transcend his position as a post-Byronic romantic epigone, the supposedly formless realisms of Kierkegaard and Flaubert - in Møller's estimation - were inadequate solutions to their late moment. Although I conclude by suggesting that a formal structure can easily be found in the respective works of Kierkegaard and Flaubert, Møller's critical studies nonetheless offer a window into the aesthetics of late Scandinavian romanticism as they are about to be eclipsed by those of realism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]