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Neste último número de 2015, registramos alguns acontecimentos importantes que marcaram nossa trajetória e nossos esforços na consolidação do campo da Alimentação e Nutrição no Brasil como espaço caracteristicamente interdisciplinar. Alcançamos todas as metas editoriais que nos colocamos: a periodicidade está em dia; publicamos quatro números no ano; há 20 artigos no último número. Em termos numéricos, chegamos ao patamar exigido para indexação em bases de dados internacionais consideradas pelas principais agências de fomento brasileiras como referência para cálculo de indicadores de circulação no campo da ciência. E 2016 será o ano em que daremos início aos movimentos para solicitar a inserção de nosso periódico nesses espaços. Esse movimento está sendo possível, em especial, por conta da crescente presença de pesquisadores em programas de pós-graduação, juntamente com seus orientandos, como autores de artigos em nossa revista. Hoje, Demetra é a segunda revista brasileira no campo alimentar-nutricional mais utilizada para publicação de artigos por pesquisadores dos programas de pós-graduação inseridos na área de avaliação “Nutrição” da CAPES. Os pesquisadores do campo alimentar-nutricional estão apostando na revista, investindo em sua consolidação, vendo nela um caminho a ser trilhado. É um importante reconhecimento do nosso trabalho! DOI: 10.12957/demetra.2015.20084

Resumo O presente estudo transcorre sobre a transexualização e partindo-se da premissa de que os direitos humanos devem acompanhar a sociedade em seus clamores e anseios, a pesquisa aponta, entre outros, para o seguinte problema: após a realização da cirurgia, o corpo com aparência feminina não condiz com sua documentação onde aparece o antigo nome. Imprescindível se faz a alteração do nome e registro de sexo feminino em lugar de masculino em seu assento de nascimento com reflexo em toda sua documentação civil. Ocorre que o direito brasileiro carece de regulamentação legal para a mudança do nome, o que acaba por gerar um imensurável constrangimento para o transexual que se submeteu à cirurgia e, por conseguinte, termina por violar o preceito fundamental da dignidade da pessoa humana. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, bibliográfica e documental, consubstanciada na revisão da literatura existente no tocante ao Princípio da Dignidade da Pessoa Humana e na análise da legislação vigente, buscando contribuições para a construção do conhecimento e relevância do tema. Palavras-chave: transexual; transexualismo; cirurgia transexual; mudança de nome; dignidade humana; transexual e lei brasileira. Abstract The present study discusses about transsexualism from the premise that human rights must follow society in its claims and hopes, the research aims, among others, at the following issue: after the accomplishing of the surgery, the body, with female looks, does not relate with the documentation where his old name is shown. Therefore it should be made the changing of the name and register for the female sex in place of the male name in its birth register and extending it to all his civil documentation. Currently the Brazilian Law lacks legal regulation to change the name and this brings about so much embarrassment for the transsexual who has undergone the surgery and hence it violates the basic dignity precept of the human being. The study was a qualitative, bibliographic and documented research, consubstantiated in the review of the existing literature where it touches the Principle of Human Being Dignity and the analysis of the current legislation, searching for contributions for the building of knowledge and relevance to the theme. Keywords: transsexual; transsexualism; transsexual surgery; name change; human dignity; transsexual and the brazilian law.

Abstract What is the concept of liberalism? Despite being a conceptually contested term, political parties still label themselves liberal and seek legitimacy by joining Liberal International (LI). In this paper, I adopt a mixed-methods strategy to assess what this ideology means in Latin America. First, I rely on economic and political theory to propose four potential components of liberalism: private property, liberal democracy, non-conformism, and social justice. Then, I search for these components in the declaration of principles of all the region’s LI members. Next, I assess liberals’ relative support for these components by comparing the attitudes of their elites and voters to those of conservatives and socialists in Paraguay, Honduras, and Nicaragua. This paper finds that liberal democracy is the only core component of liberalism in Latin America. Even though non-conformism and social justice are widely mentioned in political documents, their support among elites and voters is context-dependent. These results emphasize the contestability of liberalism while shedding light on what unites liberals in Latin America.

ABSTRACT Why would a country provide International Development Cooperation (IDC)? The aid literature identifies moral and humanitarian purposes, political-diplomatic objectives, and economic interests as the main reasons a country would have an IDC policy. This paper contributes to this debate through a case study of Brazil’s motivation to provide technical cooperation between 2003 and 2016, employing an innovative analytical framework for this case. Especially during Luis Inácio Lula da Silva’s government, Brazil’s official discourse emphasized its national cooperation’s solidarity characteristics. One may link this non-indifference tone to the moral and humanitarian principles of providing IDC. Notwithstanding, the South-South Cooperation (SSC) mutual benefits narrative indicates political and economic interests in its execution. This paper analyzes the Brazilian Technical Cooperation (TC) allocation patterns between 2003 and 2016. It explores whether (and which) political and economic considerations were significant determinants of Brazilian cooperation. On the one hand, trade exports, subsided loans, and political support in international institutions help explain the Brazilian Technical Cooperation allocation pattern during this period. On the other, Brazil prioritized less-developed countries with better democratic institutions in its TC policy.

Why Brazil presents high rates of pre-trial detention? The analysis of the numbers of pre-trial detention denotes the explication is not solely legal. The paper problematizes the relation between pre-trial detention and the length of criminal cases on first degree criminal courts until the judgment promoting comparison on imprisonment rates and judicial congestion in first instance. It asserts judicial congestion as a relevant factor to estimate pre-trial detention. Methodologically, the paper promotes legal-exploratory research and documental analysis – this, considering data available on imprisonment in Brazil.

The paper aims to analyze the evidentiary legal structure of the extended confiscation in the Brazilian criminal procedure, focusing on the claim that extended confiscation reverses the burden of proof by removing it from the prosecution and transferring it to the accused. The paper will show that extended confiscation is based on a relative legal presumption of illicit origin of the incompatible assets of those convicted of serious crimes. The use of presumption, as will be shown, does not mean reversing the burden of proof, as it requires prosecutors to produce strong and sufficient evidence to prove the facts that support the legal presumption.

The main objective of this paper is to debate and ponder on what we are willing to abdicate up in the name of the efficiency of the judicial system and the predictability of the Court decisions. This is a question that we still have to ask ourselves, regardless of personal beliefs about the use of the robotic decision. Are we sure that artificial intelligence can also be right? Well, the most serious risk of artificial intelligence is that of relying on technology also for the making of judicial decisions. So, we propose think about this in such paper.

This paper deals with the discussion about one of the admissibility requirements of the Incident of Resolution of Repetitive Claims, the effective repetition of claims that depend on the solution of the common question of right to be uniformized and that is the object of the standard procedure. To this end, the author structures the paper in two parts. The first part, related to the legislative process, seeks to raise the debate and the final will of the legislator. The second part deals with the interpretation of the relevant legal norms, also comparing them with the system, the purpose, the legal nature and the logic of the new institute.

The present paper discuss the new museological and museum practices in the city of Rio de Janeiro, as follows: o Museu de Favela Cantagalo Pavão-Pavãozinho; a Galeria Providência; e o Museu Nami. For the theoretical foundation we use Michel de Certeau. We also analyse how this experiences are lined by non orthodox theories of heritage, museums and memory. In this sense, we consider that the entry of new actors in the scene with an active voice about their stories and experiences creates new power dynamics, new models and new initiatives that sometimes escape tradicional models already estabilished and contribute to the fluid dynamics of heritage and memory. We also observe the will of the favelas to show themselves as a constituent part of the city. The paper merge empirical data and the theorical work of Sociomuseology.

This paper proposes a reflection on the role of Latin in legal practices and legal culture. Specifically, this work argues that a proper understanding of the role of Latin in the legal world requires more attention regarding what this language brings to that field. To suit this, this study sheds some light on the historical-linguistic nature of the so-called “legal Latin” and also on the proliferation of glossaries and manuals of this modality of Latin that do not contain linguistic and historical-cultural reflections. Secondly, this paper calls into attention the importance of understanding Latin through the Latin language, especially for a less shallow understanding of the bases of Roman Law and the Legal History. Furthermore, this work highlights the linguistic character of Latin in terms of both the production of utterances and their comprehension through explicit linguistic reflection. Lastly, it draws attention to the importance of the Latin language and the Roman culture for the intellectual and academic training of jurists and lawyers.

Introduction: The present work brings together contributions from the psychoanalytic theory to discuss the use of the “body image” category in works in the field of Food and Nutrition. Objective: to map the use of the concept of “body image” in scientific papers in the field of Nutrition and to compare its use in different approaches in Human and Social Sciences. Methods: A bibliographic review was carried out in in all editions of Revista de Nutrição until September 2019, using the term “body image” as an indexer on the magazine's database. Results: Eight papers containing the expression “body image” in the title or keywords were analyzed and it was possible to observe that the concept receives a reductionist approach, mainly related to the application of tests and evaluation scales, leading to simplifying understanding of the subject-body relationship. Discussion: To clarify the concept, the main references in psychoanalysis on the topic of body image and the psychoanalytic debate related to the concepts of body and subject are used. The Freudian concept of narcissism is used to demonstrate the complexity of the construction of the image of oneself in the psychoanalytic perspective, pointing out how this category is often employed based on its use by common sense, which requires a better conceptualization of it in the field of Food and Nutrition. Conclusion: This work demonstrates how the use of psychoanalytic theory can contribute to a better understanding of the complex relationships that involve subject, body and food, so that this dialogue is reflected in studies that produce not only quantitative evidence, but also enable the construction of new approaches to eating disorders and obesity.

This paper addresses narratives about the past (but not just) in the contemporary context. The paper assumes the history of historiography as a source to thematize historicities. Historicities will not be treated here as specific to historiography, on the contrary, they are broad and belong to us. The dismantling of UERJ is thus the background of what we live. It entails a living and active tear, which requires reflections on theory and theory teaching in universities. Thus, in speaking of the history of the discipline, we speak of the limit of a project that intended to keep alive modern principles that were being undone. A project that still guides some of our classes. It is necessary to review our principles. The urgency of the present demands that everything that was to be done to be forwarded. At the same time it is not the case to simply nullify previous productions, by the contrary. It is necessary to intensify inheritances as forms as they are paths to disputing narratives in the present. The return to Bakhtin fulfills this role. To speak again of ideology is, above all, an effort to have the history of historiography as the builder of bonds between generations. The question of ideology sets in motion a little of what has been experienced in redemocratization.

This paper discusses the advantages and limitations of four techniques for urban climate and the urban heat island analysis considering the Metropolitan Area of Rio de Janeiro (MARJ) as the study area. The techniques presented and discussed are the time series analysis of the standard meteorological station, fixed and mobile transects, remote sensing (Landsat) and numerical modeling (Mesoscale Model Version 5 – MM-5). The first technique is most classical in urban climate studies, but it is limited to only one point on the surface, while fixed and mobile transects cover more points for spatial mapping. Remote sensing and numerical modeling extend spatial coverage and access the entire study area, providing detail and knowledge of the urban climate. We conclude that a more comprehensive and complete urban climate study is given with the combined use of these techniques.This paper discusses the advantages and limitations of four techniques for urban climate and the urban heat island analysis considering the Metropolitan Area of Rio de Janeiro (MARJ) as the study area. The techniques presented and discussed are the time series analysis of the standard meteorological station, fixed and mobile transects, remote sensing (Landsat) and numerical modeling (Mesoscale Model Version 5 – MM-5). The first technique is most classical in urban climate studies, but it is limited to only one point on the surface, while fixed and mobile transects cover more points for spatial mapping. Remote sensing and numerical modeling extend spatial coverage and access the entire study area, providing detail and knowledge of the urban climate. We conclude that a more comprehensive and complete urban climate study is given with the combined use of these techniques.

Este artigo expõe uma reflexão acerca de uma separação entre as teorias do aprendizado e a instituição escolar. O caráter do trabalho é o de uma análise teórica realizada através de uma revisão brevemente histórica e outra contextual de teorias contemporâneas do aprendizado, de modo a refletir sobre os diversos meandros presentes nesta produção, através de sua importância ao discutir processos de aprendizagem que ocorrem fora do ambiente escolar, ou, então, ao debater os modos como teorias do aprendizado que focam no “aprender a aprender”, cada vez mais frequentes no Brasil, apresentam certos perigos, quando não lidas criticamente. Por fim, apresentam-se alguns caminhos de pesquisa que podem ser desenvolvidos a partir do debatido neste paper.

The paper herein attempts to examine the ruling handed down by the Supreme Court in a Direct Constitutionality Suit, which was filed under no. 4414/AL and in which the highest court in the land looked into the constitutionality of a state law establishing panel ruling in state trial courts, in addition to other matters relating to the proceedings carried out before that new court. To that end and in view of the constitutional rules regarding allocation of jurisdiction, the Supreme Court, in theory, had to define the concept of practice and procedure and, after comparison with state law, determine if it fit the former or latter description, which would thus determine its compliance or non-compliance with the Federal Constitution. Based on this case, the paper aims to critically investigate the ruling made by the Highest Court of Justice in Brazil, comparing the assumptions validated at the trial with the dogmatic concepts espoused by renowned legal procedure experts

This paper aims to address the two main spheres of valuation of meat consumption in Brazil: on one hand, the socio-historical aspects and, on the other, the nutritional aspects. To this end, the authors understand the symbolic food bias and consider the relevance of historical experience in the consolidation of eating habits. This paper begins in the context of colonial Brazil, with the inclusion of discursive values related to the consumption of meat. It presents characteristics of meat consumption in Brazil, intensified with the urbanization process from the 19th century. The nutritional speech is noteworthy, developed from the 1930s in Brazil, which ensured the idea of meat as food par excellence, dividing Brazil between those who have access to that food and those who do not. It highlights the importance of meat in the Brazilian food culture, represented especially in steakhouses. It also considers the demonstrations against the consumption of meat permeated by different ideological, ethical, aesthetic and ecological spheres. It intends, therefore, to crisscross lines of these different approaches, emphasizing the different symbolisms that cover the increased meat consumption in Brazil.

DOI: 10.12957/geouerj.2013.6917 O propósito deste artigo é estimular reflexões em torno dos termos cidade, urbano e cidade média, comvistas a propor critérios que, considerando as especificidades da rede urbana da Bahia, permitamidentificar suas cidades médias. Certamente que por se tratar, ao mesmo tempo, de um debate teórico eum exercício de identificação, não se esgota aqui o tema em pauta. Com este texto pretende-se estabelecerum ponto de partida para a posterior elaboração de estudos mais aprofundados sobre tal questão e quedeem conta das singularidades dessas cidades. Entende-se ainda que seus resultados podem servir desubsídio a pesquisas similares a serem realizadas em outras unidades da Federação. Inicialmente,apresentam-se algumas ideias e conceitos, postos por diferentes autores, sobre cidade e sua relação com aurbanização decorrente do processo de industrialização. Faz-se em seguida uma reflexão do tema cidademédia, em que se analisam questões referentes ao tamanho demográfico como princípio para suaidentificação, suas características e papéis. Partindo-se dessas considerações e da análise de algumas daspeculiaridades da rede urbana do Estado, propõe-se um conjunto de critérios básicos para verificar quaisde suas sedes municipais seriam assim categorizadas. Por fim, tecem-se argumentações adicionais sobre otema, realçando a importância de estudá-lo. Palavras-chave: Cidades médias. Cidade. Urbanização. Rede urbana. Articulação regional. ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to stimulate discussions on the terms city, urban and medium sized city, witha view to proposing criteria which, considering the specificities of the urban network of Bahia, allow toidentify their medium-sized cities. Certainly because it deals, at the same time, of a theoretical debate anda mapping exercise, here does not dissipate the subject at hand. With this paper we intend to establish astarting point for the posterior elaboration of deepening studies about this question and give account ofthe singularities of these cities. It is understood though its results may provide of subsidies to similarresearches to be conducted in other states. This work finds itself divided into four parts, and a briefintroduction. Initially, we presented some ideas and concepts, made by different authors, about city andits relationship with urbanization due to industrialization. The second topic was realized a reflection ofthe theme medium-sized city, which reviews questions related to population size as a principle for theiridentification, characteristics and roles. Based on these considerations and analysis of some of thepeculiarities of the urban network of state, proposed a set of basic criterions to see which of theirmunicipal seats would be so categorized. Finally, we had woven additional discussions on this subject,highlighting the importance of studying it. Keywords: Medium-sized cities. City. Urbanization. Urban network. Regional articulation.

doi: 10.12957/geouerj.2012.4819 Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar, de forma resumida, as ideias expostas pelos autores dos 65 textos selecionados na Revista Brasileira de Geografia. Tal intenção é de registrar, para cada período selecionado, a contribuição dos autores no tocante ao objetivo, metodologia e base conceitual utilizados, permitindo uma articulação entre os conteúdos dos respectivos artigos e as correntes do pensamento geográfico trabalhadas pelos mesmos. Posto isto, podemos afirmar que este exercício constitui uma importante contribuição ao estado da arte no campo dos estudos agrários no Brasil, e tal empreendimento tem como questão central: qual a contribuição dos autores e de seus artigos para os estudos agrários na geografia brasileira? Os artigos analisados contemplaram, tanto os estudos sobre interpretação e distribuição da produção e das propriedades rurais, como aqueles voltados para sistemas agrícolas, população rural, desenvolvimento agrícola, latifúndio e reforma agrária, modernização da agricultura, transformações técnicas e relações de trabalho, pequena produção agrícola, meio ambiente e modernização. Estes temas permearam os volumes da Revista Brasileira de Geografia, refletindo, em parte, as pesquisas dominantes referentes aos estudos agrários no Brasil, sendo que mais de 90,0% dos referidos trabalhos foram realizados por pesquisadores do próprio IBGE. Palavras-chave: Revista Brasileira de Geografia. Estudos agrários. Geografia Agrária. Abstract This paper aims to present shortly ideas by the authors of 65 texts selected from Revista Brasileira de Geografia journal. It intends to put into evidence for each chosen period their contributions as for aims, methodology and concepts they used, so that to articulate papers content with trends in geographical thought they work with. That said, we could state that such ideas presentation is important to the state of the art in the field of agrarian studies in Brazil because it focuses on the following question: what is the contribution of those authors and their papers to the agrarian studies in Brazilian geography. Selected papers comprise studies on interpretation and distribution of rural properties and production, agricultural systems, rural population, agrarian development, great landed estate and agrarian reform, modernization of agriculture, technical changes and labor relations, small agrarian output, environment, and modernization. These themes have permeated Revista Brasileira de Geografia volumes, which reflects partially predominant researches linked to the agrarian studies in Brazil. IBGE‟s researchers carried out more than 90 per cent of them. Keywords: agrarian studies, Revista Brasileira de Geografia journal, agrarian geography

doi: 10.12957/geouerj.2012.4749 RESUMO A noção de indeterminação e de geografias possíveis possui uma longa história na GeografiaHumana. Ela tem sido pensada em termos de um número de diferentes contrastes típicos,como os de indeterminação/determinação; contingência/necessidade; agenciamento/estrutura;composição/contexto. Este artigo provê, primeiro, uma revisão sobre como a questão foienquadrado desde a revolução quantitativa espacial. Ela procede com os trabalhos iniciais deautores como Hagerstrand e Curry até chegar a trabalhos mais recentes, como sobre odesenvolvimento encaminhado, ou sobre as justaposições de chance de Massey. Ascontinuidades e complementaridades entre estas diferentes abordagens são focalizadas. Oartigo conclui discutindo como se pode pensar a indeterminancia na geografia humana deforma mais defensiva, e como o materialismo histórico geográfico permite nos movermospara além destes binômios. Palavras chave Indeterminancia. Justaposição por chance. Desenvolvimento dependente deencaminhamento. Geografias históricas. Materialismo histórico geográfico. ABSTRACT. The notion of indeterminacy and possible geographies has a long history in human geography.It has typically been thought of in terms of a number of different contrasts:indeterminacy/determinacy; contingent/necessary; agency/structure; composition/context. Inthe first place this paper provides a review of how the question has been framed since thespatial-quantitative revolution. This proceeds from the early works of people like Hagerstrandand Curry through the more recent work on path dependent development and Massey’schance juxtapositions. The continuities and complementarities between these differentapproaches are highlighted. The paper concludes with a discussion of how we might moredefensible think about indeterminacy in human geography and how historical geographicalmaterialism allows us to move beyond these binaries Key Words: indeterminacy; chance juxtaposition; path dependent development; geographicalhistories; historical geographical materialism.

doi: 10.12957/geouerj.2012.3698 Resumo A proposta deste artigo é analisar a diversidade cultural presente nas comunidades tradicionais localizadas nas margens e ilhas do médio rio São Francisco no Estado de Minas Gerais - Brasil. Desenvolvemos nosso estudo pautado em discussões e pesquisas realizadas acerca das necessidades de adaptação destas comunidades à natureza, às condições sociais e à própria estrutura social organizada por elas. A elaboração deste artigo possibilita em primeiro plano um melhor entendimento da paisagem cultural do alto médio rio São Francisco, tendo como objetivo principal propiciar modos e meios de reconhecimento das culturas locais das comunidades envolvidas, considerando a valorização de seus saberes e práticas criativas e criadoras de uma identidade cultural local e regional. Buscamos evidenciar as formas de pertencimento e da apropriação dos territórios, o respeito às tradições, aos costumes, aos credos, as partilhas e as expressões simbólicas que resultam na produção e reprodução de uma vida material e imaterial, refletida nas múltiplas categorias de sujeitos e lugares usados para definirem as suas identidades sanfranciscanas. Palavras chave: rio São Francisco, comunidades tradicionais, identidade, diversidade cultural. Abstract The purpose of this paper is to analyze the cultural diversity laid on the traditional communities located along and in the islands of the medium São Francisco river in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. We developed our study based in discussions and researches about the adaptation needs of those communities with nature, social conditions and their own social structures. This paper allows at first a better understanding of the cultural landscape of high medium São Francisco, having as main objective find ways to recognize local cultures of the involved communities, considering the enhancement of knowledge and creative practices that form the cultural identity, local and regionally. We seek to highlight the forms of belonging and ownership of the territories, the respect to the traditions, the customs, the creeds, the shares and symbolic expressions that result in the production and reproduction of a material and immaterial life, reflected in multiple categories of subjects and locations used to define their identities. Key words: São Francisco river, traditional communities, identity, cultural diversity.

The paper discusses three aspects in New Literacies Studies research in Brazil, as developed by researchers from an Applied Linguistics perspective. This perspective contributes to determine epistemological, theoretical, and methodological issues in literacy research, as well as ethical issues in regard to the relationships established with the groups who participate in the research. Taking examples from our research group, known as Teacher Literacy Research Group (created in 1991), we discuss transdisciplinary relationships built between Literacy and Dialogism as developed by Bakhtin and his Circle. Another intersecting point between Applied Linguistics and Literacy Research discussed in the paper is the relation between ethics and research in the two fields; a third one has to do with the methods adopted: as in several other studies in Applied Linguistics, in literacy studies, ethnography has been the preferred methodology. We conclude pointing out that an approach that conceives its object in a transdisciplinary manner and adopts ethical criteria as a research validation element favors the development of critical studies about writing in which the choice of problems and research contexts support the social goals of the investigated groups.

This paper presents a socio-cognitive approach of the referentiation process, in order to check to what extent and in which way the strategies adopted in the treatment of the lexicon in the literacy process can be updated, or even confirmed, in reading or in writing. Studies on how words are stored in the user memory and on how they are accessed - while language is being used - represent a great advance in understanding the literacy process, especially for psycholinguistics research. Besides, this paper highlights the prototypical notion of categorization treated in the cognitive studies as well as the notion of exemplar representation in the socio-cognitive area, which is based on the experience of culturally-situated speakers. A practical approach of these studies to the literacy process is demonstrated in this paper, taking into consideration prefabs in the referentiation operation.

The paper deals with the African sailors and sailors who worked on the ships of the Grão Pará and Maranhão Commerce Company, in the voyages between the ports of North Africa and the ports of the North of Portuguese America. We use the documentation from the Ultramarino Historical Archive, in Lisbon, and the lists of cabin boys working for the Company. We analyzed the period between 1756, when the company's activities actually started, and 1779, the date of the last record of the consulted documentation. The focus on enslaved sailors collaborates to unravel aspects of work on ships during the crossing between Africa, Maranhão and Grão Pará.

This paper deals with the recall of classical rhetoric elements in Aristotle and Quintilian’s doings, highlighting the enthymeme as well as the use of these elements as necessary knowledge for teaching and improving post graduate student argumentative writing in the production of a specific genre: the reader’s letter. The methodology used in this paper was qualitative, with the purpose of building a tool for the analysis of argumentative letters produced in an experiment that took place in a post graduate course. Among the letters produced by twelve postgraduate students, it was sellected the ones written by a master’s degree student in Psychology as an illustration of the instrument. Accordingly, this student was introduced to the classical rhetoric elements, as well as the arrangement and operation in the production of these kind in question, starting from the entimema as a central element. Simultaneously, specimens of the genre reader’s letter sent to the Carta Capital magazine, were analyzed to recognize in them the presence of these elements and to analyze how they combine and contribute to the making of the objective, clear and persuasive argumentative text. At the end of each meeting, from reading the magazine subjects, the student went on to produce similar letters to those sent to the reader’s section, with the purpose of employing the elements reconvened seen so far. This experience has shown that the use of these elements was able to contribute to improving this student practice of argumentative writing.

This article has two main purposes. The first is to provide a short panorama of existing trends within computer-assisted stylistics. The second is to analyse a prize winning novel by English writer Julian Barnes, by resorting to the tenets and working tools of one of the newest branch of Stylistics, the so-called Corpus stylistics. To this end, the article starts by looking at various attempts at defining what style is and their implications to the definition of the discipline known as Stylistics. Then the paper presents recent work within the field of Corpus stylistics, as it describes the uses of computational tools as part of the stylistician tool kit. Finally, the paper provides a variety of ways with which a literary work may be approached digitally with a view to showing how computational tools can aid the stylistician in acts of interpretation. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ UM BREVE GUIA PARA A ESTILÍSTICA DE CORPUS Este artigo tem duplo objetivo. Por um lado, apresenta um breve panorama de tendências no âmbito da Estilística assistida por instrumentos computacionais. Por outro, introduz estudo de um romance premiado do escritor inglês Julian Barnes, com base nos princípios e nos instrumentos analíticos de uma das mais novas áreas da Estilística, a chamada Estilística de corpus. Para tal, o artigo inicia pelo levantamento de diferentes concepções de estilo e suas implicações para a definição da disciplina conhecida como Estilística. Em seguida, o artigo apresenta pesquisa recente na área da Estilística de corpus, ao descrever as ferramentas computacionais que fazem parte da bagagem de trabalho do pesquisador na área da Estilística. Ao fim, o artigo introduz maneiras de abordar a obra literária digitalmente, com o objetivo de demonstrar como as ferramentas computacionais podem ajudar o pesquisador na área da Estilística em atos de interpretação. --- Artigo em inglês

Through the analysis of reports on sorrow and pain, this paper attempts to investigate how speakers find relief and internal resources to reconstruct their lives by means of a narrative. The proposed reflections derive from two correlated experiences: (i) the observation of the speeches of mothers and fathers who belong to a group that supports grieving parents (speeches that promoted a favorable development of the mourning period); and (ii) the fact that the researcher herself had the opportunity to participate as the co-author of an unusual story: one involving a transsexual who underwent sex reassignment surgery and later wrote about the experience in order to transform pain into narrative. In the two cases, curative effects were noticed as well as identity empowerment, both stemming from the process of narrativization of pain. The peculiarities of such textual construction co-operate to put the notions of authorship and style into question, the definitions of which are located between a conventional way of understanding these notions (related to an autonomist conception of the language subject) and a discursive way (related to a social and historical conception of the subject). We made use of reflections proposed by Possenti (1988, 2009, 2012), who draws on the notion of author, according to Foucault (1969), and questions the notion of style. The perspective that runs through all the parts of the reflection in this paper is Pragmatics, which understands language as being performative (AUSTIN: 1975) and a place of excellence for the construction of identity (RAJAGOPALAN: 2003, 2006). From a narrative construction standpoint, this paper takes the reflections of Paul Ricoeur (2010) mostly into account.

In this paper, the question of authorship, that has been dealt with before in “Indícios de autoria” (POSSENTI, 2002), is taken up again. The purpose of the paper is to put forward new dimensions of the concept of authorship, including those related to the notions of style and writing in a school setting.

The article aims to do specific and relevant observations regarding the collective redress in Europe. This is a polemic and enigmatic subject, which has been receiving increasing attention from European political agents. It is also be analyzed the possibility of using collective redress instruments to regulate situations of mass damage, as well as the responses given by Europe to this demand. Finally, it is imperative to emphasize that the present paper does not have the pretension to state if there is some superior model of protection and compensation. The article only intends to critically describe the current scenario, in an attempt to optimize all options for better protection of the collective damages.

In this paper the authors address the current situation in which civil justice is found, highlighting the barriers that exist to access it and the subjective marginality in which a vast sector of the population finds itself. Based on this, the imperative need to reform the civil process is analyzed in order to correct the current crisis of rationality and tend to the efficiency, usefulness and effectiveness of the processes.

This paper examines the obsolescence of mandatory court precedents and its role in the application of the stare decisis doctrine in the United Kingdom and the United States of America. The method of conceptual analysis, through literature review, is used to identify its hypotheses. It proposes a tripartite classification of these linked to their potential contexts of origin (judicial, legislative and social). It analyzes the role played by obsolescence in the evolution of stare decisis. It concludes that it serves as a bridge between the instrumental and pragmatic purposes of stare decisis (stability and predictability) and the reasons of justice that guide the exercise of jurisdictional activity.

This paper demonstrates that the Repetitive Claims Resolution Proceeding (IRDR) has provided a procedurally more auspicious technique for the resolution of mass claims regarding homogeneous individual rights than the article 81, item III of the Consumer Protection Code class actions were able to, for it affords economy of scale without violating litigants autonomy in mass adjudication. At the end, it argues that there is a mixed relationship between class actions and IRDR: a complementary one between both techniques for the protection of negative value claims, and a superiority one, favoring the latter, for the protection of positive value claims.

This article highlights the class action proceeding in Quebec, seeking to expose its main characteristics. The article initially explores the Canadian legal system and provincial legislative peculiarities. In addition to that, the paper explores the three major objectives of class actions: (i) judicial economy; (ii) maximizing access to justice; (iii) deter actual and potential wrongdoers from inflicting damage, especially small amounts of damage on a larger number of people (preventative objective). In sequence, such article specifies how the two-step class action procedure works, starting with the application for authorization, which is a preliminary request and a unique step in the province of Quebec that is meant to filter frivolous demands. Only once the authorization is granted may the case be heard collectively on the merits. The second step of the two-step procedure is an originating application that must be filed if the class action is authorized. Furthermore, this study deals with many relevant matters regarding the class actions in Canada (particularly Quebec), such as: (i) Right of Appeal; (ii) Res Judicata Effect – on absent members; (iii) Monetary Distributions and Types of Collective Recovery; (iv) Class Action Financing; (v) Possible Settlements; (vi) Multi-Provincial Class Proceedings and National Classes.

This article deals with the main aspects of enforcement proceedings. In addition to that, the paper suggests premises for an adequate comprehension of the provisions related to the defenses to be filed by the judgment debtor. Firstly, it is important to highlight the complementarity between the enforcement rules. After that, some issues have to be analyzed. For instances: (i) the enforcement proceeding is not capable to satisfy the full defense which is guaranteed by constitutional rules (for this reason, it is mandatory to allow the presentation of other complaints containing new arguments during such proceeding); (ii) it is also relevant to do the distinction between material and procedural issues (the merit of the enforcement is always the credit); (iii) the enforcement is a summary proceeding and doesn’t allow the stability of the debated matters (there is no full cognition); (iv) procedural decisions rendered (which involves absolute invalidity of a previous decision) can be appreciated anytime during the enforcement proceedings.

The increase of consumer relations in the European market potentiates crossborder litigation. The European Union, aware of such reality, is trying to create necessary measures and instruments to mitigate difficulties related to multi-located conflicts. This attempt represents a responsible attitude to guarantees access to justice. In this context, the present paper aims to evaluate, in the European judicial frame, the evolution of the procedure – applied to consumer disputes –, in particular in their effectiveness, through the use of technologies (in the context of the e-Justice). The use of electronic devices in the European procedures (in particular concerning the European injunction and in small claims) has been reinforced, in an attempt to ally the procedural information systems to promote the accessibility and celerity. However, the European procedures related to cross-border lawsuits have not taken an expressive place in the law operators’ options. Even that we consider that the e-Justice may contribute to the efficacy and celerity of the European lawsuits, we have a counter cycle that resists its use. There are many recognized advantages to this kind of instrument. Although, the juridical-cultural sensitivity for effective use of these instruments is uncertain in the European judicial architecture, which contributes to a system imbalance.

This paper deals with the themes of jurisprudence and precedents in Brazilian Law, highlighting the structuring of the Brazilian system of precedents, as provided for in the 2015 Code of Civil Procedure, emphasizing its characteristics in the context of Comparative Procedural Law.

The 2015 Paris Agreement, complementing the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, showcases an impressive consensus on climatological rhetoric. Thereby, it will contribute certainly neither to achieving its overall objectives on temperature nor to redressing any of the resulting “loss [or] damage” yet possibly tocontinuing the worldwide dialogue on the environment or on ecological entitlements. This paper will dissect and categorize these. It will conclude that the framers essentially kept the conversation going, nationally and internationally, encouraging the establishment, the adjudicatory branch, and the public to resume the conceptual or practical advancement on the topic.

This paper addresses the issue of judicial precedents and its application in the criminal procedure in the light of penal guarantee. It begins from the contextualization of precedents, the analysis of the possibility of applying civil procedural rules to criminal proceedings and examine the main developments of the criminal guarantee. Thus, the objective is to verify whether the precedent system will not be used only to solve a quantitative problem in the Judiciary, to the detriment of the defendant's right to have the specifics of his case considered by the judge. For this purpose, the hypothetical deductive approach method will be used to find out if the hypothesis can be confirmed before the variables found.

The evidence injuction, embody in explicit form to frame of the provisional measure technique on CPC of the 2015, takes for granted the idea of existence of a obvious right of the demandant, which justifies greater effectiveness of the adjudication in the cases provided by procedural law. “Clear legal right” and “obvious right” must be connected to “evidences” which sustain it, that is, the evidences. The statement of the evidence injuction in a possible improvement of process time, although politically, economically and sociologically tenable, does not constitute procedural key piece for the decision of the adjudication. The paper adresses this issue, dialoguing with doctrinal view about.

We begin this editorial by wishing everyone a good reading and by thanking readers and authors for their support onthe advancement and dissemination of our publishing. The increasingly upcoming volume of original papers remains consistent.Thus, we were able to publish 15 high-standard original articles in this issue, along with five abstracts of theses and dissertations defended in the Graduate Programs in Food, Nutrition and Health from the Nutrition Institute of UERJ (State University of Rio de Janeiro). These papers addressed objects that identify the field of Food and Nutrition in Brazil, namely: food, nutriment and / or nutrient. The original articles scaffold issues arising from several areas of knowledge that make up the scientific field of Food and Nutrition. For instance, one of the studies refers to the social identity of obese individuals;another study regards Policies on Food and Nutrition; two epidemiological studies address Nutrition; two studies on food production, another study onfood chemical composition and microbiological quality; and, for last, eight studies that concern Clinical Nutrition. Maintaining the growth trajectory of Demetra is key to our editorial policy. In a previous opportunity, we successfully invested in the dissemination of research articulating knowledge and practices on Food and Humanities. By following this thread, we would like to announce our next investment: the creation of a special issue that will focus on the discussion on food knowledge and practice that have as core theme dialoguesinFood Anthropology. In this new thematic issue, to be published in 2015, we aim to create opportunities for the dissemination of research and reflections that address studies on the significant social and cultural arrangements of various human groupings, depicted from the analysis of their eating habits. We are extremely excited and encouraged with great expectationsto announceand acknowledge our partnership with researchers Martín César Tempass, from theUniversidade Federal de Pelotas, and Mônica Chaves Abdala, from theUniversidade Federal de Uberlândia, in coordinating this promising thematic issue. We hope that this new thematic issue will contribute to a greater dialogue between the Human and Social Sciences and the Health Sciences in Food and Nutrition research. Thus, we invite nutritionists, anthropologists, sociologists, historians, psychologists, and other professionals, to discuss such matter that requires multidisciplinary perspectives. We hope, once again, that researchers will reliably submit their work for publication and continue to collaborate andstrengthen our publishing, which is committed to providingfree and public access opportunity toscientific knowledge. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/demetra.2014.14064

This paper aims to examine how investigative findings obtained in the early stages of criminal prosecution resonates on the final ruling, as well as the repercutions of the modifications introduced by “Lei nº 13.964/19” in this matter, particularly in what concerns the creation of the “judge of guarantees” and the exclusion of preliminary pieces of evidence from the records that will be subjected to analysis by the judge of the case.

This paper deals with the intangible values of conflict resolution mechanisms, aiming to develop a culture of social conciliation.

Due to a increasing protagonism by the Judiciary, legal mechanisms to rationally control the activity of its members acquire even greater importance. One of these legal mechanisms is the duty to make explicit the base of their decisions. In this paper, we start from the hypothesis that it is essential, for a decision to be considered based or grounded, that all objections that have been raised to it are refuted. Based on bibliographic research, following hypothetical deductive and fallibilism methodology, it will be verified whether this conjecture arises, and is compatible, not only with constitutional procedural principles, such as the right to petition and the due process of law, but with the way Epistemology understand the foundation of knowledge and beliefs in general. With this, it will be verified whether art. 489, § 1, IV, of Brazilian Civil Procedural Code, since prescribes an obviousness, is applicable to other procedural subsystems, such as administrative procedural law, and labor or criminal procedural law, regardless of the specific infra-constitutional legislation.

This research approaches the online dispute resolution platforms and their tendency to allow self-represented litigation, and it brings some concerns about vulnerability of the parties involved in this kind of processes. For doing this, the paper presents points of parties’ vulnerability in jus postulandi cases that are already permitted, and it also indicates negative consequences (including social consequences) of the idolatry of agreements culture only based on decreasing the quantity of processes at Judicial System. At the end, it relates the choice architecture (the design of different ways in which choices can be presented) with cerebral human systems of decision-making, showing its power to reduce or emphasize the vulnerability inherent in self-represented litigation.

The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of Corpus Linguistics, characterizing it as an area of research, considering its relations with other areas of study and illustrating its applications with specific focus on Brazilian Portuguese. In order to develop these topics, this research paper discusses Corpus Linguistics characteristics by pointing out some issues that distinguish it from other areas of research, such as: (1) its specific way to define language as well as a particular form to do empirical research on the basis of evidence extracted from linguistic corpora, using computational tools; (2) the possibility to generate theoretical contributions through new descriptions of different language uses; (3) the interfaces it establishes with Systemic- Functional Linguistics, Applied Linguistics and Computational Linguistics; (4) the expansion of the area in many countries, including Brazil, due to new perspectives opened in several fields, such as, lexicography, lexicogrammatical studies, genre and language variation studies as well as cross-cultural studies. The discussion of the topics above should reinforce the argument that Corpus Linguistics cannot be considered only as a methodological approach, but rather as a research area that allows for empirical linguistic knowledge, leading into new theoretical insights about language. In order to illustrate some corpus research done within the scope of Corpus Linguistics using data from the Portuguese language, three empirical studies are briefly described at the end of this paper. These academic works used data from the CORPOBRAS PUC-Rio, a corpus compiled with the purpose of representing Brazilian Portuguese.

This paper exposes and analyzes the recent reforms undertaken in US federal legislation on class actions, which came into force in December 2018, in the pursuit of improving Collective Procedural Law, seeking to extract aspects that may also have relevance for collective redress in the contemporary world and national panorama, at this moment when the Law of Public Civil Action in Brazil completes 35 years of existence.

The present paper analyzes the situation of the conditions of action in the Civil Procedure Code of 2015. It relates to its maintenance and the moment of verification, due to repercussions of practical-theoretical order that rise mostly from creating or not a material res judicata. The aim is to reveal the effects of lack of action declarations in different procedural moments. It focuses especially on an unintended consequence, which may be the impossibility of repropositioning the action in the face of the final sentence and causing effects on the Rescission Action. In order to do so, the study looks back on the evolution of theories of action, the text of the new Civil Procedure Code and on the considered doctrine. From a systemic analysis, it is concluded that the conditions of action remain surreptitiously in the new procedural document. Independently from the moment of the lack of action declaration by absence of action conditions, the sentence will be decisive and will not create the material res judicata under penalty of violating the rights and securities of the litigant notably from the due process of law in its procedural bias.

The main purpose of this study is to analyze the anticipation of evidence (or “early production of evidence”) action in disputes between employers and employees within the Brazilian legal system. In order to achieve this goal, the paper provides a brief overview of the proceedings, as regulated by the Brazilian Code of Civil Procedure and analyses the jurists’ opinion on this topic. It also takes into account, when applicable, the regulation provided by Labor and Employment Procedural Law.

Mediation as an alternative technique for solving criminal conflicts anchored in the idea of restorative justice was introduced in Portugal through Law no. 21/2007. After a promising start, mediation was gradually abandoned, having been in a lethargic state since 2017. Seeking to understand the possible causes of this decay and to envisage the possibility of its resumption, we analysed in this paper whether the view and the actuation of members of the Portuguese Prosecutor’s Office in relation to mediation among the causes of its abandonment. This verification was carried out, methodologically, through the collection of documentary data and by listening to the members of the Prosecutor’s Office themselves.

This paper has as its theme the analysis of the distinguishing and analytical confrontation in the appropriateness hypothesis of the special appeal by divergence between precedents of courts. The general objective is the study of the techniques of distinguishing and analytical confrontation that justify the appropriateness of the special appeal in case of divergent decisions between courts of law in Brazil (Article 105, III, "c" of the 1988 Federal Constitution). In order to achieve the general objective proposed it is necessary to observe three specific objectives: (i) to analyze the current functions of the higher courts; (ii) to study the techniques of distinguishing and analytical confrontation as methods of comparing cases in the special appeal; (iii) to verify, in the jurisprudence of the Superior Court of Justice, the Court's understanding regarding the application of these techniques between 2016 and 2018 (period of validity of the new Code of Civil Procedure). The method used will be topicsystematic. The first part will cover systematically setting up special appeal. The second part will focus on the analysis of cases of the STJ in relation to the hypothesis of divergence of precedents.