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This study develops a cross-cultural content analysis framework to examine underlying cultural dimensions: individualism/collectivism, time orientation, relationship with nature, and contextuality. Most cross-cultural content analyses have inferred that differences in execution have been due to assumed cultural differences in the societies examined (often based on the work of Hofstede [1980]); the development of the structure proposed here will allow the direct investigation of those cultural issues. Television commercials from the U.S. and Korea were selected as being representative of North American and East Asian commercials. Both countries are present-time oriented, and while individualism and collectivism are prevalent in both cultures, individualism is more dominant in the U.S. Korean commercials stress oneness-with-nature slightly more than U.S. commercials, and U.S. commercials use more direct approaches. Directions for refinement and future research are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the motivations and opportunity recognition patterns of 30 Israeli social entrepreneurs ( SEs) through life story analysis. The majority of participants were motivated by pull factors that included prosocial behaviors based on past or current life events. Others were motivated by push factors, including job dissatisfaction and a search for meaning. Based on grounded theory-building and sensemaking perspectives, we develop a theoretical process model that links motivations, opportunity recognition, and prosocial activities of SEs. Their experiences created an awareness of unmet societal needs, which led to opportunity recognition and formation of social ventures to help fill the gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines entrepreneurial passion and components of entrepreneurial identity – sameness, otherness, and identity centrality and salience – in two different contexts, high-tech and social entrepreneurship. Based on life story interviews of 45 high-tech entrepreneurs (HTE) and social entrepreneurs (SEs), passion and identities are linked for each group but evolve differently. For HTEs, passion is composed of a strong challenge to lead a meaningful activity and to leave a ‘fingerprint’. SE passion is characterized more in terms of enthusiasm and excitement and a desire to make a mark. HTEs’ identities are central to their self-concept while SEs’ identities can be more salient than central. SE identities are more synchronized than those of HTEs. For HTEs, otherness is dominant in their self-concept; however, they also maintain a concept of sameness. The findings of this study expand the literature by showing that passion is a dynamic motivational construct that is associated with entrepreneurs’ self-concept of their role identities. The interrelations between entrepreneurial passion and self-concepts of role identities are perceived differently among entrepreneurs who operate in different contexts. In addition, this study also expands the literature on entrepreneurial identities and affect. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article examines differences in attitudes toward drinking among university students in Canada, Australia, Norway and Korea. Students with less favorable attitudes toward drinking place a higher importance on social identity than students with more favorable attitudes toward drinking. Results showed that Koreans had the most favorable attitudes toward drinking, and males in all four countries had more positive attitudes toward drinking than females. Students with more favorable attitudes toward drinking were more susceptible to interpersonal influence than students with less favorable attitudes toward drinking.

This study examines the condom purchasing and use habits of 256 college students in Norway and English-speaking Canada, and develops a structural equation model to explain condom purchase and use. In the model, intention to purchase condoms is influenced by self-efficacy in condom purchasing, as well as by intention to use condoms. Intention to use condoms is influenced by having a positive attitude toward condom usage and by self-efficacy in persuading a partner to use condoms. The implications for health promotion and social marketing campaigns are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the link between consumer socialization and general parental socialization tendencies among Australian, Indian, and Greek parents. Five basic patterns of socialization were found and the specific consumer socialization practices of each are discussed. Together these 5 parental styles provide a theoretically based typology of parental tendencies in collectivist as well as individualist nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines the relationship between consumer susceptibility to interpersonal influence (CSII) and smoking diffusion patterns in Canada and South Korea. It is hypothesized that individuals with higher susceptibility to interpersonal influence are more likely to follow the dominant trend with regard to smoking behavior. Among South Korean females, smoking prevalence has been increasing and, in line with this trend, smokers were found to have a higher susceptibility to interpersonal influence than non-smokers. Among Canadians and among South Korean males, smoking has been in decline and, in line with this trend, non-smokers were found to have a higher susceptibility to interpersonal influence than smokers. Implications for social marketers and health professionals are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though the study of personal values has been the focus of social science research for nearly 70 years, research in the role that values play in shaping consumer attitudes and behavior is a more recent phenomenon. This study examines the roles that values play in marketing and the nature of value change. The List of Values is used to measure individual values. The study employs two futures research tools, socioeconomic scenarios and the Delphi process, to understand the nature of change in values. In addition, the cultural materialism paradigm, which rests on bio-psychological constants to explain the ways in which a society's infrastructure mediates between culture and nature, is used to examine a paradigm shift in values.

This study attempts to develop a scale to measure the individual entrepreneurial orientation (IEO) of persons in South Africa. Respondents were subjected to a survey instrument and provided information on items pertaining to their demographics, entrepreneurial orientation, and values. The results showed substantial differences on the range of items between black and white entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper discusses individual and group identities, and examines personal values across four countries: Australia, the United States, Canada, and Israel. The relationship between consumer susceptibility to interpersonal influence and personal values is examined using the List of Values (LOV) and Bearden, Netemeyer, and TeePs scale. Three of the nine LOV values were found to be different for people who are highly susceptible to interpersonal influence compared to those who are not: a sense of belonging, warm relationships with others, and being well respected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world has probably changed more dramatically during the past decade and a half than at any other comparable time since the second World War. The symptoms of the "new world order" include many fundamental changes. In the midst of these dramatic changes, marketing is emerging as a significant field for researching and communicating across national borders. Yet marketing as a discipline continues to grapple with its identity as a science. Progress has been made notably in the application of marketing knowledge to nonprofit organizations and to the marketing of social causes. This paper maintains that marketers should take an expanded view of marketing research and practice to comprehend today's global political, economic, and social environments fully.

The intent of this article is to study a case of criminal entrepreneurship, which reflects the key attributes of convenience theory in order to test that theory. The intent is also to show that the theory of convenience can be extended beyond white-collar crime to include criminal entrepreneurship. The theory of convenience is introduced in this article to explain why criminal entrepreneurship can be an attractive avenue for some people. Convenience theory suggests that a strong desire for financial gain to satisfy greed and solve problems, an attractive organizational opportunity to commit and conceal crime, as well as a personal willingness for deviant behavior can make criminal entrepreneurship attractive. The case of a Norwegian hashish baron illustrates convenience theory by the person's ability to stay in the illegal drug business for two decades as a white-collar criminal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores Apple and Microsoft television commercials from the last 25 years and argues that they visualize three phases of the human-computer relationship through the changing positions of the computer and the human body. The three phases are: disembodied cyberspace, embodied hybridity and ubiquity. Ultimately, what becomes apparent is the extent to which these television commercials demonstrate what Henry Jenkins calls a 'cultural convergence' in relation to the human-computer relationship and why this convergence experienced a shift from phase one to phase two around the turn of the millennium. The paper ends by examining more recent Apple and Microsoft television commercials in order to explore the possibility of a new, third phase in the human-computer relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]