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Ovalbumin (OVA) is the most abundant protein in egg white, with excellent functional properties (e.g., gelling, foaming, emulsifying properties). Nevertheless, OVA has strong allergenicity, which is usually mediated by specific IgE thus results in gut microbiota dysbiosis and causes atopic dermatitis, asthma, and other inflammation actions. Processing technologies and the interactions with other active ingredients can influence the functional properties and allergic epitopes of OVA. This review focuses on the non-thermal processing technologies effects on the functional properties and allergenicity of OVA. Moreover, the research advance about immunomodulatory mechanisms of OVA-mediated food allergy and the role of gut microbiota in OVA allergy was summarized. Finally, the interactions between OVA and active ingredients (such as polyphenols and polysaccharides) and OVA-based delivery systems construction are summarized. Compared with traditional thermal processing technologies, novel non-thermal processing techniques have less damage to OVA nutritional value, which also improve OVA properties. OVA can interact with various active ingredients by covalent and non-covalent interactions during processing, which can alter the structure or allergic epitopes to affect OVA/active components properties. The interactions can promote OVA-based delivery systems construction, such as emulsions, hydrogels, microencapsulation, nanoparticles to encapsulate bioactive components and monitor freshness for improving foods quality and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a widespread disease that can be associated with other conditions, including conjunctivitis, rhinosinusitis, asthma, food allergy, and atopic dermatitis. Diagnosis is based on the history and documentation of sensitization, such as the production of allergen-specific IgE, preferably using molecular diagnostics. Treatments are based on patient education, non-pharmacological and pharmacological remedies, allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT), and surgery. Symptomatic treatments mainly concern intranasal/oral antihistamines and/or nasal corticosteroids. This review discusses current and emerging management strategies for AR, covering pharmacological and non-pharmacological remedies, AIT, and biologics in selected cases with associated severe asthma. However, AIT presently remains the unique causal treatment for AR. The management of allergic rhinitis could include new strategies. In this regard, particular interest should be considered in the fixed association between intranasal antihistamines and corticosteroids, probiotics and other natural substances, and new formulations (tablets) of AIT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between atopic dermatitis and atopic diseases such as food allergies, asthma, and allergic rhinitis in terms of co-occurrence, underlying mechanisms, and therapy is well documented. There is increasing evidence that atopic dermatitis is associated with non-atopic comorbidities such as cardiac, autoimmune, and neuropsychological comorbidities, as well as cutaneous and extracutaneous infections, establishing atopic dermatitis as a systemic disease. The authors reviewed evidence on atopic and non-atopic comorbidities of atopic dermatitis. A literature search was conducted in PubMed for peer-reviewed articles published until October 2022. Atopic and non-atopic diseases coexist with atopic dermatitis more often than would be expected by chance. The effect of biologics and small molecules on atopic and non-atopic comorbidities may contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between atopic dermatitis and its comorbidities. Their relationship needs to be explored further to dismantle the underlying mechanism and move toward an atopic dermatitis endotype-based therapeutic approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim is to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of ALEX2 Allergy Explorer test in patients suffering from atopic dermatitis and reactions to egg. We compared the results of specific IgE to allergen reagents (molecular components) with reactions to egg in the open exposure test (OET) (history); the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictictive value were calculated with Fisher's Exact test. Altogether 100 atopic dermatitis patients were examined. The reaction to egg was confirmed in 19 patients (19%). We confirmed significant relation between the results of specific IgE to Gal d 1, Gal d 2, Gal d 3, Gal d 5, Gal d white and Gal d yolk and the results of the OET/history; the sensitivity is in the range 21.05–52.63%. We recommend to evaluate food allergy to egg in patients with severe atopic dermatitis even with negative specific IgE for molecular components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of our study is the evaluation of the relation between the sensitisation to molecular components of moulds and yeast and the occurrence of food hypersensitivity reactions in atopic dermatitis patients. The food reactions were confirmed in an open exposure test (history); the sensitisation to allergen reagents (molecular components) of moulds and yeast was confirmed with ALEX2 Allergy Explorer Multiplex examination. The relation between the sensitisation to molecular components of fungi and the food hypersensitivity reactions was evaluated with the use of Fisher's exact test. One hundred atopic dermatitis patients were included in the study (48 men and 52 women with an average age of 40.9 years). In patients with reaction to hazelnuts, walnuts, peanuts, fish and egg, the significantly higher level of specific IgE to Asp f 3, Cla h 8, Alt a 6, Alt a 1, Mala s 6 and Asp f 6 was confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transient eosinophilia is not uncommon in patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD) treated with dupilumab. A retrospective, single center, observational study was conducted to assess the difference in terms of absolute eosinophil count (AEC) change at 4 months and at 12 months, relative to the baseline, in predefined subgroups of patients affected by moderate-to-severe AD treated with dupilumab. Complete data for 373, 289 and 210 patients were available at the baseline, 4 months and 12 months, respectively. Patients with a history of conjunctivitis (n = 152) had greater increases in AEC at 4 months as compared with those (n = 137) who did not (+16%vs0%,p = 0.01). Patients with food allergies (n = 46) showed similar increases (+39%vs + 5%, p = 0.01). Patients experiencing facial redness dermatitis on dupilumab (n = 46) had greater increases in AEC at 4 months than those (n = 243) who did not (+40%vs + 5%, p = 0.03). Patients that had dupilumab-induced ocular surface disease (n = 44) had greater increases in AEC at 4 months than those (n = 245) who did not (+43%vs + 5%, p = 0.01). Atopic comorbidities are associated with a paradoxical increase in AEC at 4 months in AD patients treated with dupilumab. Patients experiencing dupilumab-related ocular surface disease or facial redness dermatitis also have remarkable increases in AEC at 4 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A precise diagnosis is key for the optimal management of allergic diseases and asthma. In vivo or in vitro diagnostic methods that use allergen extracts often fail to identify the molecules eliciting the allergic reactions. Component-resolved diagnosis (CRD) has solved most of the limitations of extract-based diagnostic procedures and is currently valuable tool for the precision diagnosis in the allergy clinic, for venom and food allergy, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis. Its implementation in daily practice facilitates: a) the distinction between genuine multiple sensitizations and cross-reactive sensitization in polysensitized patients; b) the prediction of a severe, systemic reaction in food or insect venom allergy; c) the optimal selection of allergen immunotherapy based on the patient sensitization profile. This paper describes its main advantages and disadvantages, cost-effectiveness and future perspectives. The diagnostic strategy based on CRD is part of the new concept of precision immunology, which aims to improve the management of allergic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the occurrence of egg allergy in atopic dermatitis patients, to analyse the results of specific IgE. We show the occurrence of bird-egg syndrome and the relation between the sensitisation to some molecular components and egg allergy. Methods: Egg allergy was confirmed according to the results of the challenge test (history) together with positive results of specific IgE to molecular components of egg and/or extract specific IgE to egg. Results and conclusion: Altogether 100 atopic dermatitis patients were examined – 48 men, 52 women, the average age 40.9 years. Reaction to egg was confirmed in 23 patients (23%); egg allergy was confirmed in 18 patients (18%). In these patients we recorded the significantly higher sensitisation to molecular components Der f 2, Der p 2, Equ c 1 and Phl p 7. The bird – egg syndrome was confirmed in 3 patients (3%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the occurrence of food allergy to peanuts in atopic dermatitis (AD) patients and to analyse the sensitization to molecular components. The complete dermatological and allergological examination including the examination of the sensitization to molecular components with Multiplex ISAC testing was performed. Altogether 100 AD patients were examined – 48 men, 52 women, the average age 40.9 years. The food allergy to peanuts was confirmed in 27% patients; the majority of these patients are sensitized to PR 10 proteins (Ara h 8) and the minority to species-specific storage proteins and to non-specific lipid transfer protein (Ara h 9). In patients suffering from a clinical reaction to peanuts, the significant relation was confirmed to the sensitization to molecular components Aln g 1, Bet v 1, to molecular components of Timothy Phl p 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 and to Mer a 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the occurrence of food allergy to peach/apple/celery in atopic dermatitis patients and to analyse the sensitisation to molecular components. Methods: The diagnosis of food allergy was confirmed according to the results of the challenge test/history and according to the examination of the sensitisation to molecular components with Multiplex ISAC testing. Results and conclusion: Altogether 113 atopic dermatitis patients were examined – 54 men, 59 women, the average age 39.9 years. Allergy to apple was confirmed in 18 patients (15.9%), to peach in 17 patients (15.1%), to celery in 6 patients (5.3%). The sensitisation to Bet v 1 (Birch, PR 10 protein) was confirmed in 64 patients (56.7%) included in the study. From the whole number of patients with sensitisation to Bet v 1, we confirmed in 42.2% food allergy and in 48.4% food sensitisation to apple/peach/celery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the occurrence of food allergy to walnuts and hazelnuts in atopic dermatitis patients. The examination of specific IgE to molecular components with Multiplex ISAC testing was performed. The diagnosis of food allergy was confirmed in patients suffering from food reactions to walnuts/hazelnuts together with positive results of specific IgE to molecular components. : Altogether 100 atopic dermatitis patients were examined – 48 men, 52 women, the average age 40.9 years. Hazelnuts allergy was confirmed in 25% of patients; these patients are majorly allergic to PR 10 protein, minorly to storage proteins. Walnut allergy was confirmed in 14% of patients; these patients are majorly allergic to storage proteins and to non-specific lipid transfer proteins. Sensitization to Bet v 1 homologues and profilins was associated with mild symptoms; nsLTPs and seed storage proteins were related to severe reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the relation between the sensitization to molecular components of inhalant allergens and the occurrence of food reactions in atopic dermatitis patients. Another aim is to evaluate the semi-quantification results of the ISAC Multiplex testing to reveal the relevance of the leading allergens. The complete dermatological and allergological examination including the examination of the sensitization to molecular components with Multiplex ISAC testing was performed. The food reactions to examined food allergens were confirmed in the open exposure test (history). Altogether 100 atopic dermatitis patients were examined – 48 men, 52 women, the average age 40.9 years. The leading molecular components are cysteine protease (Der f 1, Der p 1), NPC2 protease (Der f 2, Der p 2), Acidic glycoprotein (Alt a 1), PR 10 proteins (Bet v 1, Mal d 1, Aln g 1 and Cor 1.04), lipocalins (Can f 1, Fel d 4, Mus m 1, Equ c 1), uteroglobulin (Fel d 1), Kallikrein (Can f 5) and molecular components of Timothy and Bermuda grass (glycoprotein). The significantly higher occurrence of sensitization to molecular components Aln g 1, Bet v 1, Phl p 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 11 was confirmed in patients suffering from reactions to peanuts, hazelnuts, celery, apple and peach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internists are front-line health care providers that commonly provide the first encounter to patients for dermatological conditions, especially atopic dermatitis (AD). Internists need to be comfortable with managing mild-moderate AD in their practices. Criteria and guidelines established in dermatology literature are available to help the general practitioner diagnose and treat AD. AD is a systemic disease associated with multiple cutaneous and extra-cutaneous comorbidities that warrant screening by internists, especially mental health conditions. Environmental factors may play a role in the development or worsening of AD; however, there is currently no strong evidence to guide specific population- or clinic-based interventions for their avoidance. While food allergies are common in AD patients, the role of food allergens as an exacerbating factor for AD is controversial. Before starting any dietary modifications, careful evaluation should be performed by an allergist. If the patient is not well-controlled despite adequate topical therapies or is experiencing severe/worsening disease, early referral to dermatology is warranted to rule out confounding diagnoses and/or escalation to systemic therapies. Finally, it is important to recognise the racial disparities present in AD and address these when formulating treatment plans. Confounding dermatoses, either instead of or in addition to AD, should be considered in treatment-refractory AD, and the appropriate workup may be initiated while awaiting dermatology referral. AD patients have multiple cutaneous and extra-cutaneous comorbidities that warrant screening by internists, especially mental health conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is the evaluation of the occurrence of fish/shrimp allergy in atopic dermatitis patients. The occurrence of fish/shrimp allergy was confirmed in the challenge test or according to the history; the sensitisation to molecular components with ISAC Multiplex testing was analysed. Altogether 100 atopic dermatitis patients were examined. The food allergy to fish was confirmed in 13 patients (13%), while shrimp allergy occurred in 6 patients (6%).In patients with allergy to fish, the significantly higher occurrence of sensitisation to Asp f 1, Asp f 6, Alt a 6, Der f 1, Der f 2, Der p 1, Der p 2, Lep d 2 and Blo t 5 was confirmed. In patients with food allergy to shrimps, the significantly higher occurence of sensitisation to Asp f 6, Alt a 6, Cla h 8, Bla g 1 and Bla g 5 was confirmed also. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and food allergy affect approximately 20% of the global population. Few studies describe the burden of the totality of these diseases and only a handful studies provide a comprehensive overview of the socioeconomic impact of these diseases. For this narrative review, we searched Pubmed using selected keywords and inspected relevant references using a snowballing process. We provide an overview of the socioeconomic burden of allergic diseases (in particular, asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and food allergy). The focus of this review is on their epidemiology (incidence, prevalence), burden (disability-adjusted life years, quality of life), and direct and indirect costs (absenteeism and presenteeism). We have put special emphasis on differences between countries. Both the prevalence and the burden of allergic diseases are considerable with prevalence varying between 1% and 20%. We identified a plethora of studies on asthma, but studies were generally difficult to compare due to the heterogeneity in measures used. There were only few studies on the burden of food allergy; therefore, more studies on this allergy are required. For future studies, we recommend standardizing epidemiologic, socioeconomic impact, and quality of life measures of allergic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between early daycare attendance and risk of allergic diseases remains inconclusive. Therefore, we examined the association among Japanese children on a long-term basis using a nationwide longitudinal survey data. We estimated the association between daycare attendance at age 6 or 18 months and allergy development using information on outpatient visits for atopic dermatitis (AD), food allergy (FA), and asthma and admission for asthma up to 12 years of age as a proxy for developing these diseases, with multilevel logistic regression. Early daycare attendance was associated with increased odds of AD at ages 2.5–3.5 years: the adjusted odds ratio (OR) was 1.34 [95% CI: 1.21, 1.47]. The association with FA was equivocal. The odds of asthma was increased before age 3.5 years and afterwards decreased: the adjusted ORs were 1.60 [1.44, 1.77] for ages 1.5–2.5 years and 0.77 [0.69, 0.87] for ages 5.5–7 years. The effect of early daycare attendance depends on the type of allergies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The skin is outermost barrier of the body and protects us from various kinds of external stimuli. The barrier function of the skin is, however, not wholly perfect but include some 'security holes' where external antigen invades in. Further, external antigens themselves have some specific shunt pathways to breach the skin barrier. Recent studies revealed that percutaneous sensitization is a strong inducer of systemic immune responses and it is now considered that majority of food allergy is sensitized through body surfaces. Thus, to know about the fundamental structure of the skin barrier and its potential weak spots must be important for understanding the pathomechanism of 'skin-originated' allergic diseases. In this review, I overview the fundamental features of the skin barrier, and then, will discuss the pathomechanism how external antigens breach the barrier and induce subsequent systemic allergic reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a lack of reports focusing on the course of atopic dermatitis (AD) with respect to its evolution and association with other allergic diseases and parameters. This study gives the review of results concerning the evaluation of different parameters in patients suffering from AD older than 14 years of age. This study evaluates the occurrence of food allergy, food intolerance, inhalant allergy, occurrence of asthma bronchiale, allergic rhinitis, peripheral blood eosinophilia, family history of atopy, onset of AD and the severity of AD according to the SCORAD index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is the evaluation of the specificity and sensitivity of the skin prick tests (SPTs), specific IgE and atopy patch tests (APTs) in atopic dermatitis patients suffering from food allergy. A total of 301 patients were examined, complete dermatological and allergological examination was performed in all patients. The food allergy was confirmed to peanuts in 62 patients (20%), to egg in 16 patients (5%), to soy in 9 patients (3%), to wheat in 12 patients (4%) and to cow milk in 6 patients (2%). The specificity of SPT, specific IgE and APT is considered as good; the sensitivity of APT is low. The positive results in isolation cannot confirm the food allergy; however, together with other diagnostic methods, such as clinical history and open exposure test, these tests are valuable tool in examination of food allergy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is the evaluation of the relationship between the severity of atopic dermatitis (AD) and the occurrence of IgE-mediated food allergy, food sensitization, and sensitization to inhalant allergens. The complete dermatological and allergological examinations were performed and the severity of AD was evaluated with the SCORing Atopic Dermatitis index. The statistical evaluation of the relationship between the occurrence of IgE-mediated food allergy, food sensitization, sensitization to inhalant allergens, and the severity of AD was performed. Two hundred and eighty-three patients were examined, 89 men and 194 women, average age 26.2 (s.d. 9.5). The significant relation was recorded between the severity of AD and sensitization to tested inhalant allergens. The significant relation was also found between the severity of AD and IgE-mediated food allergy. It turns out that the higher time to reaction, the higher the severity of AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The evaluation of the importance of atopy patch tests in patients suffering from food allergy to egg’s white and yolk, peanuts, soy, cow’s milk and wheat.Methods: 240 patients were examined. Complete dermatological and allergological examination was performed in all patients including specific IgE, skin prick test, atopy patch test and the challenges tests.Results: The specificity of atopy patch tests is for soy 96%, for egg 95%, for wheat 95%, for peanuts 99% and for milk 99%. The sensitivity of atopy patch tests is for soy 62%, for egg 35.7%, for wheat 16.7%, for peanuts 20.8% and for milk 50%.Conclusion: The specificity of atopy patch tests may be considered good; regarding the sensitivity, the high percentage of false negative results should make us believe that these tests are not conclusive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of our study is to evaluate the count of eosinophils in peripheral blood in atopic dermatitis (AD) patients over 14 years of age and to compare it with the occurrence of food hypersensitivity (FH) reactions. Complete allergological and dermatological examination was performed in 212 patients included in the study (90 men, 122 women, average age 26.7 years, average SCORAD 32.9). According to our results, in AD patients the difference in count of eosinophils in patients with and without FH reactions is not statistically significant. When evaluating the occurrence of FH reactions to single foods, the count of eosinophils is significantly higher only in patients suffering from reactions to carrot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of our study is to evaluate the count of eosinophils in peripheral blood in atopic dermatitis (AD) patients older than 14 years of age and to compare it with the occurrence of some other atopic diseases and parameters. One hundred and seventy-two patients were included in the study. According to our results, in AD patients with asthma bronchiale, rhinitis, food allergy, positive family history about atopy, with permanent skin lesions, with total IgE above 200 IU/ml, with the onset of AD under 5 years of age and in patients suffering from moderate or severe form of AD, the count of eosinophils is higher than the normal level of eosinophils. The normal count of eosinophils is recorded in patients suffering from mild form of AD and in patients suffering from food sensitization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current review paper highlights the complicacies associated with communities relying on wheat as their dietary staple. Although, wheat is an important source of nutrients but is also linked with allergenic responses in genetically susceptible subjects. The wheat proteins especially α-amylase inhibitors, ω-5 gliadins, prolamins, nonprolamin, glucoprotein, and profilins are of significance importance. The allergenic responses are further categorized into IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated reactions. Conjugation and degranulation of the IgEs with the allergens results in release of several mediators. In contrary, non-IgE-mediated wheat allergy depends on immune complexes formed by food and food antibodies and cell-mediated immunity. As results, different diseases tend to occur on the completion of these reactions, i.e., celiac disease, baker's asthma, diarrhea, atopic dermatitis, and urticaria. This instant paper highlighted the concept of food allergy with special reference to wheat. The models are developed that are included in this paper showing the wheat allergen, their possible routes, impact on human health, and indeed possible remedies. The paper would provide the basic information for the researchers, common man, and allied stakeholders to cater the issue in details. However, the issue needs the attention of the researchers as there is a need to clarify the issues of wheat allergy and wheat intolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Population-based cross-sectional study was performed to estimate the prevalence of chemical intolerance and to examine the characteristics of the sample. A Web-based survey was conducted that included 7,245 adults in Japan. The criteria for chemical intolerance proposed by Skovbjerg yielded a prevalence of 7.5% that was approximately consistent with that reported from a Danish population-based survey. Female gender, older age, and renovation in the house during the past 7 years were positively associated with chemical intolerance. Improvements in the condition were observed with daily ventilation habits. Medical history of atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, food allergy, multiple chemical sensitivity, and depression were associated with chemical intolerance. Fatigue, depressed mood, and somatic symptoms were also positively correlated with chemical intolerance. Better elucidation of the causes, comorbidities, concomitants, and consequences of chemical intolerance has the potential to provide effective solutions for its prevention and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Aim of this study is to evaluate the dependence between the occurrence of food hypersensitivity reactions and the severity of atopic dermatitis. The detailed personal history about the food hypersensitivity reactions was recorded and the severity of atopic dermatitis was evaluated with SCORAD index. The statistical evaluation of the dependence between the occurrence of food hypersensitivity reactions and the severity of atopic dermatitis was performed. Two hundred and eighty-five patients were examined – 90 men and 195 women, average age 26.2 (s.d. = 9.5). The significant dependence between the severity of atopic dermatitis and the occurrence of food hypersensitivity reactions was confirmed; 96% of patients with severe form of atopic dermatitis suffer from food reactions. In evaluating the single foods, the significant dependence was found between the severity of atopic dermatitis and the reactions to nuts, apples, and fishes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to evaluate if there is a difference in the occurrence of asthma bronchiale, rhinitis, pollen allergy, food allergy and sensitization to basic food allergens, onset of atopic dermatitis (AD), family history about atopy, and duration of eczematic lesions in AD patients with the level of total immunoglobulin E (IgE) under or above 200 IU/ml. Complete allergological and dermatological examination was performed and the statistical evaluation of the relations among the patients with the level of IgE under 200 IU/ml and above 200 IU/ml was performed. Out of 277 patients suffering from AD, we included 87 men and 190 women; the average age was 25.9 years. From 277 patients, 92 patients (33%) have IgE under 200 IU/ml; in these patients, the occurrence of tested parameters is significantly lower in comparison to patients with IgE above 200 IU/ml. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Increases in allergic diseases have been well documented worldwide. Approximately one-third of children with severe atopic dermatitis (AD) were reported to suffer from IgE-mediated food allergy as well. Data sources concerning the food allergy, AD, and atopic march were accessed from Pubmed/MEDLINE. This review provides a summary of findings concerning the food allergy, food hypersensitivity reactions, and atopic march in children and adolescents. Food allergy that developed at a young age increased the risk for AD, asthma bronchiale, and allergic rhinitis; new research identifies the skin barrier as not only an important initiator of AD but it may even be a site for allergic sensitization to protein antigens. Early childhood is thought to be a key period for the prevention of allergic march and adolescence is another key period for the prevention of recurrence. The prevention of recurrence would decrease allergic disease in adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A few reports demonstrate the relationship between food allergy in atopic dermatitis patients and other allergic diseases and parameters. The objective of this study is to evaluate if some food allergens has the relationship to the occurrence of other atopic diseases and parameters. The following parameters were examined: food allergy to wheat flour, cow milk, egg, peanuts and soy; the occurrence of asthma bronchiale and rhinitis; duration of atopic dermatitis; family history; pollen allergy and onset of atopic dermatitis. The statistical evaluation of the relations among food allergy and monitored parameters was performed. Two hundred and seventy two patients were examined (87 men, 185 women). In general, atopic dermatitis patients with confirmed food allergy suffer significantly more often from rhinitis, asthma bronchiale, persistent eczematic lesions and pollen allergy and have positive data about atopy in their family history. Peanuts, soy and wheat are of great importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Only few population-based data exist on the association of food hypersensitivity reactions and atopic diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the dependence between the occurrence of food hypersensitivity reactions and other atopic diseases and parameters. Complete dermatological and allergological examination was performed. Statistical evaluation of the relations between the occurrence of food hypersensitivity reactions and the occurrence of asthma bronchiale, rhinitis, duration of atopic dermatitis, family history and onset of atopic dermatitis was performed. Two hundred and thirty-five patients were examined – 75 men and 160 women, average age 26.2 years (SD = 9.5). Patients suffering from food hypersensitivity reactions, in general, suffer significantly more often from rhinitis and from persistent eczematic lesions; the dependence was confirmed in patients with hypersensitivity reactions to nuts, kiwi, fishes and apple. Atopic march was confirmed in patients suffering from atopic dermatitis and from food hypersensitivity reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Atopic dermatitis is associated with food allergies. The aim of this study is to evaluate soy allergy in patients suffering from atopic dermatitis. Altogether 228 persons were included; specific IgE, skin prick tests, atopy patch tests, challenge tests with soy and history of soy allergy were evaluated. Soy allergy was confirmed in eight patients (3.5%, in four patients with worsening of atopic dermatitis, in four patients with oral allergy syndrome), sensitisation to soy was found in another 47 patients (20%) with no clinical manifestation after soy ingestion. Dependence was confirmed statistically between soy allergy and pollen allergy and soy sensitivity and pollen allergy. About 20% of patients suffering from atopic dermatitis are sensitised to soy. Clinical symptoms of soy allergy occur only in 3.5% of patients suffering from atopic dermatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few large studies concerning the importance of food allergy in adolescents and adult patients with atopic dermatitis exist. The evaluation of food allergy to egg white and yolk, peanuts, soy, cow milk and wheat in patients suffering from atopic dermatitis. Two hundred forty patients (70 men, 170 women) were examined. Complete dermatological and allergological examination was performed in all patients, including specific IgE, skin prick test and atopy patch test. The challenge test was performed according to the results of examinations with suspected foods. The food allergy to peanuts was confirmed in 20% of patients, to egg in 6%, to soy in 3.3%, to wheat in 2.5% and to milk in 0.8% – altogether in 65 patients (27.5%). The positive results in examinations without clinical symptoms of food allergy were recorded in another 78 patients (32.5%). The diagnostic work-up should comprise not only the laboratory methods, but also the diagnostic hypoallergenic diet and the challenge test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conclusion: This preliminary prospective study suggests that background factors may differ among allergic diseases. The beneficial interventions for reducing development of allergic rhinitis (AR) are also effective for the prevention of subsequent onset of bronchial asthma (BA). Objective: To determine the risk factors associated with onset of AR in atopic children in a prospective study. Methods: All patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) or food allergy with or without BA who visited the Pediatric Unit of Chiba University Hospital from 2005 to 2006 were enrolled in the study and received allergy examinations every 3-6 months. Results: A total of 100 patients were followed up for more than 2 years. Among the 60 patients without BA at entry to the study, 12 developed BA during the follow-up period. Development of AR preceded BA in 10 of the 12 patients (83.3%). In the background factors at the entry, positive sensitization to house dust mite (HDM) was significantly related to development of BA. Among the 48 patients without AR, 20 developed AR. High titers of serum HDM-specific IgE and high eosinophil counts in blood, and detection of eosinophils in nasal smears at the entry were significantly related to development of AR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. The evaluation of the occurrence of peanut allergy in adolescent and adult patients suffering from atopic dermatitis. Methods. Altogether 175 persons suffering from atopic dermatitis were included in the study. A diagnostic work-up for food allergy to peanuts was performed (specific IgE, skin prick tests, atopy patch tests, history), and the patients were also examined for pollen allergy containing Bet v 1 and Bet v 2 allergens. Results. Allergic reactions to peanuts were recorded in 23% of patients, and another 16% of patients were sensitised to peanuts. A dependency between the occurrence of pollen allergy with Bet v 1 and Bet v 2 allergens and the results of the examination for peanut allergy is confirmed in our study. Conclusion. One-fifth of patients with atopic dermatitis suffer from peanut allergy; the most common symptom is oral allergy syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EE) has an increased incidence of diagnosis similar to other atopic diseases. We present a recent literature review of the common features between atopic diseases (i.e., asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis) and EE. All of the disorders have allergen triggers and evidence of a possible Th2 inflammation at the site of disease. Murine models have also shown similar features with the importance of T cells and Th2 cytokines for the development of disease. The diseases share underlying inflammation with the potential for remodeling with an increase in TGF-β expression in asthma and EE. However, differences do exist between the diseases in treatment and pathogenesis. For EE, there are two basic treatment options: avoidance of the food triggers or treatment of the eosinophilic inflammation with corticosteroids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food allergy in infancy usually disappears but is followed primarily by respiratory allergy. We hypothesized that children allergic to common food allergens in infancy are at increased risk of wheezing illness and bronchial hyperresponsiveness during school age. In a case-control study 69 children 7.2 to 13.3 years of age allergic to egg (N = 60) and/or fish (N = 29) in early life (first 3 years) who attended our allergy outpatient clinic were recruited. They received follow-up for 1 year and were evaluated by parental questionnaire, skin prick testing, spirometry, and metacholine bronchial challenge. Another 154 children (70 sensitized to inhaled allergens) recruited selectively from a general population sample with no history of food allergy during their first 3 years served as control subjects. Twenty-three children (38.3%) maintained their sensitization to egg and 19 (65.5%) to fish; the prevalence of sensitization to ≥ 1 inhaled allergen(s) increased from 59.4% to 71% during childhood. Current asthma symptoms were reported more frequently in the study group than in either control groups, sensitized to inhaled allergens and non-sensitized. Children of the study group showed a significantly increased frequency of positive response to metacholine bronchial challenge compared to the control group as a whole; the difference was statistically indicative when study groups separately were compared to the sensitized control subjects. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that bronchial hyperresponsiveness, as well as reported current asthma symptoms were associated with early wheezing and early sensitization to inhaled allergens but not with atopic dermatitis in infancy or persistence of egg or fish allergy. Children allergic to egg or fish in infancy are at increased risk for wheezing illness and hyperactive airways in school age; asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness development is mostly determined by wheezing and senzitization to inhaled allergens in early life regardless of atopic dermatitis in infancy or retention of food allergy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary prevention of allergy is a laudable goal, but one that has unfortunately proven difficult to achieve. Many different strategies have been reported to date, but unequivocal supporting data for any single strategy does not exist. Any successful strategy must lead to immunomodulation and must be encountered very early on life, likely in utero. Reports of early bacterial and farm animal exposures lend supportive data to the concept of immune regulation via early fetal exposure, howeve attempts at clinical applications of this, such as probiotics has not been completely successful. One practical, clinical method for achieving a similar immune modulation to these exposures would be providing atopic women with allergy immunotherapy while pregnant (or perhaps even preconception). Allergy immunotherapy is associated with favorable immune modulation and some data suggest that these changes if produced in mother can influence the atopic status of offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]