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Automated health care products classification is a challenging field of research that has recently gained a lot of interest. This process is beneficial in terms of time and cost but problematic in obtaining annotated data and lacks uniformity. The high volume of healthcare products and their categories raise the need for machine learning models that can decrease the time and cost spent by human editors. Deep learning techniques that have recently emerged are applied to automated healthcare data classification. The efficacy of the deep learning model depends on the training data and the learning model's suitability for the data domain. When the dataset is large, training a model requires potent processors, including GPUs and might take hours. However, when such a large volume of data is unavailable, the Conventional Neural Network (CNN) does not train well for the lack of enough samples. To overcome this issue, an effective classification method is proposed to classify the products with a contemporary architecture that integrates the data selection, transformation, and filtering processes with the training of CNN and long short-term memory (LSTM) with limited labeled data and has an imbalance among the classes. Finally, the proposed approach demonstrates that using an efficient classifier at the end of the CNN structure delivers the desired performance even when the CNN model is not intensely trained.

Background Orbital pseudolymphoma is one of the rare diseases affecting the ocular adnexa and causing various symptoms requiring histopathological evidence for diagnosis and appropriate treatment with oral steroids or immunosuppressive agents. However, there is less literature available on this disease, thus adding to it will help in the early diagnosis and treatment of the patients. Case presentation A 48-year-old female from a village in South India came to our tertiary care centre with the only complaints of right eye protrusion for 1 year. With a working diagnosis of intraorbital mass, radiological investigations like contrast-enhanced CT and MRI were taken. It showed well-capsulated mass involving the right inferior rectus extending into the intraconal space just abutting the optic nerve. Trans-antral endoscopic biopsy under general anaesthesia was taken and reported as pseudolymphoma proven with CD 3 and CD 20 immunohistochemistry markers. The patient was treated with oral corticosteroids and tapered over a period of 3 months. During the treatment period, the patient developed no diminution of vision or new complaints. Conclusion Orbital pseudolymphomas are benign lymphoproliferative diseases affecting the ocular adnexal tissue. Patients can present with painless ptosis, proptosis, diplopia, or eyelid swelling. Prompt diagnosis and treatment result in the remission of the disease.

Background Estimating age is essential in both the analysis of human skeletal remains and assessing live persons. The third molar develops over a longer period and is hence used in age estimation for subadults. Since dental age correlates with chronological age better than other growth markers, this study aims to assess the reliability of dental age assessed using the University of Texas (UT) age estimation method and modified Cameriere’s method. Methods It is a retrospective cross-sectional study in which the development and maturation of mandibular third molars were examined in 600 orthopantomograms (264 males and 336 females) of South Indian individuals (16–23 years). Dental age was estimated by using an Indian-specific formula based on maturity index value and the UT-age estimation software program. The results were evaluated using the Student’s t-test for both methods and Pearson’s correlation test to compare chronological age with estimated dental age. Results Positive correlation was noted between chronological age and estimated dental age for males, females, and the total sample with highly statistically significant differences (p = 0.000). Modified Cameriere’s method underestimated dental age in samples ranging from less than 1 year to more than 2 years. UT-age estimation method underestimated age in samples above 20 years and overestimated age in samples below 20 years. The predictive classification of utilizing the maturity index was 79.17% accurate. Conclusions Dental age was negligibly over and underestimated in UT software method whereas it was overestimated in the modified Cameriere's method. To evaluate the reliability of these two methods, studies with larger sample sizes and population-specific data sets should be performed. Graphical Abstract

The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is responsible for the turnover of different cellular proteins, such as transport proteins, presentation of antigens to the immune system, control of the cell cycle, and activities that promote cancer. The enzymes which remove ubiquitin, deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs), play a critical role in central and peripheral immune tolerance to prevent the development of autoimmune diseases and thus present a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. DUBs function by removing ubiquitin(s) from target protein and block ubiquitin chain elongation. The addition and removal of ubiquitin molecules have a significant impact on immune responses. DUBs and E3 ligases both specifically cleave target protein and modulate protein activity and expression. The balance between ubiquitylation and deubiquitylation modulates protein levels and also protein interactions. Dysregulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway results in the development of various autoimmune diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), psoriasis, multiple sclerosis (MS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This review summarizes the current understanding of ubiquitination in autoimmune diseases and focuses on various DUBs responsible for the progression of autoimmune diseases.

Multiple RNA pathways are required to produce functional sperm. Here, we review RNA post-transcriptional regulation during spermatogenesis with particular emphasis on the role of 3' end modifications. From early studies in the 1970s, it became clear that spermiogenesis transcripts could be stored for days only to be translated at advanced stages of spermatid differentiation. The transition between the translationally repressed and active states was observed to correlate with the shortening of the transcripts' poly(A) tail, establishing a link between RNA 3' end metabolism and male germ cell differentiation. Since then, numerous RNA metabolic pathways have been implicated not only in the progression through spermatogenesis, but also in the maintenance of genomic integrity. Recent studies have characterized the elusive 3' biogenesis of Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), identified a critical role for messenger RNA (mRNA) 3' uridylation in meiotic progression, established the mechanisms that destabilize transcripts with long 3' untranslated regions (3'UTRs) in post-mitotic cells, and defined the physiological relevance of RNA exonucleases and deadenylases in male germ cells. In this review, we discuss RNA processing in the male germline in the light of the most recent findings. A brief recollection of different RNA-processing events will aid future studies exploring post-transcriptional regulation in spermatogenesis.

Food preservation technologies are currently facing challenges in prolonging the shelf life of perishable food products. The uses of edible films and coatings developed from food biopolymers have advanced significantly during the last few years. Edible packaging is consumable and made from food-grade biopolymers, including lipids, proteins, and polysaccharides from plants, animals, and marine life or food processing by-products. Here we review natural polymer and bioactive compounds integrated into edible films and coatings, and their effects on food quality attributes. We present preparation techniques for edible films and coatings, and properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, physical, and sensory. Recent trends on film composition, nanotechnology in edible films, and safety concerns are reviewed.

This systematic review aims to determine whether linear or morphometric analysis of paranasal sinuses can be used for accurate determination of gender and to appraise which sinus can be evaluated for accurate gender determination.A comprehensive search of the specialized databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Science Direct, Clinical Key, ProQuest, Google Scholar, Epistomonikos, LILACS, OpenGrey) and other institutional repositories was performed for including the studies which assessed paranasal sinuses for gender determination. Quality assessment was carried out with the AQUA tool. The meta-analysis was performed with the eligible study data at 95% CI and p ≤ 0.05 in the random-effects model.Forty-six studies evaluating frontal sinus (13), maxillary sinus (26), frontal and maxillary sinus (5), or three paranasal sinuses (2) were included. All the included studies assessed height, length, width, and volume, respectively, and other additional parameters (area, perimeter) if wherever applicable. Frontal sinus had significantly higher values for males compared to females except for left height (LH) and left volume (LV). Maxillary sinus measurements were significantly higher in males contrasted to females except for LH. Sub-group analyses revealed that analyses involving the population had statistically significant results for all the measured parameters for both the sinuses (p 0.05 and p = 0.00, respectively).Measurements obtained from assessing sinuses reveal that there are variations in size, among populations in different geographic regions. Hence, more studies with improved sample sizes and standardized measurement protocols should be carried out on different populations to see the diversity and their reliability.

In an attempt to develop quality antimicrobial agents, a series of oxazolone-1,2,3-triazole-amide hybrids were obtained from oxazolone tethered with a terminal alkyne and in situ generated 2-azido-N-phenylacetamides. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by using various spectroscopic techniques. The developed hybrids were evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial activity toward three Gram-positive bacteria S. aureus, B. subtilis and S. gorodonii and three Gram-negative bacteria—E. coli, S. enterica and P. aeruginosa—and two fungi, viz. C. albicans and A. niger. Oxazolone-amide-1,2,3-triazoles (8a–e, 9a–e, 10a–e) exhibited almost 15 times better efficacy than alkyne precursors, i.e., oxazolone-linked terminal alkynes (6a–c). Compound 10d exhibited very good antimicrobial activity toward all the tested microorganisms. Docking studies of compounds 10d and 6c were also carried out in the binding site of enzyme sterol-14-α-demethylase of C. albicans, which supported the in vitro experimental results.

Neem (Azadirachta indica) is a well-known medicinal tree uniquely producing more than 300 diversified limonoids (tetra-nor-triterpenoids). While azadirachtin is well studied from amongst them due to its abundance in the plant. Other limonoids like azadiradione, nimbocinol, salannin, nimbin, etc., are also being increasingly recognized for their valuable biological activities. Availability of their sufficient quantities is often a critical limitation in expanding our understanding of their bioactive properties. This also limits applications, warranting development of appropriate processes for their high-yield isolation and/or production by chemical or biological transformation. Therefore, in this study, we have developed a process of high-yield extraction and flash chromatographic purification of azadiradione from neem fruit as well as developed a chemical transformation-aided efficient process for production of nimbocinol from azadiradione. The solvent extraction process provided 3.5% crude limonoid extract, which on flash chromatographic purification provided 8.13% of the limonoid extract enriched as azadiradione. Overall, extraction and purification process provided 0.05% yield of azadiradione isolated from neem fruit on fresh weight basis. This study also provided an efficient (> 85% yield) process for transformation of azadiradione into nimbocinol by avoiding the problem of reaction byproducts, unlike previous processes and approaches. Identity and purity of the isolated azadiradione and transformation products (nimbocinol) were established by multiple analytical and spectral analyses such as HPLC, LC-MS and NMR. Overall, the results of the study provided an efficient protocol for large-scale production of the neem phytochemical. This would pave the way for the evaluation of their biological studies using in vitro and in vivo tests for their efficacy, stability, toxicity, etc., as well as other diversified applications in agriculture and other products including nutraceutical formulations.

To know the normative ranges of VEMP response metrics in healthy young adults. To know the pathological cutoff of VEMP metrics in unilateral vestibular loss patients. To compare our VEMP metrics with the normative values of other studies from the western world. Prospective cross-sectional study. Tertiary care audiovestibular laboratory. 30 healthy subjects and 15 cases with a unilateral complete compensated loss. Various VEMP parameters-p1 latency, n1 latency, p1-n1 amplitude and Interaural asymmetry ratio (IAR) were entered into databases and analyzed. We compared our parameters with the most cited scientific data on VEMP available in the PubMed database, and we analyzed the results. 90% of controls and 80% of cases got VEMP responses at 95 dB HL threshold, 500 Hz with subject/patient placed in sitting upright with head turned to opposite side position. The normative data of VEMP response metrics in young adults for p1, n1 latencies, p1-n1 amplitude, and IAR are 13 ± 2 ms, 21 ± 2 ms, 91 ± 33 uV, and 9.25 ± 7.3, respectively. As the VEMP test has 100% sensitivity and 100% (95% CI 87–100%) negative predictive value in detecting the saccular dysfunction, we recommend the VEMP test as a mandatory tool in the vestibular test battery. There is no statistically significant difference in various VEMP parameters between the control and normal sides of the case group.

The performance and reliability enhancement achieved in a conventional double-gate (DG) junctionless field-effect transistor (JLFET) by introducing a vacuum gate dielectric towards the drain terminal and a high- $$\kappa$$ gate dielectric (TiO $$_{2}$$ ) towards the source terminal is investigated. This arrangement of gate dielectrics enables enhanced gate controllability and offers significant protection against channel hot-carrier (CHC) effects at both device and circuit levels. At the device level, the DG-JLFET exhibits a 38% degradation in the drain current due to CHC stress, whereas the vacuum-gate DG-JLFET experiences only one-third of this value. The circuit-level analysis considers three benchmark circuits: ring oscillator (RO), static random-access memory (SRAM) cell, and common-source (CS) amplifier. The oscillating frequency of the RO is improved by 60% with the vacuum gate dielectric, with a 148% lower degradation in performance due to the CHC effect. The proposed approach is thus effective at both levels, not only improving the performance but also significantly enhancing the reliability.