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The aim of the present studies was to investigate how high and low power posing influence self-esteem. High power posing is understood as the nonverbal expression of power through open, expansive body postures, whereas low power posing is marked by contractive and closed body postures. We conducted three studies with different methodological designs to test the effects of power posing. In Study 1, we randomly assigned 120 students to one of two power posing groups or a control group. All participants completed the State Self-Esteem Scale before and after the intervention. In Study 2, we examined effects outside the laboratory in a natural environment. We asked 49 participants to engage in high power posing in their homes. In Study 3, a total of 98 participants took part in an independent-groups posttest design (low power posing vs. high power posing). We also controlled for participants' awareness of the research hypotheses. Consistent with our hypotheses, high power posing significantly affected self-esteem in all three studies. Contrary to our expectations, low power posing had no effect on self-esteem in Study 1. Possible explanations and implications are discussed., Author(s): Robert Körner [sup.1] , Lars-Eric Petersen [sup.2] , Astrid Schütz [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.7359.8, 0000 0001 2325 4853, Department of Psychology, Otto-Friedrich-University of Bamberg, , Markusplatz 3, 96047, [...]

Abstract The relationship between self-esteem and emotional reactions to receiving comfort has been extensively studied in social and personality psychology, but the results have been inconsistent. Therefore, this study investigated the association between emotional reactions to receiving comfort from friends and self-esteem by examining whether an instability in self-esteem mediates the association between self-esteem levels and comfort effectiveness. Japanese university students (N = 115) read a vignette involving comfort and completed a questionnaire evaluating the emotions they felt when a friend offered comfort. They also completed a daily measure of state self-esteem for 7 days, the perceived self-Esteem instability measure (P-SEI), and the Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES). Results were derived using multiple regression analysis. The interaction between P-SEI and RSES predicted gratitude when gender, friendship intimacy, seriousness, and controllability of the scenario were controlled for. The interaction between state self-esteem and instability was not significant. People with stable low self-esteem felt less grateful when comforted than those with unstable self-esteem, but they showed high gratitude and low hostility when comforted by a close friend. Although participants with stable low self-esteem were less impacted by comforted, the comfort provided by close friends induced positive emotions. This study offers a more comprehensive understanding of the correlations between self-esteem and the effectiveness of comfort by concurrently employing different self-esteem measurement tools and revealing the importance of the level and stability of self-esteem.

The default mode network (DMN) can be subdivided into ventral and dorsal subsystems, which serve affective cognition and mental sense construction, respectively. An internally dissociated pattern of anti-correlations was observed between these two subsystems. Although numerous studies on neuroticism and openness have demonstrated the neurological functions of the DMN, little is known about whether different subsystems and hubs regions within the network are engaged in different functions in response to the two traits. We recruited 223 healthy volunteers in this study and collected their resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory scores. We used independent component analysis (ICA) to obtain the DMN, before further decomposing it into the ventral and dorsal subsystems. Then, the network coherence of hubs regions within subsystems was extracted to construct two structural equation models (SEM) to explore the relationship between neuroticism and openness traits and DMN. We observed that the ventral DMN could significantly predict positive openness and negative neuroticism. The dorsal DMN was diametrically opposed. Additionally, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and middle temporal gyrus (MTG), both of which are core hubs of the subnetworks within the DMN, are significantly positively correlated with neuroticism and openness. These findings may point to a biological basis that neuroticism and openness are engaged in opposite mechanisms and support the hypothesis about the functional dissociation of the DMN., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Exclusion has multiple adverse effects on individual's well-being. It induces anger and hostile cognitions leading to aggressive behavior. The purpose of this study was to test whether exclusion would affect recognition of anger on ambivalent faces of the excluders. We hypothesized that exclusion would elicit more anger encoding (hostility bias) than inclusion, but this effect would be mitigated by anodal tDCS of right VLPFC or left DLPFC-regions engaged in negative affect regulation. Participants (N = 96) were recognizing emotions (anger, sadness, happiness) on ambiguous faces of individuals who-as they were told-liked them or not. Results showed that exclusion induced more sadness bias. tDCS to VLPFC decreased anger and increased sadness recognition on excluders' faces compared with includers' faces, expressing a mixture of these two emotions. Additionally, stimulation to VLPFC and DLPFC decreased latencies for faces expressing sadness (sad-angry and happy-sad) but increased for happy-angry faces. Stimulation to VLPFC also increased reaction time to excluders faces while stimulation of DLPFC decreased reaction latency to includers faces. Results were discussed with the reference to the form of exclusion, motivational mechanism affected by disliking but also to lateralization (valence vs. arousal theory) and cortical regions engaged in encoding sadness after a threat to belonging., (© 2022. The Psychonomic Society, Inc.)

Cognitive impairments are core aspects of schizophrenia and are highly related to poor outcomes. However, the effect of therapy on cognitive impairments remains unsatisfactory as its biological mechanisms are not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the disrupted intrinsic neural activity of the frontal areas and to further examine the functional connectivity of frontal areas related to cognitive impairments in schizophrenia. We collected brain imaging data using a 3T Siemens Prisma MRI system in 32 patients with schizophrenia and 34 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. The mean fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (mfALFF) in the frontal regions was calculated and analyzed to evaluate regional neural activity alterations in schizophrenia. Seed regions were generated from clusters showing significant changes in mfALFF in schizophrenia, and its resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC) with other brain regions were estimated to detect possible aberrant rs-FC indicating cognitive impairments in schizophrenia. We found that mfALFF in the bilateral frontal cortices was increased in schizophrenia. mfALFF-based rs-FC revealed that decreased rs-FC between left middle frontal gyrus (MFG) and left medial superior frontal gyrus (MFSG) was associated with poor delayed memory (r = 0.566, Bonferroni-corrected p = 0.012). These findings demonstrate increased neural activity in the frontal cortices in schizophrenia. FC analysis revealed a diminished rs-FC pattern between the left MFG and left MSFG that was associated with cognitive impairments. These findings have provided deeper insight into the alterations in brain function related to specific domains of cognitive impairment and may provide evidence for precise interventions for cognitive deficits in schizophrenia., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

As humans, we face a variety of social stressors on a regular basis. Given the established role of social stress in influencing physical and psychological functioning, researchers have focused immense efforts on understanding the psychological and physiological changes induced by exposure to acute social stressors. With the advancement of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), more recent work has sought to identify the neural correlates of processing acute social stress. In this review, we provide an overview of research on the neural underpinnings of social stress processing to date. Specifically, we summarize research that has examined the neural underpinnings of three types of social stressors commonly studied in the literature: social rejection, social evaluation, and racism-related stress. Within our discussion of each type of social stressor, we describe the methods used to induce stress, the brain regions commonly activated among studies investigating that type of stress, and recommendations for future work. This review of the current literature identifies activity in midline regions in both prefrontal and parietal cortices, as well as lateral prefrontal regions, as being associated with processing social rejection. Activity in the insula, thalamus, and inferior frontal gyrus is often found in studies using social evaluation tasks. Finally, racism-related stress is associated with activity in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and rostral anterior cingulate cortex. We conclude by taking a "30,000-foot view" of this area of research to provide suggestions for the future of research on the neuroscience of social stress., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Social media use is almost ubiquitous among adolescents and emerging adults. Although much has been studied about the psychological implications of social media use, there is currently no integrative model in which multiple dimensions of social media are considered. The goal of this theoretical article is to introduce the Multidimensional Model of Social Media Use (MMSMU), which aims to provide a useful framework for researchers and practitioners to study and understand young people's social media use in relation to their psychological well-being. The model attends to three major dimensions: activities performed on social media, motives for social media use, and communication partners connected through social media. We present empirical evidence showing whether each dimension is associated with better or poorer well-being and identify or propose mechanisms explaining the associations. Before concluding the article, we discuss clinical implications and possible ways to further expand the proposed model., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Although scholars have identified a few antecedents of inaction inertia, scant attention has been given to the sense of power. Therefore, the present study connects consumers' sense of power with inaction inertia, and investigates the mechanism underlying the effects of consumers' sense of power and psychological ownership on inaction inertia from the perspective of endowment effect. Three experiments and one survey were conducted to test our predictions. Studies 1a and 1b found that consumers with low (vs. high) sense of power showed higher inaction inertia, whether state or trait sense of power. Study 2 found that psychological ownership moderated the relationship between sense of power and inaction inertia, and the valuation was an underlying driver of this effect. Furthermore, study 3 revealed the chain mediating role of both valuation and anticipated regret in the impact of sense of power and psychological ownership on inaction inertia. Theoretical and practical implications, and future research directions are discussed., Author(s): Siyi Yue [sup.1] , Huaiyong Wang [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/01cxqmw89, grid.412531.0, 0000 0001 0701 1077, Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, , 100 Guilin Road, 200234, Shanghai, People's [...]

Although the main claim of social identity theory regarding identity management strategies is related to the role of strategies in protecting and enhancing self-esteem, strategies have rarely been examined in relation to both personal and collective self-esteem. The present research aims to examine the mediating role of identification and strategies in the relationship between perceived discrimination and personal and collective self-esteem among disadvantaged Kurdish ethnic group members. A sample of 138 Kurdish people in Turkey participated in this study. The path analysis results indicated that perceived discrimination was associated with higher levels of identification and competition strategies, but lower levels of mobility, individualization, and superordinate re-categorization strategies. Identification was associated with higher levels of collective self-esteem and competition strategies, but lower levels of personal self-esteem and mobility strategies. Competition was related to higher collective self-esteem, whereas mobility was related to lower personal self-esteem. Serial mediation effects show that perceived discrimination increases identification, which in turn increases competition, which in turn increases collective self-esteem. Moreover, perceived discrimination increases identification, which in turn decreases mobility, subsequently increases personal self-esteem. We discussed the findings on the basis of a reformulated version of the self-esteem hypothesis and the Rejection-Identification Model., Author(s): Kenan Alparslan [sup.1] , Nuri Akdogan [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/009axq942, grid.449204.f, 0000 0004 0369 7341, Department of Psychology, Mus Alparslan University, , Diyarbakir Yolu 7. km, 49250, Mus, [...]

Self-esteem is associated with adaptive adolescent outcomes but tends to decline in adolescence. Parent-teen warmth has been linked to concurrent increases in adolescents' self-esteem while adolescents' conflict with parents is detrimental to their self-esteem in cross-sectional or longitudinal studies. However, it is unknown how adolescents experience of maternal warmth and conflict with mothers are correlated with their daily self-esteem, and whether these associations vary in adolescents' gender, age and family subjective socioeconomic status (SES) from the perspective of Process-Person-Context-Time (PPCT) theory. To address this gap, 293 adolescents (M.sub.age = 13.88 years, SD = .62) were recruited from a school, reporting their daily experience of maternal warmth, conflict with mothers and self-esteem by answering checklists for up to 7 days. Multilevel analysis showed that adolescents reported significantly higher self-esteem on days they experienced more warmth or less conflict with mothers than usual. Moreover, maternal warmth was linked to next-day self-esteem positively, yet mother-teen conflict not shown this spill-over effect. Gender, age and subjective SES did not moderate all the daily associations among mother-teen warmth, conflict and self-esteem. Findings suggest that mother-teen interactions play both protective and detrimental role in adolescents' daily self-image and that 'good' interaction goes a longer way than 'bad' one., Author(s): Yingshengnan Wu [sup.1] , Rong Yuan [sup.1] , Yanhong Wu [sup.1] [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/02v51f717, grid.11135.37, 0000 0001 2256 9319, School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, [...]

Psychological dependence is the most important factor leading to relapse, few studies have examined whether in-group stereotypes exist in drug abusers, while it's helpful for drug abusers in getting rid of psychological dependence. To investigate the presence of in-group stereotypes and the neural mechanisms in drug abusers, two experiments were designed in this study. Experiment 1 used a classification-verification paradigm and Experiment 2 used The Extrinsic Affect Simon Task (EAST), simultaneous collection of EEG data from China. 18 and 17 males were analyzed respectively in Experiment 1 and 2. The results in Experiment 1 showed that (1) there was no significant difference in reaction times or N400 amplitude between the condition 'Drug abusers-Negative words' and the condition 'Drug abusers-Positive words'. In Experiment 2, we found that (2) participants in the condition 'Drug abusers-Negative words' scored higher in accuracy rates than in the condition 'Drug abusers-Positive words'. (3) Participants in the condition 'Drug abusers-Negative words' were shorter than 'Drug abusers-Positive words' in reaction times (RTs). (4) Participants in the condition 'Drug abusers-Negative words' were lower than 'Drug abusers-Positive words' in the peak of N400. The conclusion is that there are significant negative implicit in-group stereotypes among Chinese male drug abusers. The experimental results and the uniqueness of Chinese male drug abusers in this study were discussed., Author(s): Xiaoqing Zeng [sup.1] [sup.2] , Lingling Xu [sup.1] [sup.2] , Xiang Xiao [sup.1] [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.411862.8, 0000 0000 8732 9757, School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, , [...]

Extant literature on the reversal of the fair process effect has demonstrated that procedural fairness can lead to adverse reactions, such as poorer self-evaluations, under circumstances of unfavorable outcomes. However, procedural fairness resulting in failure may not necessarily be bad from a developmental perspective. The present research explores the relationship between procedural fairness and participation in development activities (PDA), the underlying mechanism, and the boundary condition of the relationship, drawing on attribution theory. Data were collected from a sample of 282 employees (M.sub.age = 32.20, SD = 6.92). The results show that procedural fairness positively predicted PDA and that self-attribution mediated their relationship. In addition, self-construal played a moderating role in the relationship between self-attribution and PDA. Specifically, for individuals high in independent self-construal, self-attribution is associated with stronger PDA, while the relationship is nonsignificant for those high in interdependent self-construal. Overall, the findings shed light on the positive function of procedural fairness even under unfavorable outcomes and reveal how situational factors and individual differences may jointly shape peoples' responses to organizational events. Practical implications for how to promote PDA in organizations are also discussed., Author(s): Mike Lin [sup.1] [sup.2] , Fengxiang Zhang [sup.1] [sup.2] , Xiaomin Sun [sup.1] , Nan Zhang [sup.1] , Jiaqi Wang [sup.1] , Yanqiang Tao [sup.1] , Zhenzhen Liu [sup.1] [...]

Trajectories of poverty influence the mental health of mothers and children. Previous studies utilize objective measures despite the importance of subjective measures of poverty. Furthermore, chronic economic hardship may erode personal resources such as self-esteem which increases vulnerability to mental health issues. Trajectories of perceived family economic hardship and their relationship with common mental health disorders, as mediated by self-esteem, were investigated in 511 mother-child dyads from Singapore. Three distinct groups of economic hardship trajectories were delineated, namely the low stable, high stable and moderate decreasing group. The high stable group was found to be associated with a greater likelihood of mother's depression, mother's anxiety and child's anxiety when compared to the low stable group. The moderate decreasing group was found to be associated with a greater likelihood of mother's anxiety when compared to the low stable group. Mother's self-esteem was found to mediate all the significant relations found. These findings indicate the existence of distinct trajectories of perceived economic hardship within low-income families and their relation with mental health outcomes in mothers and children. The mediation of these relations by mother's self-esteem suggests the importance of enhancing self-esteem in mothers from low-income backgrounds., Author(s): D. J. Wen [sup.1] , E. C. L. Goh [sup.1] , J. De Mol [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.4280.e, 0000 0001 2180 6431, Department of Social Work, Faculty of [...]

Broad sections of the population try to be more mindful, often with quite self-centered motives. It is therefore not surprising that there is growing interest in the investigation of narcissism and mindfulness. Despite theoretical and empirical ties, however, existing research on this association is scarce. In two studies (N = 3,134 and 403) with English- and German-speaking participants, we apply structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the relationships between facets of grandiose narcissism and trait mindfulness. Across both studies and, using different narcissism and mindfulness measures, SEM consistently revealed opposing patterns for agentic and antagonistic narcissism, with agentic narcissism being positively related to trait mindfulness, and antagonistic narcissism being negatively related to it. Findings highlight the necessity to acknowledge the conceptual heterogeneity of narcissism when examining its relationship with trait mindfulness. Practical implications regarding how agentic and antagonistic narcissists might profit differently from mindfulness practice are discussed., Author(s): Ramzi Fatfouta [sup.1] , Peter Eric Heinze [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.466344.7, 0000 0004 4912 5445, HMKW Hochschule für Medien, Kommunikation und Wirtschaft, University of Applied Sciences in Berlin, [...]

It has been well documented that Machiavellianism has a positive effect on break-up distress. However, there are few research explored the internal mechanism. In this study, we investigated the mediating role of self-concealment and the moderating role of gender. Machiavellianism Personality Scale, Self-Concealment Scale and Break-up Distress Scale was distributed through an online questionnaire platform. A sample of 869 undergraduate students was received, and their age ranged from 16 to 25 years old (M = 19.48, SD = 1.15). As we predicted, the relationship between Machiavellianism and break-up distress was partially mediated by self-concealment. The direct effect of Machiavellianism on break-up distress and the mediating effect of self-concealment were moderated by gender. Specifically, compared with boys, the effect of Machiavellianism on self-concealment was stronger for girls, while the effect of Machiavellianism on break-up distress was stronger for boys. These findings confirm how Machiavellianism affects break-up distress and provide new intervention ideas for solving the psychological crisis of college students after the dissolution of romantic relationships., Author(s): Yaoguo Geng [sup.1] [sup.2] , Tingting Zhan [sup.1] , Yuwei Zhang [sup.2] , Liping Shi [sup.2] , Jiejing Yu [sup.2] , Wenjing Jin [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.207374.5, 0000 [...]

Phubbing refers to the act of being immersed in phones instead of talking to the person directly. With the rapid advancement of communications technology and mobile devices, parental phubbing has become a gradually prominent factor affecting the development of adolescents. This study examined whether parental phubbing leads to adolescents' SNSs addiction and the roles of loneliness and self-esteem in this relationship. A total of 2,286 Chinese adolescents (M.sub.age = 13.46 years, range from 11 to 16) were recruited to report their parental phubbing, SNSs addiction, loneliness, self-esteem and several demographic variables. Results indicated that, after controlling for gender, age and family socioeconomic status, parental phubbing significantly predicted adolescents' SNSs addiction (b = 0.25, p < .001), and this relationship was partially mediated by loneliness (the ratio of indirect effect to total effect was 36.0%). Moreover, self-esteem significantly moderated the path from parental phubbing to loneliness (b = - 0.04, p < .05) as well as the path from loneliness to adolescents' SNSs addiction (b = 0.08, p < .001). Specifically, compared to adolescents with low self-esteem, high self-esteem adolescents reported less loneliness when facing parental phubbing, and performed more SNSs addiction after suffering loneliness. Parents who are concerned about their children developing SNSs addiction are supposed to invest more time in interacting with their children and caring for their children's self-esteem development., Author(s): Wanghao Dong [sup.1] , Shuang Li [sup.2] , Xingchao Wang [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.411407.7, 0000 0004 1760 2614, School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, , 430079, Wuhan, [...]

Transactional Analysis assumes that subjective beliefs drive people to act 'counter scripts' acquired in childhood in interactions with significant others and that are associated with negative emotions. Those counterscript drivers motivate compensatory behaviors that offset adverse emotions. Given the lack of a theory-based, empirically validated instrument to assess counterscript drivers, we constructed in two studies a 14-item counterscript driver questionnaire. In Study 1 (N = 302) we developed from an initial pool of 144 driver statements in collaboration with 15 subject-matter experts a four factor driver solution via exploratory factor analysis approach. In Study 2 (N = 195), we validated the four factor structure of the drivers via confirmatory factor analysis approach. We then examined predictive validity by regressing the final Driver subscales on the Contingencies of Self-Worth scale (CSW Crocker et al. 2003 (See CR11)) and the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS-A-17; De Graaf et al. 2009 (See CR12)). Altogether, the questionnaire has acceptable to good psychometric properties and the four subscales representing the drives to 'Try Hard', 'Be Perfect', 'Distrust Other People', and to 'Stay Positive' explaining 18-39% of the variance of the external constructs. The Counterscript Driver questionnaire (CSD-14) may be used in various fields of psychology., Author(s): Robin Rinn [sup.1] [sup.2] , Christian Stamov Roßnagel [sup.2] , Thomas Navin Lal [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.8379.5, 0000 0001 1958 8658, Universität Würzburg, , Lehrstuhl für Psychologie II, [...]

Based on the theory of social comparison and intergenerational learning, parents' social comparison, occurring frequently in families during the process of education, may play a critical role in determining their children's academic adjustment. Few researchers have explored this issue, let alone the multiple types of parent social comparison and their interactive effects. The aim of this research was to identify profiles of parent social comparisons and their links with child social comparisons, academic self-efficacy, and academic self-handicapping, thus addressing the gap and presenting a simplified comprehensive picture of the collaborative effects of parents' social comparison from a person-centered perspective. A total of 368 adolescents were surveyed. Latent profile analysis identified four distinct profiles in terms of perceived parent social comparisons: indifferent (low all), overwhelmed (high all), positive (high upward identification and downward contrast), and negative (high upward contrast and downward identification). A Bolck-Croon-Hagenaars analysis revealed that adolescents whose parents' social comparison patterns were perceived as positive reported higher self-efficacy and less self-handicapping, whereas those whose perceptions of parent social comparison patterns were classified as negative reported the reverse. Moreover, adolescents tended to exhibit social comparison types similar to those of their parents. Findings serve as a reminder for parents and educators of the downsides and benefits of various types of social comparison and provide insight into how social comparison transmits via social interaction from an intergenerational perspective., Author(s): Huilin Xing [sup.1] , Meilin Yao [sup.1] , Wenlong Zhu [sup.1] , Jing Li [sup.1] , Hongrui Liu [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.20513.35, 0000 0004 1789 9964, Faculty of [...]

Research suggests that self-esteem, individuals' expectancies regarding their ability to deal with future stressors and cognitive control are related and participate in the process of stress regulation. In the current study, 286 participants (51 men and 235 women; ranging from 18 to 89 years old; mean age = 27.53, SD = 10.64) completed online questionnaires to assess self-esteem, expectancy, cognitive control (assessed using measures of attentional and anxiety control), perceived stress, rumination, and symptoms of distress. Network analysis was used to obtain a comprehensive, data-driven view on the complex interplay between these variables. Our analysis shows that high self-esteem is related to more self-efficacy (a measure of expectancy). Self-efficacy, in turn, shows a strong association with more attentional and anxiety control, which are related to lower overall perceived stress during the past month. Moreover, higher perceived stress was related to more symptoms of distress via higher scores in rumination. This study is the first to provide a data-driven test of how individuals with low self-esteem and expectancy, and deficits in cognitive control processes may have difficulties in dealing with daily stressful situations., Author(s): Matias M. Pulopulos [sup.1] [sup.2] , Kristof Hoorelbeke [sup.1] , Sophie Vandenbroucke [sup.1] , Kim Van Durme [sup.1] [sup.3] , Jill M. Hooley [sup.4] , Rudi De Raedt [sup.1] [...]

Mindfulness has been consistently linked with greater life satisfaction, but it is unclear what accounts for this association. Potentially, mindfulness may promote greater self-esteem and reduce stress, which may cultivate positive attitudes toward one's life. Across a series of three studies, we investigated the extent to which self-esteem and perceived stress uniquely accounted for the relation between mindfulness and life satisfaction. In Studies 1 and 2 (Ns = 278 and 260, respectively), both self-esteem and perceived stress statistically accounted for the positive relation between mindfulness and life satisfaction in U.S. college student samples. In Study 3 (N = 419), the model was replicated in a more diverse, non-college student sample. These findings provide support for the generalizability of the robust associations among mindfulness, life satisfaction, self-esteem, and perceived stress. Furthermore, self-esteem and perceived stress may represent two potential pathways through which mindfulness enhances evaluations of one's life., Author(s): Jerin Lee [sup.1] , Audrey Weiss [sup.2] , Cameron G. Ford [sup.3] , Dandre Conyers [sup.4] , Natalie J. Shook [sup.1] [sup.5] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.63054.34, 0000 0001 0860 [...]

This cross-sectional study aimed to test a dual pathway model of sociocultural influence in which appearance-related commentaries were linked to muscularity and restraint eating behaviour through dissatisfaction with muscularity and body fat, respectively. We also examined whether the nature of comments and individuals' appearance contingent self-worth would affect the associations proposed in the model. Based on 326 Chinese gay men recruited online, structural equation modelling and analyses for indirect effects showed some support for the utility of the dual pathway model in the context of gay men's body image, but the 'muscularity pathway' was not distinct from the 'body fat pathway'. Specifically, although muscularity dissatisfaction did not predict restraint eating, body fat dissatisfaction predicted muscularity enhancement behaviour. The association between appearance-related commentary and dissatisfaction depended on the nature of comments. Negative commentaries were related to more dissatisfaction with muscularity and body fat, whereas positive commentaries were linked to less dissatisfaction. These relations were stronger for individuals who had higher levels of appearance contingent self-worth. This study has added to the literature by examining the extent to which the dual pathway model is applicable to gay men. It also suggests how appearance contingent self-worth moderates body image concerns for this population., Author(s): Boby Ho-Hong Ching [sup.1] , Tiffany Ting Chen [sup.1] , Connie Chuting He [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.437123.0, 0000 0004 1794 8068, Faculty of Education, University of Macau, , [...]

Positivity (i.e., the individual tendency to positively approach life experiences) has proven to be an effective construct applied in positive psychology. However, individuals' self-regulation may have contrasting effects on positivity. We specifically examined whether positivity could be partially explained through two aspects of motivation concerned with self-regulation: locomotion (i.e., a motivational orientation concerned with movement) and assessment (i.e., a motivational orientation concerned with comparison and evaluation). Furthermore, based on previous literature that found a link between these aspects and narcissism, we examined whether 'adaptive' and 'maladaptive' dimensions of narcissism could mediate the effects of locomotion and assessment on increased or decreased positivity. Narcissism was defined by previous research as adaptive or maladaptive insofar as it leads or does not lead to increased psychological well-being. We estimated a mediation model with multiple independent variables and multiple mediators in a cross-sectional study with self-reported data from 190 university students. We found that both locomotion and assessment were associated with adaptive narcissism, which in turn was positively associated with positivity. However, assessment was also associated with maladaptive narcissism, which in turn was negatively associated with positivity. Relationships between aspects of self-regulation, narcissism, and positivity can have significant implications which will be discussed., Author(s): Daniela Di Santo [sup.1] , Calogero Lo Destro [sup.2] , Conrad Baldner [sup.1] , Alessandra Talamo [sup.1] , Cristina Cabras [sup.3] , Antonio Pierro [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.7841.a, [...]

The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship of social anxiety, self-concept clarity, self-esteem and adolescents' mobile phone dependence, and aimed to clarify the role of self-concept clarity and self-esteem in social anxiety and adolescents' mobile phone dependence. It was hypothesized that social anxiety would affect the adolescents' mobile phone dependence through the mediating role of self-concept clarity and self-esteem. A total of 1210 adolescents, in which 567 (47.2%) boys and 634 (52.8%) girls, completed the Self-rating Questionnaire for Adolescent Problematic Mobile Phone Use, Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents, Self-concept Clarity Scale, and Self-esteem Scale. Results revealed that social anxiety significantly predicted adolescents' mobile phone dependence not only directly, but also through the mediation of self-concept clarity, the mediation of self-esteem, and serial mediation of self-concept clarity and self-esteem. Findings of the present study can clarify how social anxiety affects adolescents' mobile phone dependence and enrich theories about mobile phone dependence, which also can help to establish the intervention or protection of adolescents' mobile phone dependence., Author(s): Fanchang Kong [sup.1] , Ningning Lan [sup.1] , Haibo Zhang [sup.1] , Xiaojun Sun [sup.1] , Yan Zhang [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.411407.7, 0000 0004 1760 2614, Key Laboratory [...]

The Contingencies of Self-Worth Scale (CSWS) is a widely used personality self-report questionnaire developed for measuring the domains in which self-esteem is sustained by successes and achievements as well as threatened by obstacles and failures. Two studies (N.sub.study1 = 453, N.sub.study2 = 293) aimed to further refine our knowledge of its psychometric properties. Results attested that, at the first-order level, the originally hypothesized seven-factor model proved to be the best-fitting one, but the inclusion of a method factor significantly improved the fit to the data. At the second-order level, the model with two higher-order variables representing private sphere and public sphere of CSW fit better than alternative models. Finally, there was evidence that first- and second-order domains had a good degree of construct and discriminant validity. Overall, these studies provided a step forward in refining the psychometric structure of the CSWS., Author(s): Enrico Perinelli [sup.1] , Guido Alessandri [sup.2] , Michele Vecchione [sup.3] , David Mancini [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.11696.39, 0000 0004 1937 0351, Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, [...]

Arguably, one's feeling of desperation is important in decision-making, especially in high stress situations. However, this is an assumption, as there is no known measure of desperation, outside of being symptomology for other health related constructs (e.g., depression). Through a series of studies, we created and validated a measure of state desperation. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses suggest that the State Desperation Scale contains two components that encompass both emotional and motivational aspects. In the first study, we showed that scores on the measure positively correlate with other negative state-based constructs, such as stress, anxiety, low self-esteem, and coping strategies, and negatively correlate with positive affect. We replicate these patterns over three samples. Finally, in an experimental study, we manipulated desperation to show that it is state-based, but also distinct from stress or anxiety. Analyses indicate the measure is reliable, content valid, and provides evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. We conclude the State Desperation Scale adequately measures the emotional and motivational components of desperation., Author(s): C. Evan Hannan [sup.1] , Jana Hackathorn [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.214409.a, 0000 0001 0740 0726, Murray State University, , 42071, Murray, KY, USA Desperation is a negative emotion [...]

This study examined the associations among family cohesion (i.e., the extent to which family members are concerned and committed to the family), self-concept clarity (i.e., having a clear, confident and coherent sense of one's own identity), hope (as a general disposition to engage in conscious efforts to obtain goals), and subjective well-being (containing emotional and cognitive well-being). 2792 adolescents and early adults with an age range of 11-24 years (M.sub.age = 16.45, SD = 2.62, 43.2% boys) in China completed the Family Environment Scale, the Self-Concept Clarity Scale, the Children's Hope Scale, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Positive and Negative Affect Scale. Two serial mediation models revealed that self-concept clarity and hope independently mediated the effect of family cohesion on subjective well-being. More importantly, family cohesion could influence subjective well-being through the chain mediating effect of 'self-concept clarity-hope'. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the links between these factors and suggest that high level of family cohesion may promote subjective well-being through the high level of self-concept clarity and hope., Author(s): Guangcan Xiang [sup.1] [sup.2], Qingqing Li [sup.1] [sup.2], Xiaoli Du [sup.1] [sup.2], Xinyuan Liu [sup.1] [sup.2], Mingyue Xiao [sup.1] [sup.2], Hong Chen [sup.1] [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.263906.8, 0000 [...]

The high self-esteem (HSE) heterogeneity hypothesis provides a new research perspective for investigating differences in the quantity and quality of different types of self-esteem. The present study adopted the emotional Stroop paradigm and the odd-one-out search task to explore how individuals with different types of self-esteem process social information in self-threatening situations. The results showed that individuals with different types of self-esteem had an attentional bias toward negative information and had different attentional biases toward angry faces in self-threatening situations. Individuals with fragile HSE and low self-esteem showed facilitated attention to angry faces and had difficulty drawing attention away from them; secure HSE individuals only showed difficulty disengaging attention from angry faces., Author(s): Shen Liu [sup.1] [sup.2] , Qun Tan [sup.1] , Xiaohui Yang [sup.1] , Lin Zhang [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.203507.3, 0000 0000 8950 5267, Department and Institute of Psychology, [...]

It remains unclear whether low-status group members show favoritism toward a high-status outgroup. To answer this question, the present study divided 180 senior high school students into different three-person groups using the minimal intergroup paradigm. Each group was required to solve a problem together and then was informed that they had performed either well (high-status) or poorly (low-status). Next, the psychological distance to the ingroups and outgroups and collective self-esteem of each participant were measured. Members from high-status groups consistently reported a closer psychological distance to the ingroup than the outgroup (ingroup bias), whereas members from the low-status groups exhibited a reverse pattern; i.e., they reported a closer psychological distance to the high-status outgroup than the ingroup (outgroup bias). Moreover, collective self-esteem positively predicted the extent of outgroup bias such that ingroup members with higher collective self-esteem were less tolerable to the low status of their ingroup. In conclusion, the preference for high status triumphed the preference for ingroup in low-status group members, and collective self-esteem may be an important individual difference that predicted the extent of favoring high-status outgroups., Author(s): Zhiai Li [sup.1] , Mengsi Xu [sup.2] [sup.3] , Lingxia Fan [sup.4] , Li Zhang [sup.5] [sup.6] , Dong Yang [sup.2] [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.22069.3f, 0000 0004 0369 [...]