Search

We provide an analysis of refereed papers published in the Australian Journal of Outdoor Education, the Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, and the Journal of Experiential Education over the last decade. We developed a framework to classify the papers in terms of the authors' affiliations, the type of papers published, the context they address, and the foci of the papers. Authors from the US published most extensively across all three journals followed by authors from Australia, UK, Canada, and New Zealand; the JAEOL had the most balanced mix of author nationalities. All three journals demonstrated a trend towards a higher proportion of research-based papers. Suggestions for the continued development of the emerging research culture are provided. We conclude by offering a table identifying potential areas for future research., Introduction This paper provides an analysis of the refereed publications in three scholarly journals in the related fields of outdoor education, adventure education, and experiential education. The three journals are [...]

Author(s): Shigeru Saito[sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) Department of Anesthesiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, 371-8511, MaebashiJapan Management of cognition in anesthesiology From the time anesthesia was established [...]

Introduction In the early 1990s, the in-hospital mortality rate of intensive care unit (ICU) patients dropped, and interest in the quality of life (QOL) of ICU survivors increased. In 1996, we published a study to investigate 1-year survival after hospital discharge and 6-month QOL after intensive care. Now, we compare our previous results with those reported in the recent literature to appraise any changes, and new knowledge in the area. Results The 1-year survival of ICU patients after hospital discharge is substantial, lower than in the general population, and different among subgroups. Some studies showed a reduction in QOL at 6 months, as in our study, while others showed an improvement. Different results seem to be related mainly to the case mix. Studies on different types of patients found long-term cognitive impairment in ICU survivors, possibly not disease specific. The proportions of patients with neuropsychological morbidities such as posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression, described after our study, did not show any change over time. Conclusions Differences between studies on long-term survival and QOL do not allow conclusions to be drawn about change over time. No change was found in neuropsychological morbidities. However, a lack of change may not be viewed negatively, because critically ill patients who survive ICU today may be at higher risk for poor long-term outcome than in the past due to the higher severity of their illness and the more aggressive treatments received. Future studies may provide understanding of the relationships between psychiatric symptoms, cognitive impairment, functional disability, and QOL., Author(s): Maurizia Capuzzo [sup.1] [sup.2], Margherita Bianconi [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.8484.0, 0000000417572064, c/o Section of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, S. Anna Hospital, [...]

Because the diaphragm is essential for survival, we wondered if it might be less vulnerable to the long-lasting effects of fatigue than limb muscles. Using a recently introduced magnetic probe to activate the phrenic nerves, we followed the evolution of twitch transdiaphragmatic pressure after inducing fatigue in healthy volunteers. Twenty-four hours after its induction, diaphragmatic fatigue had not fully recovered. Findings from this study later served as the foundation for incorporating a once-daily, T-tube-trial arm into a randomized controlled trial of techniques for ventilator weaning in intensive care unit patients and also influenced the design of a controlled trial of the weaning of tracheostomy patients who required prolonged ventilation. The research methodology was later employed to determine whether low-frequency fatigue is responsible for weaning failure. Employing a further modification of the technique-twitch airway pressure-it became evident that respiratory muscle weakness is a greater problem than fatigue in ventilated patients. Twitch airway pressure is now being used to document the prevalence and consequences of ventilator-induced respiratory muscle weakness. Our study-which began with a circumscribed, simple question-has yielded dividends in unforeseen directions, illustrating the fruitfulness of research into basic physiological mechanisms., Author(s): Franco Laghi [sup.1] [sup.2], Nausica D'Alfonso [sup.1] [sup.2], Martin J. Tobin [sup.1] [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.280893.8, 0000000404195175, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Edward Hines, Jr. VA [...]

Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is a powerful microscopic technique to characterise the crystallography of biomineralisation. Here, we use high-resolution EBSD to characterise one of the least studied shells in the ocean, the female argonaut brood chamber, and to examine the changes in shell microstructure in response to incubation in decreased pH conditions. The thin (225 (µm) shell of Argonauta nodosa is magnesium calcite with an average magnesium content of ca. 5.1 Wt % MgC[O.sub.3]. EBSD and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that calcification of the shell is bidirectional with formation of irregular crystalline grains. Following a 2 week incubation in a range of pH treatments (pH, 8.1-7.2), shell fragment weight decreased by dissolution in pH ≤ 7.8. EBSD and SEM revealed altered shell crystallography and microstructure at pH [less than or equal to] 7.4 due to preferential etching down crystallite grain boundaries and a change in crystalline orientation on both the inner and outer shell surfaces. Our study highlights the value of EBSD for the detailed examination of biogenic carbonates and its potential use in the field of ocean acidification research., Introduction Altered skeletogenesis due to ocean acidification has been documented for major marine calcifying groups, including corals, bryozoans, echinoderms and molluscs (Orr et al. 2005; Parker et al. 2010; Byrne [...]

Abstract The approach to ventilator weaning has changed considerably over the past 30 years. Change has resulted from research in three areas: pathophysiology, weaning-predictor testing, and weaning techniques. Physiology research [...]

Carrying out domestic research and development (R&D) activities can improve environmental performance. However, extant studies have not conclusively indicated that R&D activities in all energy fields lead to a reduction in the SO 2 intensity. SO 2 intensity is defined as the ratio of SO 2 emissions to the GDP. Hence, green R&D activities are required. However, the strong heterogeneity between green R&D activities could have distinctive economic consequences. Thus, it is imperative to study the heterogeneity of green R&D activities on SO 2 intensity. Moreover, previous studies have ignored regional differences. Although overlooked in the literature, a technology's adsorptive ability could be a key determinant of the effects of green R&D activities on SO 2 intensity. Based on a linear analysis of China's provincial data over 2000-2016, we show that green R&D activities are instrumental in reducing SO 2 intensity. Different green R&D activities have distinct goals and contrasting statistical effects on SO 2 intensity. The empirical results show that the impact of green R&D activities on SO 2 intensity differs by region. Lastly, it is proposed that green R&D activity effects on SO 2 intensity are nonlinear by analysing a technology's adsorptive ability.

We compare Fresco's analysis of the Turing machine-based notion of computation with that of others, in particular with functional programming and with the reversible computing paradigm of Toffoli and others. We conclude that, although much useful philosophical work can be done by the sort of analysis that Fresco proposes, there is, nevertheless, always likely to be a number of individually viable but different accounts of computation. Keywords Analysis of computation * Functional programming * Reversible computing, 1 Introduction Fresco's article asks whether really existing computers can be considered as information processors, and, in order to answer this question, it considers four current notions of information: Shannon's [...]

MINNA-MAARI H. KARVONEN [*] Traditional neoclassical production theory analyzes the relationship in a production process between inputs and outputs which have a positive market value for the producer. The externalities [...]

The recent introduction of new vaccines into the school-based immunization program in British Columbia (BC) included monitoring of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) for these new vaccines. This commentary discusses different methods used to collect AEFIs in school immunization campaigns and the effects on response rate. The results of a study using an internet-based tool inspired this paper. The study examined adverse events following human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine given to grades 6 and 9 students. The low response rate of the internet survey resulted in insufficient findings regarding adverse events. Consequent to the analysis of the study's data, a literature review was conducted to examine survey methodologies used to collect adverse event data following school-based immunization of adolescents. A PubMed search used various combinations of the following terms: vaccine, immunization, immunization programs, reactogenicity, adverse reactions, safety, adolescent, schoolchildren, and survey. Potentially relevant papers were identified based upon the titles and abstracts and subsequently reviewed. Only four studies were deemed appropriate for comparison purposes: all were done in Canada. Key words: Immunization; adolescent; data collection; adverse effects L'introduction recente de nouveaux vaccins dans le programme de vaccination en milieu scolaire de la Colombie-Britannique a compris la surveillance de leurs effets secondaires suivant l'immunisation (ESSI). Nous expliquons les differentes methodes employees pour recueillir les donnees sur les ESSI lors des campagnes de vaccination a l'ecole et leurs effets sur le taux de reponse. Notre commentaire s'inspire des resultats d'une etude ayant utilise un outil Internet. L'etude portait sur les effets secondaires de l'administration du vaccin contre le virus du papillome humain (VPH) a des eleves de la 6e a la 9e annee. En raison d'un faible taux de reponse au sondage en ligne, on a obtenu des resultats insuffisants sur les effets secondaires. Apres l'analyse des donnees de l'etude, nous avons mene une enquete bibliographique afin d'examiner les methodes de sondage utilisees pour recueillir des donnees sur les effets secondaires de vaccins administres en milieu scolaire a des adolescents. Nous avons fait une recherche dans PubMed en utilisant diverses combinaisons des termes vaccin, immunisation, programmes d'immunisation, reactogenicite, reactions indesirables, securite, adolescent, eleves et sondage. Les articles potentiellement pertinents ont ete identifies a partir de leurs titres et de leurs resumes, puis examines. Seules quatre etudes ont ete jugees utiles a des fins de comparaison; les quatre avaient ete menees au Canada. Mots cles : immunisation; adolescent; collecte de donnees; effets indesirables, The recent introduction of new vaccines into the school-based immunization program in BC included the monitoring of adverse events following immunization (AEFI). This was done to determine the rate and [...]

IN 1964, THE National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) published a comparatively short volume (only 157 pages, cover-to-cover) written by Norman Thompson. Thompson had been the first President of the Factory [...]

The abundance of literature related to nutritional support reflects its recently recognised role in preventing metabolic complications and gut dysfunction during critical illness. However, some published studies lack relevance to critically ill patients, as a result of the selection of subjects and outcome variables, or flaws in the study design, as well as in the type, composition, timing, route of administration and amount of nutritional support given. This review will highlight these confounding factors by describing two imaginary (but typical) clinical trials and by analysing some studies published. The point at issue is that basic quality requirements, such as the formulation of a prospective hypothesis and the delineation of the effects of the reference treatment, are often lacking in many studies published. Data analysis was often found to be biased by the absence of statistical power calculation and intention-to-treat analysis. Globally, studies designed to assess the effects of nutritional support on the outcome of critically ill patients, rarely fulfil basic quality requirements and should therefore be interpreted cautiously. We suggest simple strategies or study design that will allow important questions to be answered by future clinical trials.

The effectiveness of mental imagery with and without drawing support (perceptual assistance) in the visual synthesis of novel patterns was studied in three experiments. When the task was to create one recognizable pattern from three simple shapes in a 2-min assembly period, subjects were as likely to produce a recognizable or creative pattern per trial whether mental imagery was augmented by external drawing support or not. When the task was to create as many patterns as possible in a 3-min assembly period, more patterns were produced per trial with external drawing support than without; however, neither the recognizability nor the creativity of the patterns differed. Differences in performance in the visual synthesis task with and without external drawing support are interpreted in terms of limited cognitive resources.

Computers have become an important piece of technology in classrooms for implementing academic interventions. Often, students' responses to these interventions are used to help make important educational decisions. Therefore, it is important to consider the effect of these interventions across multiple contexts. For example, previous research has demonstrated that when students practice math fact fluency on the computers gains did not generalize to paper-pencil performance. The current study extended this research by examining the effect of multiple stimulus exemplars on the generalization of computer-based math practice to paper-pencil performance. A total of 57 second-grade students completed fluency drills only on the computer, computer mixed with paper-pencil or with only paper-pencil. Pretest-posttest performance was evaluated using a 3 x 2 doubly multivariate repeated-measures ANOVA, with follow-up univariate analysis to determine whether the interaction between time and treatment type was similar across matched and unmatched treatment modalities. Results from previous research were replicated with a lack of generalization across modalities, but the addition of multiple stimulus exemplars resulted in increased generalization for those students receiving a mix of computer and paper-pencil practice., Author(s): Sara E. House Rich [sup.1] , Gary J. Duhon [sup.1] , James Reynolds [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) 0000 0001 0721 7331grid.65519.3eSchool of Applied Health and Educational Psychology, 434 Willard [...]

This systematic review investigates the links between literacy difficulties, dyslexia and the self-perceptions of children and young people (CYP). It builds on and updates Burden's (2008 (See CR12)) review and explores how the additional factors of attributional style and the dyslexia label may contribute to CYP's self-perceptions. Nineteen papers are included and quality assessed. Quantitative papers measured the self-reported self-perceptions of CYP with literacy difficulties and/or dyslexia (LitD/D) and compared these with the CYP without LitD/D. Qualitative papers explored the lived experiences of CYP with LitD/D, including their self-views and how these were affected by receiving a dyslexia diagnosis. Results suggest that CYP with LitD/D may be at greater risk of developing negative self-perceptions of themselves as learners, but not of their overall self-worth. Factors found to be relevant in supporting positive self-perceptions include adaptive attributional styles, good relationships with peers and parents, and positive attitudes towards dyslexia and neurodiversity. In some cases, CYP with LitD/D felt that others perceived them as unintelligent or idle; for these CYP, a diagnosis led to more positive self-perceptions, as it provided an alternative picture of themselves. There is a need for further research to explore the impact of attributional style and the potential for intervention, as well as CYPs' experiences of diagnosis and the associated advantages or disadvantages., Author(s): Rosa Gibby-Leversuch [sup.1] , Brettany K. Hartwell [sup.2] , Sarah Wright [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) West Sussex Educational Psychology Service, , Centenary House, Durrington Lane, BN13 2QB, Worthing, UK [...]

Fifty years ago, higher education globally had started to change radically in terms of the proportion of young people enrolled in the system as well as society's expectations for what this would deliver. From the outset, Higher Education has featured research interrogating various aspects of inequality in higher education, including institutions and staff as well as students. This article offers an overview of that work. Our analysis is structured around three levels at which major questions on this topic have been framed and investigated. The macro level focuses on national systems and looks at widening participation, especially the increase in access to higher education for young people. The meso level mostly focuses on institutions and their engagement with organisational inequality. The micro level focuses on the lived experiences of academics, in this case focusing on gender and race. We adopted a thematic and purposive approach to article choice, ultimately selecting key papers for further illustrative analysis. In our analysis, we tracked changes in areas of empirical or other emphasis, the use of a variety of theoretical and epistemological frameworks and methods, policy recommendations, and the geographical locations of authors and their content. We noted a growing emphasis on intersectionality and a widening range of countries but also more critical analyses and suggestions for more radical changes in higher education systems., Author(s): Rosemary Deem [sup.1] , Jennifer M. Case [sup.2] [sup.3] , Terhi Nokkala [sup.4] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.4970.a, 0000 0001 2188 881X, Department of HRM and Organisational Studies, School of [...]

The 2002 'glonacal' paper described higher education as a multi-scalar sector where individual and institutional agents have open possibilities and causation flows from any of the interacting local, national and global scales. None have permanent primacy: global activity is growing; the nation-state is crucial in policy, regulation and funding; and like the other scales, the local scale in higher education and knowledge is continually being remade and newly invented. The glonacal paper has been widely used in higher education studies, though single-scale nation-bound methods still have a strong hold. Drawing on insights from human geography and selected empirical studies, the present paper builds on the glonacal paper in a larger theorization of space and scale. It describes how material elements, imagination and social practices interact in making space, which is the sphere of social relations; it discusses multiplicity in higher education space and sameness/different tensions; and it takes further the investigation of one kind of constructed space in higher education, its heterogenous scales (national, local, regional, global etc.). The paper reviews the intersections between scales, especially between national and global, the ever-changing ordering of scales, and how agents in higher education mix and match scales. It also critiques ideas of fixed scalar primacy such as methodological nationalism and methodological globalism-influential in studies of higher education but radically limiting of what can be imagined and practised. Ideas matter. The single-scale visions and scale-driven universals must be cleared away to bring a fuller geography of higher education to life., Author(s): Simon Marginson [sup.1] [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.4991.5, 0000 0004 1936 8948, Department of Education, University of Oxford, , 15 Norham Gardens, OX2 6PY, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK (2) grid.1008.9, [...]

This paper examines the genesis of Leo Kanner's 1943 seminal paper on autism. It shows that describing children as autistic or lacking affective contact with people was not new by this time. But Kanner's proposal that infantile autism constituted a hitherto unidentified condition that was inborn and different from childhood schizophrenia was new. It also shows that Georg Frankl's influence on Kanner was important, but Kanner did not misappropriate his ideas or his research. Kanner developed his views on the basis of his observations of several children, his knowledge of the literature on childhood conditions, and his interactions with many scholars., Author(s): Marga Vicedo [sup.1] , Juan Ilerbaig [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.17063.33, 0000 0001 2157 2938, Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology (IHPST), University of Toronto, [...]

This paper considers the question: In what ways can artificial intelligence assist with interdisciplinary research for addressing complex societal problems and advancing the social good? Problems such as environmental protection, public health, and emerging technology governance do not fit neatly within traditional academic disciplines and therefore require an interdisciplinary approach. However, interdisciplinary research poses large cognitive challenges for human researchers that go beyond the substantial challenges of narrow disciplinary research. The challenges include epistemic divides between disciplines, the massive bodies of relevant literature, the peer review of work that integrates an eclectic mix of topics, and the transfer of interdisciplinary research insights from one problem to another. Artificial interdisciplinarity already helps with these challenges via search engines, recommendation engines, and automated content analysis. Future 'strong artificial interdisciplinarity' based on human-level artificial general intelligence could excel at interdisciplinary research, but it may take a long time to develop and could pose major safety and ethical issues. Therefore, there is an important role for intermediate-term artificial interdisciplinarity systems that could make major contributions to addressing societal problems without the concerns associated with artificial general intelligence., Author(s): Seth D. Baum [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, , PO Box 40364, 20016, Washington, DC, USA Introduction This paper explores the question of how artificial intelligence [...]

The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in many genetic disorders is well documented but not as yet in Mucopolysaccharidosis type III (MPS III). MPS III is a recessively inherited metabolic disorder and evidence suggests that symptoms of ASD present in MPS III. This systematic review examined the extant literature on the symptoms of ASD in MPS III and quality assessed a total of 16 studies. Results indicated that difficulties within speech, language and communication consistent with ASD were present in MPS III, whilst repetitive and restricted behaviours and interests were less widely reported. The presence of ASD-like symptoms can result in late diagnosis or misdiagnosis of MPS III and prevent opportunities for genetic counselling and the provision of treatments., Author(s): C. Wolfenden [sup.1] , A. Wittkowski [sup.1] [sup.2] , D. J. Hare [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, The University of [...]

We have edited this issue in a manner we feel acknowledges the contribution Noel Entwistle has made to Higher Education--to both the field of study and this journal. In the [...]

This paper reports on research about the experiences of disabled staff members in UK universities, drawing on eleven semi-structured interviews with disabled staff in one university, alongside a group auto ethnography conducted by the first four authors, all of whom identified as disabled academics. Disability is generally considered to be predominantly an issue for students, both in practice and in the literature. By contrast, taking a social practice approach, we focused on the barriers faced by disabled employees, both overt and hidden. We found that disability was still viewed as a medical problem, and that disabled members of staff faced considerable extra labour in organising their own supports. We were often made to feel that we were unwanted and that we were 'misfits' in the institution. This paper contributes to theory by showing how social practices can become exclusionary, and how interconnections between practices matter. We discuss ways in which ableism, based on the ideal of 'individual' excellence, creates barriers for disabled staff. In the global context of Higher Education, the increasing marketization of universities in higher income countries creates a difficult climate for the values of inclusion., Author(s): Wendy Merchant [sup.1], Stuart Read [sup.2], Stephen D'Evelyn [sup.3], Caroline Miles [sup.4], Val Williams [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) Independent Researcher, , Bristol, UK (2) grid.252874.e, 0000 0001 2034 9451, [...]

The relevance and prominence of the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) method has recently increased in higher education research, especially in explanatory and predictive studies. We therefore first aim to assess previous PLS-SEM applications by providing a systematic review; second, we aim to highlight and summarize important guidelines for conducting a rigorous PLS-SEM analysis of the current state of results reporting in higher education journals. Specifically, this study focuses on empirical PLS-SEM applications in 14 major higher education journals indexed in the Thomson Reuters Web of Science and in the Elsevier-Scopus databases between 1999 and 2018. We initially identified 49 relevant papers published in 10 higher education journals. Based on these papers' generally followed guidelines, we thereafter identified various issues related to data screening, model characteristics, measurement model evaluation, structural model evaluation, and the application of state-of-the-art PLS-SEM advanced methods requiring particular attention. Furthermore, we recommend recent guidelines to improve PLS-SEM applications and practices, besides providing specific suggestions regarding utilizing the method's strength in terms of relevant higher education research questions. Our findings remind researchers, reviewers, and journal editors to remain vigilant, should help them avoid inaccuracies in future publications, and ensure rigor., Author(s): Majid Ghasemy [sup.1] , Viraiyan Teeroovengadum [sup.2] , Jan-Michael Becker [sup.3] , Christian M. Ringle [sup.4] [sup.5] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.11875.3a, 0000 0001 2294 3534, National Higher Education Research [...]

This paper examines the recent growth of experiential learning (EL) and the university-community (or so-called town-gown, TG) connections created as a result of this expansion. The research is framed by critical scholarship on the nature and role of the university and the place of liberal education specifically, as well as policy drivers aimed at social and economic impacts from EL. Two subthemes are also examined: first, the role of the arts, humanities and social sciences disciplines in EL expansion and, second, the extent to which TG connections focus on the university's local host community as opposed to more distant and even international arrangements. Mixed research methods including public document analysis and key informant interviews are used to document and interpret EL developments across nine varied universities in Ontario, Canada. The results underline broad sector commitment to EL that in turn creates new and different TG connections for the university. Rapid expansion has brought a variety of challenges identified both by universities and community EL partners. The paper concludes with discussion of policy implications and consideration of the future of EL in light of the 'digital pivot' of the COVID-19 pandemic., Author(s): Michael Buzzelli [sup.1] , Emmanuel Asafo-Adjei [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.39381.30, 0000 0004 1936 8884, Department of Geography and Environment, The University of Western Ontario, , London, ON, Canada [...]

Pro-environmental behavior (PEB) has always been a hot topic in academic and practical, and it is highly necessary to explore the research progress and development trend of PEB. Based on 1038 relevant literatures published and the Web of Science core database, this paper used citation analysis, co-word analysis and cluster analysis methods to systematically analyze the dynamic evolution process of PEB's research topics, knowledge base and subject areas. The results show that PEB research is currently in a period of rapid growth. And PEB research presents typical multidisciplinary characteristics, mainly focuses on Psychology-Education-Social, Economics-Economic-Political, Environmental-Toxicology-Nutrition and other disciplines. Then, this study also finds that the PEB research hotspots mainly concentrated in seven directions such as "Environmental cognition, emotion and motivation process", etc., which can be further classified into three horizontal levels and three vertical levels. This study will provide valuable theoretical and practical reference for the future research of PEB., Author(s): Hui Lu [sup.1] , Weibo Zhang [sup.1] , Beidi Diao [sup.1] , Yan Liu [sup.1] , Hong Chen [sup.1] , Ruyin Long [sup.1] , Shaohan Cai [sup.2] Author Affiliations: [...]

The paper analyses the survey data collected among 100 Thai respondents to study the impact of personality traits based on Goldberg's big five personality model and of mindfulness on risk aversion of individuals. PLS-SEM was performed in R Version 3.6.3 with plsSEM package. The results of the study show that agreeable people tend to be significantly less mindful, but individuals exhibiting conscientiousness, emotional stability and Openness tend to be significantly more mindful. The analysis of factors affecting risk aversion indicates that people characterized by agreeableness and emotional stability are significantly less risk averse, but people characterized by conscientiousness and Openness are significantly more risk averse. The analysis of the interaction between mindfulness and risk aversion indicates that more mindful individuals tend to be more risk averse. In addition, mindfulness has a significant mediating role on the association between personality traits and risk aversion. Specifically, mindfulness positively mediates the impact of conscientiousness and openness on risk aversion, but it negatively mediates the impact of agreeableness on risk aversion. Moreover, although emotional stability shows a direct negative impact on risk aversion, it has a significant positive impact on mindfulness, with mindfulness having a significant positive impact on risk aversion. The research has also shown that older people and women tend to be more risk averse, but men and married individuals are found to have lower degree of risk aversion. Education and income did not have significant impact on risk aversion of individuals., Author(s): Vesarach Aumeboonsuke [sup.1] , Anetta Caplanova [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.443735.2, 0000 0004 0622 7150, National Institute of Development Administration, International College, , 118 Moo3, Serithai Road, Klong-Chan, Bangkapi, [...]

Executive Functions (EFs) is one of the pervasive areas of cognitive science that has received much attention in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Given the importance as well as the breadth and complexity of the various disciplines involved, the present study examined EFs literature over a period of thirty years. EFs research indexed in the Web of Science (WOS) between 1990 and 2019 were analyzed using the bibliometric method. Results showed that 5514 documents had a significant citation average (citations per document = 30.6). Analysis indicated that the United States had the largest number of publications (2519) in this field and excelled in most bibliometric indicators, followed by UK (819), Canada (394), and Australia (362). The largest number of documents have been published by authors affiliated with the University of London (386). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders published the biggest share of documents (508 documents, 9.21% of all publications). Finally, the result of the correlation between bibliometric indicators and the global prevalence rate of ASD in high prevalence countries showed a moderate and significant relationship between ASD prevalence rates with two indicators: Citations per Document/CPD (rKTB = .39, p [less than or equal to] .05), and Relative Specialization Index/RSI (rKTB = .429, p [less than or equal to] .05)., Author(s): Masoud Shekarro [sup.1] , Mohsen Fazeli-Varzaneh [sup.2] , Grace M. Kuravackel [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.46072.37, 0000 0004 0612 7950, Department of Psychology and Special Education, University of Tehran, [...]

Current understanding of international academic mobility tends to view migrant academics as career-oriented actors who can follow opportunities across borders with relative ease. This paper offers a more nuanced reading of international mobility in academia by analysing how the professional context influences migrant academics' decisions to come to and remain in the United Kingdom (UK). Drawing on data from 62 semi-structured interviews with foreign-born academics employed in the UK, the paper argues that the availability of (relatively) good-quality employment shapes international academic mobility more than country preferences. However, academics may become 'stuck' in the country of residence even when employment conditions deteriorate, not only because they are gradually tracked into country's higher education system and culture but also because they lose the credentials, work experience and networks that may be needed to make another international move. This paper therefore shows that 'stickiness' in international mobility involves not only being 'locked into' a country but also being 'locked out' of another, and in so doing contributes to knowledge about the ways in which migrant academics become stuck whilst working abroad., Author(s): Toma Pustelnikovaite [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.44361.34, 0000000103398665, School of Business, Law and Social Sciences, Abertay University, , Dundee, UK Introduction Migrant academics (MAs), understood as foreign-born individuals employed [...]

In this paper, we explore orthogonal systems in [Formula omitted] which give rise to a real skew-symmetric, tridiagonal, irreducible differentiation matrix. Such systems are important since they are stable by design and, if necessary, preserve Euclidean energy for a variety of time-dependent partial differential equations. We prove that there is a one-to-one correspondence between such an orthonormal system [Formula omitted] and a sequence of polynomials [Formula omitted] orthonormal with respect to a symmetric probability measure [Formula omitted]. If [Formula omitted] is supported by the real line, this system is dense in [Formula omitted]; otherwise, it is dense in a Paley-Wiener space of band-limited functions. The path leading from [Formula omitted] to [Formula omitted] is constructive, and we provide detailed algorithms to this end. We also prove that the only such orthogonal system consisting of a polynomial sequence multiplied by a weight function is the Hermite functions. The paper is accompanied by a number of examples illustrating our argument., Author(s): Arieh Iserles [sup.1] , Marcus Webb [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.5335.0, 0000000121885934, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, , Wilberforce Road, [...]

To understand variation in spiritual intelligence with a culture, this paper develops a Spiritual Intelligence Scale in China context using a three-stage sorting process based on interviews and a survey (N = 50) in Study 1. In Study 2, the preliminary study validated the scale using rigorous methods, and a three-factor model of Chinese Spiritual Intelligence (N = 605) is obtained. The results indicate that spiritual intelligence in China is composed of the Identification of Meaning, the Connection of Meaning and the Realization of Meaning. Certainly, there are similarities and differences between this study and Western research. Although the internal consistency reliability was good for Identification and Connection, further improvement for Realization is still required. The three-factor model was better than the alternative models. This research supplements research on spiritual intelligence in different cultures and contributes to research on the Chinese spiritual world., Author(s): Ming Feng [sup.1] , Xue-yuan Xiong [sup.1] , Jin-jing Li [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (Aff1) 0000 0001 0154 0904, grid.190737.b, School of Economics and Business Administration, Chongqing University, , 174 [...]

Eye contact is a crucial aspect of social interactions that may enhance an individual's cognitive performance (i.e. the eye contact effect) or hinder it (i.e. face-to-face interference effect). In this paper, I focus on the influence of eye contact on cognitive performance in tasks engaging executive functions. I present a hypothesis as to why some individuals benefit from eye contact while others do not. I propose that the relations between eye contact and executive functioning are modulated by an individual's autonomic regulation and reactivity and self-regulation of attention. In particular, I propose that individuals with more optimal autonomic regulation and reactivity, and more effective self-regulation of attention benefit from eye contact. Individuals who are less well regulated and over- or under-reactive and who do not employ effective strategies of self-regulation of attention may not benefit from eye contact and may perform better when eye contact is absent. I present some studies that justify the proposed hypothesis and point to a method that could be employed to test them. This approach could help to better understand the complex mechanisms underlying the individual differences in participant's cognitive performance during tasks engaging executive functions., Author(s): Alicja Niedzwiecka [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.12847.38, 0000 0004 1937 1290, Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, , Stawki 5/7, 01-121, Warsaw, Poland This paper presents a hypothesis regarding [...]

By integrating cognitive appraisal and social exchange theories, this paper examines the linkage of supervisors' abusive reactions with psychological distress through their subordinates' fear of negative evaluation. This paper also investigates the moderating role of negative reciprocity. Data were gathered from 412 employees at 15 five-star hotels in Egypt and analyzed using PROCESS 4.0 macro in SPSS (Model 5). The findings revealed that abusive supervision was strongly positively connected with psychological distress caused by FNE. Furthermore, negative reciprocity may reduce the abusive supervision-psychological distress relationship. The positive effect of abusive supervision on psychological distress was weaker among hotel employees who held high levels of negative reciprocity. The PROCESS and narratological results highlight the need of taking negative reciprocity into account while investigating undesirable workplace behavior (i.e., abusive acts of supervisors) in the hospitality context by providing fruitful theoretical and practical contributions., Author(s): Kareem M. Selem [sup.1] , Erhan Bogan [sup.2] , Ali Elsayed Shehata [sup.1] [sup.3] , Hanan Ahmed Mohamed [sup.4] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.33003.33, 0000 0000 9889 5690, Hotel Management [...]

The paper considers a monetary union composed of two representative countries characterized by different inflation aversions. The model derives Nash equilibria after a country-specific shock in which the countries have a costly option to abandon the common currency. The main results are that the higher the inflation aversion of the country affected by the shock, the lower its exit probability. The higher the inflation aversion in both countries, the lower the probability that the country not directly hit also abandons the monetary union (contagion). Keywords Monetary unions * Contagion * Nash equilibria * Inflation aversion JEL Classification F30 * F31 * F41 * G01, Introduction This is a very short stylized paper focused on assessing the stability of a monetary union. The paper aims to analyze the role played by heterogeneous inflation aversions of [...]

This article presents a short research report on the relationship between perceived antagonism in social relations measured using the Belief in a Zero-Sum Game (BZSG) scale, life satisfaction, and positive and negative affect. Given that individuals who believe that life is like a zero-sum game are likely to perceive their daily interactions with others as unfair, we expected that individuals with high BZSG experience more negative affect and fewer positive one, resulting in a lower satisfaction with life. In addition, we examined whether country-level BZSG may play a moderating role in these associations. Data were collected from student samples (N = 7146) in 35 countries. Multilevel modelling revealed that perceived social antagonism in social relations is negatively associated with satisfaction with life and that this relationship is mediated by both positive and negative affect at the individual level. The relation of individual BZSG and negative affect on satisfaction with life were weaker in societies with higher country-level BZSG, suggesting that the effects of BZSG may be less detrimental in these countries. These findings extend previous knowledge about predictors of life satisfaction and suggest that social beliefs might also be an important factor that influences subjective well-being. The contribution of the study is that the separate treatment of life satisfaction and positive and negative affect may be helpful in many research situations, particularly from a cross-cultural perspective., Author(s): Joanna Rózycka-Tran [sup.1] , Jaroslaw P. Piotrowski [sup.2] , Magdalena Zemojtel-Piotrowska [sup.2] , Pawel Jurek [sup.1] , Evgeny N. Osin [sup.3] , Byron G. Adams [sup.4] [sup.5] , Rahkman [...]

The foundation of modern behavior science is the selection of behavior by its consequences. So, behavior that benefits an organism should be maintained (through reinforcement) whereas costly behavior should not. Altruism--behavior that benefits others at one's own expense--seems a clear counterexample to a reinforcement-based account of behavior. Despite the apparent paradox, five distinct (but mutually inclusive) reinforcement accounts are provided for instances of apparent altruism. These accounts include situations in which no reinforcement is observed following a prosocial act--due to subtle, delayed, or intermittent reinforcement. Also included is an account of how rules can occasion acts of self-sacrifice and an account of socially discounted reinforcement--through which benefits to others have a quantifiable benefit to an altruist. Any instance of apparent altruism can likely be accounted for through one or more of these five reinforcement-based accounts. Keywords Altruism * Delay discounting * Prisoner's dilemma * Rule-governed behavior * Social discounting, As part of his stand-up routine, Mitch Hedberg would occasionally comment on his childhood paper route: "I had a paper route when I was a kid; I was a paperboy. [...]

This paper provides a reply to articles by Nicola Angius and Guiseppe Primiero responding to our paper "Software Intensive Science" (Symons and Horner, Philosophy and Technology, 2014). Keywords Software intensive science. Computational models, We are very grateful to Nicola Angius and Giuseppe Primiero for their careful critical readings of our paper "Software Intensive Science" (Symons and Horner 2014). While both are in agreement [...]

This study considered what insights into outdoor education (OE) research and scholarship could be gleaned from citation indices and patterns. Citation indices have long been used as ranking tools in the physical sciences, and more recently have been used in humanities and social sciences. High citation measures indicate high research impact, although the converse is not necessarily true because research can have impact unrelated to citations, especially in a small practical field such as OE, and citation indices cannot be used for cross-discipline comparisons without considering variations in citation patterns between fields or disciplines. Citation data can also be used for purposes other than ranking. One aim of this article is to consider what OE citation patterns indicate about the distinctiveness of OE as a field. We wanted to use citation data to inform our understanding, as researchers, of the nature and structure of OE discourse. In particular, we made use of citation tools to look at not only which OE work had been cited but also where citation impact occurred. The study examined the mostcited OE research and scholarship published from 2000 to 2013. We attempted to answer the following questions: (1) What do citation patterns indicate about OE research impact outside the field? (2) Does where OE research is published predict where its citation impact, if any, will be? (3) Do citation patterns point to the existence of a single OE literature, or several? (4) Do citation impacts provide insight into how, if at all, the OE field progresses? Using Google Scholar data, Publish or Perish software, and searches for "outdoor education," we obtained 1,446 articles or other sources. Using Zotero software, we reviewed and analysed these articles and works. We found strong support for an argument that OE discourse constituted a distinct research community clustered around the Australian Journal of Outdoor Education (now the Journal of Outdoor and Environmental Education), the Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, and the Journal of Experiential Education. Most published OE work is never cited, and a small number of well-cited works form patterns of citation. We were surprised by the number of theses in the citing works, and found that with the exception of a few articles any impact of OE research and scholarship outside of the OE journals, theses, or OE conferences, is highly diffuse. Keywords: outdoor education literature, literature reviews, bibliometrics, experiential education, Introduction The expanding reach and availability of citation data, particularly due to Google Scholar (GS), have made citation metrics--and patterns--more accessible in the social sciences and humanities and more meaningful, [...]

A 'culture of celebrity' began to emerge in the twentieth century, profoundly impacting the social world. Recent years have seen the publication of an increasing wealth of literature focusing on people who are enthralled with celebrities - often to the point of obsession - termed 'celebrity worshippers'. The current paper systematically reviews this literature to gain a comprehensive understanding of the various factors associated with celebrity worship and to identify gaps in the literature. Papers were identified through a systematic literature search and 62 were deemed relevant for inclusion in the review. These provided evidence that celebrity worship may be related to demographic factors (e.g. age); personality factors (e.g. dimensions of the psychoticism-extraversion-neuroticism model, materialism); religiosity; behavioural and cognitive-behavioural factors (e.g. fantasy proneness, obsessive behaviours); feelings about the self or the world (e.g. self-esteem); cognitive factors (e.g. cognitive flexibility, critical thinking); relationships with others (e.g. attachment style, romantic relationship style); attitudes towards the body, eating, and cosmetic surgery; and psychological wellbeing (e.g. depression, anxiety). The results are used to help researchers understand the individual and psychosocial factors associated with celebrity worship, and directions for future research in this area are identified., Author(s): Samantha K. Brooks [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.13097.3c, 0000 0001 2322 6764, Department of Psychological Medicine, Weston Education Centre, King's College London, , Cutcombe Road, Denmark Hill, SE5 9RJ, [...]

Although scholars have noted the detrimental nature of the various changes in higher education prompted by neoliberalism, its impact on the experiences of international Higher Degree by Research (HDR) students has yet to be adequately studied. Informed by Bourdieu's concepts of doxa, field, habitus, and capital, this paper examines the ways in which neoliberalism as doxa in the Australian higher education field has colonised the perception and practice of Chinese international HDR students whilst some students were able to demonstrate resilience to the pervasive neoliberal practices. The paper draws on a larger qualitative research project including interviews with 18 Chinese HDR students from four Australian universities. Data suggest that Chinese HDR research students gradually developed intensified dispositions of self-reliance and self-exploitation in response to neoliberal academic practices whilst others were enculturated into a floating habitus (or vulnerable position) in relation to academic publishing as they attempted to negotiate the tensions across fields and over time. Data further reveal that some participants demonstrated resilience to neoliberalism when empowered by their supervisors with less utilitarian and more critically reflexive supervisory practices. The paper argues that the embrace of neoliberalism in the Australian higher education field has become widespread yet controversial, and that thinking and enacting resilience sociologically may de-neoliberalise the higher education field in Australia and beyond., Author(s): Congcong Xing [sup.1] , Guanglun Michael Mu [sup.1] , Deborah Henderson [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.1024.7, 0000000089150953, School of Teacher Education & Leadership, Queensland University of Technology, , Victoria [...]

The promoting effect of collagen and inhibiting effect of α-alanine on the catalytic activity of copper(II) in the oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine with ammonium persulfate and the reduction of iron(III) with sodium thiosulfate, respectively, have been found. A method combining planar chromatography with the subsequent catalytic determination of collagen after desorption from a plate and methods of sorption--catalytlic determination of histamine and α-alanine directly on the support have been developed with limits of detection 2 x [10.sup.-14], 5 x [10.sup.-7], and 8 x [10.sup.-14] M for histamine, α-alanine, and collagen, respectively. Separation by paper and thin-layer chromatography allowed a substantial increase in the selectivity of catalytic determination. The methods were used to determine histamine in human saliva and collagen and α-alanine in cosmetics. Keywords: histamine, α-alanine, collagen, paper chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, catalytic determination, human saliva, cosmetics DOI:10.1134/S1061934813060038, INTRODUCTION Catalytic methods of analysis are characterized by high sensitivity of determination of both metal catalysts and organic compounds influencing their catalytic activity [1, 2]. A substantial disadvantage of these [...]

In the economic transition process, emerging markets are recognizing the importance of accessing sophisticated technologies to green innovation. After cross-border merge and acquisition (M&A), research and development (R&D) investment has become the basic condition for acquiring mature market technologies. Many studies suggest that R&D can promote green innovation. However, in the context of cross-border M&A, the relationship between R&D and green innovation is more complicated. Based on the knowledge-based view and stakeholder theory, this paper takes 230 cross-border M&A events at Chinese enterprises as samples. The conclusions show that instead of a linear relation, the influence of R&D input on green innovation performance after cross-border M&A is in an "S-shape"; the political connection and institutional distance of enterprises play a negative role in promoting the relationship between R&D input and green innovation performance after cross-border M&A., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)