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The attention of driver traveling along a long straight line of prairie highway is easy to be distracted. In this paper, the correlation of straight line length and driver's attention is studied through laboratory simulation experiment and regression analysis. It can be theoretically concluded that the maximum straight line length for prairie highway within which the driver could travel with proper attention is 5km. This study is significant both for prairie highway construction and Intelligent Transportation System.

This article reports the findings from a questionnaire survey of university students' life satisfaction in Regina. The results demonstrated that a significant proportion of the 315 respondents were satisfied with their lives (N = 240, 76.2%). With regard to degree of satisfaction with different aspects of life, respondents expressed that they were most satisfied with relationship with mother, living environment, relationships with close friends, relationships with siblings, and living arrangement. Multiple ordinary least-squares regression analyses revealed that respondents who indicated a higher socio-economic status, achieved a higher grade point average, and were more satisfied with their academic experience, self-esteem, relationship with significant other, and living conditions, expressed a markedly higher level of satisfaction with life.

Because both intrinsic and extrinsic factors influence insect population dynamics, operating at a range of temporal and spatial scales, it is difficult to assess their contributions. Long-term studies are ideal for assessing the relative contributions of multiple factors to abundance and community dynamics. Using data spanning 25 years, we investigate the contributions of weather at annual and decadal scales, fire return interval, and grazing by bison to understand the dynamics of abundance and community composition in grasshopper assemblages from North American continental grassland. Each of these three primary drivers of grassland ecosystem dynamics affects grasshopper population and community dynamics. Negative feedbacks in abundances, as expected for regulated populations, were observed for all feeding guilds of grasshoppers. Abundance of grasshoppers did not vary in response to frequency of prescribed burns at the site. Among watersheds that varied with respect to controlled spring burns and grazing by bison, species composition of grasshopper assemblages responded significantly to both after 25 years. However, after more than 20 years of fire and grazing treatments, the number of years since the last fire was more important than the managed long-term fire frequency per se. Yearly shifts in species composition (1983-2005), examined using non-metric multidimensional scaling and fourth-corner analysis, were best explained by local weather events occurring early in grasshopper life cycles. Large-scale patterns were represented by the Palmer Drought Severity Index and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The NAO was significantly correlated with annual mean frequencies of grasshoppers, especially for forb- and mixed-feeding species. Primary grassland drivers-fire, grazing and weather-contributing both intrinsic and extrinsic influences modulate long-term fluctuations in grasshopper abundances and community taxonomic composition.

Garnet is a common U-bearing mineral in various magmatic and metamorphic rocks with a high U-Pb closure temperature (> 850 °C), rendering it a potentially valuable U-Pb geochronometer. However, a high U (> 10 ppm) garnet reference material that suits both quadrupole and/or multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is yet to be established. This study evaluates a potential reference material for in situ garnet U-Pb analysis with anomalously high U content from the Prairie Lake alkaline complex, Canada. The PL57 garnet, occurring in a calcite ijolite, has high TiO.sub.2 (6.5-15.0 wt%, average 12.7 wt%) and Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 (17.1-21.3 wt%) contents and is a member of the andradite (26-66 mol.%)-morimotoite (18-41 mol.%)-schorlomite (16-35 mol.%) solid solution series. Four samples were dated by U-Pb ID-TIMS to assess reproducibility. Twelve TIMS analyses produced concordant, equivalent results. Garnet PL57 yielded a concordant age of 1156.2 ± 1.2 Ma (2[sigma], n = 10, MSWD = 1.0), based on ten analyses with two results discarded due to possible mineral inclusions (if included, the concordia age is 1156.6 ± 1.8 Ma; n = 12, MSWD = 2.0). PL57 had 27-76 ppm (average 41 ppm) U with Th/U of 0.51-0.68 (average 0.63). The total common Pb content ranged from 0.4 to 3.9 pg (average 1.1 pg). Laser ablation coupled with ICP-MS and high angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) imaging provide direct evidence that U is incorporated and homogeneously distributed within the garnet lattice rather than as defects or pore spaces. Published garnet samples and standards were then tested by calibrating the Willsboro, Mali, Qicun, and Tonglvshan garnet against PL57, which gave accurate ages within the recommended values. Case studies of garnet from the Archean Musselwhite orogenic gold deposit in Canada and the Cenozoic Changanchong and Habo skarn deposits in China yield reliable ages. This suggests that PL57 is a robust U-Pb isotope reference material. The limited variations of U and Pb isotopic ratios, together with the high U concentration and extremely low initial common Pb, make PL57 an ideal calibration and monitor reference material for in situ measurements., Author(s): Dengfeng Li [sup.1] [sup.2], Yu Fu [sup.1] [sup.2], Pete Hollings [sup.3], Roger H. Mitchell [sup.3], Shannon Zurevinski [sup.3], Sandra Kamo [sup.4], Rongqing Zhang [sup.5], Yu Zhang [sup.6], Qiaofen Liu [...]

SETTING: Alberta is a prairie province located in western Canada, with a population of approximately 4.3 million. In 2016, 363 Albertans died from apparent drug overdoses related to fentanyl, an opioid 50-100 times more toxic than morphine. This surpassed the number of deaths from motor vehicle collisions and homicides combined. INTERVENTION: Naloxone is a safe, effective, opioid antagonist that may quickly reverse an opioid overdose. In July 2015, a committee of communitybased harm reduction programs in Alberta implemented a geographically restricted take- home naloxone (THN) program. The successes and limitations of this program demonstrated the need for an expanded, multi-sectoral, multi- jurisdictional response. The provincial health authority, Alberta Health Services (AHS), used previously established incident command system processes to coordinate implementation of a provincial THN program. OUTCOMES: Alberta's provincial THN program was implemented on December 23, 2015. This collaborative program resulted in a coordinated response across jurisdictional levels with wide geographical reach. Between December 2015 and December 2016, 953 locations, including many community pharmacies, registered to dispense THN kits, 9572 kits were distributed, and 472 reversals were reported. The provincial supply of THN kits more than tripled from 3000 to 10 000. IMPLICATIONS: Alberta was uniquely poised to deliver a large, province-wide, multi-sectoral and multi-jurisdictional THN program as part of a comprehensive response to increasing opioid-related morbidity and mortality. The speed at which AHS was able to roll out the program was made possible by work done previously and the willingness of multiple jurisdictions to work together to build on and expand the program. KEY WORDS: Fentanyl; take-home naloxone; harm reduction; opioid overdose La traduction du resume se trouve a la fin de l'article. LIEU : L'Alberta, une province des Prairies de l'Ouest canadien, a une population d'environ 4,3 millions d'habitants. En 2016, 363 Albertains sont decedes de surdoses apparentes de fentanyl, un opioide 50 a 100 fois plus toxique que la morphine. Ce chiffre a depasse le nombre de deces par collision entre vehicules automobiles et de deces par homicide combines. INTERVENTION : La naloxone est un antagoniste opio'i'de sur et efficace qui peut rapidement neutraliser une surdose d'opio'i'des. En juillet 2015, un comite d'intervenants de programmes communautaires de reduction des mefaits de l'Alberta a mis en reuvre dans une zone geographiquement restreinte un programme de << trousses maison de naloxone >> (TMN). Les reussites et les contraintes de ce programme ont demontre le besoin d'une intervention elargie, multisectorielle et intergouvernementale. L'autorite sanitaire provinciale, Alberta Health Services (AHS), s'est servie des processus etablis du systeme de commandement en cas d'incident pour coordonner la mise en reuvre d'un programme de TMN provincial. RESULTATS : Le programme de TMN provincial de l'Alberta a ete mis en reuvre le 23 decembre 2015. Ce programme concerte a coordonne une intervention intergouvernementale de grande portee geographique. Entre decembre 2015 et decembre 2016, 953 etablissements, dont de nombreuses pharmacies communautaires, se sont inscrits au registre pour pouvoir dispenser des TMN, 9 572 trousses ont ete distribuees, et 472 surdoses neutralisees ont ete declarees. Les approvisionnements provinciaux en TMN ont plus que triple, passant de 3 000 a 10 000. CONSEQUENCES : L'Alberta etait singulierement bien placee pour offrir un vaste programme de TMN multisectoriel et intergouvernemental a l'echelle de la province dans le cadre d'une intervention globale face aux hausses de la morbidite et de la mortalite liees aux opioides. La vitesse a laquelle AHS a pu deployer le programme s'explique par le travail effectue anterieurement et par la volonte de plusieurs spheres de competence de travailler ensemble pour renforcer et developper le programme. MOTS CLES : fentanyl; trousse maison de naloxone; reduction des dommages; surdose d'opioides, Morbidity and mortality related to opioid overdoses are increasing worldwide. (1) Fentanyl is an opioid up to 100 times more toxic than morphine. (2) It is used therapeutically for pain [...]

OBJECTIVES: To investigate patterns of survival among brain cancer patients in Canada. METHODS: Canadian Cancer Registry data were obtained for all patients with first-ever primary malignant brain tumours diagnosed between 1992 and 2008 (n = 38,095). Follow-up ended with patient death or December 31,2008, whichever occurred first. Crude Kaplan-Meier estimates were calculated at one, two and five years post-diagnosis. Cox proportional hazard models were used to obtain adjusted hazard ratios by region for major histology types. A time-specific generalized linear model was used to obtain 5-year survival estimates for specific age group, sex and region for major histology types. RESULTS: The overall five-year survival rate was 27%. No significant difference in survival rate over time is observed. The highest 5-year survival rate was 65% (95% CI: 62.5%-67.4%) for oligodendrogliomas and the lowest was 4.0% (95% CI: 3.7%-4.3%) for glioblastomas. Compared to Ontario, the adjusted 5-year glioblastoma survival estimates were lower in British Columbia, Alberta and the Prairie provinces (Manitoba and Saskatchewan), while the survival estimates were lower in all other regions for diffuse astrocytoma, and lower in Manitoba and Saskatchewan for anaplastic astrocytomas. Estimates were significantly higher for oligodendrogliomas in Alberta, and for anaplastic oligodendrogliomas in Alberta and Quebec (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: These data are consistent with previous literature in observing higher survival rates at younger ages, in female patients and for tumours with mixed oligo components. There is a need to further explore the underlying reasons for the observed variation in survival rates by region in an effort to improve the prognosis of brain cancer in the Canadian patient population. KEY WORDS: Brain neoplasms; survival rate; Canada OBJECTIFS: Etudier les profils de survie des patients atteints d'un cancer du cerveau au Canada. METHODE: Nous avons obtenu les donnees du Registre canadien du cancer sur tous les patients atteints d'une premiere tumeur cerebrale maligne primaire diagnostiquee entre 1992 et 2008 (n = 38 095). Le suivi s'est termine au deces des patients ou au 31 decembre 2008, selon la premiere des deux eventualites. Des estimations de Kaplan-Meier brutes ont ete calculees a un, deux et cinq ans apres le diagnostic. Nous avons utilise des modeles des risques proportionnels de Cox pour obtenir des coefficients de danger ajustes par region pour les grands types histologiques, respectivement. Un modele lineaire generalise dans le temps a servi a obtenir des estimations de survie apres 5 ans par groupe d'age, par sexe et par region pour les grands types histologiques. RESULTATS: Le taux de survie global etait de 27%. On n'observe aucun ecart significatif dans le taux de survie au fil du temps. Le taux de survie le plus eleve apres 5 ans etait de 65% (IC de 95%: 62,5%-67,4%) pour les oligodendrogliomes; le plus faible etait de 4% (IC de 95%: 3,7%-4,3%) pour les glioblastomes. Comparativement a l'Ontario, les estimations ajustees de survie au glioblastome apres 5 ans etaient inferieures en Colombie-Britannique, en Alberta et dans les provinces des Prairies (Manitoba et Saskatchewan), tandis que les estimations de survie etaient inferieures dans toutes les autres regions pour les astrocytomes diffus, et inferieures au Manitoba et en Saskatchewan pour les astrocytomes anaplasiques. Les estimations etaient sensiblement plus elevees pour les oligodendrogliomes en Alberta, et pour les oligodendrogliomes anaplasiques en Alberta et au Quebec (p < 0,05). CONCLUSION: Ces donnees sont conformes a celles d'etudes anterieures ou l'on a observe des taux de survie superieurs chez les jeunes patients, chez les femmes et pour les tumeurs mixtes (oligo-astrocytomes). Il faudrait pousser la recherche sur les raisons sous-jacentes de la variation observee des taux de survie par region afin d'ameliorer le pronostic du cancer du cerveau dans la population de patients au Canada. MOTS CLES: tumeurs du cerveau; taux de survie; Canada La traduction du resume se trouve a la fin de l'article. Can J Public Health 2016;107(1):e37-e42 doi: 10.17269/CJPH.107.5209, There is little information available on brain tumour incidence and survival among the Canadian population. (1,2) Available information provides an overall estimate of brain cancer survival without an assessment of [...]

Compressed sensing (CS) ensures the recovery of sparse vectors from a number of randomized measurements proportional to their sparsity. The initial theory considers discretized domains, and the randomness makes the physical positions of the grid nodes irrelevant. Most imaging devices, however, operate over some continuous physical domain, and it makes sense to consider Dirac masses with arbitrary positions. In this article, we consider such a continuous setup and analyze the performance of the BLASSO algorithm, which is the continuous extension of the celebrated LASSO [Formula omitted] regularization method. This approach is appealing from a numerical perspective because it avoids to discretize the domain of interest. Previous works considered translation-invariant measurements, such as randomized Fourier coefficients, in which it makes clear that the discrete theory should be extended by imposing a minimum distance separation constraint (often called 'Rayleigh limit') between the Diracs. These prior works, however, rule out many domains and sensing operators of interest, which are not translation invariant. This includes, for instance, Laplace measurements over the positive reals and Gaussian mixture models over the mean-covariance space. Our theoretical advances crucially rely on the introduction of a canonical metric associated with the measurement operator, which is the so-called Fisher geodesic distance. In the case of Fourier measurements, one recovers the Euclidean metric, but this metric can cope with arbitrary (possibly non-translation invariant) domains. Furthermore, it is naturally invariant under joint reparameterization of both the sensing operator and the Dirac locations. Our second and main contribution shows that if the Fisher distance between spikes is larger than a Rayleigh separation constant, then the BLASSO recovers in a stable way a stream of Diracs, provided that the number of measurements is proportional (up to log factors) to the number of Diracs. We measure the stability using an optimal transport distance constructed on top of the Fisher geodesic distance. Our result is (up to log factor) sharp and does not require any randomness assumption on the amplitudes of the underlying measure. Our proof technique relies on an infinite-dimensional extension of the so-called golfing scheme which operates over the space of measures and is of general interest., Author(s): Clarice Poon [sup.1] , Nicolas Keriven [sup.2] , Gabriel Peyré [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.7340.0, 0000 0001 2162 1699, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, , Bath, UK [...]

The results of analysis of the hydrogen, oxygen and carbon stable isotope ratios of honey samples taken in Russian regions with different climatic characteristics are presented. The values of isotope compositions in all studied honey samples vary from -29.5 to -24.2â° for carbon, from -116.6 to -34.5â° for hydrogen, and from +12.7 to +25.7â° for oxygen. It was shown that the values of the isotope compositions of carbon ([delta].sup.13С), hydrogen ([delta].sup.2Ð), and oxygen ([delta].sup.18Ð) in honey can be used to determine the geographical origin of honey. It was found that the average [delta].sup.2Ð and [delta].sup.18Ð values in honey to a large extent correlate with the average [delta].sup.2Ð and [delta].sup.18Ð values of atmospheric precipitation in the regions of honey origin. The isotope composition of carbon is affected by climate. Three zones of 'isotopic landscape' for the regions of Russia were identified: the lowest [delta].sup.13С, [delta].sup.2Ð, and [delta].sup.18Ð values are characteristic of Siberian honey samples, intermediate values corresponded to honey samples from the European part of Russia, and the highest values were recorded for honey samples from the Black Sea region., Author(s): D. A. Kalashnikova [sup.1] , G. V. Simonova [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.494918.9, 0000 0004 0482 8585, Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy [...]

In an effort to produce new and more sustainable technologies, designers have turned to nature in search of inspiration and innovation. Biomimetic design (from the Greek bios, life, mimesis, imitation) is the conscious imitation of biological models to solve today's technical and ecological challenges. Nowadays numerous different approaches exist that take inspiration from nature as a model for design, such as biomimicry, biomimetics, bionics, permaculture, ecological engineering, etc. This variety of practices comes in turn with a wide range of different promises, including sustainability, increased resilience, multi-functionality, and a lower degree of risk. How are we to make sense of this heterogeneous amalgam of existing practices and technologies, and of the numerous promises attached to them? We suggest that a typology of biomimetic approaches would provide a useful hermeneutic framework to understand the different tensions that pull this variegated landscape in different directions. This is achieved through a critical analysis of the literature in different fields of biomimetic design and the philosophy of biomimicry, in order to derive conceptual and normative assumptions concerning the meaning and value of the imitation of nature. These two dimensions are then intersected to derive an analytical grid composed of six different biomimetic types, which enable the classification of existing and possible biomimetic approaches, practices, and technologies according to their specific conceptual assumptions and guiding norms., Author(s): Alessio Gerola [sup.1], Zoë Robaey [sup.1], Vincent Blok [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.4818.5, 0000 0001 0791 5666, Philosophy Group, Wageningen University, , Hollandseweg 1, 6706KN, Wageningen, Netherlands Introduction In [...]

Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can lead to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). FASD is a spectrum of structural, functional, and neurodevelopmental problems with often lifelong implications, affecting communities worldwide. It is a leading preventable form of intellectual disabilities and therefore warrants effective prevention approaches. However, well-intended FASD prevention can increase stigmatization of individuals with FASD, women who consume or have consumed alcohol during pregnancy, and non-biological parents and guardians of individuals with FASD. This narrative review surveyed the literature on stigmatization related to FASD. Public stigma appears to be the most common form of stigma studied. Less is known about FASD-related self-stigma, stigma by association, and structural stigma. Accordingly, the current literature on FASD-related stigma does not appear to provide sufficient guidance for effectively reducing FASD-related stigma. However, lessons can be learned from other related health topics and the use of a systematic approach for the development of health promotion programs, namely Intervention Mapping., Author(s): Sylvia Roozen [sup.1], Sarah E. Stutterheim [sup.2], Arjan E. R. Bos [sup.3], Gerjo Kok [sup.1] [sup.2], Leopold M. G. Curfs [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.5012.6, 0000 0001 0481 6099, [...]

Deepfakes are realistic videos created using new machine learning techniques rather than traditional photographic means. They tend to depict people saying and doing things that they did not actually say or do. In the news media and the blogosphere, the worry has been raised that, as a result of deepfakes, we are heading toward an 'infopocalypse' where we cannot tell what is real from what is not. Several philosophers (e.g., Deborah Johnson, Luciano Floridi, Regina Rini) have now issued similar warnings. In this paper, I offer an analysis of why deepfakes are such a serious threat to knowledge. Utilizing the account of information carrying recently developed by Brian Skyrms (2010 (See CR49)), I argue that deepfakes reduce the amount of information that videos carry to viewers. I conclude by drawing some implications of this analysis for addressing the epistemic threat of deepfakes., Author(s): Don Fallis [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.261112.7, 0000 0001 2173 3359, Department of Philosophy and Religion, Northeastern University, , 360 Huntington Ave, 413 Renaissance Park, 02115, Boston, MA, USA [...]

Abstract This article builds on industry data and a unique dataset of small and medium-sized merchants to provide insights into the acquirer-merchant market in Canada. Three main findings are presented. [...]

Electrodes of the composition Ti/TiO.sub.2,SbO.sub.x were obtained by single-stage plasma electrolytic oxidation in aqueous electrolytes with antimony hydroxocomplexes. The surface morphology and composition of TiO.sub.2,SbO.sub.x layers deposited on titanium were studied by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The obtained layers contain anatase TiO.sub.2 and up to 1 at % of antimony as Sb.sub.2O.sub.3 and Sb.sub.2O.sub.5. The resulting Ti/TiO.sub.2,SbO.sub.x electrodes were tested as pH sensors. They have close to Nernst electrode function in the pH range from 2 to 10 (53 ± 1 mV/pH). In the acid-base titration of strong (HCl) and weak (CH.sub.3COOH) acids with Ti/TiO.sub.2,SbO.sub.x electrodes, potential jumps are obtained that are not inferior in magnitude to the potential jump for a glass electrode. A possibility of using Ti/TiO.sub.2,SbO.sub.x electrodes to determine the alkalinity of technogenic waters is shown., Author(s): M. S. Vasilyeva [sup.1] [sup.2], V. S. Rudnev [sup.1] [sup.2], N. E. Zabudskaya [sup.1] [sup.2], A. Yu. Ustinov [sup.1] [sup.2], L. A. Zasukhina [sup.1], G. I. Marinina [sup.1] Author [...]

OBJECTIVE: Municipal policies may have a significant impact on the development of environments that provide sustainable opportunities for individuals to engage in healthy, active lifestyles. Little is known about how explicitly community planning in Canada integrates strategies to promote physical activity. In the context of Active Saskatchewan 2020 (AS2020), the strategic plan of Saskatchewan in motion, such an analysis would create a basis for identifying policy gaps and ongoing monitoring. The objective of this study was to review the official community plan (OCP) of each city in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada and identify policies supportive of physical activity. METHODS: A conventional content analysis was completed of the OCPs of the 17 cities in Saskatchewan. Each OCP was reviewed and text extracted that related to supporting physical activity. Extracted text was thematically organized within and across cities, creating a set of indicators for ongoing monitoring. RESULTS: Overall, 17 indicators were identified. The frequency of inclusion of these indicators within the 17 OCPs varied from 17.6% to 82.4%. The mean frequency of indicators identified per OCP was 7.4. The most commonly included indicators included residential neighbourhood plans associated with active living, downtown cycling and pedestrian plans, and joint-use agreements between communities and schools. CONCLUSIONS: Most Saskatchewan OCPs make little direct reference to policies supportive of physical activity. Impacting community-level policy is an expected outcome of AS2020/Saskatchewan in motion. This study identifies a range of indicators for monitoring this process and highlights potential areas for policy development within OCPs. KEY WORDS: Physical activity; community planning; policy; built environment; population health OBJECTIF : Les politiques municipales peuvent avoir des incidences considerables sur le developpement de milieux offrant aux particuliers des possibilites durables de pratiquer des modes de vie sains et actifs. On ignore en general si la planification urbaine au Canada integre explicitement des strategies pour favoriser l'activite physique. Dans le contexte d'Active Saskatchewan 2020 (AS2020), le plan strategique de Saskatchewan in motion, une telle analyse permettrait de deceler les lacunes dans les politiques et d'exercer une surveillance continue. Notre etude visait a examiner le plan d'urbanisme officiel (PUO) de chacune des villes de la province de la Saskatchewan, au Canada, pour y reperer les politiques propices a l'activite physique. METHODE : Nous avons effectue une analyse de contenu classique des PUO des 17 villes de la Saskatchewan. Nous avons examine chaque PUO pour en extraire les passages ayant un lien avec le soutien de l'activite physique. Nous avons classe ces extraits par theme pour chaque ville et pour differentes villes, creant ainsi un jeu d'indicateurs pour l'exercice d'une surveillance continue. RESULTATS : Globalement, 17 indicateurs ont ete etablis. La frequence d'inclusion de ces indicateurs dans les 17 PUO variait entre 17,6 % et 82,4 %. La frequence moyenne des indicateurs recenses etait de 7,4 par PUO. Les indicateurs les plus communement utilises etaient les plans de quartiers residentiels associes a la vie active, les plans du reseau cyclable et pietonnier du centre-ville et les ententes d'utilisation commune entre les communautes et les ecoles. CONCLUSIONS : Dans la plupart des PUO de la Saskatchewan, il est rare que des politiques propices a l'activite physique soient directement mentionnees. AS2020 et Saskatchewan in motion auront probablement un effet sur les politiques d'urbanisme. Notre etude etablit un jeu d'indicateurs pour surveiller ce processus et souligne les aspects qu'il serait possible d'ameliorer en elaborant des politiques a integrer dans les PUO. MOTS CLES : activite physique; planification urbaine; politique (principe); milieu bati; sante des populations, Physical activity is an integral contributor to health and well-being. Evidence points to a decline in physical activity levels globally and in Canada. (1-3) This trend has a strong relationship [...]

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of administrative health and education data for identifying cases of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Manitoba, and to recommend a surveillance case definition. METHODS: Four service providers abstracted information on children who had been clinically diagnosed with ASD ('sensitivity cohort'). That information was linked to Manitoba's administrative health and education data and records were extracted into the study dataset. Records were also included for children who had an administrative diagnosis of ASD but who were not part of the sensitivity cohort. Study packages were mailed to the parents of the latter group in order to verify their diagnostic status. The sensitivity and PPV of various case definitions were calculated. RESULTS: Among the 1728 service provider-reported cases, 1532 had an administrative diagnosis of ASD. A total of 2414 children had an administrative diagnosis, of whom 882 were not part of the sensitivity cohort. The response to the mail-out was very poor (< 3%). Accordingly, we calculated minimum PPVs. Our recommended surveillance case definitions are [greater than or equal to] 1 physician claim (ICD-9-CM 299) or [greater than or equal to] 1 'ASD' special education record (2-5 years of age), and [greater than or equal to] 2 physician claims or [greater than or equal to] 1 'ASD' special education record (6-14 years of age). The sensitivity ranged from 80% (95% CI: 77-83) to 88% (95% CI: 83-91) and the minimum PPV from 70% (95% CI: 67-73) to 78% (95% CI: 75-81) for these definitions. CONCLUSION: This work advances the goal of establishing a cost-effective national surveillance system for ASD. KEY WORDS: Autism spectrum disorder; surveillance; administrative data; validation studies; Manitoba; Manitoba Centre for Health Policy OBJECTIFS : Evaluer la sensibilite et la valeur predictive positive (VPP) des donnees administratives dans le domaine de la sante et de l'education pour deceler les cas de troubles du spectre autistique (TSA) au Manitoba et recommander une definition de cas sous surveillance. METHODE : Quatre dispensateurs de services ont resume les renseignements d'enfants ayant recu un diagnostic clinique de TSA (<< cohorte de sensibilite >>). Ces renseignements ont ete mailles avec les donnees administratives du Manitoba dans le domaine de la sante et de l'education, et les dossiers ont ete extraits vers le jeu de donnees de l'etude. Ont aussi ete inclus les dossiers des enfants ayant un diagnostic administratif de TSA, mais ne faisant pas partie de la cohorte de sensibilite. La trousse de l'information de l'etude a ete envoyee par la poste aux parents de ce dernier groupe pour confirmer le diagnostic des enfants. La sensibilite et la VPP de diverses definitions de cas ont ete calculees. RESULTATS : Sur les 1 728 cas declares par les dispensateurs de services, 1 532 avaient un diagnostic administratif de TSA. Au total, 2 414 enfants avaient un diagnostic administratif, dont 882 ne faisant pas partie de la cohorte de sensibilite. La reponse a l'envoi postal a ete nettement insuffisante (< 3%). Par consequent, nous avons calcule des VPP minimales. Nos definitions de cas sous surveillance recommandees sont [greater than or equal to] 1 demande(s) de paiement de medecin(s) (CIM-9-MC 299) ou [greater than or equal to] 1 dossier(s) d'education specialisee << TSA >> (2-5 ans), et [greater than or equal to] 2 demandes de paiement de medecins ou [greater than or equal to] 1 dossier(s) d'education specialisee << TSA >> (6-14 ans). La sensibilite variait de 80% (IC de 95% : 77-83) a 88% (IC de 95% : 83-91) et la VPP minimale de 70% (IC de 95% : 67-73) a 78% (IC de 95% : 75-81) pour ces definitions. CONCLUSION : Ce travail nous rapproche de l'objectif d'etablir un systeme de surveillance national economiquement efficace pour les TSA. MOTS CLES : trouble du spectre autistique; surveillance; donnees administratives; etudes de validation; Manitoba; Centre d'elaboration et d'evaluation de la politique des soins de sante du Manitoba, The Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) is establishing an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) surveillance system in response to calls for data to inform programs and services for individuals and [...]

OBJECTIVES: Cannabis is the most widely used illicit substance in Canada. There exist a variety of tools to measure problematic characteristics of cannabis use; however, there is no consensus on the operational definition of 'problematic use'. The current study sought to estimate the prevalence of problematic cannabis use in Canada, in terms of the kinds of problems Canadians report due to their cannabis use, the levels of harm associated with cannabis consumption, and potential differences among socio-demographic groups. METHODS: Cross-sectional, nationally representative data for Canadians were obtained from the publicly available Statistics Canada's 2013 Canadian Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey (CTADS) (n = 13 635). Binary logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine subgroup differences in patterns of cannabis use and problematic outcomes defined by the World Health Organization's Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) tool embedded in CTADS. RESULTS: The findings indicate that, while 1 in 10 Canadians reported using cannabis in the past 3 months, only 2% of the sample of Canadians who reported using cannabis in the past 3 months were characterized as having a 'high risk' of severe health or other problems. Canadian male respondents were more likely to report social problems than females and to be categorized as high risk. Youth and young adults between the ages of 15 and 29 consistently reported a greater prevalence of problems associated with their cannabis consumption than their older counterparts. CONCLUSION: A very small proportion of Canadians report using cannabis to a degree that is problematic. Approximately one in two young people reported using cannabis at some point in their lives, of concern given the negative health outcomes of early cannabis use. This study highlights the need for the development of more sensitive instruments to detect problematic cannabis use. KEY WORDS: Cannabis; marijuana; ASSIST; problematic use; dependence; men's health; youth; surveillance OBJECTIFS : Le cannabis est la substance illicite la plus largement consommee au Canada. Il existe un eventail d'outils pour mesurer les caracteristiques de la consommation abusive de cannabis, mais la definition operationnelle de << consommation abusive >> ne fait pas consensus. Notre etude visait a estimer la prevalence de la consommation abusive de cannabis au Canada, en fonction des genres de problemes que les Canadiens disent decouler de leur consommation de cannabis, des niveaux de mefaits associes a cette consommation et des differences eventuelles entre les groupes sociodemographiques. METHODE : Des donnees transversales representatives des Canadiens a l'echelle nationale ont ete tirees de l'Enquete canadienne sur le tabac, l'alcool et les drogues (ECTAD) menee par Statistique Canada en 2013 (n = 13 635), qui est publiquement disponible. Des analyses de regression logistique binaires ont permis d'examiner les differences entre sous-groupes dans les habitudes de consommation de cannabis et les issues problematiques definies dans l'outil ASSIST (Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test) de l'Organisation mondiale de la sante, integre dans l'ECTAD. RESULTATS : Selon nos constatations, bien qu'un Canadien sur 10 ait declare avoir consomme du cannabis au cours des 3 mois anterieurs, seulement 2 % de l'echantillon de Canadiens ayant declare avoir consomme du cannabis au cours des 3 mois anterieurs ont ete caracterises comme ayant un << risque eleve >> d'eprouver un grave probleme (de sante ou autre). Les repondants masculins etaient plus susceptibles de declarer des problemes sociaux que les femmes et d'etre classes dans la categorie de << risque eleve >>. Les jeunes et les jeunes adultes entre 15 et 29 ans ont systematiquement declare une plus forte prevalence de problemes associes a leur consommation de cannabis que les repondants plus ages. CONCLUSION : Une tres faible proportion de Canadiens declare consommer du cannabis de facon abusive. Environ un jeune sur deux declare en avoir deja consomme dans sa vie, ce qui est preoccupant vu les effets negatifs de la consommation precoce du cannabis sur la sante. L'etude souligne la necessite d'elaborer des instruments plus sensibles pour detecter la consommation abusive de cannabis. MOTS CLES : cannabis; marijuana; ASSIST; consommation abusive; dependance; sante masculine; jeunes; surveillance, Cannabis is the most widely used illicit substance in the world, though rates of use have stabilized according to global estimates. (1) In 2013, approximately 10% of Canadians 15 years [...]

OBJECTIVES: To examine the prevalence and predictors associated with cybervictimization among preadolescents in a community-based sample from Canada. METHODS: Data were drawn from a cohort of 5783 students of grades 5-8, aged 9-14 from 109 elementary schools at the Saskatoon Health Region, Saskatchewan of Canada based on the Student Health Survey in the year of 2010- 2011. Multivariate logistic regression with the generalized estimating equation was used to determine the individual and contextual factors associated with self-reported cybervictimization. RESULTS: Of the 5783 school children, 5611 (97.0%) responded to the question regarding cybervictimization. Among those respondents, 572 (10.2%) reported being cyberbullied at least once in the past four weeks. The students most likely to be victimized by cyberbullying were girls, students in grades 7 and 8 compared with grade 5, Aboriginal students compared to non-Aboriginal students, those who had lived part of their life outside of Canada compared with those who lived all of their life in Canada, those who reported drinking alcohol in the past, those who reported very elevated depressive symptoms, those who were traditionally bullied, those who had low self-esteem, and those who had a poor relationship with their parents. School-level variation in cyberbullying victimization is negligible. School neighbour-level deprivation is not significant after adjusting for individual-level characteristics and parent-child relationship. CONCLUSION: Our findings identified important characteristics of preadolescents with higher susceptibility to cybervictimization in a Canadian setting, which can be used to develop intervention strategies for mitigating cybervictimization among the study population. KEY WORDS: Cyberbullying victimization; ecological systems theory; psychological factors; traditional bullying OBJECTIFS : Examiner la prevalence et les variables predictives associees a la cybervictimisation chez les preadolescents dans un echantillon communautaire au Canada. METHODE : Les donnees provenaient d'une cohorte de 5 783 eleves de la 5e a la 8e annee ages de 9 a 14 ans et frequentant 109 ecoles primaires de la Region sanitaire de Saskatoon (en Saskatchewan, au Canada) d'apres une enquete sur la sante des eleves (Student Health Survey) menee en 2010-2011. Une analyse de regression logistique multivariee avec equation d'estimation generalisee a servi a determiner les facteurs individuels et contextuels associes a la cybervictimisation autodeclaree. RESULTATS : Sur 5 783 enfants d'age scolaire, 5 611 (97%) ont repondu a la question sur la cybervictimisation. De ces repondants, 572 (10,2%) ont declare avoir ete victimes de cyberintimidation au moins une fois au cours des quatre semaines precedentes. Les eleves les plus susceptibles d'avoir ete victimes de cyberintimidation etaient les filles, les eleves de 7e et de 8e annee (par opposition aux eleves de 5e annee), les eleves autochtones (par opposition aux eleves non autochtones), les eleves ayant vecu une partie de leur vie hors du Canada (par opposition a ceux ayant vecu au Canada toute leur vie), les eleves ayant declare avoir bu de l'alcool par le passe, ceux ayant declare des symptomes depressifs tres eleves, ceux ayant ete victimes de brimades classiques, ceux qui avaient une faible estime de soi, et ceux qui etaient en mauvais termes avec leurs parents. Les ecarts d'une ecole a l'autre en matiere de cyberintimidation etaient negligeables. La defavorisation des ecoles selon le quartier n'etait pas un facteur significatif apres elimination des effets des caracteristiques individuelles et de la qualite de la relation parent-enfant. CONCLUSION : Nos resultats ont mis en lumiere d'importantes caracteristiques chez les preadolescents les plus susceptibles d'etre victimes de cyberintimidation dans un milieu canadien; ils peuvent servir a elaborer des strategies d'intervention pour attenuer la cybervictimisation dans la population etudiee. MOTS CLES : cybervictimisation; theorie des systemes ecologiques; facteurs psychologiques; brimades classiques, Cyberbullying is a new recent form of bullying or harassment using electronic means to aggressively and intentionally harm someone repeatedly and over time, where a power imbalance exists between cyberbullies [...]

OBJECTIVES: Recent studies have connected increased fluoride exposure with increased risk of neurodevelopmental-related outcomes, such as ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) and lower IQ in children. Our primary objective was to examine the association between fluoride exposure and reported diagnosis of a learning disability among a population-based sample of Canadian children aged 3-12 years. METHODS: We analyzed data from Cycles 2 and 3 of the Canadian Health Measures Survey. Four measures of fluoride exposure were available: 1) urinary fluoride ([micro]mol/L), 2) creatinine-adjusted urinary fluoride ([micro]mol/mmol), 3) specific gravity-adjusted urinary fluoride ([micro]mol/L), and 4) fluoride concentration of tap water (mg/L) (Cycle 3 only). Diagnosis of a learning disability (yes/no) was based on parental- or self-report. Associations were examined using logistic regression (where possible), unadjusted and adjusted for covariates. RESULTS: When Cycles 2 and 3 were examined separately, reported learning disability diagnosis was not significantly associated with any measure of fluoride exposure in unadjusted or adjusted models. When Cycles 2 and 3 were combined, a small but statistically significant effect was observed such that children with higher urinary fluoride had higher odds of having a reported learning disability in the adjusted model (p = 0.03). However, the association was not observed in models that used creatinine-adjusted urinary fluoride and specific gravity-adjusted urinary fluoride, which are believed to be more accurate measures due to their correction for urinary dilution. CONCLUSION: Overall, there did not appear to be a robust association between fluoride exposure and parental- or self- reported diagnosis of a learning disability among Canadian children. KEY WORDS: Population; fluoridation; cognition; learning disorders; surveys and questionnaires OBJECTIFS : Des etudes recentes ont revele que la croissance de l'exposition au fluorure augmente le risque de maladies reliees au developpement des neurones telles que, TDAH (trouble deficitaire de l'attention, avec ou sans hyperactivite) et de QI moins eleves chez les enfants. Notre objectif principal est d'examiner le lien entre l'exposition au fluorure et les diagnostics publies sur les troubles d'apprentissage selon un echantillon de la population d'enfants ages de 3 a 12 ans. METHODES : Nous avons analyse les donnees des cycles 2 et 3 de l'Enquete canadienne sur les mesures de la sante. Quatre mesures de fluorure etaient disponibles : 1) fluorure urinaire ([micro]mol/L), 2) fluorure urinaire normalisee par la creatinine ([micro]mol/mmol), 3) fluorure urinaire specifique normalisee pour la gravite ([micro]mol/L), et 4) concentration de fluorure de l'eau du robinet (mg/L) (Cycle 3 seulement). Le diagnostic des troubles d'apprentissage (oui ou non) etait fonde sur les rapports parentaux ou sur l'auto-evaluation. Les liens ont ete examines en utilisant la regression logistique (la oU c'etait possible), donnees non corrigees et corrigees pour les covariables. RESULTATS : Lorsque les cycles 2 et 3 ont ete examines separement, le diagnostic sur les troubles d'apprentissage ne presentait aucun lien significatif avec les mesures d'exposition au fluorure, dans les modeles corriges ou non corriges. Lorsque les cycles 2 et 3 ont ete regroupes, un leger effet, mais dont la signification statistique a ete observee comme quoi les enfants ayant demontre un taux de fluorure urinaire plus eleve avaient plus de chances d'avoir des troubles d'apprentissage selon le modele corrige (p = 0.03). Cependant, ce lien n'a pas ete observe dans les modeles qui utilisaient des taux de fluorure urinaire corriges pour la creatinine et corriges pour la gravite specifique, lesquels sont censes etre plus precis en raison de la correction pour la dilution urinaire. CONCLUSION : En general, nous n'avons trouve aucun lien solide entre l'exposition au fluorure et les diagnostics des parents ou des autoevaluations parmi les enfants canadiens quant aux troubles d'apprentissages. MOTS CLES : population; fluorisation; cognition; troubles d'apprentissage; sondages et questionnaires, Community water fluoridation (CWF) is the addition of a controlled quantity of fluoride to a public drinking water supply to prevent tooth decay. The weight of existing evidence suggests that [...]

Lamproites and kimberlites are natural probes of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle providing insights into the Earth's continental lithosphere. Whole-rock major-, trace-element and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions of the Paleozoic (~ 253 Ma) lamproite dikes from the Baifen zone of the Zhenyuan area in southeastern Guizhou Province (in the southern Yangtze Block, South China) are presented. The Baifen lamproites are characterized by high MgO (7.84-14.1 wt%), K.sub.2O (3.94-5.07 wt%) and TiO.sub.2 (2.69-3.23 wt%) contents, low SiO.sub.2 (41.3-45.7 wt%), Na.sub.2O (0.21-0.28 wt%) and Al.sub.2O.sub.3 (6.10-7.20 wt%) contents. All lamproites have elevated Cr (452-599 ppm) and Ni (485-549 ppm) abundances, as well as high Ba (1884-3589 ppm), La (160-186 ppm), Sr (898-1152 ppm) and Zr (532-632 ppm) concentrations. They show uniform REE distribution patterns that are strongly enriched in light REEs relative to heavy REEs [(La/Yb).sub.N = 71.1-87.6], and exhibit OIB-like geochemical features with obvious enrichment of both LILEs and HFSEs in the primitive mantle-normalized multi-element distribution diagram. Moderately radiogenic Sr (.sup.87Sr/.sup.86Sr.sub.i = 0.706336-0.707439), unradiogenic Nd (.sup.143Nd/.sup.144Nd.sub.i = 0.511687-0.511704 and [epsilon].sub.Nd(t) = - 12.2 to - 11.9), and low initial Pb (.sup.206Pb/.sup.204Pb.sub.i = 16.80-16.90, .sup.207Pb/.sup.204Pb.sub.i = 15.34-15.35 and .sup.208Pb/.sup.204Pb.sub.i = 37.43-37.70) isotopic compositions are obtained from the rocks. They yield old model ages of T.sub.DM(Nd) = 1.48-1.54 Ga. These signatures suggest that the Baifen lamproite magmas are alkaline, ultrapotassic and ultramafic in character and mainly represent mantle-derived primary melts, which have undergone insignificant crustal contamination and negligible fractional crystallization. The Baifen lamproites originated from a veined metasomatized lithospheric mantle source. We envisage that they were derived by partial melting of old, mineralogically complex metasomatic vein assemblages in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath the southern Yangtze Block. The source region experienced ancient mantle metasomatism with complex modification by enriched fluids and melts. The metasomatic agents are most likely to originate from pre-existing slab subduction beneath the southeastern margin of the Yangtze Block. Tectonically, the Baifen lamproites were emplaced at the southern margin of the Yangtze Block, and they formed in an intraplate extensional setting, showing an anorogenic affinity. In terms of time and space, the genesis of Baifen lamproites is presumably related to the Emeishan large igneous province. The Emeishan mantle plume is suggested as an effective mechanism for rapid extension and thinning of the lithosphere, followed by decompression melting of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle. Combined with the thermal perturbation from asthenospheric upwelling induced by the Emeishan mantle plume, the lamproite magmas, representing small volume and limited partial melts of ancient enriched mantle lithosphere, arose. We propose that the generation of the Baifen lamproite dikes probably was a consequence of the far-field effects of the Emeishan mantle plume., Author(s): Lu Xiang [sup.1] [sup.2], Jianping Zheng [sup.1], Mingguo Zhai [sup.2] [sup.3], Wolfgang Siebel [sup.4] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.503241.1, 0000 0004 1760 9015, School of Earth Sciences, State Key Laboratory [...]

OBJECTIVE: Although there is widespread recognition that poverty is a key determinant of health, there has been less research on the impact of poverty reduction on health. Recent calls for a guaranteed annual income (GAI), defined as regular income provided to citizens by the state regardless of work status, raise questions about the impact, relative to the costs, of such a population health intervention. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of Canadian seniors' benefits (Old Age Security/Guaranteed Income Supplement, analogous to a GAI program) on the self- reported health, self-reported mental health and functional health of age-eligible, low-income seniors. METHODS: We used the 2009-2010 Canadian Community Health Survey to examine unattached adult respondents with an annual income of $20,000 or less, stratified by seniors' benefits/GAI eligibility (55-64 years: ineligible; 65-74 years: eligible). Using regression, we assessed self-reported health, self-reported mental health and functional health as measured by the Health Utilities Index, as outcomes for seniors' benefits/GAI- eligible and -ineligible groups. RESULTS: We found that individuals age-eligible for seniors' benefits/GAI had better health outcomes than recipients of conditional income assistance programs. Eligibility for seniors' benefits/GAI after age 64 was associated with better self-reported health, functional health and self-reported mental health outcomes, and these effects were observed until age 74. CONCLUSION: Using seniors' benefits as an example, a GAI leads to significantly better mental health and improved health overall. These improvements are likely to yield reduced health care costs, which may offset the costs associated with program expansion. KEY WORDS: Health; mental health; HUI; Canada; poverty; Guaranteed Annual Income; seniors OBJECTIF : On reconnait en general que la pauvrete est l'un des grands determinants de la sante, mais on a moins etudie l'impact de la reduction de la pauvrete sur la sante. Les demandes recentes en faveur d'un revenu annuel garanti (RAG), defini comme etant un revenu regulier offert aux citoyens par l'Etat peu importe leur statut d'emploi, soulevent des questions a propos de l'impact d'une telle intervention en sante des populations par rapport a ses couts. Notre etude visait a determiner l'impact des prestations aux Canadiens ages (la Securite de la vieillesse/le Supplement de revenu garanti, semblables a un programme de RAG) sur la sante autodeclaree, la sante mentale autodeclaree et la sante fonctionnelle des personnes agees a faible revenu ayant l'age d'admissibilite. METHODE : Nous avons utilise l'Enquete sur la sante dans les collectivites canadiennes de 2009-2010 pour examiner les repondants adultes sans attaches ayant un revenu annuel de 20 000 $ ou moins, stratifies selon leur admissibilite aux prestations aux aines/au RAG (55-64 ans : inadmissibles; 65-74 ans : admissibles). Au moyen d'une regression, nous avons evalue la sante autodeclaree, la sante mentale autodeclaree et la sante fonctionnelle, mesurees par le Health Utilities Index, en tant qu'effets dans les groupes admissibles et inadmissibles aux prestations aux aines/au RAG. RESULTATS : Nous avons constate que les personnes ayant l'age d'admissibilite aux prestations aux aTnes/au RAG avaient de meilleurs resultats sanitaires que les beneficiaires des programmes d'aide au revenu assortis de conditions. L'admissibilite aux prestations aux aines/au RAG apres l'age de 64 ans etait associee a de meilleurs resultats de sante autodeclaree, de sante fonctionnelle et de sante mentale autodeclaree, et ces effets etaient observes jusqu'a l'age de 74 ans. CONCLUSION : En ce qui concerne les prestations aux aines, un RAG mene a une amelioration significative de la sante mentale et a une amelioration globale de la sante. Ces ameliorations sont susceptibles d'entrainer des baisses des couts des soins de sante, ce qui pourrait compenser les couts associes a l'expansion des programmes. MOTS CLEs : sante; sante mentale; HUI; Canada; pauvrete; revenu annuel garanti; personne agee La traduction du resume se trouve a la fin de l'article. Can J Public Health 2016;107(2):e176-e182 doi: 10.17269/CJPH.107.5372, Four million Canadians (12.9%) live in poverty. (1) There is a persistent negative correlation between low income and self-reported health, increased risk of chronic diseases (coronary heart disease, type 2 [...]

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the Children's Oral Health Initiative (COHI) is to increase access to preventive oral health services provided to First Nations and Inuit (FN/I) children living on federal reserves and in remote communities. PARTICIPANTS: COHI targets preschool children; 5-7-year-olds; pregnant women; and parents/caregivers in FN/I communities. SETTING: The program was piloted in 2004 by Health Canada and is potentially available to all FN/I communities. However, the community must consent to the program's implementation and agree to support a community member to be trained as a COHI aide. INTERVENTION: Dental therapists and hygienists screen eligible children, apply fluoride varnish and sealants to children's teeth, and stabilize active dental caries with glass ionomer. An innovation was the development of a community oral health worker, the COHI Aide. The COHI Aide is a community member who serves as an advocate for preventive oral health in the community and provides instruction to children, parent/caregivers and expectant mothers in preventing dental caries. RESULTS: COHI was piloted in 41 communities in 2004. By 2014, the program had expanded to 320 FN/I communities, which represents 55% of all eligible FN/I communities. In 2012, 23,085 children had received COHI preventive oral health services. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate COHI's success as a preventive oral health care delivery model in remote communities. Implementation and delivery of preventive oral health services has been enhanced by the sustained presence of a community-based COHI Aide. KEY WORDS: Indigenous health services; pediatric dentistry; oral health; dental caries; community health worker OBJECTIF: L'Initiative en sante buccodentaire des enfants (ISBE) vise a elargir l'acces aux services de sante buccodentaire preventifs offerts aux enfants inuits et des Premieres Nations (IPN) vivant dans les reserves federales et les communautes eloignees. PARTICIPANTS: L'ISBE cible les enfants d'age prescolaire, les enfants de 5 a 7 ans, les femmes enceintes, et les parents et aidants vivant dans les communautes IPN. LIEU: Mis a l'essai par Sante Canada en 2004, le programme est potentiellement disponible dans toutes les communautes IPN. Toutefois, la communaute doit consentir a la mise en reuvre du programme et accepter de soutenir la formation d'un membre de la communaute comme representant ou representante en sante dentaire pour l'ISBE. INTERVENTION: Des therapeutes et des hygienistes dentaires filtrent les enfants admissibles, appliquent un vernis fluore et un scellant sur les dents des enfants et stabilisent les caries dentaires actives avec du verre ionomere. L'une des innovations du programme a ete la creation du poste de representant ou representante en sante dentaire pour l'ISBE. Cette personne plaide en faveur de la sante buccodentaire preventive dans la communaute etdonne des instructions aux enfants, aux parents ou aidants et aux femmes enceintes sur la prevention de la carie dentaire. RESULTATS: L'ISBE a ete mise a l'essai dans 41 communautes en 2004. Dix ans plus tard, l'initiative etait presente dans 320 communautes IPN, soit 55% des communautes IPN admissibles. En 2012, 23 085 enfants avaient regu des services de sante buccodentaire preventifs de l'ISBE. CONCLUSION: Ces resultats indiquent que l'ISBE est un modele efficace de prestation de soins buccodentaires preventifs dans les communautes eloignees. La mise en reuvre et la prestation des services de sante buccodentaire preventifs sont rehaussees par la presence continue d'un representant ou d'une representante en sante dentaire pour l'ISBE. MOTS CLES: services de sante autochtones; dentisterie pediatrique; sante buccodentaire; caries dentaires; auxiliaires de sante communautaire La traduction du resume se trouve a la fin de l'article. Can J Public Health 2016;107(2):e188-e193 doi: 10.17269/CJPH.107.5299, Approximately 4% (1.4 million people) of the Canadian population self-identify as being of Aboriginal descent. Of these individuals, over 314,000 live in 636 communities, also referred to as federal reserves, [...]

OBJECTIVES: To provide opportunities for intergenerational knowledge sharing for healthy lifestyles; to facilitate youth and Elder mentorship; and to increase the self-esteem of youth by celebrating identity, cultural practices and community connection through the creation and sharing of digital stories. PARTICIPANTS: A youth research team (8 youth) aged 13-25, youth participants (60 core participants and 170 workshop participants) and Elders (14) from First Nations communities. SETTING: The project was conducted with participants from several communities on Vancouver Island through on-site workshops and presentations. INTERVENTION: Youth and Elders were invited to a 3-day digital story workshop consisting of knowledge-sharing sessions by Elders and digital story training by the youth research team. Workshop attendees returned to their communities to develop stories. The group re- convened at the university to create digital stories focused on community connections, family histories and healthy lifestyles. During the following year the research team delivered instructional sessions in communities on the digital story process. OUTCOMES: The youth involved reported increased pride in community as well as new or enhanced relationships with Elders. CONCLUSIONS: The digital stories method facilitated intergenerational interactions and engaged community members in creating a digital representation of healthy lifestyles. The process itself is an intervention, as it affords critical reflection on historical, cultural and spiritual ideas of health and what it means to be healthy in an Aboriginal community. It is a particularly relevant health promotion tool in First Nations communities with strong oral history traditions. KEY WORDS: Health promotion; community based participatory research; indigenous population group; adolescent; digital story OBJECTIFS : Offrir des occasions de partage intergenerationnel des connaissances pour favoriser les modes de vie sains; faciliter le mentorat entre les jeunes et les Arnes; et accroTtre l'estime de soi des jeunes en celebrant l'identite, les pratiques culturelles et les liens communautaires par la creation et le partage de recits numeriques. PARTICIPANTS : Une equipe de 8 jeunes chercheurs ages de 13 a 25 ans, des jeunes participants (60 participants de base et 170 participants aux ateliers) ainsi que 14 ATnes des communautes des Premieres nations. LIEU : Le projet a ete mene avec des participants de plusieurs communautes de l'Tle de Vancouver au moyen d'ateliers et de presentations donnes sur place. INTERVENTION : Des jeunes et des Aines ont ete invites a un atelier de narration numerique de trois jours comprenant des seances de partage des connaissances par les Aines et une formation sur la narration numerique par l'equipe de jeunes chercheurs. Les participants de l'atelier sont ensuite retournes dans leurs communautes pour preparer des recits. Le groupe s'est retrouve a l'universite pour creer des recits numeriques portant sur les liens communautaires, les chroniques familiales et les modes de vie sains. Au cours de l'annee suivante, l'equipe de chercheurs a donne des seances de formation dans les communautes sur le processus de narration numerique. RESULTATS : Les jeunes participants ont fait etat d'une fierte accrue pour leur communaute ainsi que de liens nouveaux ou renforces avec les ATnes. CONCLUSIONS : La methode de narration numerique a facilite les echanges intergenerationnels et encourage les membres de la communaute a creer une representation numerique des modes de vie sains. Le processus en tant que tel est une intervention, car il permet une reflexion critique sur les notions historiques, culturelles et spirituelles de la sante et sur ce que signifie etre en bonne sante dans une communaute autochtone. C'est un outil de promotion de la sante particulierement pertinent dans les communautes des Premieres nations ayant de vigoureuses traditions orales. MOTS CLES : promotion de la sante; recherche participative communautaire; groupe de population autochtone; adolescent; recit numerique La traduction du resume se trouve a la fin de l'article. Can J Public Health 2016;107(2):e183-e187 doi: 10.17269/CJPH.107.5266, As the Aboriginal population in Canada continues to grow much faster than the non-Aboriginal population, so do disparities in health. (1) Research demonstrates longstanding gaps in health status between Aboriginal [...]

OBJECTIVES: While active living interventions focus on modifying urban design and built environment, weather variation, a phenomenon that perennially interacts with these environmental factors, is consistently underexplored. This study's objective is to develop a methodology to link weather data with existing cross-sectional accelerometry data in capturing weather variation. METHODS: Saskatoon's neighbourhoods were classified into grid-pattern, fractured grid-pattern and curvilinear neighbourhoods. Thereafter, 137 Actical accelerometers were used to derive moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) data from 455 children in 25 sequential one-week cycles between April and June, 2010. This sequential deployment was necessary to overcome the difference in the ratio between the sample size and the number of accelerometers. A data linkage methodology was developed, where each accelerometry cycle was matched with localized (Saskatoon-specific) weather patterns derived from Environment Canada. Statistical analyses were conducted to depict the influence of urban design on MVPA and SB after factoring in localized weather patterns. RESULTS: Integration of cross-sectional accelerometry with localized weather patterns allowed the capture of weather variation during a single seasonal transition. Overall, during the transition from spring to summer in Saskatoon, MVPA increased and SB decreased during warmer days. After factoring in localized weather, a recurring observation was that children residing in fractured grid-pattern neighbourhoods accumulated significantly lower MVPA and higher SB. CONCLUSION: The proposed methodology could be utilized to link globally available cross-sectional accelerometry data with place-specific weather data to understand how built and social environmental factors interact with varying weather patterns in influencing active living. KEY WORDS: Weather; physical activity; sedentary lifestyle OBJECTIFS: Les interventions de promotion de la vie active cherchent surtout a modifier l'amenagement urbain et le milieu bati, mais les variations meteorologiques, un phenomene qui interagit perpetuellement avec ces facteurs environnementaux, sont systematiquement sous-explorees. Notre etude vise a elaborer une methode pour relier les donnees meteorologiques aux donnees transversales existantes obtenues par accelerometrie pour capter les variations meteorologiques. METHODE: Nous avons classe les quartiers de Saskatoon en quartiers a agencement quadrille, en quartiers scindes a agencement quadrille et en quartiers a agencement curviligne. Par la suite, nous avons utilise 137 accelerometres Actical pour recueillir des donnees sur l'activite physique d'intensite moderee a elevee (APIME) et le comportement sedentaire (CS) aupres de 455 enfants au cours de 25 cycles sequentiels d'une semaine entre avril et juin 2010. Ce deploiement sequentiel etait necessaire pour surmonter la difference de ratio entre la taille de l'echantillon et le nombre d'accelerometres. Nous avons elabore une methode de maillage de donnees oU chaque cycle d'accelerometrie etait assorti aux conditions atmospheriques locales (propres a Saskatoon) selon Environnement Canada. Nous avons mene des analyses statistiques pour depeindre l'influence de l'amenagement urbain sur l'APIME et le CS apres la prise en compte des conditions atmospheriques locales. RESULTATS: L'integration de l'accelerometrie transversale et des conditions atmospheriques locales a permis de saisir les variations meteorologiques au cours d'une meme transition saisonniere. Globalement, durant la transition du printemps a l'ete a Saskatoon, l'APIME a augmente et le CS a diminue les jours les plus chauds. Apres la prise en compte des conditions meteorologiques locales, nous avons observe a plusieurs reprises que les enfants vivant dans les quartiers scindes a agencement quadrille presentaient cumulativement une APIME significativement plus faible et un CS significativement plus eleve. CONCLUSION: La methode proposee pourrait servir a relier des donnees transversales obtenues par accelerometrie disponibles mondialement et des donnees meteorologiques propres a un lieu pour comprendre comment le milieu bati et les facteurs de l'environnement social interagissent avec diverses conditions atmospheriques pour influencer la vie active. MOTS CLES: temps meteorologique; activite physique; mode de vie sedentaire La traduction du resume se trouve a la fin de l'article. Can J Public Health 2016;107(1):e30-e36 doi: 10.17269/CJPH.107.5242, Active living research is gaining global recognition as it has the potential to address health inequities by informing upstream policy interventions for creating active urban communities. (1) While active living [...]

OBJECTIVES: The role of diet in the etiology of breast cancer is not well understood despite extensive research. In the majority of this work, a single nutrient-based approach has been used which does not take into account combinations of food that are consumed. An alternative to the single nutrient approach is to identify patterns in the dietary intake information and relate these patterns to disease incidence. This investigation characterized dietary patterns among participants of a Canadian case-control study and related these dietary patterns to the incidence of breast cancer. METHODS: Dietary and other risk factor data from cases and controls of the Canadian National Enhanced Cancer Surveillance System were collected using self-administered questionnaires. Principal component factor analysis was used to classify individuals based on their dietary patterns. The relationship between these dietary patterns and breast cancer was evaluated using logistic regression. The derived odds ratios and their 95% confidence limits were adjusted for several factors, such as smoking, alcohol intake, environmental tobacco smoke exposure and obesity. RESULTS: In the 2,009 cases and 2,086 controls, three dietary patterns were identified: western, healthy and vitamin. The highest quartile of the 'healthy' dietary pattern was related to a 22% decrease in breast cancer risk (95% CI: 0.61-1.00), relative to the lowest quartile. The fourth quartile of the 'vitamin' dietary pattern was associated with a 14% decrease in breast cancer risk (95% CI: 0.70-1.04) relative to the first. No statistically significant associations between the 'western' dietary pattern and breast cancer were found. These associations were neither confounded nor modified by menopausal status. CONCLUSION: Our analyses reveal that individual dietary items tend to cluster together in such a way that there are three distinct dietary patterns in this sample of Canadian women. Some of these patterns, in turn, were associated with the risk of breast cancer. KEY WORDS: Breast cancer; case-control study; principal factor component analysis; dietary patterns OBJECTIFS: On connait mal le role du regime dans l'etiologie du cancer du sein malgre le grand nombre d'etudes sur le sujet. Dans la majorite de ces etudes, on utilise une demarche axee sur un nutriment particulier, ce qui ne tient pas compte des combinaisons d'aliments qui sont consommees. Une option de rechange a la demarche axee sur un seul nutriment consiste a reperer les grandes tendances de l'information sur les apports alimentaires et a les lier aux structures d'incidence des maladies. Notre enquete a caracterise les schemas alimentaires des participantes d'une etude castemoins canadienne et les ont lies a l'incidence du cancer du sein. METHODE: Des donnees sur le regime alimentaire et d'autres facteurs de risque provenant de cas et de temoins du Systeme national de surveillance accrue du cancer ont ete recueillies a l'aide de questionnaires a remplir soimeme. Nous avons utilise l'analyse factorielle en composantes principales pour classifier les repondantes d'apres leurs habitudes alimentaires. Nous avons evalue la relation entre ces schemas alimentaires et le cancer du sein au moyen d'analyses de regression logistique. Les rapports de cotes derives et leurs intervalles de confiance de 95% ont ete ajustes selon plusieurs facteurs, dont le tabagisme, la consommation d'alcool, l'exposition a la fumee secondaire du tabac et l'obesite. RESULTATS: Chez les 2 009 cas et les 2 086 temoins, nous avons defini trois schemas alimentaires : occidental, sain et vitamine. Le quartile superieur du schema alimentaire << sain >> etait lie a une reduction de 22% du risque de cancer du sein (IC de 95% : 0,61-1,00), comparativement au quartile inferieur. Le quatrieme quartile du schema alimentaire << vitamine >> etait associe a une reduction de 14% du risque de cancer du sein (IC de 95% : 0,70-1,04) comparativement au premier. Nous n'avons trouve aucune association significative entre le schema alimentaire << occidental >> et le cancer du sein. Ces associations n'etaient ni faussees, ni modifiees par le statut menopausique. CONCLUSION: Nos analyses revelent que les choix alimentaires individuels ont tendance a former des grappes qui dessinent trois schemas alimentaires distincts dans cet echantillon de Canadiennes. Certains de ces schemas etaient a leur tour associes au risque de cancer du sein. MOTS CLES: tumeurs du sein; etudes cas-temoins; analyse factorielle en composantes principales; habitudes alimentaires La traduction du resume se trouve a la fin de l'article. Can J Public Health 2016;107(1):e49-e55 doi: 10.17269/CJPH.107.5230, Breast cancer is a global health concern, with incidence rates steady or climbing in high-income countries and both incidence and mortality rates increasing in other countries. (1) In Canada, the [...]

OBJECTIVES: Contact investigations are a critical component of tuberculosis control in high-income countries. However, the relative success of conventional methods by population group and place of residence is unknown. This study compares outcomes of contact investigations of Canadian-born Indigenous tuberculosis cases living on- and off-reserve with other Canadian-born cases. METHODS: In a retrospective analysis, Canadian-born adult culture-positive pulmonary TB cases (2001-2010) were identified. Characteristics of source cases and their contacts were compared by population group. Outcomes of contact investigations, including completion of recommended investigations and preventive therapy, were compared in multivariable analysis. RESULTS: Of 171 cases of tuberculosis identified, 49 (29%) were Indigenous on-reserve, 62 (36%) Indigenous off-reserve, and 60 (35%) non-Indigenous or Canadian-born, 'other'. Indigenous people had more contacts identified per case compared to non-Indigenous patients. Case population group and smear status were the main predictors of the success of contact investigations. Of those recommended preventive therapy, close contacts of Indigenous cases on-reserve had the highest rate of completion, at 54%, vs. 41% and 37% for close contacts of Indigenous living off-reserve and Canadian-born 'other' respectively (p = 0.02). Contacts of Indigenous cases living off-reserve had the greatest delay in assessment and the lowest rates of completion of assessment and preventive therapy. In multivariable analysis, population group, smear status of source case and proximity of contact were predictors of preventive therapy acceptance and/or completion. CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences in outcomes of contact investigations were observed between population groups. The higher priority of contacts of smear-positive cases appears to influence efficiency of service delivery, regardless of population group. Jurisdictional differences in program delivery, resource availability and perceived risk of transmission likely influence outcomes of contact investigations. KEY WORDS: Tuberculosis in Canada; tuberculosis in Indigenous peoples; contact investigations OBJECTIFS : Le tracage des contacts est un element essentiel de la lutte contre la tuberculose dans les pays a revenu eleve. On ignore cependant quel est le succes relatif des methodes classiques selon le segment demographique et le lieu de residence. Notre etude compare les effets du tracage des contacts de cas de tuberculose autochtones nes au Canada (vivant dans des reserves et hors des reserves) avec d'autres cas nes au Canada. METHODE : Une analyse retrospective a permis d'identifier les cas de tuberculose pulmonaire positifs par culture chez les adultes nes au Canada (2001-2010). Nous avons compare les caracteristiques des cas sources et de leurs contacts selon le segment demographique. Les resultats du tracage des contacts, dont l'execution des tracages recommandes et l'achevement du traitement preventif, ont ete compares par analyse multivariee. RESULTATS : Sur les 171 cas de tuberculose identifies, 49 (29%) etaient des Autochtones dans les reserves, 62 (36%) etaient des Autochtones hors des reserves, et 60 (35%) etaient des personnes non autochtones ou << autres >> nees au Canada. Il y avait davantage de contacts identifies par cas pour les patients autochtones que pour les patients non autochtones. Le segment demographique et la positivite ou non des frottis d'expectoration des cas etaient les principaux predicteurs de succes du tracage des contacts. Parmi les contacts pour lesquels un traitement preventif etait recommande, les contacts etroits des cas autochtones dans les reserves presentaient le taux d'achevement le plus eleve, soit 54%, contre 41% et 37% pour les contacts etroits des Autochtones vivant hors des reserves et des << autres >> personnes nees au Canada, respectivement (p = 0,02). Les contacts des cas autochtones vivant hors des reserves presentaient le plus long delai d'evaluation et les plus faibles taux d'execution de l'evaluation et d'achevement du traitement preventif. Selon l'analyse multivariee, le segment demographique, la positivite ou non des frottis d'expectoration des cas sources et la proximite du contact etaient des predicteurs de l'acceptation et/ou de l'achevement du traitement preventif. CONCLUSIONS : Des ecarts significatifs dans les resultats du tracage des contacts ont ete observes entre les segments demographiques. La priorite plus elevee accordee aux contacts des cas dont les frottis sont positifs semble influencer l'efficience de la prestation des services, peu importe le segment demographique. Les ecarts dans la prestation des programmes et la disponibilite des ressources selon la province ou le territoire et les ecarts dans le risque de transmission percu influencent probablement les resultats du tracage des contacts. MOTS CLES : tuberculose au Canada; tuberculose chez les peuples autochtones; tracage des contacts La traduction du resume se trouve a la fin de l'article. Can J Public Health 2016;107(1):e106-e111 doi: 10.17269/CJPH.107.5255, In Canada, the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) is significantly higher among peoples of Indigenous ancestry, including First Nations (FN), Metis and Inuit peoples, relative to Canadian-born people of non-Indigenous ancestry. [...]

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the public health impacts of changes in fine particle air pollution in Canada between 2000 and 2011, employing nationally comprehensive exposure estimates and quantifying the impacts on life expectancy, mortality and morbidity. METHODS: We employed spatially comprehensive exposure estimates derived from satellite remote sensing to estimate the effects of actual observed changes in concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM), of median aerodynamic diameter RESULTS: A population weighted average decrease in [PM.sub.2.5] of nearly 25% (2.0 µg/[m.sup.3]) was observed between 2000 and 2011. This was estimated to result in a national population weighted average increase in life expectancy of 0.10 years (95% confidence interval 0.03-0.23; up to 0.34 years in specific census divisions) and reductions in the frequency of mortality and morbidity of up to 3.6%. Increases in [PM.sub.2.5] up to 3.5 µg/[m.sup.3] were observed in some census divisions, particularly in the prairies. CONCLUSION: At the national level, changes in [PM.sub.2.5] concentrations between 2000 and 2011 were associated with an estimated improvement in national population weighted average life expectancy and a net reduction in mortality and morbidity. Areas that failed to improve or that worsened during this period warrant additional scrutiny to identify options for reducing [PM.sub.2.5] concentrations. KEY WORDS: Air pollution; life expectancy; mortality; morbidity Can J Public Health 2015;106(6):e362-e368 doi: 10.17269/CJPH.106.4983 OBJECTIFS: Estimer les impacts sur la sante publique des changements dans la pollution de l'air en fines particules au Canada entre 2000 et 2011, en employant des estimations d'exposition completes a l'echelle nationale et en quantifiant les impacts sur l'esperance de vie, la mortalite et la morbidite. METHODE: Nous avons employe des estimations d'exposition exhaustives derivees de la teledetection satellitaire pour estimer les effets des changements reels observes dans les concentrations en fines matieres particulaires (MP) de diametre aerodynamique median RESULTATS: Une diminution moyenne des [MP.sub.2.5] de pres de 25 % (2.0 µg/ [m.sup.3]), ponderee selon la population, a ete observee entre 2000 et 2011. On estime que cela a entraine une hausse moyenne nationale de l'esperance de vie, ponderee selon la population, de 0.10 an (intervalle de confiance de 95 %: 0.03-0.23; jusqu'a 0.34 an dans certains secteurs du recensement) et des baisses de frequence de la mortalite et de la morbidite jusqu'a 3.6 %. Des augmentations maximales de 3.5 µg/[m.sup.3] des [MP.sub.2.5] ont ete observees dans certains secteurs du recensement, en particulier dans les Prairies. CONCLUSION: A l'echelle nationale, les changements dans les concentrations en [MP.sub.2.5] survenus entre 2000 et 2011 etaient associes a une amelioration estimative de l'esperance de vie moyenne nationale, ponderee selon la population, et a une baisse nette de la mortalite et de la morbidite. Les regions ou la situation ne s'est pas amelioree ou s'est aggravee durant la periode a l'etude devraient faire l'objet d'un examen approfondi afin de trouver des options pour reduire les concentrations en [MP.sub.2.5]. MOTS CLES: pollution de l'air; esperance de vie; mortalite; morbidite, There is a large body of literature linking air pollution exposure with morbidity and mortality. (1,2) A number of estimates have been generated of the public health impacts of air [...]

OBJECTIVE: To understand information-gathering and decision-making processes of immigrant mothers for scheduled childhood vaccines, vaccination during pregnancy, seasonal flu and pandemic vaccination. METHODS: We conducted 23 qualitative semi-structured interviews with immigrated mothers from Bhutanese refugee, South Asian and Chinese communities. Participants lived in Edmonton, Alberta and had at least one child under eight years old. Using NVivo[TM] qualitative software, we generated an inductive coding scheme through content analysis of interview transcripts. RESULTS: Our three main findings on information gathering and use in vaccination decisions were: 1) participants in all three communities passively received immunization information. Most mothers learned about vaccine practices exclusively from health care practitioners during scheduled visits. Social networks were primary sources of information in origin countries but were lost during immigration to Canada; 2) participants demonstrated universal trust in vaccines (i.e., no anti-vaccination sentiment). They were comfortable in receiving vaccines for themselves and their children, regardless of past adverse reactions; 3) participants' recollection of the H1N1 vaccination campaign was almost nil, demonstrating the lack of reach of public health vaccination campaigns to designated priority groups (pregnant women and children) in Alberta. CONCLUSION: Our results highlight the limitations of Alberta's current vaccination communication strategies in reaching immigrant women. When immigrant mothers receive vaccination information, our results indicate they will likely follow recommendations. However, our study shows that current communication strategies are not making this information accessible to immigrant women, which limits their ability to make informed vaccination decisions for themselves and their children. KEY WORDS: Immunization; information seeking behaviour; decision-making; immigrants; child and maternal health La traduction du resume se trouve a la fin de l'article. OBJECTIF : Comprendre les processus de collecte d'information et de prise de decision des meres immigrantes pour la vaccination prevue, la vaccination pendant la grossesse, la grippe saisonniere et la vaccination en periode de pandemie. METHODES : Nous avons effectue 23 entrevues qualitatives semistructurees avec des meres immigrees des communautes de refugies bhoutanais, d'Asie du Sud et chinois. Les participantes vivaient a Edmonton, Alberta, et avaient au moins un enfant de moins de huit ans. Grace au logiciel qualitatif NVivo[TM], nous avons genere un schema de codage inductif au moyen de l'analyse du contenu de la transcription des entrevues. RESULTATS : Nos trois principales constatations sur la cueillette et le recours a l'information dans les decisions sur la vaccination etaient : 1) les participantes des trois collectivites recevaient passivement l'information sur l'immunisation. La plupart des meres obtenaient de l'information sur les pratiques de vaccination exclusivement des professionnels de la sante pendant les visites prevues. Les reseaux sociaux etaient la principale source d'information dans le pays d'origine, mais etaient perdus pendant l'immigration au Canada; 2) les participantes avaient une confiance universelle dans les vaccins (c.-a-d. aucun sentiment antivaccin). Elles se sentaient a l'aise de recevoir des vaccins pour elles-memes et leurs enfants, quelles qu'aient ete les reactions adverses passees; 3) le souvenir qu'avaient les participantes de la campagne de vaccination H1N1 etait presque nul, ce qui illustre l'absence de portee des campagnes de vaccination de la sante publique pour les groupes prioritaires designes (femmes enceintes et enfants) en Alberta. CONCLUSION : Nos resultats soulignent le peu d'efficacite des strategies de communication albertaines actuelles en matiere de vaccination a atteindre les femmes immigrantes. Nos resultats indiquent que les meres immigrantes suivront probablement les recommandations lorsqu'elles recoivent de l'information sur la vaccination. Mais notre etude montre que les strategies de communication actuelles ne fournissent pas cette information aux femmes immigrantes, ce qui limite leur capacite de prendre des decisions eclairees sur la vaccination pour elles-memes et leurs enfants. MOTS CLES : immunisation; comportement de recherche d'information; prise de decision; immigrants; sante de l'enfant et de la mere Can J Public Health 2015;106(4):e230-e235 doi: 10.17269/CJPH.106.4803, Vaccination is a cornerstone of modern public health efforts. Pregnant women, in particular, benefit from seasonal flu, rubella, varicella, tetanus, and other vaccinations because physiologically they are more likely than [...]

OBJECTIVE: The goals of analyzing all non-natural childhood deaths in Manitoba for the 22-year period (1989-2010) are to highlight preventable causes of death and to document temporal trends that might be influenced by changes in society. METHODS: The 1989 to 2010 pediatric autopsy database at the Winnipeg Health Sciences Centre and records from the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner were searched for all non-natural deaths [less than or equal to] 18 years age. All files were reviewed in detail. Data collected included demographic characteristics, manner of death, details of cause and circumstances leading to death, and survival time after the event. RESULTS: For the 22-year period, the total number of non-natural childhood deaths after which autopsy was performed in Manitoba was 581 for males and 409 for females in a population of approximately 1.23 million (2010 estimate). This represents 22.1% of the total childhood deaths in Manitoba during the study period. A higher proportion of children living in rural and northern communities died from non-natural causes. Of all accidents, which peaked in 1999, road traffic incidents accounted for the majority. Of suicides, which peaked in 2005, hanging in the 15-18 year group accounted for almost all cases. Of homicides, child abuse deaths at CONCLUSIONS: Most non-natural childhood deaths in Manitoba might be avoidable through education about prevention strategies and by correction of social inequities. Improved transportation to hospital from remote locations would likely have little impact on survival. KEY WORDS: Epidemiology; trauma; death; adolescent; hanging; accidental La traduction du resume se trouve a la fin de l'article. Can j Public Health 2014; 105(2):e103-e108. OBJECTIF : Notre analyse de tous les deces d'enfants de causes non naturelles au Manitoba sur une periode de 22 ans (1989-2010) vise a faire ressortir les causes de deces evitables et a decrire les tendances temporelles qui pourraient etre influencees par les changements societaux. METHODE : Nous avons interroge la base de donnees des autopsies pediatriques de 1989 a 2010 du Centre des sciences de la sante de Winnipeg et les dossiers du Bureau du medecin legiste en chef pour obtenir tous les deces de causes non naturelles d'enfants de RESULTATS : Sur la periode d'etude de 22 ans, le nombre total de deces d'enfants de causes non naturelles suivis d'une autopsie au Manitoba etait de 581 pour les garcons et de 409 pour les filles pour une population d'environ 1,23 million d'habitants (estimation de 2010). Ceci represente 22,1 % des deces d'enfants au Manitoba sur la periode de l'etude. Une proportion plus elevee d'enfants vivant dans les communautes rurales et nordiques est decedee de causes non naturelles. Les accidents de la route ont represente la majorite des accidents, lesquels ont atteint un sommet en 1999. Pour les suicides, qui ont atteint un sommet en 2005, les pendaisons dans le groupe des 15 a 18 ans ont represente presque la totalite des cas. Pour les homicides, les deces resultant de la maltraitance d'enfants de CONCLUSIONS : La plupart des deces d'enfants de causes non naturelles au Manitoba pourraient etre evites par la sensibilisation aux strategies de prevention et par le redressement des iniquites sociales. L'amelioration du transport a l'hopital a partir des endroits eloignes aurait sans doute peu d'impact sur la survie. MOTS CLES : epidemiologie; traumatismes; mort; adolescent; pendaison; accidentel, Manner of death is categorized as natural, accident, suicide, homicide and undetermined. Death may be due to disease (i.e., natural) or external factors. Statistics Canada reported that during the period [...]

Here we present an experimental study of the distribution of a broad range of trace elements between carbonatite melt, calcite and fluorite. The experiments were performed in the CaCO.sub.3 + CaF.sub.2 + Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 ± Ca.sub.3(PO.sub.4).sub.2 synthetic system at 650-900 °C and 100 MPa using rapid-quench cold-seal pressure vessels. Starting mixtures were composed of reagent-grade oxides, carbonates, Ca.sub.3(PO.sub.4).sub.2 and CaF.sub.2 doped with 1 wt% REE-HFSE mixture. The results show that the distribution coefficients of all the analyzed trace elements for calcite and fluorite are below 1, with the highest values observed for Sr (0.48-0.8 for calcite and 0.14-0.3 for fluorite) and Y (0.18-0.3). The partition coefficients of REE gradually increase with increasing atomic number from La to Lu. The solubility of Zr, Hf, Nb and Ta in the synthetic F-rich carbonatitic melts, which were used in our experiments, is low and limited by crystallization of baddeleyite and Nb-bearing perovskite., Author(s): Dmitry A. Chebotarev [sup.1] , Ilya V. Veksler [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.3] , Cora Wohlgemuth-Ueberwasser [sup.2] , Anna G. Doroshkevich [sup.1] [sup.4] , Monika Koch-Müller [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (Aff1) 0000 [...]

OBJECTIVES: To address the issue of comparative risk of cancer in Canada's immigrant population, an area-based methodology was applied to examine whether or not estimated cancer incidence rates among individuals living in given areas vary systematically according to the concentration of foreign-born individuals living in the same area. This method provides an alternative, accessible surveillance method in the absence of linked individual-level information to extend the work of others by providing both national and subnational standardized, hence comparable, results to address this issue. METHODS: Canadian Cancer Registry data (2001 to 2006) and 2006 Census data provided dissemination area information regarding the concentration of the foreign-born population and population estimates for rate denominators. Cancer (all cause and cause-specific) incidence rate ratios (age-standardized and by age/sex) were calculated by foreign-born concentration areas at both national and regional levels. RESULTS: An inverse gradient was identified between cancer incidence rates and area concentration of foreign-born, with the all-sites cancer rate ranging from a low of 388 per 100,000 among individuals living in areas with a high concentration of foreign-born to a high of 493 per 100,000 among individuals living in areas with a low concentration of foreign-born. This pattern occurred nationally for lung, colorectal, prostate and female breast cancers. However, for liver, nasopharynx, and thyroid cancers, higher cancer rates were observed in areas with a higher versus lower concentration of foreign-born populations. CONCLUSION: The study findings provide suggestive evidence of decreased cancer risk among foreign-born populations for most cancers except nasopharynx, liver and thyroid for which risks were higher. The results of this study demonstrate the value of ecological-based methods for disease surveillance in the absence of individual-level information on immigrant status in the national cancer registry. KEY WORDS: Immigrants; cancer incidence; vital statistics OBJECTIFS: Pour aborder la question du risque comparatif de cancer dans la population immigrante du Canada, nous avons applique une methode regionale pour determiner si les taux d'incidence estimatifs du cancer chez les residents de certaines regions varient systematiquement selon la concentration de personnes nees a l'etranger vivant dans la meme region. En l'absence de donnees individuelles maillees, une telle methode offre une solution de surveillance accessible pour completer le travail d'autres chercheurs; elle offre des resultats a la fois nationaux et sousnationaux standardises, et donc comparables, pour aborder la question. METHODE: Les donnees du Registre canadien du cancer (2001 a 2006) et celles du Recensement de 2006 ont fourni de l'information par aire de diffusion sur la concentration de personnes nees a l'etranger et des estimations demographiques pour les denominateurs des taux. Les ratios des taux d'incidence (standardises pour l'age et pour l'age/le sexe) du cancer (toutes causes confondues et par cause) ont ete calcules pour chaque zone de concentration de personnes nees a l'etranger a l'echelle nationale et regionale. RESULTATS: Nous avons observe un gradient inverse entre les taux d'incidence du cancer et la concentration regionale de personnes nees a l'etranger: les taux de cancer tous sites confondus variaient de 388 p. 100 000 (chez les residents des regions a forte concentration de personnes nees a l'etranger) a 493 p. 100 000 (chez les residents des regions a faible concentration de personnes nees a l'etranger). Cette tendance se manifestait a l'echelle nationale pour les cancers du poumon, colorectal et de la prostate et pour le cancer du sein feminin. Toutefois, pour les cancers du foie, du nasopharynx et de la thyroide, nous avons observe des taux de cancer superieurs dans les regions a forte plutot qu'a faible concentration de personnes nees a l'etranger. CONCLUSION: Les constatations de l'etude donnent a penser que le risque de cancer est reduit au sein des populations nees a l'etranger pour la plupart des cancers sauf ceux du nasopharynx, du foie et de la thyroide, pour lesquels les risques sont superieurs. Ces resultats demontrent la valeur des methodes ecologiques pour la surveillance des maladies en l'absence de donnees individuelles sur le statut d'immigrant dans le registre national du cancer. MOTS CLES: immigrants; incidence du cancer; statistiques de l'etat civil La traduction du resume se trouve a la fin de l'article., Understanding the potential impact of immigration trends on Canada's public health program needs is increasingly important. In 2006, an estimated 6.2 million immigrants comprised 19.8% of Canada's population, (1) and [...]

OBJECTIVES: To examine the socio-economic, behavioural and Metis-specific factors that predict obesity among Metis children aged 6 to 14 years. Socio-economic factors included household structure and income, parental education and food insecurity. Cultural factors included knowledge of an Aboriginal language, participation in cultural activities, time spent with Elders and parental residential school attendance. METHODS: The 2006 Aboriginal Peoples Survey, Children and Youth component collected data about Metis children, including child height and weight, reported by the person most knowledgeable about the child (PMK). Multivariate binary logistic regression was used to predict obesity, defined using IOTF BMI cut-offs. After testing for interactions, models were stratified by age (6-10, 11-14) and gender. RESULTS: An estimated 18.5% of Metis boys and 14.4% of girls were obese. The effects of socio-economic factors and region varied across age and gender groups, although living in a lone-parent family and rural residence had consistent effects. Many effects of cultural variables were unexpected. Although PMK residential schooling was positively associated with obesity generally, the effects were negative among older girls. As expected, children participating in frequent physical activity generally had lower risk, independent of other factors. CONCLUSIONS: Although socio-economic factors are related to risk of obesity among Metis children, the effects may not be the same across age groups and for boys and girls. There is some evidence of independent effects of Metis-specific cultural factors, including parental residential schooling, on the risk of child obesity, but further investigation and better data are needed to understand these relationships. KEY WORDS: Obesity; Body Mass Index; indigenous population; children; Canada OBJECTIFS : Examiner les facteurs socioeconomiques, comportementaux et culturels predisant l'obesite chez les enfants metis de 6 a 14 ans. Les facteurs socioeconomiques etaient la structure et le revenu des menages, l'instruction parentale et l'insecurite alimentaire. Les facteurs culturels etaient la connaissance d'une langue autochtone, la participation a des activites culturelles, le temps passe avec les Aines et la frequentation parentale des pensionnats. METHODE : Le volet sur les enfants et les jeunes de l'Enquete aupres des peuples autochtones (2006) presente des donnees sur les enfants metis, y compris leur taille et leur poids, declarees par la personne connaissant le mieux l'enfant (PCME). Par regression logistique binaire multivariee, nous avons predit l'obesite (definie selon les points-limites d'IMC de l'IOTF) chez ces enfants. Apres evaluation des interactions, les modeles ont ete stratifies par age (6-10 ans, 11-14 ans) et par sexe. RESULTATS : Environ 18,5% des garcons metis et 14,4% des filles etaient obeses. Les effets des facteurs socioeconomiques et regionaux variaient selon les groupes d'age et de sexe, mais vivre dans une famille monoparentale et resider en milieu rural produisaient des effets uniformes. De nombreux effets des variables culturelles etaient inattendus. Bien que la frequentation d'un pensionnat par la PCME soit associee positivement a l'obesite en general, son effet etait negatif chez les filles de 11 a 14 ans. Comme prevu, les enfants s'adonnant frequemment a l'activite physique avaient un risque d'obesite inferieur dans l'ensemble, independamment des autres facteurs. CONCLUSIONS : Bien que les facteurs socioeconomiques soient lies au risque d'obesite chez les enfants metis, leurs effets peuvent ne pas etre les memes dans tous les groupes d'age ou entre les garcons et les filles. Il semble que les facteurs culturels propres aux Metis, dont la frequentation parentale des pensionnats, exercent des effets independants sur le risque d'obesite chez les enfants, mais il faudrait pousser la recherche et obtenir de meilleures donnees pour comprendre ces liens. MOTS CLES : obesite; indice de masse corporelle; population d'origine amerindienne; enfant; Canada, Aboriginal children in Canada and the US are at particularly high risk for overweight and obesity, (1) with a variety of potential health consequences in childhood and later life. (2) [...]

We argue that the fragility of contemporary marriages--and the corresponding high rates of divorce--can be explained (in large part) by a three-part mismatch: between our relationship values, our evolved psychobiological natures, and our modern social, physical, and technological environment. 'Love drugs' could help address this mismatch by boosting our psychobiologies while keeping our values and our environment intact. While individual couples should be free to use pharmacological interventions to sustain and improve their romantic connection, we suggest that they may have an obligation to do so as well, in certain cases. Specifically, we argue that couples with offspring may have a special responsibility to enhance their relationships for the sake of their children. We outline an evolutionarily informed research program for identifying promising biomedical enhancements of love and commitment. Keywords Neuroenhancement * Love drugs * Evolution * Marital autonomy * Default natural ethics * Marriage * Values * Oxytocin, 1 Introduction 1.1 Love Drugs and Marital Autonomy In a previous paper (1) in 2008--on the science and ethics of 'love drugs'--two of us (Julian Savulescu and Anders Sandberg) made [...]

Objectives: To determine whether, and to what extent, a relation exists between neighbourhood design and children's physical activity and sedentary behaviours in Saskatoon. Methods: Three neighbourhood designs were assessed: 1) core neighbourhoods developed before 1930 that follow a grid pattern, 2) fractured-grid pattern neighbourhoods that were developed between the 1930s and mid-1960s, and 3) curvilinear-pattern neighbourhoods that were developed between the mid-1960s through to 1998. Children aged 10-14 years (N=455; mean age 11.7 years), grouped by the neighbourhoods they resided in, had their physical activity and sedentary behaviour objectively measured by accelerometry for 7 days. ANCOVA and MANCOVA (multivariate analysis of covariance) models were used to assess group differences (p Results: Group differences were apparent on weekdays but not on weekend days. When age, sex and family income had been controlled for, children living in fractured-grid neighbourhoods had, on average, 83 and 55 fewer accelerometer counts per minute on weekdays than the children in the core and curvilinear-pattern neighbourhoods, respectively. Further analyses showed that the children in the fractured-grid neighbourhoods accumulated 15 and 9 fewer minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per day and had a greater time spent in sedentary behaviour (23 and 17 minutes) than those in core and curvilinear-pattern neighbourhoods, respectively. Conclusion: These data suggest that in Saskatoon there is a relation between neighbourhood design and children's physical activity and sedentary behaviours. Further work is needed to tease out which features of the built environments have the greatest impact on these important lifestyle behaviours. This information, offered in the context of ongoing development of neighbourhoods, as we see in Saskatoon, is critical to an evidenceinformed approach to urban development and planning. Key words: Urban; built environment; accelerometer; lifestyle; city planning Objectifs: Determiner s'il existe une relation, et si oui de quelle ampleur, entre, d'une part, la conception du quartier et, d'autre part, l'activite physique et les comportements sedentaires des enfants a Saskatoon. Methode : Trois types de quartiers ont ete evalues : 1) les quartiers du centre-ville datant d'avant 1930, a l'agencement quadrille, 2) les quartiers scindes a agencement quadrille datant des annees 1930 au milieu des annees 1960 et 3) les quartiers a agencement curviligne datant du milieu des annees 1960 a 1998. Nous avons mesure objectivement par accelerometrie, pendant 7 jours, l'activite physique et les comportements sedentaires d'enfants de 10 a 14 ans (N=455; age moyen 11,7 ans), regroupes selon leur quartier domiciliaire. Des modeles ANCOVA et MANCOVA (analyse multivariee de la covariance) ont servi a l'evaluation des differences entre les groupes (p Resultats : Nous avons constate des differences entre les groupes les jours de semaine, mais non les samedis et dimanches. Apres ajustement selon l'age, le sexe et le revenu familial, les enfants habitant des quartiers scindes a agencement quadrille enregistraient en moyenne 83 et 55 points d'accelerometre de moins par minute les jours de semaine que les enfants des quartiers du centre-ville et des quartiers a agencement curviligne, respectivement. Une analyse plus poussee a montre que les enfants des quartiers scindes a agencement quadrille accumulaient 15 et 9 minutes de moins d'activite physique moderee a vigoureuse par jour et consacraient plus de temps a des comportements sedentaires (23 et 17 minutes) que ceux des quartiers du centre-ville et des quartiers a agencement curviligne, respectivement. Conclusion : Ces donnees montrent qu'a Saskatoon, il y a une relation entre la conception des quartiers et l'activite physique et les comportements sedentaires des enfants. Il faudrait pousser la recherche pour << demeler >> quelles caracteristiques des milieux batis ont le plus d'impact sur ces importants comportements lies au mode de vie. Cette information, presentee dans le contexte du developpement en cours des quartiers, comme on le voit a Saskatoon, est essentielle a une demarche de planification et de developpement urbain fondee sur des preuves. Mots cles : urbain; milieu bati; accelerometre; mode de vie; urbanisme 3):S22-S28. La traduction du resume se trouve a la fin de l'article. Can J Public Health 2012;103(Suppl., The increased concern over escalating levels of chronic disease and the emergence of the smart growth movement has yielded a series of studies investigating how aspects of the built environment [...]

Objectives: One argument made in favour of drinking water fluoridation is that it is equitable in its impact on oral health. We examined the association between exposure to fluoridation and oral health inequities among Canadian children. Participants, setting and intervention: We analyzed data from 1,017 children aged 6-11 from Cycle 1 of the Canadian Health Measures Survey, a cross-sectional, nationally representative survey that included a clinic oral health examination and a household interview. The outcome measure was a count of the number of decayed, missing (because of caries or periodontal disease) or filled teeth, either deciduous or permanent (dmftDMFT). Data were analyzed using linear (ordinary least squares) and multinomial logistic regression; we also computed the concentration index for education-related inequity in oral health. Water fluoridation status (the intervention) was assigned on the basis of the site location of data collection. Outcomes: Fluoridation was associated with better oral health (fewer dmftDMFT), adjusting for socio-economic and behavioural variables, and the effect was particularly strong for more severe oral health problems (three or more dmftDMFT). The effect of fluoridation on dmftDMFT was observed across income and education categories but appeared especially pronounced in lower education and higher income adequacy households. dmftDMFT were found to be disproportionately concentrated in lower-education households, though this did not vary by fluoridation status. Conclusions: The robust main effect of fluoridation on dmftDMFT and the beneficial effect across socio-economic groups support fluoridation as a beneficial and justifiable population health intervention. Fluoridation was equitable in the sense that its benefits were particularly apparent in those groups with the poorest oral health profiles, though the nature of the findings prompts consideration of the values underlying the judgement of health equity. Key words: Canada; fluoridation; oral health; socio-economic factors Objectifs : L'un des arguments en faveur de la fluoration de l'eau potable est qu'il s'agit d'une mesure dont l'impact sur la sante buccodentaire est equitable. Nous avons examine l'association entre l'exposition a la fluoration et les inegalites en sante buccodentaire chez les enfants canadiens. Participants, lieu et intervention : Nous avons analyse les donnees de 1 017 enfants de 6 a 11 ans tirees du 1er cycle de l'Enquete canadienne sur les mesures de la sante, une enquete transversale representative a l'echelle du pays qui comporte un examen clinique de la sante buccodentaire et un entretien avec le menage. Notre mesure de resultat etait le decompte des dents cariees, manquantes (en raison de caries ou de maladies parodontales) ou plombees, temporaires ou permanentes (dcmpDCMP). Les donnees ont ete analysees par regression logistique lineaire (methode ordinaire des moindres carres) et multinomiale; nous avons aussi calcule l'indice de concentration pour les inegalites en sante buccodentaire liees a la scolarite. La fluoration ou non de l'eau (l'intervention) a ete determinee selon l'emplacement du site de collecte des donnees. Resultats : La fluoration etait associee a une meilleure sante buccodentaire (moins de dcmpDCMP), compte tenu de diverses variables socioeconomiques et comportementales, et cet effet etait particulierement fort pour les problemes de sante buccodentaire les plus graves (trois dcmpDCMP ou plus). L'effet de la fluoration sur les dcmpDCMP a ete observe dans toutes les categories de revenu et de scolarite, mais semblait particulierement prononce au sein des menages dont les niveaux de scolarite et de revenu etaient inferieurs. Les dcmpDCMP etaient demesurement concentrees dans les menages a faible niveau de scolarite, mais ce resultat ne variait pas selon que leur eau etait fluoree ou non. Conclusion : L'effet principal de la fluoration sur les dcmpDCMP, et son effet benefique dans tous les groupes socioeconomiques, montrent qu'il s'agit d'une intervention en sante des populations a la fois benefique et justifiee. La fluoration etait equitable au sens oU ses avantages etaient particulierement apparents dans les groupes dont le profil de sante buccodentaire etait le pire, mais la nature des resultats devrait nous inciter a tenir compte des valeurs qui sous-tendent le verdict d'equite. Mots cles : Canada; fluoration; sante buccodentaire; facteurs socioeconomiques, Drinking water fluoridation is a quintessential example of a population health intervention, i.e., a program or policy operating within or outside the health sector that targets a whole population without [...]

Objective: To assess patterns of HIV-related mortality by period, gender and age group in Canada from 1987 to 2008. Methods: We applied standard demographic techniques to assess changes in HIV/AIDS mortality over five time periods: 1987-1991, 1992-1996, 19972001, 2002-2006, and 2007-2008. HIV/AIDS-related mortality was based on deaths in which HIV infection or AIDS was reported as the underlying cause of death. Population figures were obtained from annual estimates. Age-, sex- and province-specific crude and standardized HIV/AIDS mortality rates and ratios were used to examine changes in mortality. Results: In the period from 1987 to 2008, there were 17,287 HIV/AIDS-related deaths; of these, 15,587 (90.2%) occurred among men and 1,700 (9.8%) among women. Standardized and age-specific death rates were generally higher in men than women. Among men, rates of mortality were highest in Quebec and British Columbia; and among women, rates increased over time in British Columbia and the Prairies and decreased in Quebec. In general, rates of death were highest in 1992-1996 and lowest in the latest period. Conclusion: We observed a sharp decline in mortality rates with the introduction of HAART; however, the rates were higher among men in Quebec and British Columbia and among women in British Columbia, Quebec and the Prairies. Key words: HIV; AIDS, mortality; Canada; demography La traduction du resume se trouve a la fin de l'article. Objectif : Analyser les courbes de la mortalite liee au VIH par periode, par sexe et par groupe d'age au Canada entre 1987 et 2008. Methode : Nous avons applique des techniques demographiques standard pour analyser les changements dans la mortalite due au VIH et au sida au cours de cinq periodes : 1987-1991, 1992-1996, 1997-2001, 2002-2006 et 2007-2008. La << mortalite liee au VIH et au sida >> designe les deces pour lesquels l'infection a VIH ou le sida etait declare(e) comme cause de deces sous-jacente. Nos donnees demographiques proviennent d'estimations annuelles. Les rapports et les taux (bruts et standardises) de mortalite due au VIH et au sida selon l'age, le sexe et la province ont servi a examiner les changements dans la mortalite. Resultats : Entre 1987 et 2008, il y a eu 17 287 deces lies au VIH et au sida; sur ces deces, 15 587 (90,2 %) sont survenus chez des hommes et 1 700 (9,8 %) chez des femmes. Les taux de mortalite standardises et par age etaient generalement plus eleves chez les hommes que chez les femmes. Chez les hommes, les taux de mortalite les plus eleves ont ete declares au Quebec et en Colombie-Britannique; et chez les femmes, les taux ont augmente au fil du temps en Colombie-Britannique et dans les Prairies et diminue au Quebec. Dans l'ensemble, les taux de mortalite les plus eleves ont ete observes en 1992-1996, et les plus faibles, durant la periode la plus recente. Conclusion : Nous avons observe une baisse marquee des taux de mortalite avec l'introduction de la TAHA; cependant, les taux etaient superieurs chez les hommes au Quebec et en Colombie-Britannique et chez les femmes en Colombie-Britannique, au Quebec et dans les Prairies. Mots cles : VIH; sida, mortalite; Canada; demographie, There are approximately 65,000 people living with HIV in Canada, the majority residing in British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec. Nearly half of these infections (48%) are among gay and other [...]

Adolescents with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) often fail to master literacy skills, in part because disruptive behaviors interfere with task engagement and persistence. The theory of behavioral momentum explains the persistence of behavior in the face of changing environmental conditions. The current exploratory study examined variables related to behavioral momentum in the context of a continuous reading task. Participants were three adolescents identified with EBD who were instructional on fifth-grade material. Results indicated that when participants read a third-grade paragraph immediately before a fifth-grade paragraph, they decreased the latency to initiate reading of the fifth-grade paragraph and increased words read correctly per minute on the first 10 words of the fifth-grade paragraph. Results are discussed in terms of the theory of behavioral momentum and the nature of interventions that may be developed to increase reading persistence. Keywords Behavioral momentum * High-p sequences * Reading * Emotional and behavioral disorders, The academic difficulties of students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) are well documented (e.g., Coutinho 1986; Lane et al. 2008; Nelson et al. 2004; Reid et al. 2004; Ruhl [...]

Objectives: The current study team sought to understand smokeless tobacco (SLT) usage trends among youth, using nationally representative data collected as part of the Canadian Youth Smoking Survey (YSS) between 2004 and 2008. Methods: Descriptive analyses of SLT ever use among respondents in grades 6 to 9 were examined according to year of data collection (2008, n=31,249; 2006, n=34,050; and 2004, n=23,362). Using the 2008 data from respondents in grades 6 to 12 (n=51,922), logistic regression models were used to examine characteristics associated with SLT ever use and current use. Results: Between 2004 and 2008, the prevalence of youth in grades 6 to 9 reporting they have ever tried SLT significantly decreased by 30.8%. In 2008, male students were more likely than females to have tried SLT (OR 4.87, 95% CI 4.34-5.45) or to currently use SLT (OR 4.96, 95% CI 4.12-5.96). There are regional differences in prevalence of SLT use across Canada, with the highest rates in western provinces and the lowest in Quebec. Current smokers were also more likely to use SLT (OR 11.86, 95% CI 10.22-13.76) compared to non-smokers. Older students are more likely to report ever use or current use of SLT. Conclusion: The findings from this study demonstrate that in Canada, adolescent SLT use is primarily an issue with males and there are significant regional differences. Ongoing monitoring of SLT is encouraged considering the tobacco industry's recent investments and product development and increased use in countries like the United States. Key words: Smokeless tobacco; Adolescent; Canada Objectifs : Le groupe d'etude actuel de l'Enquete sur le tabagisme chez les jeunes (ETJ) a cherche a comprendre les tendances de l'usage du tabac sans fumee (TSF) chez les jeunes au moyen de donnees representatives nationales recueillies dans le cadre de l'ETJ menee au Canada entre 2004 et 2008. Methode : Des analyses descriptives de l'usage du TSF chez les repondants de la 6e a la 9e annee ont ete examinees selon l'annee de collecte des donnees (2008, n=31 249; 2006, n=34 050; et 2004, n=23 362). A l'aide des donnees de 2008 obtenues aupres des repondants de la 6e a la 12e annee (n=51 922), nous avons utilise des modeles de regression logistique pour etudier les caracteristiques associees au fait d'avoir deja utilise du TSF et au fait d'en utiliser actuellement. Resultats : Entre 2004 et 2008, la prevalence de jeunes de la 6e a la 9e annee ayant deja essaye du TSF a presente une baisse significative de 30,8%. En 2008, les garcons etaient plus susceptibles que les filles d'avoir essaye le TSF (RC=4,87, IC de 95% = 4,34-5,45) ou d'en utiliser actuellement (RC=4,96, IC de 95% = 4,12-5,96). Il y a des ecarts regionaux dans la prevalence de l'usage du TSF au Canada, les taux les plus eleves etant observes dans les provinces de l'Ouest, et le taux le plus faible au Quebec. Les fumeurs actuels etaient aussi plus susceptibles d'utiliser du TSF (RC=11,86, IC de 95% = 10,22-13,76) que les nonfumeurs. Les eleves plus ages etaient plus susceptibles de declarer avoir deja utilise ou utiliser actuellement du TSF. Conclusion : Ces constatations montrent qu'au Canada, l'usage du TSF chez les adolescents concerne principalement les garcons, et qu'il existe des ecarts regionaux importants. La surveillance continue de l'usage du TSF est a encourager, etant donne les investissements recents et le developpement de nouveaux produits par l'industrie du tabac et l'usage accru du TSF dans des pays comme les Etats-Unis. Mots cles : tabac sans fumee; adolescent; Canada, Smokeless tobacco (SLT) is a term used to describe a family of non-combusted consumer products that deliver nicotine and are generally placed in the mouth or nasal passage. SLT products [...]

Objective: There is a lack of published information on the management of mumps in a prison setting. We describe an outbreak of mumps that occurred in a medium-security correctional centre (Milner Ridge) in Manitoba, Canada. Methods: A case definition of mumps consistent with that in the document 'Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Mumps Outbreaks in Canada' was adopted. Cell culture, polymerase chain reaction, and serology were used for case confirmation. Results: Five confirmed cases of mumps infection were identified at the Milner Ridge Correctional Centre between January 12 and February 5, 2009. One additional confirmed case and 3 additional probable cases were identified at a second correctional centre. Outbreak control at Milner Ridge was accomplished by cohorting the affected units of the centre, providing education on mumps, deferring transfers, and monitoring for further cases. Vaccination was offered to inmates and staff on the assumption, based on average inmate age, that the majority of inmates would have previously received, at most, a single dose of mumps-containing vaccine. Conclusion: An outbreak of mumps in a correctional setting was successfully contained via implementation and tailoring of basic infection control measures, and vaccination of inmates and staff. Given the relatively young age of many inmates and the parallels between prisons and dormitories, it could be argued that inmates may represent another group of individuals for whom a second dose of mumps vaccine (if not received in childhood) would be beneficial as primary prophylaxis. Key words: Mumps; prison; infection control; vaccination; outbreak Objectif : Il manque d'informations publiees sur la prise en charge des oreillons en milieu carceral. Nous decrivons une eclosion d'oreillons survenue dans le centre correctionnel a securite moyenne de Milner Ridge au Manitoba (Canada). Methode : Nous avons adopte la definition d'un cas d'oreillons trouvee dans les Lignes directrices pour la prevention et le controle des eclosions d'oreillons au Canada. La culture cellulaire, la reaction de polymerisation en chaine et la serologie ont ete utilises pour confirmer les cas. Resultats : Cinq cas confirmes d'infection ourlienne ont ete identifies a Milner Ridge entre le 12 janvier et le 5 fevrier 2009. Un autre cas confirme et trois autres cas probables ont ete identifies dans un second centre correctionnel. On a maitrise l'eclosion de Milner Ridge en repartissant en cohortes les unites affectees du Centre, en donnant de l'information sur les oreillons, en retardant les transferts et en surveillant la manifestation de nouveaux cas. On a offert le vaccin aux detenus et au personnel en partant de l'hypothese que d'apres la moyenne d'age des detenus, la majorite d'entre eux n'avaient deja recu, au plus, qu'une seule dose du vaccin combine contre les oreillons. Conclusion : Une eclosion d'oreillons en milieu carceral a ete endiguee par la mise en oeuvre et l'adaptation de mesures de base pour le controle des infections et par la vaccination des detenus et du personnel. Etant donne l'age relativement jeune de nombreux detenus et les paralleles entre les prisons et les dortoirs, on peut soutenir que les detenus representent un autre groupe de sujets pour qui une seconde dose du vaccin anti-ourlien (si non recu durant l'enfance) serait benefique en tant que mesure de prophylaxie primaire. Mots cles : oreillons; prison; controle des infections; vaccination; flambees epidemiques, Mumps virus is a moderately to highly contagious enveloped RNA virus belonging to the family Paramyxoviridae. (1) Mumps is spread through respiratory droplets and contact with contaminated fomites. (1) Clinical [...]

Background: The behavioural and socio-cultural processes underlying the association between socio-economic position (SEP) and body mass index (BMI) remain unclear. Occupational physical activity (OPA) is one plausible explanatory variable that has not been previously considered. Objectives: 1) To examine the association between OPA and BMI, and 2) to examine whether OPA mediates the SEP-BMI association, in a Canadian population-based sample. Methods: This cross-sectional study was based on secondary analysis of the 2008 Canadian Community Health Survey data, focusing on adults (age 25-64) working at a job or business (men, n=1,036; women, n=936). BMI was based on measured height and weight and we derived a novel indicator of OPA from the National Occupational Classification Career Handbook. Our analytic technique was ordinary least squares regression, adjusting for a range of socio-demographic, health and behavioural covariates. Results: OPA was marginally associated with BMI in women, such that women with medium levels of OPA tended to be lighter than women with low levels of OPA, in adjusted models. No associations between OPA and BMI were detected for males. Baron and Kenny's (1986) three conditions for testing mediation were not satisfied, and thus we were unable to proceed with testing OPA as a mediator. Conclusions: Notwithstanding the small effects observed in women, overall the associations between OPA and BMI were neither clear nor strong, which could reflect conceptual and/or methodological reasons. Future research on this topic might incorporate other plausible explanatory variables (e.g., job-related psychosocial stress) and adopt a prospective design. Key words: Body mass index; occupation; physical activity; Canada Contexte : Les processus comportementaux et socioculturels qui soustendent l'association entre le statut socioeconomique (SSE) et l'indice de masse corporelle (IMC) sont encore obscurs. L'activite physique au travail (APT) est une variable explicative plausible qui n'a pas encore ete envisagee. Objectifs : 1) Examiner l'association entre l'APT et l'IMC, et 2) determiner si l'APT a un effet moderateur sur l'association SSE-IMC, dans un echantillon representatif de la population canadienne. Methode : Cette etude transversale est fondee sur une analyse secondaire des donnees de l'Enquete sur la sante dans les collectivites canadiennes de 2008. Elle s'interesse aux adultes (25 a 64 ans) ayant un emploi ou une entreprise (1 036 hommes et 936 femmes). L'IMC a ete calcule selon la taille et le poids mesures, et nous avons derive un nouvel indicateur de l'APT a partir du Guide sur les carrieres de la Classification nationale des professions. Nous avons procede a une regression ordinaire par la methode des moindres carres en tenant compte d'une gamme de covariables sociodemographiques, sanitaires et comportementales. Resultats : L'APT etait marginalement associee a l'IMC chez les femmes du fait que, dans les modeles rajustes, les femmes ayant des niveaux moyens d'APT avaient tendance a peser moins que les femmes ayant de faibles niveaux d'APT. Aucune association entre l'APT et l'IMC n'a ete decelee chez les hommes. Les trois conditions de Baron et Kenny (1986) pour tester l'effet moderateur n'ont pas ete remplies; nous n'avons donc pas pu determiner si l'APT etait une variable moderatrice. Conclusion : Sauf pour de legers effets observes chez les femmes, dans l'ensemble, les associations entre l'APT et l'IMC n'etaient ni claires, ni fortes, mais cela pourrait s'expliquer par des raisons conceptuelles ou methodologiques. Les recherches futures sur ce sujet pourraient incorporer d'autres variables explicatives plausibles (p. ex., le stress psychosocial lie a l'emploi) et adopter un plan d'etude prospectif. Mots cles : indice de masse corporelle; professions; exercice physique; Canada, Canada is one of the many industrialized nations that have recorded an increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity. The prevalence of adult obesity (i.e., BMI ≥ 30 kg/[m.sup.2]) in Canada [...]

Peer tutoring is an evidence-based procedure for improving academic performance for a variety of skill areas. The current study evaluated the feasibility and impact of a peer tutoring package for reading fluency with 4 middle school students receiving Tier II remedial supports. This study used a multiple baseline design across participants to evaluate impact of the peer tutoring procedure on students' oral reading rate on instructional passages. Results indicated that students' oral reading rate on instructional probes increased following implementation of the peer tutoring procedure. Moreover, peer tutors implemented most steps of the procedure with a high degree of integrity. Results are discussed in terms of contributions to the peer tutoring and Response to Intervention literatures, as well as application to applied practice. Keywords Peer tutoring * Treatment integrity * Response to Intervention * Curriculum-based measurement, Introduction After many years of unreliable, invalid, an largely ineffectual practices related to identifying and serving students with learning disabilities, Ysseldyke (2005) asked whether those practices were 'as good as [...]

Objective: This paper sought to examine which pre- and post-migration factors might be associated with changes in refugees' health status. Methods: Using linear regression, the associations between pre- and post-migration factors and changes in self-rated mental and physical health status were examined in 525 refugees from the 1998 Settlement Experiences of Refugees in Alberta study. Results: Having spent time in a refugee camp and having held professional/managerial jobs in one's home country were associated with a greater decline in mental health status since arrival in Canada. Having completed a university degree in one's home country was associated with a greater decline in physical health status. Being employed was associated with greater improvements in mental health status. Perceived economic hardship was associated with greater declines in physical health status. A higher number of settlement services received during the first year in Canada was associated with greater improvements in both mental and physical health status. Longer residence in Canada was associated with greater declines in physical health status but not in mental health status. Conclusion: While little can be done to alter refugees' pre-migration experiences, public policies can affect many post-migration experiences in order to mitigate the negative health consequences associated with resettlement. Results of this study point to the need for continued provision of settlement services to assist refugees with job training, labour market access, and credential recognition, as well as counseling for refugees who experienced the trauma of living in a refugee camp. Key words: Refugees; mental health; physical health; Alberta La traduction du resume se trouve a la fin de l'article. Can J Public Health 2010;101(4):322-26. Objectif : Determiner quels facteurs pre- et post-migratoires pourraient etre associes aux changements dans l'etat de sante des refugies. Methode : Par regression lineaire a partir de l'etude Settlement Experiences of Refugees in Alberta (1998), nous avons examine les associations entre les facteurs pre- et post-migratoires et les changements dans l'etat de sante mentale et physique autoevalue de 525 refugies. Resultats : Le fait d'avoir vecu dans un camp de refugies et d'avoir occupe un emploi professionnel ou un poste de cadre dans son pays natal etaient associes a une plus forte degradation de l'etat de sante mentale depuis l'arrivee au Canada. Le fait d'avoir un diplome universitaire du pays natal etait associe a une plus forte degradation de l'etat de sante physique. Le fait d'avoir un emploi etait associe a une plus grande amelioration de l'etat de sante mentale. Les difficultes economiques percues etaient associees a une degradation plus prononcee de l'etat de sante physique. Plus les services d'etablissement recus durant la premiere annee au Canada etaient nombreux, plus l'etat de sante mentale et physique s'ameliorait. Avec le temps, le fait de resider au Canada etait associe a une plus forte degradation de l'etat de sante physique, mais pas de l'etat de sante mentale. Conclusion : Il y a peu a faire pour modifier l'experience pre-migratoire des refugies, mais les politiques publiques peuvent influer sur de nombreuses experiences post-migratoires afin d'attenuer les consequences negatives pour la sante associees a la reinstallation. Notre etude montre qu'il faut continuer a offrir des services d'etablissement pour aider les refugies a acquerir une formation professionnelle, a s'inserer sur le marche du travail et a faire reconnaitre leurs titres de competence, ainsi que des services de counseling aux refugies qui ont vecu le traumatisme des camps de refugies. Mots cles : refugies; sante mentale; sante physique; Alberta, Health status of refugees is an important aspect of their successful resettlement in Canada. (1) Research on refugee health has traditionally focused on acute post-traumatic response (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder) [...]

This study examined the application of two generalization procedures designed to promote generalized responding across two early literacy skills. Letter sound fluency was targeted using direct intervention for three subjects within a multiple baseline design. After instruction was complete, two generalization procedures (cueing and providing sufficient response exemplars) were tested in an increasingly intense application of the procedures to determine whether sufficient levels of response generalization to letter sound blending could be programmed. Results indicated that although some subjects demonstrated minor levels of unprogrammed or spontaneous generalization, more complete levels of generalization were accomplished only once generalization techniques were employed. Keywords Generalization * Early literacy * Cueing * Response generalization Introduction, Generalization has been defined as 'the occurrence of relevant behavior under different nontraining conditions.' (Stokes and Baer 1977, p. 350) Generalization is critical in education for the development of academic [...]

The global demand for autobuses reached the 286,000-unit mark in 2005 and should rise to 352,000 units by 2010. This represent s a growth rate of 4.2 percent compared to [...]