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In September 2022, former students and colleagues of Thomas A. Kochan organized a Festschrift, a "festival of writing," to honor his impact on Industrial Relations and related fields. The Festschrift generated more than two dozen articles and commentaries in a forthcoming book, as well as the four articles featured here in the ILR Review. These articles include "A Tale of Two Locals," focused on contrasting responses to the 2019 GM-UAW strike; "The Need for Speed," focused on the role of employers in immigrant work visa prioritization; "Incentives to Comply with the Minimum Wage," comparing enforcement in the United States and the United Kingdom; and "Gendered Job Search" focused on gender differences in reservation wages and job applications. The articles highlight the roles of labor, management, and government as actors in an industrial relations system. Together these articles and the additional collection in the forthcoming book exemplify Tom Kochan's leadership in advancing industrial relations theory, policy, and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gradual shift in power relations between organized employers and employees since the 1970s has increasingly affected the functioning of national industrial relations systems. According to a broad literature, the most important of these consequences is an increase in employer discretion. This article tests this claim by performing a longitudinal content analysis on three Dutch collective contracts. It develops an analytical framework based on four dimensions of employer discretion. Results show that although employer discretion did increase on all four dimensions between the mid-1970s and the 2020s, significant temporal and sectoral variation has occurred. In addition, the article argues that a loss of democratic influence by employees intensified the increase of the one-sided decision-making powers of employers, and that the collective contract is being transformed from a joint labor–capital effort to solve workplace problems to a management instrument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its origin in 15th century European imperialism, the globe has been an object of conquest involving regimes of territorial exclusion and various forms of land abstraction now known as nationalism, colonialism, capitalism, and industrialism. Coming to think like the Earth system and generating politics grounded in it could pose a welcome disruption of these systematically controlling orders only if such planetary thinking is grounded in a nondominating orientation. We propose that this grounding be geological wonder, the open consideration of Earth as a system exceeding human narcissism. Following Dipesh Chakrabarty's distinction between the globe and the planet, we articulate planetarism in an emerging cosmology decentering human life while emphasizing human limits. Globality, by contrast, is a modern, narcissistic formation that geological wonder unsettles. We draw on Martha C. Nussbaum's politics of wonder to articulate a postglobal, disruptive virtue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excessive growth of carbon emissions (CO2E) from industrial energy use not only exacerbates global warming and severely curbs the sustainable development of the economy and society. As a high energy-consuming sector second only to the fossil energy division, the power and heavy division, China's chemical industry should have received more attention for its CO2E. However, there are limited literatures on energy CO2E in China's chemical sector at present. Based on this fact, this current paper uses the energy utilization approach, the input–output analysis approach, and the extended structural decomposition method to evaluate the energy-related CO2E of China's chemical sector from 2007 to 2017. (1) China's chemical sector energy-related CO2E showed a trend of first growth and then a slow decline, demonstrating that the rapid growth of China's chemical sector energy-related CO2E has been effectively controlled; However, it should be noted that the chemical industry is still dominated by high-CO2E energy-related CO2E at the current stage. (2) Input structure and energy intensity effects have a reduced influence on the growth of energy-related CO2E in China's chemical sector. This is due to upgrading energy use technology and optimizing the generalized technology progress rate in the chemical sector. (3) Energy structure and final demand effects have encouraged the growth of the chemical sector's energy-related CO2E. It shows that the industrial system's demand for chemical products is constantly expanding, and the chemical products still have the characteristics of high carbonization. Also, the chemical sector's supply-side energy utilization structure has not been significantly enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social Impact Assessment's incorporation into neoliberal management systems did not enhance their capacity to actually respond to social impacts. Efforts to integrate 'social' and 'environmental' assessments largely assumed that Social Impact Assessment rightfully belonged to key practitioners (professionals, academics, and corporate and government decision-makers). This article advocates rethinking ontological foundations for a different sort of Social Impact Assessment. It starts from an understanding that the social domain is always and inescapably connected across scales from the microbial, through the global to the cosmological. Building from experience working with Indigenous peoples, it recognizes that although ontological separation of social, environmental and other categories of impact assessment may well facilitate project approval, it also renders industrial systems deaf and blind to many of the most pressing risks facing coupled human and natural systems at multiple scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 21st century, as the digital economy has flourished and the Fourth Industrial Revolution has deepened, emerging technologies have exerted a significant influence on social development, leading to the rapid informatization and digitalization of society. Therefore, in the digital age, industrial intellectualization and energy intensity may interact. In this study, an industrial intelligent system is constructed considering three aspects, and the relationship is explored between industrial intellectualization and energy intensity from 2006 to 2018 in China. Industrial intellectualization can effectively improve energy efficiency and thus restrain energy intensity with a significant lag effect. In addition, China's energy intensity is highly spatially autocorrelated and spatially agglomerated. The negative spatial spillover effect of industrial intellectualization on energy intensity is also of concern. Finally, the nonlinear effects of industrial intellectualization on energy intensity are comprehensively analyzed under different levels of economic growth, technological progress, industrial restructuring, educational progress, fi- nancial development, and environmental regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper responds to the contributions to the review symposium on How China Escaped Shock Therapy. I discuss the strategy of economic system reform that started from the non-essential parts of the industrial system in order to eventually transform the commanding heights; the spatial dimension of reform in relation to "dual circulation" and the coastal development strategy; the nature and meaning of Chinese gradualism; and China's price stabilization strategies of the 1980s in relation to later inflationary challenges. Finally, I reflect on the symposium as a dialogue between economic geography and a history of ideas in action that I pursued in my book. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To estimate the dynamic trend of industrial water-waste-energy (hereinafter referred to as WWE) system, this paper proposes a new method for forecasting specific indicators in such a system. First, the fractional accumulated generation operator, fractional derivative and classic nonlinear grey Bernoulli model are simultaneously coupled to develop an optimised nonlinear grey Bernoulli model that identifies the nonlinear trends in industrial WWE systems. Second, the particle swarm optimization algorithm is employed to determine the optimal model parameters in the newly-designed model. Based on this, simulation studies are conducted to examine the stability of the proposed model. Finally, the model is applied in the industrial WWE system. The results demonstrate that (1) the proposed model outperforms other competitive models in terms of error-value metrics and (2) industrial water use and industrial energy consumption will increase, whereas industrial wastewater discharge will decline. Furthermore, the rationality of the predicted results redis analyzed from a policy perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, the adoption of technological tools in manufacturing industry, such as the use of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine Learning (ML), has led to the advent of the industry 4.0 (I4.0). In this scenario, intelligent devices can generate large volumes of data about industrial machinery and equipment that can be used to make maintenance more efficient. Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) is an emerging maintenance strategy that uses systems' Condition Monitoring through IoT sensors installed on machinery to diagnose their faults or estimate their Remaining Useful Life (RUL). This study aims to conduct a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) on the use of ML techniques in the field of PHM of industrial mechanical systems and equipment. 50 studies resulted eligible for the above-mentioned SLR. Diagnostics and prognostics approach and the ML algorithm types used in the 50 analyzed papers have been analyzed together with the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) used for their validation. From the analyses, it was found that Shallow Learning and Deep Learning (DL) algorithms are the most applied ones, while KPIs are used differently according to the type of task classification or regression. Moreover, results highlighted that many authors still use artificial datasets to test their algorithms, instead of datasets based on real data retrieved by their components. For the last type of datasets, this paper also introduces a schematic framework to standardize the step-by-step diagnostics and prognostics process carried out by the authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multidimensional data are frequently encountered in numerous industrial systems, standard techniques regarding statistical multichannel prognostic methods naturally cannot fully exploit and capture the coupled nature and spatiotemporal relationship of the available information among channels. To alleviate a bottleneck problem, in this paper, a new approach named sparse-based fractional Levy quaternion extended Kalman filter (SFLQEKF) is formulated for the prognostic of stochastic time series. Initially, the stochastic time series is decomposed into the static component and the dynamic component resorting to the piecewise representation through a new improved sparse low-rank matrix (SLRM) approximation algorithm namely singular value penalty resonance sparse signal decomposition (SVP-RSSD). Afterward, both static component and dynamic component are predicted individually through the proposed fractional Levy quaternion extended Kalman filter (FLQEKF) method, the final time series of interest can be obtained by integrating the predicted static- and dynamic components correspondingly, in which a new predictive derivation of the proposed FLQEKF model is formulated for the first time by considering fractional-order characteristic and Levy flight process damping term, hence the issue of oscillating indeterminacy induced from classical extended Kalman filter (EFK) can be addressed. Eventually, the prognostic behavior of the proposed approach is investigated via the stochastic time series conducted from two experimental cases, the predicted results illustrate the availability and applicability of the proposed approach compared with three state-of-the-art benchmarks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Castells' analysis of the breakdown of Soviet statism is possibly more relevant now than when it was written. By identifying systemic blockages to necessary societal transformation—then from industrialism to informationalism—he offers a framework to analyze the contemporary crisis of liberal democracy. Then and now, the challenges are caused by the system's inability to organize the complexity created by itself which creates more and more internal contradictions. Two current challenges threatening the stability of the liberal democracy are rising social inequality and the crossing of geophysical boundaries of the earth as an ecological system. The inability to address these challenges is related to systemic blockages within liberal democracies. Parallels to the late Soviet Union are drawn without predicting outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contributes to the theoretical understanding of institutions as fundamental in shaping the demand for migrant labour by investigating labour market regulation as possible explanation for cross-country differences in labour market segmentation and the presence of migrant workers. It compares the adult social care sector in England and the Netherlands with important cross-country differences in the reliance on migrant labour amid similar cost saving policies and marketization drives. The analysis draws on data collected between 2009 and 2019 and consisting of sectoral survey data, policy documents, interviews with relevant actors, and the observations of trade union and care workers' meetings. The findings highlight the importance of path-dependent features of the national industrial relations systems in explaining observed differences but also how the specific nature of the regulatory outcomes depends on unions' strategies and power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As in other disciplines, the Atlantic slave-trade and New World slavery have assumed an increasingly contentious role in accounting history. In her Accounting for Slavery, Rosenthal has recently located many current business practices in the nexus between accounting, capitalism and slavery. Other accounting historians have explored slave-trading ventures from Africa, the role of accounting and slavery in New World colonisation, and in accounting and managerial practices in the slave-estates of the Americas. Absent from the extant literature are studies that explore the nexus between accounting, capitalism and slavery from a multi-continental perspective that considers Atlantic slavery as an integrated whole. This study, by drawing on the Trans-Atlantic Slave-trade Database, seeks to fill this gap, examining the correlations between Atlantic slavery and African demographic and social regression, European prosperity and New World accounting and managerial practices. In doing so, it argues that accounting played a fundamentally different role in the slave economy to that which it undertook in emerging systems of industrial capitalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For improving the energy efficiency level in industrial systems, the service specialists should take appropriate measures to improve the efficiency in a timely manner. A necessity arises to provide adequate training for current and future specialists and practitioners. This training can be based on the digital technologies taking into account the information revolution we are witnessing and the future trends in this field. In this paper, a unified training methodology and laboratory equipment on energy efficiency investigation in induction motor drives is developed based on a developed automated computer system. The methodology is provided with created software products based on developed complex algorithms. The methodology procedure and the corresponding learning processes are organized into six main stages. In order to implement the method in the training of specialists, a computer laboratory bench is designed and implemented. The training is provided with three elaborated textbooks. The education conducted using the methodology improves the competence of the trained persons and gives them the opportunity to make justified and correct decisions and take relevant actions. The proposed development is used for educating number of students in some master programs in the University of Ruse. A major part of them already works in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the so-called 'refugee crisis', research on migration in the Euro-Mediterranean region has highlighted the entanglement of humanitarian and securitarian logics in the transformation of the EU border regime, with most attention focused on rescue and push-back operations at sea and systems of detention, selection and reception on land. This article moves beyond the point of arrival to examine how humanitarianism has also been implicated in the management of migrant labour in agriculture. Focusing on the tomato districts of southern Italy, the article interrogates the recent legislative and emergency measures devised to tackle labour violations and to facilitate the reproduction of the workforce. Measures have included the establishment of impromptu worker shelters run by humanitarian organizations and the recourse to criminal law to combat gangmasters and to assuage public opinion. By developing the conceptual framework of humanitarian exploitation, the article illustrates how humanitarian government is functional both to the regulation of the migrant workforce and to the maintenance of the industrial agri-food system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In light of the widespread use of high-energy lasers (HELs) for a variety of purposes, for example, standoff (>100 m) applications, will require the ability to monitor in real time the interaction with processed materials. While multiple sensing methods have been successfully developed for industrial HEL systems operating at close range, they are not compatible with the unique requirements of long-distance applications. Here, high-energy laser–induced oxidation spectroscopy (HELIOS) is demonstrated on carbon steel coupons as an efficient standoff assessment method compatible with long distance HEL applications. Acute monitoring of spectral features from thermally excited iron atoms and oxides, corroborated with real-time temperature measurements, reveals the interaction mechanisms at play. Graphical Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fault diagnosis of rotating machinery plays a significant role in the reliability and safety of modern industrial systems, which generally requires collaborative fault diagnosis by features extracted from multiple sensors since the multi-channel vibration signals carry a wealth of fault information. However, there is a remaining obstacle for fault diagnosis of multi-source monitoring data: integration of multisensory data. Hence, a novel framework is proposed for fault diagnosis of multi-source monitoring data. First, composite multivariate multi-scale symbolic dynamic entropy is proposed to extract fault features. Second, Laplacian score is introduced to select the distinguishing features with better clustering ability. Finally, the selected features are fed into a logistic regression classifier so that various faults of machinery are diagnosed. The simulation and two case studies using gearbox and pump data are performed to validate and demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blast furnace (BF) ironmaking system is a complex industrial system so this paper proposes a BF state causality analysis method based on the use of convergent cross-mapping method (CCM). This method can accurately describe the causal relationships between states at different locations in the BF system. It can also be used as a feature selection method for prediction models. After obtaining accurate causal characteristics of the BF state covariates, the BF system process theory is used for validation. The causal characteristics are used as input variables to the extreme gradient boosting model (XGboost) for predicting BF state parameters. After testing with industrial data, the model predicted an absolute error control within 2% with an accuracy of over 88%. The CCM approach mentioned in this paper is more suitable for state causal impact analysis and predictive model feature selection for BF systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The children of today inhabit the planet when CO2 levels have exceeded 400 parts per million (ppm). Crucial planetary boundaries are breached, and the climate crisis has manifested itself menacingly along with several accompanying civilizational crises be it health, socio-economic, political or humanitarian. It is, according to us, the crisis of Industrialism. At this crucial juncture of converging planet-scale disasters where the very survival of humanity is at severe risk, we explore fresh insights into alternative imaginations that can foster a new world where we not just survive but flourish. One such alternative imagination of a good society is that by Gandhi. A century ago, he outlined this vision as Swaraj and, over the years, fleshed out this vision. It is for this Swaraj that in 1937, Gandhi, conceptualizing his educational ideas, initiated a programme known as Nai Talim. Swaraj was diametrically opposite to Industrialism. And, therefore, Nai Talim was in sharp contrast to the state-approved school education that promoted Industrialism. In this article, we give a brief outline of Swaraj; highlight the interconnections between Swaraj and Nai Talim; and expand on ways in which one can reimagine Gandhi's Nai Talim for contemporary times. We also argue that such an imagination of reinvented Nai Talim is possible today in Indigenous communities, where there is a spirited resistance to industrialism. And as an example, we look at the ongoing experiment of the Zapatistas of Chiapas, Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines why Günther Anders, one of the 20th century's most formidable critics of technology, deemed a critique of technology necessary at all. I argue that the radical philosophy of industrialism in Die Antiquiertheit des Menschen (The Obsolescence of Human Beings) and related texts is a response to what Anders's work presents as inadequacies of traditional Marxism, with its focus on class struggle and property relations. In effect, his critique of technology, which is more attentive to forms of domination emergent with mechanization, would come to supplant classical Marxist thought. The piece concludes with some thoughts about how Anders's 'post-Marxist' perspective provides insights for contemporary Marxism and, in turn, how the latter can throw light on problems in Anders's philosophy of the machine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Performance measurement systems (PMSs) are a global phenomenon emanating from new public management (NPM) reforms. While they are now prolific and entrenched, they have attracted criticism based on their design and the manner in which they are applied. The purpose of this article is to explore the history of accounting for research in the Australian higher education sector (HES). It focuses on how successive Australian governments have steered research within the sector through the introduction of PMSs, in line with NPM reforms. Relying on publicly available online policy documents and scholarly literature, the study traces the development of performance measures within the Australian HES from the mid-1980s to 2015. It contributes to literature in management accounting aspects of NPM through the means of management accounting techniques such as PMSs. It also contributes to accounting history literature through an examination of three decades of accounting for research in the Australian HES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article questions the advocacy for industrial planning or reindustrialization as a means of restoring the productivity leadership to the U.S. The author believes that advocates of the concept simply mean that government should perform more effectively the functions that people expect it to perform. The advocates stress the need for government to maintain and enhance the network of roads and bridges and to upgrade the education and skills of the work force. The elements of reindustrialization is presented and the author questions whether it is likely to help or hinder in the task of lifting the economy up.

Alternative economies respond to the precarious conditions underpinning the everyday lives of individuals, and their lack of access to and scarcity of resources and competences. Recently there has been increasing interest in the field of macromarketing towards such alternative forms of exchange and marketplaces. Nonetheless, current studies of alternative economies remain fragmented. The objective of this special issue is to advance our understanding of alternative economies and stimulate future research within this domain. Seven articles are included in this special issue of the Journal of Macromarketing. Each article presents forward-looking research exploring one of three aspects of alternative economies: (1) the paradigms used within alternative economies, (2) the institutional logics that guide action within these systems and (3) the implications to individuals, localities, markets, and society. The editors of the special issue briefly introduce the topic, provide a definition of alternative economies, offer an overview of the articles and their contributions, and direction for future research bringing together alternative economies and macromarketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article profiles the ‘techno-tourists’ of Berlin: music fans who return repeatedly to the city in order to participate in the local electronic dance music scenes. Based on interviews, this article sketches a profile of these music-minded voyagers, surveying their motivations, their attitudes, their patterns of travel and their strategies for making this mode of travel possible in terms of work and money. It also situates this recent wave of tourism within a broader history of tourism in Berlin, as well as considering its representation in local popular discourse. Local debates about the impact of tourism are reflected in interviewees’ ambivalence towards tourist identities, as they strive to describe the terms of their socio-cultural belonging within a sub-cultural scene that is spatially distant from house and home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two affordances of digital communication technologies, persistent contact and pervasive awareness, are ushering in fundamental change to the structure of community. These affordances break from the mobility narrative that has described community since the rise of urban industrialism, including accounts of networked individualism and a postindustrial or a network society. In contrast to images of late modernity, which suggest that mobility will be maximized to the point where people are nearly free from the constraints of time, space, and social bonds, persistent–pervasive community renews the constraints and opportunities of premodern community structure. As a result of persistence—a counterforce to mobility—relationships and the social contexts where they are formed are less transitory than at any time in modern history. Through the ambient, lean, asynchronous nature of social media, awareness supplements surveillance with the informal watchfulness typified in preindustrial community. It provides for closeness and information exchange unlike what can be communicated through other channels. Social media and the algorithms behind them generate not only context collapse but an audience problem that, when managed through a dynamic balance between broadcasting and monitoring content, enhances indicators of awareness and availability of social ties. Persistent–pervasive community represents a period of metamodernity. It is a hybrid of preindustrial and urban-industrial community structures that will affect the availability of social capital, the success of collective action, the cost of caring, deliberation around important issues, and how lives are linked over the life course and across generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines recent documentary films that have sought to narrate, record and criticise the effects on the French workplace of a shift to a new model of finance capitalism driven by ‘pure’ money. The films give representation to subjective experiences in the workplace showing how abstract economics is played out at the most intimate, personal and material level. The films seem to challenge dominant representations of finance capitalism as an order that has emancipated workers from the physical and disciplinary constraints of industrialism. The workers in these films describe the transition to a new economic order in terms of an intensification of corporeal pain. We see an economic order that pits an infinite accumulation of virtual money against the finite productive capacities of the human body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The case argued in this paper is not that the concerns of the founders of sociology are uniformly and in every particular still our own (Runciman, 2008), but that the concepts and methods used to address just one of their concerns were both ground breaking and of enduring value (Shilling and Mellor, 2001, 2011, for example, make a similar claim). Such a concern focused on the kind of morality grounded in a capitalist social order and, by implication, how it might be theorized. This generated in the process the uniquely sociological operationalization of what had seemed hitherto a philosophical concept: human dignity, along with the freedom and autonomy that attend it. Certainly, the priorities differed in each of the contributions to this endeavour but, in coming at the problem from different standpoints, the concept of dignity came to appear more rounded, more substantive and more relevant to the human condition in all its historical specificity. Quite crucially, there is also in these sources from the classical period of sociology an intimation of method: both the way in which human dignity is to be 'perceived' within an inter-personal dialectic at a micro-level and, at a macro-level, how we can discern that dignity transcends artificial confinement by any one aspect of life (be it economic, political or cultural).1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As increased awareness of the industrial-capitalist food system draws consumers into ‘alternative’ food networks, a variety of approaches are being taken to access fresh, local foods. A growing trend within alternative food practice is the increasing number of people who are ripping out their lawns and creating sites of food production in neighborhood spaces. This challenge to the iconic lawn landscape has been viewed by some as both an alternative to the conventional marketplace and an act of transgression against neighborhood norms. This article explores a new strategy that has been used to access food, what I have termed the ‘hired garden’, to examine the contradictory implications of yard food production done for hire. Using the space of the yard as a vehicle for exploring transgression and resistance, this article considers the claim that accessing food through ‘alternative’ means is necessarily transgressive. I argue that such practices are not inherently transgressive or resistant and instead invite scholars to ask critical questions about transgression, resistance and landscapes of power. At the same time, this article suggests that the recent establishment of businesses that can be hired to install, maintain and harvest vegetables from their clients’ yards is a fundamental cultural contradiction, whereby consumers have competing desires to have easy access to fresh, local foods and to produce their own food. Finally, this analytical look at the hired garden addresses: who are the recipients of such services, and who has access to this type of food, drawing on critiques of the ‘alternative food movement,’ which characterize it as a white, middle-class phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the Nintendo Wii console's negotiation of tensions accruing in contemporary developments around "nice work," "affective labor," and "hyperindustrialism." Learning and play have long been considered to "begin in wonder." Observing that appliances made for us to "enjoy labor," as one adversary in a recent Nintendo Wii title puts it, have a history, I show that hyperindustrial recreational appliances like the Wii design wonder for learning and play by deploying gesturaltechnical stylistics first prototyped in human-computer interaction design research. I apply ten stylistics of gestural interaction design to the Wii in order to articulate its differences from other interactive educational, recreational, and health devices. I conclude that the Wii increases bandwidth for player action with two distinct effects. First, it orients "wonder" as gestural-technical conduct, making an ethical claim to differentiate contemporary play and work, while, second, projecting an unprogrammed "signature effect" extended in a range of modifications by researchers and amateurs alike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper seeks to lay open the computational logic by which reality is rendered as information. Computation is claimed to involve a drift away from the palpable and extendible character of things, a trend that both continues and breaks with the prevailing strategies of technological mediation in industrialism and modernity. Computation entails the relentless analytic reduction of the composite character and complexion of the world. Reality is meticulously dissolved and regained after a long analytic retreat and technological reconstruction. The outcome of this analytic strategy is that processes taking place at the human-technology interface are sustained by an elaborate vertical stratification, entailing a variety of other programmes and systems that reach down from the level of the interface to machine language and the mechanics of binary parsing. The deepening involvement of computation in instrumental settings thus reframes the perceptive and action modalities by which human agents confront the world. This way, a coherent set of techniques for building up reality is established accompanied by a new model of human agency that increasingly takes the form of a combinatoria of data and information items, remaking the shape of things out of the digital fragments produced by computation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on theories of institutional evolution, this article contends that despite the centrality of occupationally based social insurance in postwar Korea and Taiwan (and thus the impression of institutional continuity), the welfare state has in fact deepened considerably. The analysis is structured around three distinct eras of social policy reform in Korea and Taiwan: the developmental state, democratic transition, and postindustrialism. The authors contend that during each of these eras, the institutional purposes of social policy were altered to meet certain socioeconomic objectives. New institutional purposes were grafted onto the prevailing social insurance model, changing the outcomes of social policy. The developmental state era was productivist in purpose, democratic reform during the 1980s reoriented social insurance toward universalist and redistributive principles, and the post-1997 era refocused social insurance to meet the imperatives of flexible labor markets, demographic shifts, and economic globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the power duality of David Herbert Lawrence's writing "Nottingham and the Mining Countryside," that is between the natural world and the mechanical world. The writing is centered on the themes and concerns of post-industrialism. Lawrence also exposes the intimate connections between mining and agriculture. He is also concerned with the aesthetics of environment, the connections of community, and the nature of labor.

The article focuses on the use of artifacts to teach gifted children about industrialism in New England in the 1800s. It suggests that artifacts or cultural materials are dependent upon student interpretation through critical thinking. It details the procedure for developing a lesson on Industrial Revolution using Hitchcock and Shaker chairs. It explains the importance of using artifacts for gifted students.

It is incorrect to view globalization as a disorganizing influence on national society. National society as an outcome of modern industrialism is a substructure of the nation state. Japan's history proves Gellner's thesis that the concept of nation was formed at the stage of industrialization. If we interpret Parsons's concept of the societal community as emphasizing the increasing importance of the integrative function during the age of globalization, it would seems to suggest that, in agreement with MacIver, community is not disorganized by globalization. Although an East Asian Union, corresponding to the European Union, is not possible at the present stage, the importance of Japan's dual relation with the West, on the one hand, and with the East, on the other, is on the increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared to cities in the more developed Western countries, significant changes in the industrial bases of Eastern European cities were rather belated, and the process only accelerated after 1989 when radical economic and social reforms were introduced. The main objectives of this study are to reveal the most important similarities and differences in the spatial impacts of post-socialist industrial transformation on the major Hungarian cities (Budapest, Debrecen, Győr, Miskolc, Pécs and Szeged). The capital city and other major cities display divergent development trends owing to the changes in the post-socialist industrial space and landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents comments of David Lyon on the shift from post-industrialism to information society. Lyon suggests that information society theorists retain the highly positive, even utopian, strain that characterized post-industrialism. But this is a misreading. As far as sociologist David Bell is concerned, the earlier post-scarcity emphasis is crucially played down and predictions of an affluent leisure society with an open social structure are notably absent from the later version. More important is the fact that arguments from technology are often highly plausible: they are parsimonious and technology itself represents a dramatic embodiment of complex knowledge. In a sense, both too much and not enough is made of technology. The arrival of information technology is for Lyon the crucial change that has made the in formation society concept worth investigating sociologically. Yet, ironically, there is a form of determinism lurking here. One cannot reject post-industrialism yet accept information society just because new technology has come along.

This article presents information on a new social transformation from past to present day. Among the concepts put forward to encapsulate what is going on, the "information society" is clearly a leading candidate. Given the newness of the technologies and the relatively recent realization of their potential to affect all areas of life, it would be surprising if sociological debate were already crystallizing around a single concept. But the growing number of references to the `information society' makes it a suitable focus for discussion of research on the social dimensions of the new technology and the specific question of whether we should revise one of our basic means of characterizing `society' today. The emergence of this concept within serious social analysis is explicable. Firstly, the social significance of information technology is rapidly being established as a phenomenon worthy of social investigation. Secondly, whereas "post-industrialism," the only previous potential usurper of `industrial society' concepts, was negatively and thus rather vaguely defined, `information society' promises concrete clues as to the dominant features of the burgeoning social formation. Thirdly, just as Sociologist Daniel Bell more than any other single contributor placed `post-industrialism' on the sociological agenda, so he has also put his weight behind the `information society' concept.

As with other sciences, ecology's conceptual foundations emerged long after its origin. Clarification of these foundations should enable human ecology to provide understanding Of the fact that industrial civilization causes ecosystem breakdowns. Arthur Tansley's reasons for superseding the community concept and coining the term "ecosystem" need to be known. Sociologists have widely misunderstood the term. Their "ecological complex" is not synonymous with it. Tinkering with ensuing lists of variables can be highly misleading. Human ecology should be the study of whatever ecosystems involve humans. Until we put behind us the unnerving impact of inappropriate criticism, rejoin bioecology enough to get over thinking of succession as invader-driven, and recognize seral stages for what they are, sociologists will fail to comprehend the ineluctable difference between industrialism and ecological climax. Available literature can facilitate sociologists' necessary retooling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing approaches to the study of social evolution are insufficient for the task of explaining the full range of social evolution from the Neolithic Revolution down to the present day. Some anthropological approaches shed considerable light on the evolution of preindustrial and precapitalist societies but are less capable of explaining the evolution of the modern world. Sociological approaches usually have the opposite result: they shed light on the evolution of the modern world but falter with respect to premodern times. This article presents a comprehensive formal-propositional theoretical approach to social evolution that combines the strengths of anthropological and sociological approaches while minimizing their weaknesses. The theoretical approach offered, referred to as evolutionary materialism, comprises propositions concerned with the directional nature of world history, the substance or content of social evolution, the principal causal factors in social evolution, the adaptational character of social evolution, the interplay of agency and structure in social evolution, the units of social evolution, the pace of social evolution, and methods of studying social evolution. The second half of the article attempts a brief logical and empirical justification of evolutionary materialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theory that nationalism is a response to the uneven geographical development of capitalism or industrialism is criticized, partly on grounds of factual adequacy and conceptual looseness, but primarily because the theory cannot account for some of the main aspects of nationalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world seems to be rushing into the state of a global risk-society. Is the diagnosis correct? What are the causes and reasons of the current tensions? What are the prospects? Four global trends are assumed to penetrate the new constellations of cooperation and conflict. The spreading of instrumental activism has its roots in the `conquer and dominate' philosophy of modern industrialism. It is trapped by its own expansion. Individualization is embodied in major evolutionary achievements. it is simultaneously the source of cultural and institutional imbalances. Modernity is marked by an accelerated upgrading of organizational rationality. The process brings about organizational pathologies as well. We witness a fast value-normative universalization. It is paralleled by symbolic and institutional particularizations. Managing these four inherently controversial trends is the major challenge to continuing modernization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a theory of labor market segmentation which pertains to regional sectors rather than dual industrial structures. Two positions are advanced regarding the effects of regional industrialization on status attainment parameters. Whereas the thesis of industrialism describes the emergence of nonascriptive patterns of allocation, the status maintenance thesis contends this transition is impeded by concurrent declines in educational inequality and occupational upgrading. These conflicting positions are examined by estimating attainment models within twelve Japanese regions varying widely in economic development. Results suggest moder- ate regional heterogeneity in attainment coefficients, implying that estimation of a single national model entails misspecification. The pattern of regional variation provides partial support for the status maintenance thesis, with occupational up- grading particularly important for the development of meritocratic organization. Macro-level structural models of these relationships are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines the shift toward "structural" explanations in recent studies of inequality. After reviewing this body of research and some of its shortcomings, we examine its theoretical underpinnings, comparing "structuralist" perspectives on work organization derived from institutional economics and neo-Marxism to more orthodox accounts based on neoclassical and "industrialism" theories. This discussion suggests areas where the different perspectives overlap and diverge. We conclude that work arrangements within the firm and their trend are the focus of most "structural" perspectives on positional stratification; thus, empirical studies grounded at the organizational level are more likely to inform current debates about the "structure of work" than is the growing body of research about structural effects on individual attainment or covariation among industrial/occupational characteristics. Toward that end, an agenda for future research is outlined, focusing on three aspects of work organization: (a) the units which comprise the structure of work and the dimensions underlying economic segmentation; (b) the effects of sectoral differentiation on technical and administrative arrangements within firms; and (c) temporal changes in how enterprises organize production. We provide some illustrations of the kinds of empirical data and research hypotheses required to link research on segmentation and stratification more closely to studies of organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article looks at the principle of industrialism. The last age was essentially a time of violent and destructive change. It doubtless resembled, on a far larger scale, the hundred years of disorganization and expansion in the Ancient World which preceded the establishment of the Roman Empire. And like that period it was necessarily transitory. It can only be explained as the transition state between one relatively stable order of society and another; in the one case from the city-state to the Roman Empire, in the other from mediaeval society to what we may hope is a new world order. The last age was an age of exploitation and therefore its duration was limited; it was not simply a case of the exploitation of the weak by the strong as in the last age of the Roman Republic; it was the exploitation of the world and of its resources by man. The natural riches lying unused for ages were spent recklessly for the sake of immediate advantage without thought of the future. It was the case of a pigmy, with the mind and aims of a pigmy, suddenly endowed with the power of a giant. In England the whole powers of the nation were thrown recklessly into the struggle for exploitation.

The article explores the report, Christianity and Industrial Problems, from the Archbishop of Winchester's Fifth Committee of Enquiry. The report does not put forward a body of doctrine as does the Cities Committee as to how Eutopia may be attained, but it is full of repentance for past shortcomings and of the desire for better things. It is at this stage that far-reaching and mentally revolutionary conceptions such as those of the Cities Committee can be entertained and adopted. The accusation brought against the report by some Guild Socialists and others, that it does not put forward definite and far-reaching remedies for the present state of class-war is at least premature. If the Church can rouse its members to realize the evils of capitalistic society it is doing a much needed preparatory task of purification. When this is accomplished it will naturally go on to adopt a third alternative which will take us away from the régime of repression and reprisals which we know. The summary of a part of the report states that the fundamental evil of modern industrialism is that it encourages competition for private gain instead of cooperation for public service. Among the minor recommendations would definitely attack anti-social interests in every town in the country and which are usually considered highly controversial. The first recommendation is that in order to secure the publicity which is essential to the realization of social responsibility, the names and addresses of all owners of urban land and house property and of all other persons having a legal interest in them should be registered with the local public authority, and should be accessible to the public. Second, in order to facilitate the orderly and healthful growth of towns, local authorities ought to have power to acquire and hold land for such purposes as they may deem proper. Third, in order to discourage the withholding from the market of land, urban land should be specially and heavily rated.

The article discusses issues concerning social change in the United States, as of July 1, 1914. The nation leaves upon the mind a multiform and extraordinarily stimulating impression. With the exception of the Jews the vast majority are of peasant stock, but all alike tend to be swallowed up in the cauldron of Transatlantic industrialism. The rough American classification divides them into North and South, white men and others, those from Northern and North-Western Europe, who come from comparatively free communities and are more or less of our family, and those of more pronouncedly alien blood and type, the overflow of Eastern and Southern despotisms, political and ecclesiastical. There is the continual challenge of men and women working with gusto in innumerable avenues of study and thought and public service. There is the coming into view of a new ethic of government and people, of employer and employed, of city and citizen. There is the keen personal delight of meeting crowds of eager and capable people, who show to English visitor and inquirer a cordiality and helpfulness that cannot be described and that beggars all gratitude.

The fourth dimension has been a subject for everything from highly abstract and critical thinking to fantastic imagination. It has served to modify fixed points in an established science and to support time worn religions. Likewise, calculations in which time is taken as an aspect of all other measurements have imposed new restrictions on human behavior. The vast subdivision of labor which characterizes people's technology requires coordination in time and space. The backbone of industrialism is the railroad. Split-second timing of industrial operations reflects back along the line of transportation and imposes constantly new and closer limits upon those who operate trains. Time is an important factor in any social pattern. Social interaction requires time coordination, and to the degree that occupation determines time distribution, time limits all forms of social participation. As technology controls time for the railroader, it also determines the tempo and the interval of other social relationships and sets a pattern for the personality.

The article focuses on the need of education for labor in the United States. As one looks back over the pages of labor history in the United States for the past hundred years, the one need recognized by labor as clear and unmistakable from the very beginning has been the need for education. The need of labor for education today, however, arises out of a new set of circumstances, which are implicit in the industrial civilization. It is a need of adult education for reeducation to the machine age. The author believes that an education which is appropriate to an industrial civilization must turn on the processes of industry. To prepare themselves adequately for this important function in industry, labor has found it necessary to make increasing provision for the education of its membership to deal with these problems in industrial relations. Labor has recognized this need for education to adjust itself to the whole area of relationships which have arisen out of modern industrialism. It has developed a technique which is appropriate to the modern age, and adequate to the manifest needs of labor.