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This article examines the impact of trade policies in Nigeria (1960–2022) on the manufacturing and agricultural sectors. To set the context, I have grouped the trade policy periods into two categories: (a) the pre–structural adjustment programme (SAP) era (1960–1985) and (b) the post-SAP era (1986–2022). I have then examined economic data and all the existing literature to understand the pattern of manufacturing and agricultural outputs during these policy periods. Pre-SAP and post-SAP trade policies show a shift from protectionism to liberalisation, moderately improving agricultural and industrial sectors but still facing obstacles. Despite policies and agreements to improve trade, economic development remains unrealised. This study demonstrated that trade policies have led to erratic progress in both the agricultural and manufacturing sectors, consequently making a lesser contribution to the overall Nigerian development. Within this debate, three different schools of thought can be distinguished. The first school of thought holds that trade policy reforms benefit the growth of Nigerian manufacturing and agricultural sectors. The second school of thought contends that trade policy reforms (such as trade liberalisation) have a detrimental effect on industrial and agricultural sectors. The third school of thought argues that there is no proof or substantial linkage between trade policy reforms and the productivity and growth of manufacturing and agricultural sectors. Nevertheless, to benefit from trade liberalisation, this article identifies the need to revise the Nigerian trade policy as well as stabilise foreign exchange rates to advance and boost local manufacturing and agricultural sectors and promote active participation in trade agreements and policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the economic policies adopted by the Indian government under different policy regimes, provides a political economy perspective of economic growth in the country during 1950–2020 and examines the inclusiveness of the rapid economic growth in recent decades. The growth performance of the economy improved as the economy moved from inward-looking policy regime to the regimes of pro-business and pro-market policies. India's political economy was supportive of the changes in policy regime. After growing at a sluggish rate during the first three decades after 1950–1951, the gross domestic product (GDP) growth accelerated significantly after the pro-business reforms in the 1980s, and there was further acceleration after the pro-market reforms since 1991–1992. It has, however, slowed down in recent years. Nevertheless, it has not been inclusive, as the benefits of growth have not reached all sections of the population and all regions of the country equally. On the contrary, disparities in income across regions and inequalities in income, wealth and consumption among individuals have exacerbated, and the problems of unemployment and poverty have been persisting in the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay addresses a nursing discipline- specific approach to teaching a course about lifespan growth and development. This course may be a requirement for the baccalaureate degree in nursing, offered as a pre-requisite to the nursing major or relevant content may be integrated into clinical courses. Noteworthy is that the content for the course frequently is drawn from the field of developmental psychology. In this essay, I offer a nursing-discipline specific approach guided by Meleis' transitions framework and the Roper-Logan-Tierney model of nursing based on activities of daily living. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Universal screening and progress monitoring are evidence-based practices in early intervention/early childhood special education (EI/ECSE). Individual Growth and Development Indicators (IGDIs) for infants/toddlers are measures that programs can use for universal screening, progress monitoring, intervention decision-making, and accountability. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, IGDIs were administered and scored exclusively in person by certified early educators. Because of COVID-19, EI/ECSE practitioners could no longer conduct in-person assessments. We report how two early intervention programs implemented IGDIs using remote protocols that included (a) preparation of parents for IGDI administration at home, (b) session observation by program staff using videoconferencing, and (c) remote coding of the child's performance by program staff when interacting with a parent/caregiver play partner using the standard toy set. The remote protocols are described, and uptake by the programs is compared before and during the pandemic. Equivalence of children's scores from in-person versus remote protocols is reported, as well as caregivers' and program staff's preferences. Implications for remote early childhood services are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Dexamethasone (DEX), a synthetic glucocorticoid, has been widely used as a medication for premature delivery. However, the side effects of antenatal DEX treatment on fetal bone development, as well as the underlying mechanisms still remain to be elucidated. Here, we aimed to explore the effects and the related mechanisms of antenatal DEX exposure during late pregnancy on fetal bone growth and development. Methods: Pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into DEX group and vehicle group from gestational day 14 (GD14). Pregnant rats in DEX group were intraperitoneally injected once with DEX (200 µg/kg body weight) on GD14, 16, 18, and 20. The vehicle group rats were administered the same amount of normal saline at the same time. Pregnant rats were anesthetized at GD21 to harvest fetal femurs for analysis. Results: Antenatal DEX treatment delayed fetal skeletal growth via inhibiting extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis and downregulating insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) signaling. Several components of IGF1 signaling pathway, including IGF1 receptor, insulin receptor substrate, as well as serine–threonine protein kinase, were down-regulated in fetal growth plate chondrocytes following DEX treatment. Conclusion: This study indicated that antenatal DEX treatment-retarded fetal skeletal growth was associated with the down-regulation of IGF1 signaling in growth plate chondrocytes, providing important information about the impact of antenatal DEX application four courses on premature infant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article shows how a student centered pedagogy called the Improvisational Theater Art Form (ITAF) empowers transformative awareness, growth, and change. In this particular study representative of a larger body of work, 30 undergraduate researcher/participants created improvised games and scenes as expressions of their inner selves to explore "habits of the mind" negatively affecting social living and daily life. ITAF draws upon action research, transformative learning theory, improvisational theater, a democratic learning environment, and learning through play. The purpose of this article is to show how ITAF inspired learners to study the nature of the self, achieve progressive growth and development, and advance the craft of transformative learning and education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Artemisinin, an antimalarial compound suggested by the WHO to treat drug-resistant malaria, was obtained from Artemisia annua L. plants. However, due to the low level of artemisinin in the plant causes limitation to its commercialization, so to increase the concentration of artemisinin, two transgenic lines were developed by us, overexpressing the key genes of artemisinin biosynthetic pathway, namely, 3 S-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR), amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS) (Trans. 1) and HMGR, ADS, and CYP71AV1 (cytochrome P450 monooxygenase) (Trans. 2). Objectives: Our main aim for this study was to select the suitable reference gene for the normalization of reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Reverse transcription RT-qPCR) data in different tissues at various developmental stages in A. annua L. plants. Materials and Methods: Six candidate reference genes, namely; β-actin (ACT), elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1α), TAP-42 interacting protein (TAP42), SAND family protein, β-tubulin, and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) for their expression stability in the root, stem, leaf, and flower of A. annua L. plants at vegetative, preflowering, and flowering stages were analyzed using geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper, the Excel-based research tools. Results: The genes ACT/PP2A, PP2A/TAP42, and EF1α/PP2A were appropriate as reference genes in the leaf tissues at vegetative, preflowering, and flowering stages, respectively. In addition, EF1α/PP2A genes at vegetative and flowering stage, while EF1α/TAP42 gene at preflowering stage was found suitable reference genes for normalization of expression data in the stem. In the root samples, ACT/EF1α, EF1α/PP2A, and ACT/TAP42 sets were found to be reliable reference genes at vegetative, preflowering, and flowering stages, respectively, whereas, PP2A/TAP42 gene set was found suitable for flower tissues at flowering stage. Conclusion: These results will be helpful in the normalization of expression data in RT-qPCR to find the reliable outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to analyse the growth and development of bureaucracy as an institution of government in Bangladesh from historical and politico-administrative perspectives. Although it is now an independent state, various Hindu kings, Muslim emperors, British lords and zamindars of the Indian subcontinent ruled the area of Bangladesh for several hundred years. In 1947, when India and Pakistan emerged as independent states, Bangladesh was a part of Pakistan. To understand the growth and development of bureaucracy in Bangladesh, the article is divided into two broad sections: the colonial legacy of both British India and Pakistan (1601–1971) and the Bangladesh period (1971–2008). The structure and working patterns of bureaucracy in Bangladesh are a legacy of British colonial rule, which impeded reform efforts after Independence and caused politicisation of the administration and governance. Civil-military elitisms reduced accountability of the administration, resulting in a dominating bureaucratic structure with corruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the main findings and policy implications of 50 years (1949-1999) of research conducted by INCAP on growth and development. Topical areas reviewed include a) maternal size and birthweight and the causes of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), b) patterns and causes of postnatal growth retardation, c) the relative importance of genetics and the environment in explaining differences in growth among populations, d) the implications of being small, for both children and adults, e) bone growth and maturation and dental development, f) menarche, and g) methodological contributions such as anthropometric reference data, quality control of data collection, development of risk indicators and use of anthropometry in nutrition surveillance systems. Key contributions to knowledge by INCAP include a) characterization of growth failure and maturational delays as mainly occurring during the intrauterine period and the first 3 years of life b) clarification of the role of small maternal size and of inadequate dietary intakes during pregnancy as major causes of intrauterine growth failure, c) evidence that diarrheal diseases and poor dietary intakes are the principal causes of growth failure in early childhood, d) demonstration that environmental factors related to poverty, and not genetic or racial ancestry, account for most of the differences in growth between populations, e) evidence that growth failure predicts functional impairment in the child as well as in the adult andf) demonstration that nutrition interventions are effective in preventing growth failure and its consequences, if targeted to needy women and young children. INCAP's work has contributed knowledge that has informed and improved policies and programs aimed at overcoming maternal and child undernutrition and promoting optimal growth and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article surveys the current general understanding of genetic influences on within- and between-population variation in growth and development in the context of establishing an International Growth Standard for Preadolescent and Adolescent Children. Traditional genetic epidemiologic analysis methods are reviewed, and evidence from family studies for genetic effects on different measures of growth and development is then presented. Findings from linkage and association studies seeking to identify specific genomic locations and allelic variants of genes influencing variation in growth and maturation are then summarized. Special mention is made of the need to study the interactions between genes and environments. At present, specific genes and polymorphisms contributing to variation in growth and maturation are only beginning to be identified. Larger genetic epidemiologic studies are needed in different parts of the world to better explore population differences in gene frequencies and gene-environment interactions. As advances continue to be made in molecular and statistical genetic methods, the genetic architecture of complex processes, including those of growth and development, will become better elucidated. For now, it can only be concluded that although the fundamental genetic underpinnings of the growth and development of children worldwide are likely to be essentially the same, there are also likely to be differences between populations in the frequencies of allelic gene variants that influence growth and maturation and in the nature of gene--environment interactions. This does not necessarily preclude an international growth reference, but it does have important implications for the form that such a reference might ultimately take. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Axons, their growth cones, and synaptic nerve terminals are neuronal subcompartments that have high energetic needs. As such, they are enriched in mitochondria, which supply the ATP necessary to meet these demands. To date, a heterogeneous population of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial mRNAs has been identified in distal axons and growth cones. Accumulating evidence suggests that the local translation of these mRNAs is required for mitochondrial maintenance and axonal viability. Here, we review evidence that suggests a critical role for axonal translation of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial mRNAs in axonal growth and development. Additionally, we explore the role that site-specific translation at the mitochondria itself may play in this process. Finally, we briefly review the clinical implications of dysregulation of local translation of mitochondrial-related mRNAs in neurodevelopmental disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Richard Florida-Todd Gabe and Nik Theodore papers, while illustrating negative features of current regional economic development and labor market patterns, also point toward institutional innovations that could make economic and workforce development more inclusive. Theodore shows how day-labor worker centers contribute to inclusive economic development in the contexts of disaster recovery and pandemic response, in which the role of worker centers has not previously been studied. Keywords: inclusive economic development; Paycheck Protection Program; PPP; inclusivity EN inclusive economic development Paycheck Protection Program PPP inclusivity 299 301 3 10/20/23 20231101 NES 231101 This issue of I Economic Development Quarterly i continues the special issue focusing on inclusive economic development. [Extracted from the article]

Economic inequities are common in low and middle-income countries (LMIC), and are associated with poor growth and development among young children. The objectives are to examine whether maternal education and home environment quality: 1) protect children by attenuating the association between economic inequities and children’s growth and development, or 2) promote children’s growth and development, regardless of economic inequities. The sample includes 512 infants and 321 preschoolers in 26 villages in rural India (Project Grow Smart). Data for children: physical growth (weight and length/height measured) and development (Mullen Scales of Early Learning); for mothers/households: economic inequities measured by household assets, education, depressive symptoms, and home environment (HOME Inventory). Data are analyzed with linear mixed models (LMM) for infants and preschoolers separately, adjusted for village/preschool clustering, including asset-by-education/home interactions. Among infants, but not preschoolers, the education/home factor attenuates relations between assets and growth, eliminating differential relations in infant growth between high/low-asset families, suggesting protection. Among infants and preschoolers, the education/home factor is significantly or marginally associated with most child development scales, regardless of economic inequities, suggesting promotion. Strategies to enhance maternal education and home environment quality may protect infants in low-asset families from poor growth, promote development among infants and preschoolers, and prevent early disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite evidence that frequent progress monitoring to identify children at-risk of delays and inform early intervention services improves child outcomes, this practice is rare in infant–toddler settings where children could benefit the most from early intervention. Using a descriptive research design within an Implementation Science framework, we evaluated how 10 community-based infant–toddler agencies implemented a standardized progress monitoring assessment using a web application to monitor children's growth and identify children at-risk for delay. An Implementation Index was developed to quantify implementation progress for each agency, which included their percent of tasks completed, and rate of task implementation over time. Staff turnover and high staff:child ratios were associated with low implementation of progress monitoring. The Implementation Index differentiated between agencies that otherwise demonstrated similar implementation rates. Implications for supporting progress monitoring and other evidence-based practices in community-based infant–toddler childcare settings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning to read is one of the most important indicators of academic achievement. The development of early literacy skills during the preschool years is associated with improved reading outcomes in later grades. One of these skill areas, phonological awareness, shows particular importance because of its strong link to later reading success. Presented here are two studies that describe the development and revision of four measures of phonological awareness skills: Individual Growth and Development Indicators Sound Blending, Syllable Sameness, Rhyming, and Alliteration 2.0. The authors discuss the measure development process, revision, and utility within an early childhood Response to Intervention framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Counties have expanded the scope of their activities in the economic development process. However, limited research exists of the factors that influence economic growth and development trends of these unique communities. The primary focus of this case study analysis is to determine whether form of government has an impact on county economic growth and development trends while controlling for environmental context and demographic characteristics in Alabama, Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Washington. To empirically test the impact that county form of government and environmental factors have on local economic growth and development trends, ordinary least squares regression is used. The results of this study show that form of government has only a marginal impact on county economic growth and development trends. County environmental factors are found to have a more substantive impact on the economic growth and development trends of counties across these four states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ghana witnessed decent economic growth in the last three decades of implementing neoliberal policy prescriptions. Indeed, this growth promoted it to a low middle income country in 2010. Paradoxically, the wellbeing of most Ghanaians in the subaltern classes has not improved significantly, and they still suffer grinding poverty. How to understand this paradox of growth without development? This paper argues that the failure of Ghana to diversify its economy into industrialization, particularly manufacturing, explains the paradox. With its relatively good politics and open economy, the Ghanaian state should spearhead industrialization, as South Korea and Malaysia did, by supporting selective manufacturing firms with capital, technology, and protective tariffs. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Bone powder (BP), a by-product of cattle slaughtering plants, consists of fat, protein, amino acids, inorganic elements and vitamins. It is used as bone meal in biomedical and feed industry because of its rich content. In addition, bone contains a large amount of inorganic elements especially calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P), which the plants need to maintain their physiological and biochemical processes. BP has been used as Ca and P source in agriculture for many years; however, its effects on plant growth and development have not yet been studied in detail. The present study aimed to determine the effects of BP on dry weight and contents of total chlorophyll, soluble protein and sugar as indicators of physiological response in the leaves. For this purpose, bone powder solutions (BPS) were prepared at different concentrations (0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2%) and applied to growing media of the 10-day wheat seedlings. Afterward, the 14-day seedlings were harvested, and the effects of BPS on plant response were determined. The results showed that BPS treatments significantly stimulated dry weight and contents of total chlorophyll, protein and sugar compared to control seedlings. The best stimulatory effect of BPS was determined at 1% concentration. According to these results, it is possible to say that BP may be used to meet the inorganic element requirements of plants in poor soils and hydroponic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the growth and development of worker centers in the U.S. through 2011. It says that worker centers, community-based groups which support low-wage workers such as tax drivers, domestic workers, and restaurant workers, have grown primarily due to the political influence that allows the organization of workers paid by government funding streams. It adds that such groups have entered into strategic alliance and institutional partnerships with other labor groups.

Although American suburbs are commonly understood as the result of growth machine efforts or are grouped in categories like edge cities or inner-ring suburbs, these approaches obscure the unique characters of individual suburbs. This study examines four consequential “character moments” in three Chicago suburbs, Naperville, West Chicago, and Wheaton, where the suburb’s character was open to public debate. These moments show character over time is critical for understanding suburbs, character moments are rare but often consequential, not all moments involve particular development projects and some may be prompted by perceived threats, and suburban character is more dynamic than typically posited. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An integrated intersectoral care model promises to meet complex needs to promote early child development and address health determinants and inequities. Nevertheless, there is a lack of understanding of actors' interactions in producing intersectoral collaboration networks. The present study aimed to analyze the intersectoral collaboration in the social protection network involved in promoting early child growth and development in Brazilian municipalities. Underpinned by the tenets of actor-network theory, a case study was conducted with data produced from an educational intervention, entitled "Projeto Nascente." Through document analysis (ecomaps), participant observation (in Projeto Nascente seminars), and interviews (with municipal management representatives), our study explored and captured links among actors; controversies and resolution mechanisms; the presence of mediators and intermediaries; and an alignment of actors, resources, and support. The qualitative analysis of these materials identified three main themes: (1) agency fragility for intersectoral collaboration, (2) attempt to form networks, and (3) incorporation of fields of possibilities. Our findings revealed that intersectoral collaboration for promoting child growth and development is virtually non-existent or fragile, and local potential is missed or underused. These results emphasized the scarcity of action by mediators and intermediaries to promote enrollment processes to intersectoral collaboration. Likewise, existing controversies were not used as a mechanism for triggering changes. Our research supports the need to mobilize actors, resources, management, and communication tools that promote processes of interessement and enrollment in favor of intersectoral collaboration policies and practices for child development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the practicality of smart growth strategies for already compact cities, testing whether zones with high-density development, mixed land use, and transit-oriented development result in shorter travel distances between jobs and housing in the Seoul metropolitan area of Korea. The findings, derived from spatial econometric models, reveal that high-density development does not always reduce these distances. Furthermore, greater subway accessibility induces a longer commuting distance. However, jobs-housing balance, a mixed-use variable, reduces commuting distances. The findings imply that smart growth principles should be applied together, not separately, for better planning results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the contributions of enslaved Africans and their descendants to the growth and development of the Americas. Emphasis on the Afromestizos of San Nicolas, Mexico; Realities of squalor and despair; History of enslavement; Human sufferings and exploitations; Statistics on the Atlantic slave trade.

In this article, the author of the book "Growth & Development in the Global Political Economy" responds to a review of it by Victor Lippit, published elsewhere in the same issue. The article focuses on a theory about the global social structure of accumulation (SSA) in the context of finance and industry after World War II. An argument is presented that SSA needs to be studied at a global, rather than merely national, level due to the effects of transnational corporations and institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and World Trade Organization.

A personal narrative is presented which explores author's experience as chief of the Pain, Palliative Care and Rehabilitation Division in the National Cancer Institute in Milan, Italy.

To investigate prenatal and post-natal effects of extremely low frequency (ELF) electric field (EF) on growth and pubertal development, pregnant Wistar rats were randomly distributed among three groups. The pregnant rats of the prenatal group were exposed to 24-hour EF at 50 Hz EF 10 kV/min during pregnancy and their subsequent randomly selected female pups continued to be exposed until puberty. The post-natal group was unexposed to EF during pregnancy, but randomly selected female pups from this group were exposed to EF between delivery and puberty at the same doses and duration as the prenatal group. The third group was a sham-exposed group. The mean birth weight and weight gain of the pups during study period were found significantly reduced in prenatal group than post-natal and sham-exposed groups (p < 0.001). No difference could be found among the three groups for body weight at puberty (p > 0.05). The mean age at vaginal opening and estrous were significantly higher at prenatal group than post-natal and sham-exposed groups (p < 0.001). Serum insulin-like growth hormone-1 (IGF-1) levels were found significantly reduced in prenatal exposure group compared with the other two groups (p < 0.001). There was no difference for birth weight, weight gain, the mean age at vaginal opening and estrous and IGF-1 levels between post-natal and sham-exposed groups (p > 0.05). There was also no difference for FSH, LH and E2 levels at puberty among the three groups (p > 0.05). Histological examination revealed that both the prenatal and post-natal groups had the evidence of tissue damage on hypothalamus, pituitary gland and ovaries. In conclusion, early beginning of prenatal exposure of rats to 24 hours 50 Hz EF at 10 kV/m until puberty without magnetic field (MF) resulted in growth restriction, delayed puberty and reduced IGF-1 levels in female Wistar rats. These effects probably associated with direct toxic effects of EF on target organs. Post-natal exposure to EF at similar doses and duration seems to be less harmful on target organs. Post-natal exposure to EF at similar doses and duration seems to be less harmful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The direct effect of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure in utero on the development of the lung parenchyma is not known. We used design-based stereologic methods to evaluate in utero and postnatal ETS exposure on alveolar and respiratory bronchiole (RB) development in the rhesus macaque. METHODS Timed-pregnant rhesus macaques and their offspring were exposed to filtered air or various amounts of ETS during the prenatal and postnatal period. The left cranial lobe from necropsied infants was evaluated by design-based stereological methods and general pathological review. RESULTS Infants in the in utero and six-month ETS groups had an 18% and 17% relative decrease, respectively, in alveolar number and a 57% and 33% increase, respectively, in alveolar size compared to filtered air (FA) monkeys. Lung volume positively correlated with alveolar number in the FA and six-month ETS group and negatively correlated in the in utero ETS group. The distribution of alveolar size was much more variable in the in utero group. Overall, RB volume was significantly increased in the six-month ETS group (p < .04). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results indicate that in utero and postnatal ETS exposure is associated with altered parenchymal lung development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resurgence of many lagging, mountainous or peripheral areas of the European Union may be attributed to the significant regional exports by firms located there. A survey in four mountainous areas of Southern Europe revealed that nearly one-third of surveyed businesses spanning the whole range of economic activities and industries sell more than 50 percent of their value of production outside the geographical boundaries of the local area. Strategic entrepreneurship creates two broad sets of 'windows of entrepreneurial-locational opportunity' and firms from different industries of the manufacturing sector together with firms from the services or the hospitality industries may utilize the same common stock of resources and develop the same conventions irrespective of the industry they operate in. As such, local clusters should not be defined in terms of industries and/or sectors but in terms of common strategic entrepreneurial actions that can mix industries under common opportunities (entrepreneurship) and advantages (strategies). These firms are the mountain gazelles as they present very high growth rates and serve as paradigms and a source for innovative thought by other local entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes a study on the growth and development of black and white children with dyslalia in Michigan. The primary data for the investigation were obtained by conducting a comprehensive speech survey in the Willow Run Public Schools to determine the total number of black and white elementary children having articulatory handicaps. Children with sufficient reading skill were asked to read several sentences containing all the consonant sounds and blends in the initial and final oppositions.

Summary: Spanning less than two centuries, pediatrics is a relatively young medical specialty. Prior to the development of pediatrics, the medical needs of infants and children were provided by families, friends, and midwives; physicians rarely contributed to the health of this population. However, events beginning in the 19th century resulted in the development of physicians who specifically addressed the medical problems of infancy and childhood; thus the pediatric specialty was born. This article presents a summary of the cumulative forces responsible for the development of pediatrics as a distinct branch of medical practice. Clin Pediatr. 2000;39:705-714 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the life of Afro-American academician William Leo Hansberry. Social conditions of Afro-Americans during his time; Factors which influenced his development as an academician and intellectual; His study of the ancient Africa.

The article presents information on the importance of soy infant formula on the growth and development of children in the first year of their life. It informs that the bovine milk proteins are the sole protein source in the largest percentage of infant formulas. It further informs that the milk proteins are derived from nonfat milk or semi purified casein and whey proteins.

Evidence of longitudinal relations between language and early literacy skills in early childhood and later reading (and other) achievement is growing, along with an expanding array of early education programs designed to improve later academic outcomes and prevent, reduce, or close later academic achievement gaps across groups. Assessment systems to support this intervention have been developed, but to date we have little evidence of these systems' outcomes when used at a broad scale in community-based preschool programs. For this broad purpose, two research questions were addressed: (a) How much progress do children make on language and early literacy skills over the course of one school year? and (b) What is the relationship between child characteristics, baseline performance, and growth on language and early literacy skills? Results indicated growth over time for all measures and relations between child age, gender, and free-or-reduced-price status and students' performance at the beginning of the school year, but (with one exception) no relation between these covariates and growth over time. Discussion centers on current status of language and early literacy assessment in early childhood education as well as needs and issues to be addressed in future research and program development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the long-term interactions between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, real gross domestic product, fossil fuel consumption, and financial development are examined for 15 emerging markets during 1980–2014 by using heterogeneous dynamic panel data techniques. Long-run elasticity results show that the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis is not valid for emerging markets. Besides, long-run findings reveal that fossil fuel energy consumption has a powerful negative impact on the environmental quality of emerging markets. Moreover, long-run findings of emerging markets show that 1% increase in financial development raises CO2 emissions at 0.76% level. Considering empirical findings, emerging markets should tend to use environmentally friendly technologies to avoid the possible environmental problems caused by pollution. Therefore, green energy investors should be supported by possible incentive policies. In addition, emerging markets should turn towards financial regulations, which extend credit channels for clean industries whereby emerging countries could achieve their sustainable development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic developers are well aware of the live-work-play dynamic affecting downtowns and many other major employment centers across the country. This study of 90 employment centers, including 48 central business districts, offers a rigorous analysis of this dynamic. The authors first present a definition of vibrancy and show its connections to the fields of urban economics, economic geography, and urban design. Second, the authors offer face-valid measures of vibrancy that practitioners can replicate in their jurisdictions. Most important, the authors show that vibrancy is an important factor influencing economic development. The vibrancy index measured with 2010 data is positively associated with subsequent employment growth, property inventory expansion (tax base), and income growth. Economic developers should consider becoming more involved in downtown redevelopment by finding effective ways to serve economic-base companies and emerging entrepreneurial firms. As a result, major employment centers could become more productive and innovative places. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies regional variations in the characteristics, performance and growth of small and medium-sized manufacturing and business service enterprises in Great Britain. North-South divide; Origins of enterprises; Role of unemployment; Market specialization; Large-firm dependency; Subcontracting; Competitive advantages; Innovative activity; Technological intensity.

Presents information on a study which investigated the implication of the spread of tribal police in the Indian country on tribal sovereignty in the United States. Discussion on the spread of tribal police in Indian country; Varieties of Indian law enforcement; Special policing issues in Indian country.

General outcome measurement has emerged as a "best practice" and empirically validated set of procedures for assessing the academic and behavioral development of children and youth, particularly in the academic domains. Recently, general outcome measurement has been extended in application to younger children. Through our work as part of the Early Childhood Research Institute of Measuring Growth and Development (ECRI-MGD), we have developed and evaluated a set of Individual Growth and Development Indicators or IGDIs. These IGDIs are easy to use; provide direct assessment of growth; are adaptable across children, programs, and purposes; have strong empirical evidence of reliability and validity. The purpose of this article is to provide a brief overview of general outcome measurement and its potential for assessment of continuous progress in early childhood education, and to describe an eight-step research and development process for the generating and evaluating of individual growth and development indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Over the past 25 years, the roles of school nurses have been both expanding and specializing in public and non–public school settings. To help meet the ever-changing and demanding challenges that specialized school nurses encounter in their unique settings, NASN embraced the idea that school nurses need a way to connect with colleagues working in similar practices. Thus, special interest groups (SIGs) were established, and the SIGs have become an integral part of NASN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the application of general outcomes measurement (GOM) model, as an individual growth and development indicators (IGDIs) in assessing child and program outcome. It relates that this assessment system is based within the theoretical framework of GOM. Moreover, the intervention assessments focuses on diagnosis and describing children's limitations and on assessment of a broad sampling of skills in language and adaptive domains of development.

Language skills developed during preschool contribute strongly to later reading and academic achievement. Effective preschool assessment and intervention should focus on core components of language development, specifically oral language skills. The Early Language and Literacy Individual Growth and Development Indicators (IGDIs) are a set of measures that have demonstrated utility in language and early literacy assessment, evaluation, and intervention studies. The purpose of this article is to describe two studies conducted to build on the existing oral language IGDI, Picture Naming, to increase utility for instructional decision making, particularly within an early childhood Response to Intervention framework. Study 1 outlines the initial development and piloting of potential measures and Study 2 describes the revision and continued analysis of the most promising measures. Results of Study 1 and Study 2 indicate that Picture Naming has continued utility as a measure of oral language skill development and that one newly developed oral language IGDI, Definitional Vocabulary, has potential utility. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article describes a procedure for monitoring the growth and development of young children as demonstrated through the significant learning domain of early literacy. General outcome measures can be utilized for progress monitoring. The steps for using GOMs include the implementation, graphing of data, analysis of trend lines, interpretation, and data-based decision making.