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Previous work has established that gender, age, and self-control can predict Death Anxiety (DA), the distress that centers around thoughts of one's mortality. However, it has not been determined if DA is associated with Delay of Gratification (DG; a tendency to forgo immediate rewards to receive a more favorable outcome in the future), attitudes toward gender roles (as compared to gender identity itself), and Death Reflections (DR; positive goals that occur when contemplating death). To examine these relations, 131 adults (45% women; aged 23–67 years) completed questionnaires that assess these constructs. We found that greater DG, egalitarian gender role attitudes, and engagement with DR were all associated with reduced DA. Gender identity was not associated with any variable, including DA. Age correlated independently with DA, but not when included in the regression models. These results demonstrate that elements of self-regulation and prosocial attitudes may predict baseline DA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Timely data on drug overdose deaths can help identify community needs, evaluate the effectiveness of interventions, and allocate resources. We identified variations in death investigation and reporting systems within and between states that affect the timeliness and accuracy of death certificate information. Methods: The HEALing Communities Study (HCS) is a community-engaged, data-driven approach to combating the opioid crisis in 67 communities in 4 states: Kentucky, Massachusetts, New York, and Ohio. HCS conducted a survey of coroners and medical examiners to understand variability in drug overdose death data. We compared survey results in Massachusetts, New York, and Ohio with national data to investigate the completeness of provisional death counts by type of death investigation system. Results: Communities in each HCS state had different ways of collecting and reporting mortality data. Completion of death certificates for drug overdoses ranged from <2 weeks in 23% (7 of 31) of those surveyed to more than 3 months in 10% (3 of 31) of those surveyed. Variabilities in the timeliness of reporting drug overdose deaths were not associated with type of coroner or medical examiner office in each state, urban versus rural setting, or specificity of drug information on the death certificate. Conclusion: Having specific drug information on the death certificate may increase death certificate quality, comparability, and accuracy. We recommend the following: (1) all coroners and medical examiners should be trained on conducting death investigations, interpreting toxicology reports, and completing death certificates; (2) 1 office in each state should oversee all coroners and medical examiners to increase data consistency; and (3) communities should identify and address barriers to timely death certification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Electronic massagers have gained popularity for their non-invasive and cost-effective approach to healthcare. However, existing electronic massagers require manual manipulation, leading to inconsistency. Objective: To investigate the feasibility and acceptability of the Electronic Massager—Expert Manipulative Massage Automation (EMMA) among the American population. Methods: A single-arm pilot study was conducted at Mayo Clinic Rochester campus. Participants received massage therapy with the EMMA treatment model and completed a demographics and Satisfaction Survey Questionnaire. Data were collected using REDCap, and statistical analysis was performed. Results: Twenty healthy volunteers (13 women, 7 men; median age, 47 years) participated and completed the intervention within 2 weeks. No adverse events were reported. Overall, the acceptability and satisfaction of massage utilizing EMMA were high, with all participants finding the study worthwhile, willing to participate again, and willing to recommend the study to others. Regarding the overall experience, 65.0% reported a better-than-expected experience. Responses to open-ended post-treatment questions showed that most participants enjoyed the warmth (35%), pressure (25%), and relaxation (20%) provided by EMMA, with the majority suggesting no changes or improvements were needed. However, some participants expressed a desire for an expanded massage area (20%). Conclusions: This study suggests that the EMMA massager has high acceptability and satisfaction among healthy volunteers, thus demonstrating its feasibility. However, further research is needed to optimize EMMA and assess its clinical effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Women who have direct exposure to incarceration or indirect exposure through their partner are at high risk for poor health behaviors and outcomes, which may have lasting impacts on their children. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of recent incarceration exposure among women with a recent live birth and assess the relationship between incarceration exposure and maternal and child health. Methods: We used data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (36 states and New York City, 2012-2015; N = 146 329) to estimate the prevalence of women reporting that they or their husband/partner spent time in jail during the 12 months before giving birth. We used multivariable logistic regression to assess associations between incarceration exposure and maternal and infant health conditions. Results: The prevalence of incarceration exposure shortly before or during pregnancy was 3.7% (95% CI, 3.6%-3.9%). Women with incarceration exposure had increased odds of prepregnancy hypertension (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.51; 95% CI, 1.26-1.81), prepregnancy and postpartum depressive symptoms (aOR = 1.95 [95% CI, 1.73-2.19] and 1.49 [95% CI, 1.32-1.67], respectively), and having an infant admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (aOR = 1.18; 95% CI, 1.04-1.33). Conclusion: Because a parent's incarceration exposure is an adverse childhood experience with the potential to disrupt important developmental periods and have negative impacts on the socioemotional and health outcomes of children, it is critical for researchers and health care providers to better understand its impact on maternal and infant health. Prenatal and postnatal care may provide opportunities to address incarceration-related health risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treatment as usual has historically been used as control arms for randomized controlled trials (RCTs), but utilizing wellness interventions as active comparison conditions can advance the evidence base of such interventions while increasing access to health promotion content. We use the results from the CONNECT 2 RCT's wellness intervention control arm as a case example of active comparison conditions that can control for dosage or attentional effects in future research. We summarized existing studies on wellness control HIV RCT interventions, introduced CONNECT 2, and discussed recruitment, randomization, and the intervention. Overall, Wellness Promotion participants were more likely to engage in physical activity, eat healthier, and do more vigorous exercise when compared with HIV Risk Reduction. CONNECT 2 Wellness intervention results solidify why wellness interventions can play an important role in treatment guidelines. Developing and implementing this model can be a more ethical, equitable, and holistic approach among underserved communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The objective of this study was to evaluate factors influencing utilisation of follow-up oral-health services in general dentistry clinics among children subsequent to a teledentistry consultation and treatment with a paediatric dental specialist.Methods: Conducted in 2017, the study included 144 children living in rural upstate New York who experienced a teledentistry consultation in 2015-2016 at one of several local general dentistry clinics. A remotely located paediatric dental specialist provided consultation services in the teledentistry visit and treatment services in the specialty dental clinic. Associations between follow-up services at the general dentistry clinics and patients' characteristics, specialty treatment recommendations, case-management services, timeliness of treatments and travel distances were evaluated.Results: The study results indicated that most children completed a treatment plan (97.2%) at the specialty clinic and subsequently accessed follow-up oral-health services at one of the local general dentistry clinics (77.1%) where teledentistry services were provided. Children's utilisation of follow-up services in general dentistry clinics was associated with a shorter time to specialty treatment (p = 0.013) and fewer case-management contacts (p = 0.004). Children who had a longer time to treatment initiation (p < 0.001) or completion (p = 0.043) required significantly more case-management services than other children.Discussion: The study found that case severity and compliance with treatment were predictors of utilisation of oral-health services in general dentistry clinics. An additional finding was that case-management interventions were important in facilitating specialty dental care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on the development and initial psychometric properties of the School Interference Questionnaire (SIQ), a questionnaire designed to assess both academic functional impairment related to mental health problems and the type and frequency of school refusal behavior. Participants were 110 youth ages 13 to 18 years (M = 15.41 years, SD = 1.42) admitted to an adolescent partial hospitalization program. The majority of participants identified as female (57.3%), Caucasian (59.1%), and non-Latino (70.0%). Internal consistency of the 12 SIQ core interference items was excellent (Cronbach's α =.91). The factor structure suggested that a single factor was appropriate for the 12 school interference items. Correlations between the SIQ and other measures in this study provided support for construct validity. The average SIQ core interference item score showed evidence of convergent validity via correlations with measures of school refusal, global disability, and internalizing symptoms. The SIQ also exhibited no significant association with timing of study enrollment, suggesting evidence for divergent validity. Results provide initial evidence supporting the psychometric properties of this novel measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prior research has indicated that posttraumatic growth (PTG) often co-occurs with symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, it is yet unclear what longitudinal patterns of posttraumatic symptom levels may predict the development of PTG. Methods: World Trade Center (WTC) rescue and recovery workers (2038 police and 2103 non-traditional responders) were assessed an average of 3, 6, 8, and 12 years post-9/11/2001. Responders' WTC-related PTSD symptoms were characterized by No/Low Symptom, Worsening/Subtly Worsening, Steeply Worsening (only for non-traditional responders), Improving, and Chronic trajectories. PTSD symptom trajectories were examined as predictors of PTG, which was assessed using total scores on the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory-Short Form. Results: Across both occupational groups, being female, older, Hispanic, and experiencing more post-9/11 traumatic events were independently associated with self-reported PTG. Among police responders, a greater number of WTC exposures and supportive family members while working at the WTC site were linked to higher PTG. Among non-traditional responders, Black race/ethnicity, less education, fewer pre-9/11 traumatic events, and the presence of support while working at the WTC site were additionally linked to higher PTG. Only the moderate PTSD symptom trajectories (ie, worsening and improving) for police responders and all symptomatic trajectories for non-traditional responders were associated with higher levels of PTG. Conclusions: Symptomatic 12-year trajectories of PTSD symptoms and certain sociodemographic characteristics, stressor exposures, and supportive resources were associated with PTG in traditional and non-traditional WTC responders. Results provide insight into subgroups of WTC responders who may benefit from PTG-promoting interventions, as well as potentially modifiable targets to help foster PTG in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: A trauma-informed educational support group pilot addressed traumatic stress, substance use disorders (SUDs), and child-rearing for clients who were pregnant and/or parenting young children. Methods: Seeking Safety was adapted with parenting content and delivered at two intensive residential rehabilitation facilities. An explanatory sequential mixed methods approach was used to evaluate the pilot. Forty-eight participants completed starting assessments (intention-to-treat) and 31 graduates completed postgroup surveys (per protocol). Focus group sessions were completed with 19 graduates. Results: Paired samples t tests of intention-to-treat data showed a statistically significant decrease in self-reported symptoms of stress and substance cravings and increases in positive behaviors and parenting self-efficacy. There were no statistically significant differences on lifestyle behaviors, parenting skill, and parenting confidence. Most participants found the intervention acceptable and felt supported to improve their parenting. Discussion: Trauma-informed parenting education support in inpatient rehabilitation settings may offer an important complement to existing SUD and parenting programming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opioid analgesics and benzodiazepines remain substantial contributors to unintentional drug overdose deaths in the United States. To promote judicious prescribing and improve care for patients with substance use disorders, the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene piloted the Prescriber Notification Program, an educational initiative to deliver targeted public health messaging to providers who had prescribed opioid analgesics and/or benzodiazepines to patients who died from overdose in New York City. This article reports on provider responses to receipt of patient death notifications and program feasibility. Findings demonstrate that a majority of prescribers were not aware of patient deaths prior to receiving notification letters. Public health authorities considering prescriber notification systems should address barriers to implementation and sustainability—in particular, consistent and routine access to and linkage of overdose mortality and prescription monitoring data—as part of planning such programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is an understudied health problem among young gay, bisexual, and other non-identified young men who have sex with men (YMSM). According to cross-sectional studies, IPV is associated with psychosocial and mental health problems, such as stigma and depression, among YMSM. IPV is also associated with health-risk behaviors, such as substance use, among this population. Yet, to date, no studies have used longitudinal data to examine determinants of IPV among YMSM. This gap in the extant literature is problematic, as it limits our understanding of how to intervene to interrupt cycles of violence. The aim of the present study was to examine longitudinal determinants of IPV among a sample of (N = 526) YMSM living in the New York City area. Longitudinal analyses using Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) were used to examine individual, relationship, mental health, psychosocial, and substance use factors in relation to IPV victimization and perpetration. Most notably, early experiences of IPV were a robust predictor of later experiences of IPV victimization and perpetration. Relationship status, depression, public gay-related stigma, and illicit substance use were associated with IPV victimization over time. Similarly, relationship status, depression, public gay-related stigma, marijuana, and other illicit substance were associated with IPV perpetration. These findings suggest that prevention programs and awareness campaigns should aim to reach YMSM before their first experiences of relationship violence, as these early experiences of violence are strongly linked to later experiences of violence. Also, IPV interventions should be tailored to the needs of YMSM and should target depressive symptoms, gay-related stigma, and substance use behaviors. Additionally, substance use interventions may be improved by addressing IPV. Finally, policymakers should support policies that improve the social climate for LGBTQ people, thereby reducing gay-related stigma, and potentially stemming violence against and among YMSM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine the impact of a mindfulness intervention on nurse managers in an acute care hospital. Design: A pre/post intervention design with three data collection points: prior to, at the conclusion of, and at 3 months following the intervention. Method: A survey to measure the impact of a mindfulness workshops on nurse managers' perception of professional quality of life, burnout, and perceived wellness. Findings: There were significant changes in the scores on the compassion satisfaction (T-1 mean 3.9, T-2 mean 4.5, p = .002) and burnout subscales (T-1 mean 3.4, T-2 mean 2.8, p = .016) of the Professional Quality of Life scale, and on personal burnout (T-1 mean 4.2, T-2 mean 3.8, p = .023) and work-related burnout (T-1 mean 4.0, T-2 mean 3.5, p = .029) on the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory scale, following the mindfulness intervention. The 3-month follow-up scores on compassion satisfaction were higher but not statistically significant (p = .810). Scores on the burnout scales, while lower than the preintervention levels, were higher at the 3-month follow-up than immediately following the intervention. Conclusions: These findings suggest that mindfulness practices need to be reinforced. Without continuous reinforcement, it may become a self-care practice moved to the bottom of the list of things to be done among the activities of a busy day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article highlights findings from a mixed-method evaluation of two pilot programs that utilized Home Health Aides (HHAs) as health coaches for home care patients with chronic illness, including (1) a dedicated health coaching program for patients with heart failure and (2) an integrated program for HHAs working with chronically ill patients. Interviews were conducted with HHAs and staff to understand their experiences implementing program activities. Data from clinical assessments and surveys were employed to examine the characteristics and outcomes of patients. HHAs viewed health coaching positively and described it as an informative process that is dependent on patient motivation and willingness to change. Patients in both programs reported improvement in self-care maintenance. Patients in the chronic illness program also reported improved quality-of-life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United States resettles close to 70,000 refugees each year more than any other country in the world. Adult refugees are at risk for negative health outcomes and inefficient health resource use, and meeting the multiple health needs of this vulnerable population is a challenge. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of a home health care (HHC) pilot project on meeting the needs of older adult refugee patients. A retrospective chart review of 40 refugee adult patients who participated in an HHC pilot was done to analyze their health outcomes using OASIS-C data. Participants’ pain level, anxiety level, medication management, and activities of daily living management all significantly improved over the course of their HHC episode. Results of this study indicate that HHC has great potential to improve the health of vulnerable refugee populations and assist the families involved in their care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, there are 2.5 million children in the United States who suffered the loss of a parent. Grieving children are more likely to experience symptoms of depression and anxiety compared with their nongrieving peers. Adults (N = 19) who experienced a loss during childhood were interviewed to assess what was most helpful and most harmful in coping through the years following the death. The qualitative descriptions were coded and analysis of common themes determined. Five theoretical constructs were found: adjustment to catastrophe, support, therapy, continuing a connection with the deceased parent, and reinvestment. The findings have clinical applications for bereaved children, their families, and clinical programs targeting this population. The unique insights provide an emotionally salient expression of their experiences and provide a framework for how best to support this group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This preliminary investigation examined the relationship between poverty level and parental awareness of evidence-based interventions in urban African American parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Based on responses to a survey, more parents above the Federal Poverty Level (FPL) reported awareness of the interventions than parents who were below the FPL. Similarly, poverty level was related to parental awareness of the educational and therapeutic services their child received. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the physical and psychosocial effects of the Wii Fit exergames incorporating self-efficacy theory on assisted living residents. The study was a quasi-experimental pre/post-test design. Thirty-two participants were recruited from two assisted living facilities. Sixteen participants received the Wii Fit exergames incorporating self-efficacy theory twice a week for 4 weeks. The other participants received a health education program. Physical function, fear of falling, depression, and quality of life were evaluated. T tests were used for data analysis. After the 4-week intervention, the Wii Fit group showed significant improvements in balance (p < .01), mobility (p < .01), and depression (p < .05). The education group showed no significant improvement in any of the outcomes. Integrating concepts of self-efficacy theory with the exergames show promise as a potential tool to improve and maintain physical and psychosocial health for older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary aim of the current study was to examine self-criticism as a potential mechanism mediating the relation between mothers’ own childhood maltreatment history and changes in subsequent maternal efficacy beliefs in a diverse sample of low-income mothers with and without major depressive disorder. Longitudinal data were drawn from a larger randomized clinical trial evaluating the effectiveness of interpersonal psychotherapy for depression among low-income mothers and their 12-month-old infant. Results indicated that higher levels of maltreatment in childhood led mothers to hold more self-critical judgments in adulthood. Additionally, mothers who had experienced more extensive childhood maltreatment histories perceived themselves as less efficacious in their role as mother. Structural equation modeling indicated that self-criticism mediated the relationship between childhood maltreatment and mothers’ decreased perceived competency in her maternal role from when her child was an infant to the more demanding toddler years. Finally, this relationship held over and above the influence of mothers’ depressive diagnostic status. Directions for future research and the clinical implications of these findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Personal health records (PHRs) may address the needs of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Among parents, we assessed acceptance, barriers, and intentions regarding use of PHR for their children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Methods. Survey of parents from 3 practices in Rochester, NY. Stepwise logistic regression analysis explored factors predicting respondents’ intentions for future use of PHR, accounting for care coordination needs, caregiver education, socioeconomic status, and satisfaction with providers. Results. Of 184 respondents, 23% had used the PHR for their child, 82% intended future use. No difference was observed between users and nonusers regarding gender, age, race, or education. Users were more likely than nonusers to reside in the suburbs (P = .03). Caregivers were more likely to plan future use of the PHR if they felt engaged as partners in their child’s care (adjusted odds ratio = 2.3, 95% confidence interval = 1.2, 4.5). Conclusions. Parents are enthusiastic about PHRs. Future work should focus on engaging them as members of the health care team. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Research suggests that moral disgust, shame, and guilt are present in posttraumatic psychopathology. However, it is unclear that these emotional states are responsive to empirically supported interventions for posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). This study explored the relations among moral disgust, shame, guilt, and PTSS, and examined comprehensive distancing (CD) as a novel intervention for these emotional states in undergraduates with elevated PTSS. Participants were randomly assigned to use a CD or a cognitive challenge task in response to personalized scripts of a traumatic event. Both interventions were associated with decreases in disgust, moral disgust, shame, and guilt. Contrary to predictions, there were no significant differences between the exercises in the reduction of negative emotions. In addition, PTSS severity was correlated with trauma-related guilt as well as state guilt and shame, but not trait or state measures of disgust or moral disgust. This proof of concept project sets the stage for further research examining CD as an alternative or adjunctive intervention for posttraumatic stress reactions with strong features of moral disgust, shame, and guilt. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Employers’ characteristics and their policies and practices are workplace environmental factors with important implications for the hiring and retention of employees with disabilities. To explore these factors, a survey was conducted by Cornell University in 2011 focusing on employer policies and practices related to the employment of people with disabilities. The private employer membership of the Society of Human Resource Management (SHRM) was randomly sampled across small, medium, and large employers. In all, 675 SHRM members completed the survey and provided information regarding organizational characteristics; disability-related practices and policies regarding recruitment and hiring, training, accessibility and accommodation, retention and advancement; collection of metrics; and their perception of barriers to the employment and advancement of people with disabilities. Ratings of effectiveness of these practices/policies are examined, as well as the number of policies and practices implemented by organizational size and industry. Comparisons of employer views on employment barriers for persons with disabilities to a previous 1998 Cornell/SHRM study are made. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents a study on the validation and development of the Undergraduate Perceptions of Poverty Tracking Survey (UPPTS) in the U.S. It mentions its provision of data on the views of disadvantaged undergraduates along with their attitude, empathy and commitment. It also considers cognitive distancing as one of the main reasons of failure in assisting poor people.

Objective. To explore the utility of clinician screening for anxiety in pediatric food-allergic patients. Study Design. In Phase I, 39 patients completed an anxiety questionnaire while their allergists completed a companion questionnaire estimating their patient’s responses. Allergists then attended an educational workshop to improve their anxiety detection. In Phase II, following the workshop, questionnaires were completed by an additional 39 patients and their allergists. Results. The percentage of clinician questionnaires with a “do not know” response decreased from 70% to 5% after the workshop. Correlation between allergists’ and children’s responses remained nonsignificant (r = .314, P = .321) before the workshop and after (r = .303, P = .068) and only 25% of patients who reported elevated anxiety were identified. Additionally, clinicians expressed poor acceptability of the screening. Conclusions. After the workshop, clinicians did not more accurately detect anxiety and found the process intrusive. Alternative methods for uncovering anxiety among high-risk patients are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study examined the experiences of 11 graduate-level pre-service teachers completing Virtual School Field Experiences (VSFEs) with cooperating teachers in fully online, asynchronous high school courses in New York State. The VSFEs included a 7-week online teacher training course, and a 7-week online field experience. Pre-service teachers completed pre- and post-VSFE questionnaires, biweekly written journals, and formal structured interviews. Pre-service teachers reported success in communicating with their students, and struggles with establishing a sense of community in their online courses. We discuss these outcomes, and suggest that the particulars of the VSFE matter for pre-service teacher outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivational factors such as social goals are important features of developing social adjustment, and thus researchers studying social adjustment need psychometrically sound measures of social goals. A valid measure of social goals for English-speaking youth is lacking. Such a measure would increase understanding of children’s social adjustment and allow for testing developmental models of social goals and interpersonal functioning. The authors’ aim was to revise the Interpersonal Goals Inventory for Children (IGI-C) for an English-speaking sample and examine its validity. The revised IGI-C (IGI-CR) fit a circumplex model and performed as expected with most external criterion variables examined. In addition, some differences were observed across males and females, offering insights into gender differences in social goals. Results support the IGI-CR as a sound measure. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The purpose of this study was to examine the association between acculturation, birthplace, and alcohol-related social problems across Hispanic national groups. A total of 5,224 Hispanic adults (18+ years) were interviewed using a multistage cluster sample design in Miami, New York, Philadelphia, Houston, and Los Angeles. Multivariate analysis shows no association between acculturation and problems among men or women. Birthplace is a risk factor for social problems among both genders. Among men, Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and South/Central Americans are more likely to report social problems than Cuban Americans. Other risk factors for men are unemployment, a higher volume of drinking, and a higher frequency of binge drinking. Among women, Mexican American origin and binge drinking are also risk factors for reporting problems. U.S.-born Hispanics may experience stress and other detrimental effects to health because of their minority status, which may increase the likelihood of more drinking and the development of alcohol-related problems. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The New York City Department of Health has designed a Primary Care Nutrition Training program for implementation in high-need neighborhoods that face growing diet-related epidemics of diabetes and obesity and a heavy burden of cardiovascular disease. Seven hundred fifty-six primary care team members complete pretest surveys and 665 complete posttest surveys at 45 training sessions between January and July 2007. Skills-building sessions center on the innovative application of visual aids and manipulatives and the provision of specific language for addressing nutritional issues with patients in busy primary care settings. Program evaluation data indicate that the training was well received by participants of all education levels, including medical assistants, physicians, nurses, and others, with 91% noting that the training content was pitched at about the right comprehension level for them. The Primary Care Nutrition Training Program offers a practical approach to continuing education for health professionals that may help to address the dearth of nutrition services currently in urban primary care. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study uses a mail survey (N = 1,305) conducted in two Upstate New York counties to explore relationships between media use and individual fairness judgments regarding local scientists. It extends previous work in organizational justice to a community setting, with local scientists evaluated according to four social-psychological dimensions of justice -- distributive, procedural, interpersonal, and informational. Results show science news attention positively related to perceived distributive, procedural, and interpersonal justice of local scientists. The conclusions argue that justice constructs can help media researchers better understand society's relationship with authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses important aspects of observational research methodology. Psychologists with keen observation, delegated to collect data either use written documents or recorded material. The use of life history method is based on insight interviews with the view of obtaining a clear understanding of race relations and problems of an all-African American community. The New York City Department of Health used the group method on rating schedule to evaluate candidates in terms of judging their appearance, manner of speech, attitude toward the group, leadership, contribution to group performance, and scientific approach. The questionnaire is the most frequently used observational technique, having advantages over administrative economy of time, money, and effort over other methods.