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Carbon nanomaterials doped with heteroatoms, in particular, nitrogen atoms, are of great interest for electrochemical power engineering as nonmetallic catalysts or carriers of catalytically active metal nanoparticles. A nanostructured, reduced graphene oxide modified with nitrogen in a gas discharge plasma in a vacuum chamber of a magnetron-ion sputtering facility is considered. It is shown that plasma treatment of reduced graphene oxide does not cause undesirable morphological changes in the structure of carbon nanomaterial, but it leads to the incorporation of nitrogen atoms into the structure of reduced graphene oxide with the formation of pyridine-, pyrrole-, and graphite-like configurations. The application of pulsed negative bias voltages of various magnitudes to the substrate with the sample increases the concentration of nitrogen atoms to 2.6 at % and also promotes an increase in the proportion of nitrogen atoms in the pyridine form and a slight decrease in the proportion of atoms in the pyrrole form. The results allow for considering the obtained carbon nanomaterials for use as components of electrochemical devices, for example, fuel cells, in the future.

The results of the experiments on the influence of a positive-buoyancy-particle layer on the process of breaking and regularization of the standing gravity Faraday wave on free water surface in a rectangular vessel are discussed. The effect of increase in the particle layer thickness on the limit steepness of the regular wave and its dissipative properties is considered. It is shown that the use of highly concentrated polystyrene particle suspension as the upper layer modifies significantly the barotropic wave mode dynamics and ensures regularization of the waves with total suppression of their breaking mechanisms.

The results of the experiments on studying the effect of the upper layer of a viscous fluid on the process of breaking and regularization of the standing gravity Faraday wave on the free surface of a two-layer fluid in a rectangular vessel are discussed. The situation considered is compared with the case of standing gravity wave on the free surface of homogeneous fluids whose viscosity differs significantly, namely, water and seed oil. The effect of increase in the upper layer thickness on the limit steepness of the regular wave and its dissipative properties is considered. The crucial role of emulsion formed under intense oscillations of immiscible fluids for suppression of the standing wave breaking mechanism is demonstrated.

The endogenous gaseous transmitters (GTs) —nitrogen oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S)—make up a special neuromodulatory system which mediates the development, maturation and plastic modification of nervous centers. We addressed immunolocalization of the key enzymes of GT synthesis, cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), heme oxygenase-2 (HO-2) and constitutive NO synthase (nNOS), at different ontogenetic stages of the human fetal retina. CBS, CSE and HO-2 were found to be expressed in photoreceptor, bipolar and amacrine neurons, the number of which increases in the first and decreases in the third trimesters of gestation. The number of nNOS-immunopositive amacrine and ganglion neurons demonstrates inverse dynamics with maximal values in the third trimester. Uneven distribution patterns of the marker enzymes are discussed in the light of the modulatory function of GTs in neurogenesis of the human retina and their involvement in cytoprotective mechanisms.

A mathematical processing method for determination of spectral parameters of chemiluminescence emitters during the autoxidation of phenolic compounds in aqueous-alkaline media has been developed. The presence of a single luminescence emitter (the corresponding p-benzoquinone in the triplet state) has been demonstrated in the hydroquinone–oxygen–water system. The emitters spectra have been obtained.

Antithrombin III (AT3) belongs to the superfamily of serine protease inhibitors (serpins) and is a major anticoagulant in physiological conditions. Based on SERPINC1 gene, a minigene coding for human AT3, which is valuable for medicine and biotechnology, was constructed by minimizing the size of lengthy introns and preserving the splicing site-flanking sequences. An analysis of the minigene splicing pattern identified one correct AT3 transcript and two alternatively spliced transcripts, which formed either due to minigene exons 2 and 3 skipping or an aberrant exon insertion via splicing at cryptic splicing sites in intron 1 of the minigene. Site-directed mutagenesis of the cryptic splicing sites successfully optimized the splicing pattern of the AT3 minigene to completely prevent the generation of the alternative transcripts. The presence of the cryptic splicing sites in intron 1 of the minigene was confirmed with Human Splicing Finder v. 3.1 software, thus demonstrating that putative alternative splicing sites are possible to identify in minimized or hybrid introns of minigenes and to eliminate via mutagenesis before experimentally testing the minigene splicing patterns. The approach to the design of minigenes together with the bioinformatical analysis of the nucleotide sequences of minigene introns can be used to construct minigenes in order to generate transgenic animals producing economically valuable proteins in the milk.

The comprehensive experimental analysis of the fluid viscosity effect on the standing gravity waves excited at parametric resonance is carried out. The viscous effects on the frequency range of excitement of the second wave mode, its resonance dependences, and the processes of damping and approaching the steady-state regime are quantitatively estimated by varying the viscosity over a wide range. It is found that the waves are regularized without breaking when the kinematic viscosity of the workingmedium becomes higher than a threshold value. A mechanism of viscous regularization of wave motion is suggested. In accordance with this mechanism, the effects observed experimentally relate to the presence of the shortwave cutoff domain in which viscous dissipation becomes the dominant factor and the shortwave perturbations responsible for breaking the standing wave are suppressed.

The effect of the viscosity of a liquid on the parameters of standing surface gravity waves in a vertically oscillating rectangular vessel has been experimentally studied. It has been shown for the first time that a 60-fold increase in the viscosity of a working medium as compared to water fundamentally changes the parameters of the second nonlinear wave mode: waves are regularized in the total absence of their breaking. The effect of viscosity on the resonance dependences and process of damping of waves has been studied. The numerical analysis of the dispersion relation for gravity waves has shown that the effects observed in the experiment are due to the presence of short-range perturbations in the cutoff region, where viscous dissipation becomes a dominant factor and short waves are suppressed.

A carbon material capable of reversible electrochemical oxidation and reduction with relatively high electrical conductivity was prepared by ozonation of thermally reduced graphene oxide. The specific discharge energy for such materials used in lithium ion electrochemical cell cathodes with non-aqueous electrolytes (LP-71) can reach 540 W h/kg at 40 mA/g current, while the average specific discharge power is 11.5 kW/kg at 5 A/g current. The specific charge after 2500 charge/discharge cycles at 5 A/g current was at a level of 93% of the initial value. The obtained materials appear promising for the design of new electricity storage systems.

A hybrid 6XRE-hTERT promoter consisting of the hTERT tumor-specific promoter and six copies of the XRE element from the CYP1A1 human gene promoter was created. Using a human lung cancer cells as a model, we showed that XRE elements in the hybrid promoter greatly increase the activity of the hTERT promoter and ensure the reporter gene transcriptional activation in response to the treatment of the cells with the AhR ligand benzo(a)pyrene. However, similar effects were also observed in normal human bronchial epithelial cells HBEpC, which indicates the loss of the tumor-specific activity by the 6XRE-hTERT hybrid promoter. XRE elements can be used for nonspecific transcription enhancement but are unsuitable for the creation of tumor-specific promoters with enhanced activity.

The variants of test panels that are made from a nonmetal for capillary nondestructive testing, where several flaws that correspond to different classes of sensitivity were represented, have been considered. The first variant considers the cracks with an exit to the side surfaces of the panel; in the second variant, cracks are formed in the central range of the panel surface. Splitting the test panel in two allows evaluation of nondestructive testing materials for flaw detection or the comparison of test kits. These variants of test panels may act as test sample, because the flaws are normalized parameters. Epoxy adhesive was chosen as the material of the test panel, where flaws are made by etching the metal with the required size.

The results of laboratory experiments on the estimation of the effect of wall and bottom geometry on the frequency, height, and decay rate of standing surface waves in a tank oscillating in the vertical direction are presented. The effect of one or two semi-cylindrical inserts mounted on the face and rear walls of the tank is considered in detail for the cases of a horizontal bottom and a linear shallow on the bottom. The experimental data are interpreted using a mathematical longwave model based on the method of accelerated convergence.

The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Escherichia coli 126 was isolated and studied. The lipid A fatty acid composition of the investigated LPS was similar to that of other members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The E. coli 126 LPS was more toxic than the LPSs of previously studied E. coli strains and of other members of the Enterobacteriaceae (Budvicia aquatica and Pragia fontium), and was less pyrogenic than pyrogenal. SDS-PAG electrophoresis showed a bimodal distribution typical of S-form LPSs. The LPS of E. coli 126 decreased the adhesive index indicating a possible competition between LPS molecules of E. coli 126 and adhesins of E. coli F-50 on rabbit erythrocytes. The LPS of E. coli 126 in a homologous system showed antigenic activity in the reactions of double immunodiffusion in agar by Ouchterlony. No serological cross-reaction of the LPS of other E. coli strains, as well as of that of the B. aquatica type strain, with the antiserum to E. coli 126 was observed. The structural components of the lipopolysaccharide obtained by mild acid hydrolysis were lipid A, the core oligosaccharide, and the O-specific polysaccharide. Based on the data of monosaccharide analysis and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy it was found that the O-specific polysaccharide had the structure characteristic of the representatives of E. coli serogroup O15.

The evolution of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae suspension deposited onto the surface of silicon is investigated. Evolution of the yeast is caused by the effect of a weak stationary magnetic field (B = 0.17 T) and low-energy (E = 8 keV) low-dose (D = 104 Gy) X-ray radiation. It is found that the magnetic and X-ray treatment of the yeast suspension leads to ordering of the cell structures. It is suggested that one reason for this ordering is the presence of electric charges in the cells and on the surface of the silicon crystals exposed to magnetic and X-ray treatment.

The effect of transverse damper plates on the restructurization of a suspension with originally homogeneous concentration in the field of standing surface waves in a vertically oscillating rectangular reservoir is for the first time experimentally investigated. The flow pattern evolution and the formation of the fine flow structure are traced in reservoirs with smooth walls, with one vertical deflecting plate, and with two plates mounted in parallel or antiparallel at the center of the larger side. The symmetry of the surface wave flow is determined by the plate configuration.

Modern standards of Laboratory Animal Science include working with laboratory animals of high quality, in particular, with specific pathogen free (SPF) mice and rats. On the other hand, assisted reproductive technologies (ART) are widely used in modern medicine for human infertility treatment as well as for genome resource banking. In the present study, a comparison of body weight, blood pressure (BP) and behavior in the «elevated plus maze» (EPM) test was made between three groups of ISIAH (inherited stress induced arterial hypertension) rats: a group of animals that were born and raised in a conventional animal facility and two groups from an SPF animal facility (one with animals born naturally and another with animals resulting from ART). There were no changes in BP between the groups, but the behavior of ISIAH differed depending on rearing conditions. In particular, grooming time, as well as the number of defecations and the number of urinations during the test were decreased in both groups of ISIAH rats born in the SPF animal facility as compared to ISIAH rats born in the conventional animal facility. The behavior of the ISIAH rat offspring resulting from ART was different from that of the naturally born group: the EPM test revealed reduced anxiety in the former. The results of the present study indicate that the rearing conditions as well as reproductive technologies affect some behavioral characteristics in adult ISIAH rats, although they develop arterial hypertension in all the conditions used in this study.

We study the kinetics of the photovoltage decay in silicon crystals, caused by the effect of lowenergy (E = 8 keV) X-ray radiation. A correlation between radiation-induced changes in the short-term and long-term components of the photovoltage decay and the charge state of the surface, determined by measuring the surface distribution of the amplitude and decay time of the photovoltage, is found.

It was shown that widening the electrochemical window and considerable increase in the electrical energy stored by pseudocapacitor (supercapacitor) type devices can be attained by inclusion of polymeric electrolytes, such as lithium polyaspartate.

We present the results of determining the relative positions of 359 pairs of stars. More than 6000 photographic plates were obtained in 1960–2007 at the 26-inch refractor of the Pulkovo Observatory. The plates have been digitized with a Canon EOS 5D Mark II digital camera and a long-focus Jupiter 21M lens; the scalewas 21 μm/pixel. Themeasurements have been calibrated using a template digitized with the Belgian high-precision ROB Digitizer. The results have been thoroughly investigated for systematic errors. We have studied the scale of the 26-inch refractor and revealed its temperature and time dependences. The application of a new digitization, measurement, and calibration technique has allowed the accuracy to be increased compared to the past measurements. The single-exposure measurement accuracy is within the range from 2 to 70 mas, on average, 28 mas in both coordinates. The errors of the yearly mean positions are, on average, 8.7 mas in the angular separation and 0.05◦. in the position angle.

New technical capabilities have brought about the sweeping growth of the amount of data acquired by the astronomers from observations with different instruments in various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. We consider conceptual approach to be a promising tool to efficiently deal with these data. It uses problem domain knowledge to formulate the tasks and develop problem-solving algorithms and data analysis methods in terms of domain concepts without reference to particular data sources, and thereby allows solving certain problems in general form. We demonstrate the benefits of conceptual approach by using it to solve problems related to search for secondary photometric standard candidates, determination of galaxy redshifts, creation of a binary and multiple star repository based on inhomogeneous databases, and classification of eclipsing binaries.We formulate and solve these problems over specifications of astronomical knowledge units such as photometric systems, astronomical objects, multiple stars, etc., and define them in terms of the corresponding problem domains independently of the existing data resources.

Methods for the manufacture of nonmetallic reference specimens that are used in liquid-penetrant inspection that allow one to produce flaws with an opening width of up to 1 μm are reported.

We consider stability and bifurcation on a finite time interval in a thermoviscoelastoplastic contact problem posed in the form of a variational system depending on a parameter. To describe stability and bifurcation, the latter being understood as stability loss on a finite time interval, we use the frequency-domain approach. We present frequency-domain conditions for the existence of determining observations and the absolute dichotomy of the variational equation.

New algorithm for anesthesia depth analysis using EEG signal is presented. The algorithm is intended for the use in anesthesia depth monitors in the course of surgical operations. The suggested algorithm is based upon the combination of the following three approaches: signal randomness analysis with the use of approximate entropy, power spectrum analysis and analysis of specific signal changes that take place at the state of deep anesthesia. The algorithm was tested with the use of real ECG recordings obtained in the course of surgical operations and demonstrated good performance. The software package realizing this algorithm is used in an anesthesia depth monitor prepared to the batch production. Further efforts for the algorithm improving should be directed to the increase of the algorithm robustness to noises.

The effect of transverse damper plates on the parameters of standing surface waves in a vertically oscillating rectangular vessel is experimentally investigated. Using the tracer visualization methods it is shown that the damping effect of the plates mounted at the node of the standing wave is due to the wave energy transfer into the system of three-dimensional unsteady vortices throughout the entire fluid depth. The plate efficiency with respect to the variation in the mode and the frequency shift of the resonance dependences of the parametrically excited waves is qualitatively evaluated. A universal dependence of the wave decay rate on the relative blockage of the central cross-section of the vessel is obtained.

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with a specific surface area of ~600 m2/g has been synthesized and characterized. A series of membrane-electrode assemblies has been fabricated and tested as an element of a fuel cell. In the fabrication of these assemblies, rGO (0–10% of the weight of the Pt/Vulcan XC-72 electrocatalyst) was added to the electrocatalytic composition. The optimum rGO concentration in the active layer of a fuel cell is 5 wt %. At this rGO concentration, the specific power of the fuel cell is at least 20% higher than in the case of the rGO-free electrocatalytic layers.

Features of changes in the microhardness of nand p-type Si crystals exposed to low-energy X-ray radiation (E = 8 keV) at low doses (D = 1.8 × 103 to 3 × 104 Gy) are studied. The changes are classified as a radiation–mechanical effect and depend on a number of factors, e.g., layer occurrence depth, siliconcrystal conductivity type, and charge-carrier concentration. The revealed difference in the radiation–mechanical effects in nand p-type Si crystals is attributed to the specific features of radiation-stimulated interdefect transformations in the studied crystals.

The results of laboratory experiments on the evaluation of the bottom topography effect on the frequencies and shapes of standing surface waves in a rectangular reservoir oscillating in the vertical direction are presented. The effect of one or two elevations on the horizontal bottom and on a linear shallow is considered in detail. A shift of the resonance dependence with variation in the location of an obstacle on a linear sloping bottom is experimentally investigated. The experimental data are interpreted within the framework of a mathematical seiche model in the case of steep elevation based on the accelerated convergencemethod.

The influence of migration barriers on the mobility of short surface dislocations (length L of ≤100 μm) in Si crystals is analyzed in this paper. The dependence of the migration barrier on the diffusion coefficient of impurities that are dominant in Si after surface metallization is established.

A method for manufacturing reference specimens for penetrant nondestructive testing that are based on a nonmetallic material (epoxy glue) with metal foil flaws is considered.