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The pulp and paper industry converts roundwood and recycled fibre, collected from wastepaper into printing and writing papers, and other specialty grades of paper. The pulp and paper mills in Ontar...

A newly developed research topic, fabricated paper-based microfluidic sensors, was discussed in the field of low-cost environmental detection. Distinguished with the traditional dipstick or lateral-flow setups, these paper-based microfluidic sensors can serve as a tool for onsite quantitative and semi-quantitative measurements, without risks to cause environmental pollution. They have attracted increasing interest since the first easy-fabricated paper-based setup reported by Whitesides group in 2007. Most of the publications utilized paper-based sensors in clinical detection. In recent years, some groups started to use these sensors in environmental measurement, leading to precise, easy operation, low-cost, and eco-friendly methods for onsite detection. In this review, paper-based microfluidic sensors were briefly introduced, followed by literatures review and discussion for future perspectives.

Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices are emerging as promising options for on-the-spot detection of chemical contaminants in water. The coupling of these devices with digital imaging technol...

Up to 90% of the human genome is transcribed into Long-noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) that longer than 200 nucleotides but do not code for proteins. LncRNAs play a vital role in a broad range of biological process, it’s dysregulations and mutations are linked to the development and progression of various complex human diseases. Given the dramatic changes and growing scientific outputs in lncRNAs field, using a quantitative measurement to analyze and characterize the existing studies has become imperative.Bibliometric analysis is a widely used tool to assess the academic influence of a publication or a country in a specific field. However, a bibliometric analysis of the top 100 most-cited papers in lncRNAs area has not been conducted. Thus, we executed a bibliometric study to identify the authors, journals, countries and institutions that contributed most to the top 100 lncRNAs list, characterize the key words and focus of top 100 most-cited papers, and detect the factors related to their successful citation. This study provides a comprehensive list of the most influential papers on lncRNAs research and demonstrates the important advances in this field, which might be benefit to researchers in their paper publication and scientific cooperation.

We developed a portable device for blood detection as well as blood typing assay, using a microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPADs) which proves to be sensitive, cost-effective, user-frie...

The built environment of an older person’s home can reduce or promote the possibility of a fall or other injury. A user-friendly tool can help the residents to evaluate their home environment withi...

Lamination is a conservation treatment used to strengthen fragile paper objects by mending tears and losses and providing reinforcement—thereby facilitating handling—and to protect objects from det...

Despite the advancement of technologies and tools used to design and display building elements in construction, design communication on construction sites still heavily relies on 2-dimensional draw...

icrofluidic paper-based analytical devices (mu PADs) have attracted much attention over the past decade because they offer clinicians the ability to deliver point-of-care testing and onsite analysis. Many of the advantages of mu PADs, however, are limited to work in a laboratory setting due to the difficulties of processing data when using electronic devices in the field. This review focuses on the use of mu PADs that have the potential to work without batteries or with only small and portable devices such as smartphones, timers, or miniaturized detectors. The mu PADs that can be operated without batteries are, in general, those that allow the visual judgment of analyte concentrations via readouts that are measured in time, distance, count, or text. Conversely, a smartphone works as a camera to permit the capture and processing of an image that digitizes the color intensity produced by the reaction of an analyte with a colorimetric reagent. Miniaturized detectors for electrochemical, fluorometric, chemiluminescence, and electrochemiluminescence methods are also discussed, although some of them require the use of a laptop computer for operation and data processing.

This paper introduces the background, concept and definition of the Industry Commons. It initiates a discussion on the positioning of the Industry Commons Ecosystem (ICE) with respect to current research directions in advanced manufacturing and production systems that shape advances in engineering and technology, novel business models and innovation breakthroughs. The potential value of data sharing across industrial domains is estimated at over $100 billion, particularly in view of optimising manufacturing processes. Data sharing across domains however faces a series of well-documented challenges associated with the lack of semantic interoperability and related standards, management of trust and sustainability. Solving bottlenecks in data sharing requires a systemic approach to data management, which can account for all aspects of data use, levels of application, attribution and dynamic exchanges. In this paper we propose a high-level ecosystem approach that integrates societal values with digital affordances of industry's cognitive-assisted processes, remote interfacing, hybrid applications and large-scale value networks. Early development of an Ontology Commons EcoSystem (OCES) is presented as the key enabling framework for Industry Commons interoperability and a series of enabling frameworks form the basis of future research directions in Trusted Data Sharing and Closed-Loop Lifecycle Management for greater sustainability.

As the 2019 Online Harms White Paper (OHWP) notes, the Internet is an increasingly integral part of our lives, and can offer ‘significant benefits’.1 In order to ensure these benefits are not under...

This study investigated the performance of four widely used data-collection designs in detecting test-mode effects (i.e., computer-based versus paper-based testing). The experimental conditions inc...

Objectives. This study aimed to determine the types and frequency of pen-paper observational methods (OMs) used by Iranian practitioners and to identify their errors in selecting and implementing these methods. Methods. This was a systematic review and analytical study of papers in which the OMs had been used. Scientific databases were analyzed from September 1970 to September 2018. Errors were determined based on a list of wrong practices both in the selection and implementation of methods. Three ergonomists carried out the process of identifying errors independently. Results. The most frequently used methods were rapid upper limb assessment (RULA), quick exposure check (QEC) and rapid entire body assessment (REBA), respectively. Errors in selecting and implementing pen-paper OMs were 53.3 and 36.4%, respectively. Conclusions. Despite the abundant number of pen-paper OMs, Iranian practitioners use few of them. The high rate of errors can indicate a lack of knowledge and skills among practitioners for selecting and implementing OMs. The development of decision-making tools may help practitioners to select appropriate pen-paper OMs for assessing different types of tasks.

Touch screen tablets are being increasingly used in schools for learning and assessment. However, the validity and reliability of assessments delivered via tablets are largely unknown. The present ...

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is an attractive approach to implement the waste management system in terms of environmental sustainability. The variety of environmental options has been made an emerge...

This study compares cost, completion times, and percent completion of electronic tablet (n = 244) to paper-based (n = 398) questionnaires administered to participants of scenic raft trips on the Sn...

This paper focuses on the opportunities and challenges associated with the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in academic library operations. In the quest to render fast, effective and efficient s...

This paper proposes the use of simulation modelling to explore the effect of conservation strategies on the preservation of paper collections. Agent-based simulation was chosen as the simulation ap...

With the advancement of mobile technology, mobile-assisted language learning (MALL) has significant potential regarding its practical applications and benefits in foreign language learning. Neverth...

In order to clarify which types of research is more conducive to improving innovation performance, we use the panel data of key universities in China from 2009 to 2017 for empirical research. The r...

Many hypertext publications mention Vannevar Bush's Memex (Bush, 1945) as one of the original ideas of hypertext. Memex is an acronym for Memory Extender. One of its core features is to store “trai...

This paper proposes a hybrid algorithm to tackle a real-world problem arising in the context of pulp and paper production. This situation is modelled as a production problem where one has to decide which wood will be used by each available processing unit (wood cooker) in order to minimize the variance of wood densities within each cooker for each period of the planning horizon. The proposed hybrid algorithm is built around two distinct phases. The first phase uses two interacting heuristic methods to identify a promising reduced search space, which is then thoroughly explored in the second phase. This hybrid algorithm produces high-quality solutions in reasonable computation times, especially for the largest test instances. Extensive computational experiments demonstrated the robustness and efficiency of the method.

Gold paper is one variation of metallic paper, which was used as covermaterial for eighteenth century pamphlet bindings in Augsburg, Germany. In order to establish its manufacturing process, analys...

There is a limited body of experimental research examining the comparability of completing self-report surveys using different computerized devices. Additionally, available literature has not used ...

Due to increased awareness and strictly imposed legislations, Supply Chain (SC) managers are often forced to include recovery system in their SC. Recovery systems make use of 3 Rs, namely, recyclin...

The objective of this research is to design an approach for selecting appropriate solutions to efficiently and productively reduce environmental pollution and water, energy and raw material consumption in a recycled paper manufacturing facility, the paper mill in Latif, Iran. To reach this goal, we develop a decision-making model using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The proposed model provides a framework for cleaner production implementation specific to the paper industry. Pairwise comparisons of the results of designed questionnaires resulted in the hierarchy model being divided into five major groups: production modification; process change; preventive maintenance; renewal; and manpower resources.These five groups include 31 sub-criteria and seven alternatives. The results showed that process change yields the highest priority among the main criteria and that industrial automation and its technology level gives the highest priority among sub-criteria. Regarding the alternatives, reductio...

The aim of this study was to examine the effects that reading on screens (using digital devices with different screen sizes) and on paper have on reading time and comprehension. The study group was...

This case study examines how elementary preservice teacher candidates used “hybrid” (both paper and digital) notebooks, the extent to which the digital portfolio showed evidence of changes ...

Brittleness, discolouration, translucency, and solvent sensitivity are a few of the factors that need consideration when conserving transparent papers. These considerations coupled with the large format and the volume of transparent papers in collections makes effective preservation planning difficult. To address this problem a project was initiated to improve the standard of preservation for transparent papers in The National Archives’ collections. The significant outcomes of this one year project were a framework for preservation decision-making, and complementary tools designed to gather information to support better planning and treatment. The tools include survey questionnaires, a condition rating scale, a colour rating scale, and a database to capture information about the condition and types of transparent papers held by The National Archives.

Thermo-sensitive printers and thermo-sensitive facsimile machines are used extensively throughout China. Document examiners are often requested to confirm the authenticity of thermal paper documents. Identification of the type of thermal paper and estimation of the age of thermal paper documents could be effective methods to aid in confirming the authenticity of documents. In this paper, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometry was successfully employed to differentiate between the 30 types of thermal paper. The relative age of the thermal paper documents was estimated by measuring changes in the gray value of printed strokes. The method employed resulted in curves, which indicate the relationship between the gray value of the strokes and the age of the thermal paper documents, and which are applicable for estimating the relative age of thermal paper documents in some cases. It was determined that the brand of thermal paper and thickness of strokes on the paper affected the accuracy of estimati...

The traditional definition of retranslation as the second or later rendering of a work into one same language is necessarily transformed when seen from a perspective informed by multimodality and i...

How best to estimate the accuracy of a predictive rule has been a longstanding question in statistics. Approaches to this task range from simple methods like Mallow’s Cp to algorithmic techniques l...

A modified digital camera can be used for photographic techniques that utilize not only the visible light spectrum but longwave ultraviolet and near-infrared radiation. Seven techniques were used t...

Paper-based analytical devices have been widely used for biomedical, environmental and food-quality testing. This review focuses on paper-based tests for biomarkers and bacterial detection with a brief introduction about various fabrication techniques and designs, biological and nonbiological probes and detection methods. Paper is relatively cheap and available in abundance. Moreover, properties of paper such as it being disposable, easy to use and store, and that it is easy to transport and modify draw significant attention to it as a platform for the development of paper-based analytical devices. These traits make paper-based analytical devices a strong candidate in point-of-care devices for rapid and economical testing near the site of patients.

This paper describes our process for creating metadata for digitized (scanned) maps, using the Machine-Readable Cataloging (MARC) records of the scanned maps’ original paper counterparts as a start...

The use of computer-based tests (CBTs) has spread rapidly in recent years, as such tests offer real-time scoring and immediate feedback, facilitate the use of individualised testing methods, improve test administration and reduce test expenses. Thus, most previous studies have tended to focus on the technical advantages of CBTs and on implementation issues. However, objections to the use of CBTs have begun to surface, and the primary concern is whether the scores of CBTs and those of paper-based tests (PBTs) are equivalent. The aim of this article is to compare the scores of Korean students on computer-based and paper-based versions of the same test. We focus on the differences between the scores of male and female participants and between scores on tests examining different subject matter. Surprisingly, even though the Korean students who participated in this study had more exposure to advanced information technologies such as computers, the Internet and multimedia than did students in other countries, t...

Based on Karl Popper’s approach to science, this conceptual article aims at promoting a discussion on important issues debated in the OM literature. Our focus is on the different types of hypothese...

Many key aspects of bridge design are governed by site-related, geometric, functional and constructional constraints. Economy is yet another decisive factor in public works, whilst enhanced...

Paper machines are very complex production systems, but their scope is simple: they consume materials and resources, called factors, to produce paper, which in turn can be described by its characteristics. In this paper, a decision support system is developed in cooperation with an industrial partner to help them with operational decision making when tuning a paper machine. The decision support system was developed in two phases. Firstly, the knowledge of experts is collected and stored in the form of a fuzzy ontology. Secondly, this knowledge is made usable so that a user of the decision support system can specify what characteristics of the produced paper to increase or to decrease and be returned with a recommendation on what factors to change. In this paper, we will work out the optimization problems on which the system is based. Additionally to a basic goal programming model, two extensions are explored, accounting for uncertainty and non-linearity, respectively.

Problem-solving is a key engineering skill, yet is an area in which engineering graduates underperform. This paper investigates the potential of using web-based tools to teach students problem-solving techniques without the need to make use of class time. An idea generation experiment involving 90 students was designed. Students were surveyed about their study habits and reported they use electronic-based materials more than paper-based materials while studying, suggesting students may engage with web-based tools. Students then generated solutions to a problem task using either a paper-based template or an equivalent web interface. Students who used the web-based approach performed as well as students who used the paper-based approach, suggesting the technique can be successfully adopted and taught online. Web-based tools may therefore be adopted as supplementary material in a range of engineering courses as a way to increase students' options for enhancing problem-solving skills.

In this paper we introduce a spectral control chart that is designed to detect the onset of cyclic behaviour in a process, even in the presence of multiple cycles. This new spectral control chart is based on the periodogram test proposed by Bolviken (1983a, b). While no more difficult to implement than the traditional spectral control based on Fisher's test statistic, this new control chart shows improvement in detecting the presence of compound periodicity, which the chart based on Fisher's test is not designed to handle. This is assessed using Monte Carlo simulations to estimate and compare the average run lengths of several spectral control charts. In addition, the spectral control charts are applied to paper production data, published by Pandit & Wu (1993), in which the stock flow and paper thickness are monitored. The application of the new spectral control chart to the stock flow process detects out-of-control behaviour that is not found using standard control charts. This behaviour, in tur...

This paper describes the Recycled Paperboard Technical Association (RPTA) Sampling and Analysis Protocol that RPTA member mills can use to determine that paperboard produced from recycled fibre may safely be used in food contact applications. Application of this Protocol helps to ensure compliance with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations outlined in 21 CFR 176.260. Health risk-based allowable concentrations for potential unintended chemical constituents in the paperboard have been calculated. The protocol provides a methodology for mills to determine the concentrations of these chemicals in their paperboard for comparison with the allowable concentrations. This methodology includes guidance on what to test for, frequency of testing, sample collection methods, analytical methods and interpretation of testing results. This paper explains how and why the RPTA Protocol was developed, how it is used today, what changes have been made through the first half of 2004 and what changes may be expected in the future.

Probabilistic risk methods to assess, analyze, gain insights, and guide regulation for nuclear safety in facilities have been instrumental and critical tools in the United States and throughout the...

This paper describes how graduate students used paper-based support tools to help them acquire a complex cognitive skill during unsupervised practice, and explains why the tools were able to support the practice. The paper also explains how to design such tools and describes a comparable computer-based performance support system. Ohlsson's (1996) theory of learning from performance errors states that people learn a skill by detecting and correcting errors while performing the skill. Learners must have sufficient initial competence and an informative task environment in order to detect and correct errors and make sound decisions. The support tools were successful because they supplied learners with initial competence and an informative task environment. Tools that support learner error-trapping are more likely to help learners eventually perform without support than systems that correct errors for the learners.

Muddiest point and minute paper have been popular techniques to obtain feedback from students. However, focusing on the muddiest point too often can be discouraging for both students and in...

Photographs and works on paper in general can be very sensitive to changes in environment and should be displayed in conditions that minimize the potential for change in condition. This can be achi...

There currently exists a sharp boundary, in both technological and design terms between graphic design for screen and for print. These distinctions stem from the nature of the broadcast environment. Each has its benefits-portability and extreme durability for books (running into thousands of years), interlinking and expandability for electronic design-and its distinct drawbacks.What if we could merge the best of these two worlds into one elegant whole? We could have a document with all that that entails; portable, durable, and cheap, but with web like features, such as search functions, linking and the ability to access other media? In principle, the technology is already here, but is it everything that the developers claim, and what should the designers' response be to such a media. In this paper, both questions are examined, and some surprising conclusions are drawn.