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International audience; Purpose Based on an approach to psychological health at work (Boudrias et al., 2014) and on social exchange theory, this study tested the relationships between the four dimensions of organizational justice (distributive, procedural, interpersonal, and informational), supervisor and coworker support, resilience and psychological well-being (PWB). Method Using a cross-sectional design with one measurement, a sample of 369 French social workers responded to an online questionnaire. Analysis were based on correlations, and on mediations with Hayes and Preacher's (2014) method.ResultsThe results showed that satisfaction of the three psychological needs, procedural justice, supports, and resilience explained PWB. Mediation analyses showed that satisfaction of the need for autonomy played a mediating role between interpersonal justice, procedural justice, and PWB. Satisfaction of the needs for competence and autonomy played a mediating role between coworker support and PWB. Satisfaction of the three needs played a mediating role between resilience and PWB. Discussion and ConclusionThe results pointed out the relevance of need satisfaction in predicting PWB. These findings confirm the relevance of justice, support, and resilience for social workers’ well-being, and of the importance of need satisfaction that plays a critical role.; Objectif Basée sur une approche de la santé psychologique au travail (Boudrias et al., 2014) et sur la théorie de l'échange social, cette étude a testé les relations entre les quatre dimensions de la justice organisationnelle (distributive, procédurale, interpersonnelle et informationnelle), le soutien du superviseur et des collègues, la résilience et le bien-être psychologique (BPS). La méthode Un échantillon de 369 travailleurs sociaux français a répondu à un questionnaire en ligne dans le cadre d'une étude transversale avec une seule mesure. Les analyses ont été basées sur les corrélations, et sur les médiations avec la méthode de Hayes et Preacher (2014).RésultatsLes résultats ont montré que la satisfaction des trois besoins psychologiques, la justice procédurale, le soutien et la résilience expliquent le bien-être. Les analyses de médiation ont montré que la satisfaction du besoin d'autonomie jouait un rôle médiateur entre la justice interpersonnelle, la justice procédurale et le bien-être. La satisfaction des besoins de compétence et d'autonomie a joué un rôle médiateur entre le soutien des collègues et le bien-être. La satisfaction des trois besoins a joué un rôle médiateur entre la résilience et le bien-être. Discussion et conclusionLes résultats ont mis en évidence la pertinence de la satisfaction des besoins dans la prédiction de la pression sur le travail. Ces résultats confirment la pertinence de la justice, du soutien et de la résilience pour le bien-être des travailleurs sociaux, ainsi que l'importance de la satisfaction des besoins qui joue un rôle critique.

http://www.frontiersin.org/Psychology ;; International audience; Studies in non-human mammals have identified olfactory signals as prime mediators of mother-infant bonding and they have been linked with maternal attitudes and behavior in our own species as well. However, although the neuronal network processing infant cues has been studied for visual and auditory signals; to date, no such information exists for chemosensory signals. We contrasted the cerebral activity underlying the processing of infant odor properties in 15 women newly given birth for the first time and 15 women not given birth while smelling the body odor of unfamiliar 2 day-old newborn infants. Maternal status-dependent activity was demonstrated in the thalamus when exposed to the body odor of a newly born infant. Subsequent regions of interest analyses indicated that dopaminergic neostriatal areas are active in maternal-dependent responses. Taken together, these data suggests that body odors from 2 day-old newborns elicit activation in reward-related cerebral areas in women, regardless of their maternal status. These tentative data suggests that certain body odors might act as a catalyst for bonding mechanisms and highlights the need for future research on odor-dependent mother-infant bonding using parametric designs controlling for biological saliency and general odor perception effects.

www.opaline-dijon.fr/ ; Equipe de recherche OPALINE : Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (R. Bouhalassa, C. Chabanet, S. Crevoisier, F. Durey, V. Feyen, S. Issanchou, S. Jacob, C. Lange, C. Laval, S. Monnery Patris, S. Nicklaus, C. Pédron, J. Piérard, P. Schlich, B. Schaal, C. Schwartz, E. Szleper, M. Visali) + Faculté de Médecine de Dijon - Université de Bourgogne (V. Boggio) + Université de Paris X (N. Rigal) + Centre d'études de Physiologie Appliquée (L. Marlier) + Unité de sociologie rurale (C. Wisner-Bourgeois) + Unité de Neurobiologie de l'olfaction et de le prise alimentaire (M. Taouis, D. Gripois)

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In G. T. Vallet (Chair), Embodied cognition of aging: The sensorimotor and social contribution to cognition [Symposium]; International audience

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Critical thinking is of paramount importance in our society. People regularly assume that critical thinking is a way to reduce conspiracy belief, although the relationship between critical thinking ability and conspiracy belief has never been tested. Interestingly, certain conspiracy believers claim to have higher critical thinking ability, whereas most researchers hypothesize that conspiracy believers have lower critical thinking ability. To resolve this debate, we conducted two studies (Study 1, N = 86; Study 2, N = 252), in which we found that critical thinking ability—measured by a writing task that requires identifying poor arguments and reasoning—is negatively associated with belief in conspiracy theories. Additionally, we did not find a significant relationship between self-reported (subjective) critical thinking ability and conspiracy belief. Our results support the idea that conspiracy believers have less developed critical thinking ability and stimulate discussion about the possibility to reduce conspiracy beliefs via critical thinking development.

International audience; Mon après-guerre à Paris. Chronique des années retrouvées (My postwar in Paris. Chronicle of the years found) is Serge Moscovici's second autobiographical volume. It was edited and annotated by philosopher and historian Alexandra Laignel-Lavastine, with the support of the Shoah Memorial, and published by the Éditions Grasset thanks to the perseverance of his sons, Denis and Pierre Moscovici. The manuscript was edited in French from handwritten notes in seven or eight languages found posthumously and is illustrated with superb photos from the family's personal archives. It won the "Influences" Ideas Prize 2019. Who is this young foreigner, 'person-less' (sanspersonne), who arrived in Paris at 22 years old, carrying 'a legacy of 6 million dead'? How did he transform a traumatic life-course into a legacy of innovation, creativity and change? How did his gaze, coupled with a particular sensitivity that he called his radar, change the trajectory of social psychology, renovate its questions, lead to new scientific paradigms? How does his heritage touch us today, in the European and global context marked by extreme crises and threats? The story is captivating.

International audience; Cet article vise à offrir une vision d'ensemble des récentes évolutions des pratiques de recherche en psychologie. Un rappel des différents symptômes de la crise de la réplicabilité (et de confiance) ayant affecté la psychologie sera suivi par une discussion approfondie et nuancée des facteurs responsables de cette situation. Il s'agira ensuite, en s'appuyant sur des illustrations et des ressources, de démontrer le rôle crucial des pratiques de recherche ouvertes comme moyen de résoudre ces difficultés. La connaissance et l'adoption de ces pratiques de recherche popularisées par le mouvement de la science ouverte sont indispensables afin de contribuer, via la transparence et l'ouverture, à l'effort collectif d'amélioration de la fiabilité et de la réplicabilité des résultats en psychologie.

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Several working memory (WM) theories assume a resource sharing between the maintenance of information and its processing, whereas other theories suppose that these 2 functions of WM rely on different pools of resources. Studies that addressed this question by examining whether dual-task costs occur in tasks combining processing and storage have led to mixed results. Whereas some of them reported symmetric dual-task costs, others found no or negligible effects, while still others found a reduction in performance in memory but not in processing. In the present experiment, we tested whether these discrepancies in results might be due to participants strategically prioritizing one component of the task over the other. Thus, we asked participants to perform at their maximum level (i.e. span level) in one component of the dual-task and assessed performance on the other. In line with resource-sharing views, results indicated that performing at span on 1 task strongly degraded performance on the other, with symmetric costs. However, important residuals in both processing and storage suggested an unexpected resilience of the cognitive system that any resource-sharing theory must take into account. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

To examine whether four pre-selected front-of-pack nutrition labels improve food purchases in real-life grocery shopping settings, we put 1.9 million labels on 1,266 food products in four categories in 60 supermarkets and analyzed the nutritional quality of 1,668,301 purchases using the FSA nutrient profiling score. Effect sizes were 17 times smaller on average than those found in comparable laboratory studies. The most effective nutrition label, Nutri-Score, increased the purchases of foods in the top third of their category nutrition-wise by 14%, but had no impact on the purchases of foods with medium, low, or unlabeled nutrition quality. Therefore, Nutri-Score only improved the nutritional quality of the basket of labeled foods purchased by 2.5% (-0.142 FSA points). Nutri-Score’s performance improved with the variance (but not the mean) of the nutritional quality of the category. In-store surveys suggest that Nutri-Score’s ability to attract attention and help shoppers rank products by nutritional quality may explain its performance. Paper published in the Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science (2020) http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11747-020-00723-5

International audience; Recent studies have shown that some children with ADHD have difficulties in following other’s gaze and/or pointing finger towards the surrounding space, which can be linked to their relational difficulties in daily life. Our aim is to develop an evaluative tool that will allow neuropsychologists to identify these children, in order to refine their cognitive remediation therapy. For this purpose, we pretested three versions of the tool in typically developing children. Children without disorders, aged from 7 to 9 years, had to press a but ton as soon as an object appeared on the screen, at the left or the right of an individual. In two thirds of the trials, the side of the object appearance was cued by the individual either by deviating her gaze or by pointing with her finger. In the first version (19 children), these congruent trials were compared to neutral trials in which the individual did not move before the object appearance. In the second version (18 children), congruent trials were compared to moving trials in which the individual pointed her finger towards the children before the object appearance. In the third version (15 children), congruent trials were compared to incongruent trials in which the individual gazed or pointed towards the opposite side of the object appearance. Results have shown that congruent pointing finger triggered strong cueing effects compared to neutral, moving or incongruent trials. By contrast, the strength of the gaze cueing effect depended on the comparison trials. When compared to incongruent trials, congruent gazing and pointing led to similar and robust effects. In conclusion, the version manipulating incongruent trials, which controls for alerting effect induced by gaze or finger movements respectively, was the most appropriate to measure social cueing effects in children with ADHD and was chosen to be calibrated in typically developing children.

International audience; The notion of vulnerability has been spreading in the humanities and social sciences for several years. It is not without problems as in its time the notion of exclusion. The challenge of this work is to show that by putting forward the question of families' resources, their precariousness, it opens for researchers and professionals a possibility of renewing their points of view on these, that is to say to move from an analysis based on failures and a certain psychologization to an analysis which takes into account capacities, contexts, environments. The first part of the book seeks to clarify the contours and uses of the concept of vulnerability in child protection. The second part brings together different research works to describe certain aspects of the vulnerability of families, to question practices and to open perspectives in terms of the participation of children and families in the definition of projects that concern them.; La notion de vulnérabilité se diffuse dans les sciences humaines et sociales depuis quelques années. Elle n’est pas sans poser problème comme en son temps la notion d’exclusion. Le pari de cet ouvrage est de montrer qu’en mettant en avant la question des ressources des familles, leurs précarités, elle ouvre pour les chercheurs et les professionnels une possibilité de renouveler leurs regards sur celles-ci c’est-à-dire à passer d’une analyse fondée sur les défaillances et une certaine psychologisation à une analyse qui prend en compte les capacités, les contextes, les environnements. La première partie du livre cherche à préciser les contours, les usages de la notion de vulnérabilité en protection de l’enfance. La deuxième partie réunit différents travaux de recherche pour décrire certains aspects de la vulnérabilité des familles, d’interroger des pratiques et ouvrir des perspectives en termes de participation des enfants et des familles à la définition des projets qui les concerne.

The current study explored whether education, a proxy of cognitive reserve, modifies the association between episodic memory (EM) performance and βeta-amyloid load (Aβ), a biomarker of Alzheimer’s disease, in a cohort of cognitively normal older adults. One hundred and four participants (mean age 73.3 years) evenly spread out in three bands of education were recruited. Participants underwent neuropsychological assessment, structural MRI as well as PET imaging to quantify Aβ load. Moderation analyses and the Johnson–Neyman technique were carried out to examine the interaction of education with Aβ load to predict EM performance. Linear regressions were then performed within each group of education to better illustrate the interaction effect (all analyses were controlled for age and sex). The interaction between education and Aβ load was significant (p < .05) for years of education, reaching a cutoff point of 13.5 years, above which the relationship between Aβ load and EM was no longer significant. Similarly, significant associations were found between Aβ and EM among participants with secondary (p < .01) and pre-university education (p < .01), but not with a university degree (p = .253). EM performance is associated with Aβ load in cognitively normal older individuals, and this relationship is moderated by educational attainment.

International audience; There are few examples of an extended adversarial collaboration, in which investigators committed to different theoretical views collaborate to test opposing predictions. Whereas previous adversarial collaborations have produced single research articles, here, we share our experience in programmatic, extended adversarial collaboration involving three laboratories in different countries with different theoretical views regarding working memory, the limited information retained in mind, serving ongoing thought and action. We have focused on short-term memory retention of items (letters) during a distracting task (arithmetic), and effects of aging on these tasks. Over several years, we have conducted and published joint research with preregistered predictions, methods, and analysis plans, with replication of each study across two laboratories concurrently. We argue that, although an adversarial collaboration will not usually induce senior researchers to abandon favored theoretical views and adopt opposing views, it will necessitate varieties of their views that are more similar to one another, in that they must account for a growing, common corpus of evidence. This approach promotes understanding of others’ views and presents to the field research findings accepted as valid by researchers with opposing interpretations. We illustrate this process with our own research experiences and make recommendations applicable to diverse scientific areas.

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International audience; Objective : In a context where most occidental healthcare systems are struggling with budgetary constraints, turnover and burnout, pluriprofessional teamwork has become the center of every hospital reorganization and the key concept of many studies focusing on professionals’ quality of working life. Our paper aims at showing that the knowledge accumulated by psychiatric teams on the matter since the 1950’s could help other medical disciplines take care of their teams.Material and method : We will compare three corpuses: recent research on the relationship between quality of life at work and team functioning, English-speaking research literature concerning teamwork in psychiatry dating from the 1950’s up to the 1990’s and found via PubMed, and written works from the "institutional psychotherapy" movement which were gathered for a doctoral thesis.Results : Pluriprofessional team meetings are an important tool for effective teamwork in healthcare. Early researches and written feedbacks from French and American psychiatrists showed a specific way of organizing team meetings was much more efficient in sharing information and had a positive impact on the climate of services. We describe the pillars of the psychiatric pluriprofessional team meeting : distinguishing between clinical and organizational meetings, inviting every professional to the meetings, promoting freedom of speech in the service and taking decisions collectively.Conclusions : The values carried by seemingly outdated books and articles in the field of French and American psychiatry are still very useful to help organize pluriprofessional teamwork in psychiatric services, and could be transferred to other medical disciplines.; Objectif : Cet article veut montrer comment le savoir-faire accumulé en psychiatrie française et américaine depuis les années 50 en matière de théorisation du travail pluriprofessionnel et plus particulièrement des réunions peut bénéficier aux autres disciplines médicales.Matériel et Méthode : Nous comparons trois corpus : des recherches récentes sur le rapport entre qualité de vie au travail et fonctionnement d’équipe, des recherches anglo-saxonnes plus anciennes sur le travail d’équipe en psychiatrie rassemblées grâce au moteur de recherche PubMed et des retours d’expérience du courant de la « psychothérapie institutionnelle » tels que rassemblés dans une thèse de doctorat.Résultats : Les réunions pluriprofessionnelles aident à organiser le travail en équipe. La psychiatrie, et plus particulièrement la psychothérapie institutionnelle, peuvent en proposer une théorisation et un modèle spécifique à partir de quatre points fondamentaux concourant à l’organisation démocratique d’une équipe : la distinction entre réunions clinique et institutionnelles, l’invitation de tous les professionnels, la garantie de la liberté de parole, et enfin une prise de décision collective.Conclusions : La pierre angulaire de l’opérationnalisation du modèle des réunions tel que conçu par le mouvement de la psychothérapie institutionnelle est la distinction entre décision et responsabilité clinique. L’organisation des réunions en psychiatrie est donc partiellement transférable à d’autres disciplines médicales, ou peut en tout cas les inspirer afin de prendre soin de leur travail d’équipe.

International audience; Machine learning classification techniques are frequently applied to structural and resting-state fMRI data to identify brain-based biomarkers for developmental disorders. However, task-related fMRI has rarely been used as a diagnostic tool. Here, we used structural MRI, resting-state connectivity and task-based fMRI data to detect congenital amusia, a pitch-specific developmental disorder. All approaches discriminated amusics from controls in meaningful brain networks at similar levels of accuracy. Interestingly, the classifier outcome was specific to deficit-related neural circuits, as the group classification failed for fMRI data acquired during a verbal task for which amusics were unimpaired. Most importantly, classifier outputs of task-related fMRI data predicted individual behavioral performance on an independent pitch-based task, while this relationship was not observed for structural or resting-state data. These results suggest that task-related imaging data can potentially be used as a powerful diagnostic tool to identify developmental disorders as they allow for the prediction of symptom severity.

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Paternal mitochondria are eliminated following fertilization by selective autophagy, but the mechanisms that restrict this process to sperm-derived organelles are not well understood. FUNDC1 (FUN14 domain containing 1) is a mammalian mitophagy receptor expressed on the mitochondrial outer membrane that contributes to mitochondrial quality control following hypoxic stress. Like FUNDC1, the C. elegans ortholog FNDC-1 is widely expressed in somatic tissues and mediates hypoxic mitophagy. Here, we report that FNDC-1 is strongly expressed in sperm but not oocytes and contributes to paternal mitochondria elimination. Paternal mitochondrial DNA is normally undetectable in wildtype larva, but can be detected in the cross-progeny of fndc-1 mutant males. Moreover, loss of fndc-1 retards the rate of paternal mitochondria degradation, but not that of membranous organelles, a nematode specific membrane compartment whose fusion is required for sperm motility. This is the first example of a ubiquitin-independent mitophagy receptor playing a role in the selective degradation of sperm mitochondria.

International audience; Background - Pregnant women are ubiquitously exposed to organic solvents, such as glycol ethers. Several studies suggest potential developmental neurotoxicity following exposure to glycol ethers with a lack of clarity of possible brain mechanisms. Objectives - We investigated the association between urinary levels of glycol ethers of women during early pregnancy and motor inhibition function of their 10- to 12-year-old children by behavioral assessment and brain imaging. Methods - Exposure to glycol ethers was assessed by measuring six metabolites in urine (

Introduction: Intellectual disability (ID) is frequently associated as a comorbidity in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). This study investigated a) how similar the heterogeneity in the cognitive and socio-emotional developmental profiles was for children with ASD and ID, b) the difference between the subjects' profiles and those of typically developing children (TD) matched for developmental levels, c) the skills existing with the lowest and highest developmental levels, and d) the relationship between developmental profiles in ASD and the severity of autism, ID, and the overall developmental level. Participants: The sample was comprised of 119 children (101 boys and 18 girls) who ranged in chronological age (CA) from 21 months to 14 years (M = 5 years 2 months; SD = 2 years 6 months) with developmental levels lower than 24 months. They came from three countries (France = 40, Brazil = 40, and Algeria = 39). The control group was comprised of 40 TD children from these same countries who ranged in CA from 4 to 24 months (M = 1 year 3 months; SD = 5 months). The ASD diagnosis was carried out according to International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems-10th Edition (ICD-10), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5th ed (DSM-5) criteria and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). Measures: Children were tested using the Social Cognitive Evaluation Battery (SCEB; Adrien, 2007) by trained psychologists from public and private institutions specialized in the diagnosis of autism and interventions in this field. The SCEB explores 16 functional abilities, in both cognitive and socio-emotional areas, and allows the calculation of domain and area developmental levels and heterogeneity indices for the global, cognitive, and socio-emotional areas. Results: Children with ASD developmental profiles show very high heterogeneity as opposed to TD children. Regardless of the country of origin, there are similarities between the heterogeneous cognitive and socio-emotional developmental profiles of the children with ASD, whose profiles are characterized by lower developmental levels of language and vocal imitation skills, and a relationship between these developmental heterogeneities and the degree of severity of autistic symptomatology, intellectual disability, and overall development level. The implications of this study are presented for clinical assessment and intervention purposes in ASD and ID.

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Introduction The Emotional Processing Scale (EPS) is a self-report questionnaire consisting of 25 items designed to identify emotional processing styles and impairments. The aim was to develop a French version of the scale and to test its preliminary validity and reliability in French community and clinical samples. Method After translation and back-translation, a validation study was conducted with 1176 adults [215 from a community sample, 251 undergraduate psychology students, 686 people with a range of physical health conditions (HIV, multiple sclerosis, chronic pain, leukaemia) and 24 people with bipolar disorder hospitalised for depression]. Results The internal reliability of the French EPS was good, with a Cronbach's alpha of .91. The five-factor structure of the original English version of the scale was closely reproduced. Conclusions The French EPS demonstrated good reliability and validity. Correlations with other conceptually similar scales (e.g., TAS-20, CERQ, STAXI) were as predicted. EPS scores distinguished between groups (clinical samples vs. a community sample) that would be expected to differ.

This study investigated whether there is a co-occurrence between developmental dyslexia and congenital amusia in adults. First, a database of online musical tests on 18,000 participants was analysed. Self-reported dyslexic participants performed signi!cantly lower on melodic skills than matched controls, suggesting a possible link between reading and musical disorders. In order to test this relationship more directly, we evaluated 20 participants diagnosed with dyslexia, 16 participants diagnosed with amusia, and their matched controls, with a whole battery of literacy (reading, fluency, spelling), phonological (verbal working memory, phonological awareness) and musical tests (melody, rhythm and metre perception, incidental memory). Amusia was diagnosed in six (30%) dyslexic participants and reading difficulties were found in four (25%) amusic participants. Thus, the results point to a moderate comorbidity between amusia and dyslexia. Further research will be needed to determine what factors at the neural and/or cognitive levels are responsible for this co-occurrence., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

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Emerging research suggests that normative variation in parenting quality relates to children's brain development. However, although the young brain is presumed to be especially sensitive to environmental influence, to our knowledge only two studies have examined parenting quality with infants as it relates to indicators of brain development, and both were cross‐sectional. This longitudinal study investigated whether different components of maternal sensitivity in infancy predicted the volume of two brain structures presumed to be particularly sensitive to early experience, namely the amygdala and the hippocampus. Three dimensions of sensitivity (Cooperation/Attunement, Positivity, Accessibility/Availability) were observed in 33 mother–infant dyads at 1 year of age and children underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging at age 10. Higher maternal Accessibility/Availability during mother–infant interactions was found to be predictive of smaller right amygdala volume, while greater maternal positivity was predictive of smaller bilateral hippocampal volumes. These longitudinal findings extend those of previous cross‐sectional studies and suggest that a multidimensional approach to maternal behavior could be a fruitful way to further advance research in this area, given that different facets of parenting might be differentially predictive of distinct aspects of neurodevelopment.

The present study examined whether children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typically developing (TD) children differed in visual perception of food stimuli at both sensorimotor and affective levels. A potential link between visual perception and food neophobia was also investigated. To these aims, 11 children with ASD and 11 TD children were tested. Visual pictures of food were used, and food neophobia was assessed by the parents. Results revealed that children with ASD explored visually longer food stimuli than TD children. Complementary analyses revealed that whereas TD children explored more multiple-item dishes (vs. simple-item dishes), children with ASD explored all the dishes in a similar way. In addition, children with ASD gave more negative appreciation in general. Moreover, hedonic rating was negatively correlated with food neophobia scores in children with ASD, but not in TD children. In sum, we show here that children with ASD have more difficulty than TD children in liking a food when presented visually. Our findings also suggest that a prominent factor that needs to be considered is time management during the food choice process. They also provide new ways of measuring and understanding food neophobia in children with ASD.

In the last decade, research has shown that word processing is influenced by the lexical and semantic features of words. However, norms for a crucial semantic variable-that is, conceptual familiarity-have not been available for a sizeable French database. We thus developed French Canadian conceptual familiarity norms for 3,596 nouns. This enriches Desrochers and Thompson's (2009) database, in which subjective frequency and imageability values are already available for the same words. We collected online data from 313 Canadian French speakers. The full database of conceptual familiarity ratings is freely available at http://lingualab.ca/fr/projets/normes-de-familiarite-conceptuelle . We then demonstrated the utility of these new conceptual familiarity norms by assessing their contribution to lexical decision times. We conducted a stepwise regression model with conceptual familiarity in the last step. This allowed us to assess the independent contribution of conceptual familiarity beyond the contributions of other well-known psycholinguistic variables, such as frequency, imageability, and age of acquisition. The results showed that conceptual familiarity facilitated lexical decision latencies. In sum, these ratings will help researchers select French stimuli for experiments in which conceptual familiarity must be taken into account.

International audience; Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a neurodegenerative disease affecting the posterior region of the brain. Little is known about both the impact of PCA on functioning and how to support patients on a daily basis. The purpose of this study was to describe the functional profile of DD, a woman diagnosed with PCA, as well as to explore a pilot cognitive rehabilitation program designed to optimize functioning in daily living. The ADL Profile was used to assess the daily tasks that DD chose to undertake. Four operations, i.e. formulate a goal, plan, carry out and verify goal attainment, were scored for each task. Difficulties were observed during the execution of all tasks, as she struggled to find items or showed unsafe behaviors. Impairments were also seen in formulating a goal and planning, especially for less routine tasks. DD identified two tasks to be addressed in rehabilitation: setting the table and dealing cards. Learning was optimized using errorless learning and compensatory aids when setting the table, while dealing cards received no intervention. Only setting the table improved significantly with time. Further studies should be conducted to portray a wider functional profile of people living with PCA and develop effective rehabilitation programs.

Objective Childhood irritability predicts suicidal ideation/attempt (suicidality), but it is unclear whether irritability is an independent and direct risk factor for suicidality or a marker of intermediate mental health symptoms associated with suicidality. This study aimed to identify developmental patterns of childhood irritability and to test whether childhood irritability is directly associated with suicidality or indirectly associated with intermediate mental health symptoms. Method One thousand three hundred ninety-three participants from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development were followed from birth to 17 years. Teachers assessed irritability yearly (at 6–12 years) and children self-reported intermediate mental health symptoms (depression, anxiety, disruptiveness, and hyperactivity-impulsivity; at 13 years) and suicidality (at 15 and 17 years). Results Four irritability trajectories were identified: low (74.7%), rising (13.0%), declining (7.4%), and persistent (5.0%). Children following a rising irritability trajectory (versus a low trajectory) were at higher suicidality risk. A large proportion of this association was direct (odds ratio 2.11, 95% CI 1.30–3.43) and a small proportion was indirect by depressive symptoms (accounting for 23% of the association; odds ratio 1.17, 95% CI 1.03–1.34). Children on a persistent irritability trajectory (versus a low trajectory) were at higher risk of suicidality and this association was uniquely indirect by depressive symptoms (accounting for 73% of the association; odds ratio 1.51, 95% CI 1.16–1.97). The declining trajectory was not related to suicidality; no association with anxiety, disruptiveness, and hyperactivity-impulsivity was found. Conclusion Rising irritability across childhood represents a direct risk for suicidality. Persistent irritability appears to be a distal marker of suicidality acting through more proximal depressive symptoms.

International audience; Primary progressive aphasias (PPA) are neurodegenerative diseases clinically characterized by an early and relatively isolated language impairment. Three main clinical variants, namely the nonfluent/agrammatic variant (nfvPPA), the semantic variant (svPPA), and the logopenic variant (lvPPA) have been described, each with specific linguistic/cognitive deficits, corresponding anatomical and most probable pathological features. Since the discovery and the development of diagnostic criteria for the PPA variants by the experts in the field, significant progress has been made in the understanding of these diseases. This review aims to provide an overview of the literature on each of the PPA variant in terms of their clinical, anatomical and pathological features, with a specific focus on recent findings. In terms of clinical advancements, recent studies have allowed a better characterization and differentiation of PPA patients based on both their linguistic and non-linguistic profiles. In terms of neuroimaging, techniques such as diffusion imaging and resting-state fMRI have allowed a deeper understanding of the impact of PPA on structural and functional connectivity alterations beyond the well-defined pattern of regional gray matter atrophy. Finally, in terms of pathology, despite significant advances, clinico-pathological correspondence in PPA remains far from absolute. Nonetheless, the improved characterization of PPA has the potential to have a positive impact on the management of patients. Improved reliability of diagnoses and the development of reliable in vivo biomarkers for underlying neuropathology will also be increasingly important in the future as trials for etiology-specific treatments become available.

International audience; RésuméIntroduction Le Big Five Inventory (BFI) de John (1991) représente un des outils les plus consensuels de l'évaluation dimensionnelle de la personnalité. Les cinq grandes dimensions qu'il mesure sont~: l'Extraversion, l'Agréabilité, le Caractère consciencieux, le Névrosisme et l'Ouverture. Soto et John (2009) ont montré qu'il était possible de considérer deux facettes par dimension du BFI. L'objectif de cette étude est de savoir s'il est possible de retrouver ces dix facettes dans un échantillon français, en s'appuyant sur les corrélations avec les facettes équivalentes du NEO PI-R (NEO Personality Inventory Revised). Méthode Le premier échantillon constitué de 360~étudiants de l'Institut libre d'éducation physique supérieure (ILEPS) et de l'Université de Tours (en psychologie) a permis de tester la validité externe des facettes du BFI-Fr en lien avec celles du NEO PI-R. Le second échantillon constitué de 142~étudiants de psychologie de l'Université de Tours a permis de rechercher la validité temporelle (test et retest). Le troisième échantillon constitué de 252~étudiants en psychologie de l'Université de Paris-Nanterre a permis de tester la forme hétéro-évaluative du BFI-Fr. Résultats et discussion Le BFI-Fr permet d'évaluer neuf des dix facettes proposées par Soto et John~: Activité et Assertivité pour la dimension Extraversion~; Altruisme et Compliance pour la dimension Agréabilité~; Ordre et Autodiscipline pour la dimension Caractère consciencieux~; Anxiété pour la dimension Névrosisme~; Ouverture à l'esthétique et Ouverture aux idées pour la dimension Ouverture. L'étude a permis de définir une facette Instabilité émotionnelle en remplacement de la facette Dépression du Névrosisme qui ne présentait pas de qualités psychométriques suffisantes. AbstractIntroduction The Big Five Inventory (BFI) developed by John et al. (1991) is one of the most widely accepted tools for assessing dimensions of personality. It comprises 44 items that assess five broad dimensions of personality (the Big Five Factors): Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism and Openness to experience. Based on correlations with the facets described in the NEO Personality Inventory Revised (NEO PI-R), another Big Five assessment tool with 240 items and 6 facets per dimension, Soto and John (2009) showed that the dimensions in the BFI could be divided into two facets each (ten facets altogether). These results are in line with those of DeYoung et al. (2007), who ran factorial analyses with all the NEO PI-R facets and the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) and identified ten intermediate factors (between facets and dimensions) which they called ``aspects'' (two per dimension). The goal of the present study is to investigate the ten facets described by Soto and John in a French sample, using the French version of the BFI (BFI-Fr), which has good psychometric properties, and to check whether the pattern of correlations of these facets with the NEO PI-R match those of the American version. Method We created three groups. The first comprised 360 students from the Institut libre d'éducation physique supérieure (ILEPS) and Tours University (psychology undergraduates). Participants (mean age 21.1 years ± 2.30; 58% women) completed the BFI-Fr and the NEO PI-R. The second comprised 142 psychology students from Tours University (mean age 20.6 years ± 1.78; 81% women); they completed the BFI-Fr twice, two weeks apart (test and retest). The third comprised 252 psychology students from Paris-Nanterre University (mean age 23 years ± 4.2; 89% women) who described a total of 405 people they knew well (mean age 35.2 ± 10.8; 49% women) using the peer-report format of the BFI-Fr. Results In the self-report format, eight of Soto and John's ten aspects had acceptable internal consistency (based on Guildford's (1954) internal consistency criteria, due to the small number of items), with Cronbach's α between 0.60 and 0.86 and test-retest correlations between 0.71 and 0.89, showing satisfactory temporal stability. We found a single facet for Extraversion (Assertiveness), two for Agreeableness (Altruism and Compliance), two for Conscientiousness (Self-Discipline and Order), one for Neuroticism (Anxiety), and two for Openness to Experience (Openness to aesthetics and Openness to ideas). Based on their convergence with the corresponding facets in the NEO PI-R, these eight facets showed satisfactory external validity. With regard to the peer-report format, the Activity facet of Extraversion, which did not have sufficient internal consistency in the self-report format, had acceptable properties (i.e. 9 out of 10 facets). Only the Depression facet of Neuroticism still had insufficient internal consistency. In this study, we proposed an improvement of two facets (Activity and Compliance) and added one facet specific to the French version (Emotional Instability) in place of the Depression facet. Discussion We showed that the BFI-Fr can be used to assess nine of the ten facets described by Soto and John. We also identified an Emotional Instability facet, replacing the Depression facet of Neuroticism. DeYoung et al. (2007) considered that anxiety and depression are indissociable and can be represented by a Neuroticism aspect they labeled Withdrawal. They suggested a second aspect of this dimension they called Volatility (with the N2 Angry Hostility facet of the NEO PI-R as main marker and the N5 Impulsiveness and N3 Depression as secondary markers). The Emotional Instability facet we found corresponds closely to the N2 Angry Hostility facet of the NEO PI-R and appears to be a satisfactory marker of DeYoung et al.'s (2007) Volatility aspect. Although this study has limitations, particularly related to the samples (students), the BFI-Fr facets (derived from those defined by Soto and John in the BFI or proposed as improvements on the original facets) match the corresponding NEO PI-R facets and can also be seen as main markers of the aspects defined by DeYoung et al.

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This study tested a modified version of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), in driving under the influence of alcohol that incorporated past behavior and perceived invulnerability in a sample of young French adults. Participants (n = 368, Mean Age = 23.29, SD = 3.69, Age Range 18–35) completed self-report measures of sense of invulnerability, subjective norms attitude, perceived control, intention to drive and drink, and past behavior. This extended model was able to explain 52% of the variance of behavioral intention. In accordance with the TPB, the intention to drink and drive was predicted by Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC), Subjective Norms, Past behavior and Attitudes. The effect of perceived invulnerability on the three determinants of TPB was significant. Psychological invulnerability had a direct influence on Attitudes, Danger Invulnerability on PBC and Interpersonal Invulnerability on Attitude and PCB. The current study provides support for the importance of the sense of invulnerability to traffic risk-taking in young adults.

International audience; IntroductionPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is rare among police officers, but the symptoms of PTSD are not. Personality traits can be a contributing factor of stress disorders. Based on the big five personality traits, three personality profiles can be identified: resilient, overcontrolled and undercontrolled. Resilient people are characterized by high emotional stability (low neuroticism), high social skills and self-confidence. Overcontrollers have higher scores on neuroticism and they tend to internalize their negative emotions. Undercontrollers are characterized by low conscientiousness (impulsivity), a tendency toward social withdrawal and low self-esteem.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to examine the role of personality traits and profiles in the emergence of PTSD symptoms among French police officers.MethodParticipants were French national police officers (n = 100, M = 32.9 years, SD = 9.8, 19–57) who completed the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist Scale (PCLS) and the Big Five Inventory (BFI).ResultsResults revealed the three expected personality profiles: resilients (n = 31), overcontrollers (n = 43) and undercontrollers (n = 19). The resilients presented with the fewest PTSD symptoms and the undercontrollers with the most (particularly reexperiencing). The latter also scored the highest on neuroticism and the lowest on extraversion and agreeableness. Police officers with an undercontrolled profile were also the oldest or those who had served the longest in the police force. Neuroticism and length of service were the two predictors of PTSD symptoms for reexperiencing and avoidance.ConclusionThis study demonstrates the contribution of each personality trait and length of service to PTSD symptoms in French police officers.; IntroductionLe trouble de stress post-traumatique (TSPT) est rare parmi les policiers, mais les symptômes ne le sont pas. Les traits de personnalité peuvent être un facteur médiateur des troubles liés au stress. Ils permettent habituellement d’identifier trois profils de personnalité : les « résilients » caractérisés par une forte stabilité émotionnelle, des compétences sociales et une confiance en soi élevées ; les « surcontrôlés » qui ont des scores élevés de névrosisme et une tendance à internaliser leurs émotions négatives et des « sous-contrôlés » avec un faible caractère consciencieux (impulsivité), une tendance à l’isolement social et une faible estime de soi.ObjectifL’objectif de cette étude était d’examiner le rôle de la personnalité dans l’apparition de symptômes du TSPT chez les policiers français.MéthodeLes participants étaient des policiers français (n = 100, M = 32,9 ans, ET = 9,8, 19–57) qui ont complété l’échelle de l’état de stress post-traumatique (PCLS) et l’inventaire des cinq grands facteurs de personnalité (BFI).RésultatsLes résultats ont retrouvé les trois profils de personnalité attendus : « résilients » (n = 31), « surcontrôlés » (n = 43) et « sous-contrôlés » (n = 19). Les premiers présentaient le moins de symptômes de TSPT et les derniers le plus (en particulier la répétition ou intrusion). Ils avaient également les scores les plus élevés de névrosisme et les plus bas d’extraversion et d’agréabilité. Ces policiers étaient aussi les plus âgés ou ceux qui avaient servi le plus longtemps dans la police. Le névrosisme et la durée du service étaient les deux facteurs prédictifs des symptômes de TSPT pour la répétition et l’évitement.ConclusionCette étude met en évidence la contribution de chaque trait de personnalité et durée de service pour les symptômes de TSPT chez les policiers français.

Human adults have a rich visual experience thanks to seeing human faces since birth, which may contribute to the acquisition of perceptual processes that rapidly and automatically individuate faces. According to a generic visual expertise hypothesis, extensive experience with nonface objects may similarly lead to efficient processing of objects at the individual level. However, whether extensive training in adulthood leads to visual expertise remains debated. One key issue is the extent to which the acquisition of visual expertise depends on the resemblance of objects to faces in terms of the spatial configuration of parts. We therefore trained naive human adults to individuate a large set of novel parametric multipart objects. Critically, one group of participants trained with the objects in a “facelike” stimulus orientation, whereas a second group trained with the same objects but with the objects rotated 180° in the picture plane into a “nonfacelike” orientation. We used a fast periodic visual stimulation EEG protocol to objectively quantify participants' ability to discriminate untrained exemplars before and after training. EEG responses associated with the frequency of identity change in a fast stimulation sequence, which reflects rapid and automatic perceptual processes, were observed over lateral occipital sites for both groups before training. There was a significant, albeit small, increase in these responses after training but only for the facelike group and only to facelike stimuli. Our findings indicate that perceived facelikeness plays a role in visual expertise and highlight how the adult perceptual system exploits familiar spatial configurations when learning new object categories.

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International audience; Human exposure to organophosphate pesticides (OP) is widespread. Several studies suggest that OP prenatal exposure alters the development of cognitive and behavioural functions in children, but the effects of OP prenatal exposure on child sensory functions are largely unknown. The aim of the study was to evaluate the association between OP prenatal exposure and visual processing in school-aged children from the mother-child PELAGIE cohort (France). OP biomarkers of exposure were measured in maternal urine samples at the beginning of pregnancy. The Functional Acuity Contrast Test (FACT) was used to assess visual contrast sensitivity in 180 children at 6 years of age. Linear regression models were performed on all children, and separately for boys and girls, taking into account various potential confounders, including maternal education and breastfeeding. No associations were observed in the whole sample, while maternal OP urinary metabolite levels were associated with a decrease of FACT scores in boys. These findings indicate that OP prenatal exposure might impair visual processing later in life in boys only.

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Physical cognition is defined as the knowledge that we possess about the inanimate objects surrounding us, and their relation with the environment. According to the general social intelligence hypothesis, physical cognition would have developed as a continuum (like all the other cognitive domains), in species living in complex social groups. By contrast, the adapted social intelligence hypothesis assumes that interacting with conspecifics has allowed development of superior, but specific, cognitive capacities related to the social realm. Although research on the evolution of cognition first focused on primates, we now know that some avian species are capable of interacting with their physical world in a complex way by using and manufacturing tools (e.g., Article 1). However, to date, various bird families are still unstudied, leaving open this debate. The general goal of this work is to contribute to a better understanding of the factors acting on the evolution of cognition, thanks to the theoretical input of the social intelligence hypothesis according to its general and adapted aspect. Four species that had never been studied in cognitive studies before were selected according to their degree of sociality but also according to the specificity of their ecology. This latter factor has been largely ignored in behavioural biology, although it is crucial for a more holistic comprehension of the behaviour. This work aimed to assess the ability of two avian species, great white pelicans Pelecanus onocrotalus (social birds) and yellow-crowned bishops Euplectes afer afer (gregarious birds), to imitate the behaviour of a trained conspecific (social domain) with a social learning task (Articles 2 part I & 3, respectively). Subsequently, we have studied heir ability to use an object in order to get an out-of-reach food reward (physical domain) with a tool use task (Articles 2 part II & 4). Although pelicans were capable of rapidly solving the social learning task, they did not succeed in using tools spontaneously (cf. discussion Article 2 part II). The bishops were able to imitate the behaviour of a conspecific, however they were not capable of using tools in the foraging context, although these birds are well known to use and manufacture tools in quite a complex way in order to build their nests. We have also administrated to two other avian social species, ground-hornbills Bucorvus and toucans Ramphastidae, an experimental paradigm to assess cognition in the physical domain: the string-pulling test (Articles 5 & 6, respectively). The task involved pulling on a string in order to obtain a food reward attached to its extremity. Ground-hornbills failed to pull on the string in the vertical configuration, but rapidly solved the task in various conditions within the horizontal configuration. In toucans, however, only one subject succeeded in the vertical configuration. These results allow us to refute the social intelligence hypothesis in its general aspect. Indeed, no link seems to be drawn between the social and the physical domains in the four species studied. Although the social intelligence hypothesis is supported since decades, a unitary theory is required. A new model of cognitive evolution, that allows assessing the importance of general intelligence in species, may be particularly promising., La cognition physique correspond à l’ensemble des connaissances que nous possédons sur les objets inanimés qui nous entourent, et à leurs relations avec l’environnement. Selon l’hypothèse de l’intelligence sociale générale, la cognition physique se serait développée tel un continuum (à l’instar de tous les autres domaines cognitifs), chez les espèces vivant au sein de groupes sociaux complexes. A l’inverse, l’hypothèse de l’intelligence sociale adaptée suppose que le fait d’interagir avec des congénères a permis de développer des capacités cognitives supérieures, mais spécifiques, du domaine social. Bien que les recherches relatives à l’évolution de la cognition physique se soient d’abord focalisées sur les primates, nous savons aujourd’hui que certains oiseaux sont capables d’interagir de manière complexe avec leur monde physique, en utilisant et en fabriquant des outils (p. ex., voir Article 1). Néanmoins, de nombreuses familles aviaires restent à ce jour non étudiées, laissant ce débat en suspens. L’objectif général de ce travail de recherche est de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension des facteurs responsables de l’évolution de la cognition, grâce à l’apport théorique de l’hypothèse de l’intelligence sociale suivant son aspect général et adapté. Quatre espèces, jusqu’alors inconnues sur le plan cognitif, ont été sélectionnées suivant leur degré de socialité mais également la spécificité de leur écologie. Ce dernier facteur, trop souvent ignoré en biologie du comportement, est crucial pour apprécier le comportement dans son ensemble. Nous avons ainsi estimé la faculté des sujets, à savoir des pélicans blancs Pelecanus onocrotalus (sociaux) et des euplectes vorabés Euplectes afer afer (grégaires), à reproduire le comportement d’un congénère (domaine social) grâce à un test d’apprentissage social (Articles 2 part I & 3). Nous avons ensuite évalué leur capacité à se servir d’un objet pour obtenir une récompense alimentaire hors de portée (domaine physique), grâce à un test d’utilisation d’outils (Articles 2 part II & 4). Bien que les pélicans fussent capables de résoudre rapidement la tâche d’apprentissage social, ils ne réussirent pas à utiliser spontanément des outils (cf. discussion Article 2 part II). A l’instar du pélican, l’euplecte imita le comportement d’un congénère. Néanmoins, il échoua à utiliser des outils dans le contexte du fourragement, malgré le fait que cet oiseau utilise et fabrique des outils de manière complexe pour construire son nid.A défaut d’avoir pu étudier l’apprentissage social et l’utilisation d’outils chez deux autres espèces sociales, les calaos terrestres Bucorvus et les toucans Ramphastidae, cette recherche consistait également à administrer un paradigme permettant d’apprécier le domaine physique : le test de la ficelle (Articles 5 & 6, respectivement). La tâche impliquait de tirer sur une ficelle afin d’obtenir une récompense alimentaire accrochée à son extrémité. Les calaos terrestres échouèrent à tirer sur la ficelle dans la configuration verticale, mais réussirent rapidement la tâche dans diverses conditions de la configuration horizontale. Chez les toucans, cependant, un seul sujet réussit le test dans sa configuration verticale. Les résultats obtenus nous permettent de réfuter l’hypothèse de l’intelligence sociale dans son aspect général. En effet, aucun lien ne semble se dessiner entre le domaine social et physique chez les quatre espèces aviaires étudiées. Bien que l’hypothèse de l’intelligence sociale soit soutenue depuis plus de quatre décennies, une théorie unitaire est requise. Dans ce cadre, un nouveau modèle d’évolution cognitive, permettant d’évaluer l’importance de l’intelligence générale chez une espèce donnée, pourrait s’avérer particulièrement prometteur.