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In this work, the types of products and their proportions, the evolution characteristics of the functional groups and gases products, the pollutants emission of combustible solid waste (CSW), paper mill sludge (PMS) and their blends were investigated by Py-GC/MS and TG-FTIR. For the blends, the proportions of PMS were 10%, 30% and 50%. The percentage of pyrolysis products (acid, hydrocarbon, aldehyde, alcohol, benzene, furan, phenol, ester and ketone) was pointed out. Among these, the content of acid was the maximum. Blended with 10% PMS, the percentage of alcohol reached the greatest. Both single sample and blends could be divided into two decomposition phases. The residue mass of blends increased from 17.74% to 30.47% with the PMS ratio increased. OH, CH, CO, CO, SO2, NO, HCl, CO, CH4 and CO2 were the main functional groups and gases products surveyed from the FTIR spectrums during co-pyrolysis. Adding PMS into CSW could reduce the emission of the pollutants and the lowest yield of pollutants (SO2, NO, HCl, CO and CO2) would be obtained covered with 50% PMS.

Porous foams from cellulose nanofibres (CNF) and poly-vinyl alcohol CNF/PVA were prepared by uni-directional freezing to create a homogeneous pore structure. The CNF was derived from paper mills sludge (PMS), a by-product of paper manufacturing waste-water treatment. Sodium tetraborate decahydrate (borax) was used as a crosslinking agent. The density of the CNF/PVA foams were 0.03 g cm−3 with a compressive strength of 116 kPa at 20% strain. The foams were competitive to commercial expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam.

Selecting an appropriate paper deacidification agent is very important for the deacidification of paper. The use of three deacidification agents (i.e., iso-butylamine, calcium propionate, and borax) is studied for the deacidification of paper using the immersion treatment by investigating the paper surface pH, alkaline residue, paper whiteness, strength, and other performance indicators. Results show the deacidification by borax solution not only results in the promotion of a proper pH range, high level of alkali reserves, and ignorable influence to paper appearance, but also to the enhancement of the mechanical intensities of paper even after artificial aging. Supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2SCF), as a solvent system, is used in the deacidification of acidic papers using the borax solution of water and alcohol. CO2SCF improved the deacidification process by significantly improving the pH value and the base residual value. The borax in supercritical fluids can be better combined with cellulose hydroxyl to improve the mechanical properties of paper substantially. The treatment of borax in CO2SCF could be an alternative for acidic papers. Aside from improving the pH and depositing a sufficient alkaline residual, CO2SCF also strengthens the mechanical properties of treated papers.

Secondary hydroxyl groups of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) are transformed into reactive carbonyl groups selectively via TEMPO-mediated oxidation in the presence of sodium hypochlorite. By using this oxidation protocol, we introduced carbonyl functions in HPC under mild conditions, with a controlled degree of oxidation (DOx) up to 2.5 and a low degradation of the polysaccharide. The effect of the concentration of sodium hypochlorite on the resulting oxidized alcohol groups has been investigated in detail. Oxidized HPC crosslinks spontaneous at room temperature and mild pH-values with a variety of amines to form water stable hydrogels. If applied on lab-made paper sheet, thermally cross-linking this polymer with amines significantly increased the wet tensile strength. The utilization of such wet strength agents could lead to new approaches in terms of recyclability and biodegradability of wet strength agents interesting for a large number of different paper grades.

Paper-structured fibrous composites with micrometer-sized pores were prepared using a papermaking technique, followed by in situ synthesis of Pd nanoparticles in the paper matrix using a facile impregnation method. The Pd-containing paper-structured catalysts showed high catalytic activities in solvent-free benzyl alcohol oxidation in a flow reaction system. Highly selective oxidation was achieved using the porous paper-structured catalysts set inside a gas–liquid–solid multiphase reactor. Kinetic and mechanistic studies of various reactions showed that the catalytic activity and selectivity were associated with microfluidic behavior in the fiber-network pores. A uniform distribution of the liquid-phase substrate, i.e., benzyl alcohol, provided high catalytic activity. High selectivity for the oxidation pathways can be attributed to efficient gas–liquid–solid mass transfer toward the thin liquid layer formed at the interface between the alcohol and Pd catalyst inside the porous fiber networks.

Many de-inking surfactants have been claimed in patents. Alcohol ethoxylates and alkylphenol ethoxylates are commonly used in wash de-inking whereas alcohol alkoxylates and fatty acid alkoxylates are commonly used in flotation de-inking and combined flotation/wash de-inking processes. Dispersed ink particle redeposition onto cellulose fibers is a significant problem. Recent developments have occurred in the improvement of de-inking chemicals and in the.understanding of surface chemistry.

Objectives The present study examined the feasibility and possible mode effects of using a Web-form versus a paper-form survey to collect alcohol and tobacco data from 3rd and 4th grade students. Methods A survey regarding alcohol and tobacco use and attitudes was administered to 280 3rd and 4th grade students attending a racially and economically diverse Midwestern urban school district in the spring of 2003. The sample was randomly assigned to complete a Web-form survey (n=137) or a hardcopy paper-form survey (n=143). Results The overall response rate was 87% and did not differ by survey mode. There were minimal differences between survey modes in data quality including substantive responses to alcohol and tobacco use. Conclusions The findings of the present study offer preliminary evidence that Web-form surveys can be considered for collecting alcohol and tobacco use data among young children. Although there were few survey mode differences, our findings suggest more research is needed to examine possible measurement errors induced by computer-based approaches of data collection.

The spin trapping method combined with EPR spectroscopy has been employed by a number of laboratories to study alcohol-induced oxidative stress. Ethanol is converted to a free radical metabolite, the 1-hydroxyethyl radical in chemical reactions that generate hydroxyl radicals, in incubations of rat liver microsomes and in vivo. Furthermore, both acute and chronic ethanol administration leads to formation of radicals in the liver that are presumed to be products of lipid peroxidation. In general, overall radical production is enhanced by treatments known to be involved in alcoholic liver injury, such as chronic alcohol administration along with high levels of dietary fat.

A deinking agent for regenerating waste paper, which comprises a reaction product obtained by reacting a compound having an OH group, which is represented by the following (A) or (B) with a dicarboxylic acid or an anhydride thereof as an active ingredient: (A) a compound obtained by adding ethylene oxide and propylene oxide to a higher fatty acid having 8 to 22 carbon atoms in such a manner as to control the molar ratio of ethylene oxide/propylene oxide to from 1 to 4 and to control the total amount of the added ethylene oxide and propylene oxide to from 10 to 50 moles on average; or (B) an incomplete ester of a polyhydric alcohol, to which ethylene oxide and propylene oxide have been added in such a manner as to control the molar ratio of ethylene oxide/propylene oxide to from 1 to 4 and to control the total amount of the added ethylene oxide and propylene oxide to from 10 to 50 moles per OH group on average, and a higher fatty acid having 8 to 22 carbon atoms; is disclosed. With the use of this deinking agent, a deinked pulp having a high degree of whiteness and a small residual ink number can be obtained.

The paper chromategraphic behavior of tweleve metal ions has been examined using alcoholic solvents containing various concentrations of ammonium hydroxide. It was found that the movement of the ions was dependent not only on the amount of NH 4 OH presents and the alcohol used but also on the concentration of ion spotted on the paper. It is suggested that adsorption of the ions by the paper is a major factor controlling the movement of inoic componds or complexes.

The separation of iron(III) and gold(III) by partition paper chromatography has been investigated employing a mixture of diisopropyl ether (IPE) and n -alcohol saturated with hydrochloric acid (initial acid concentration 5.0 M ) as solvent. Methyl, ethyl, n -propyl, n -butyl, and n -pentyl alcohols were used as components of the solvent. The content of n -alcohol in the initial organic phase was varied. It was found that the R f values for both of the metals increased with an increase in the carbon-to-oxygen ratio in the alcohol (except in the case or iron(III) and n -pentyl alcohol), and with an increase in the alcohol content in the initial organic phase (except in the case of iron(III) and n -propyl alcohol). The best separation results were obtained by using the systems: hydrochloric acid (5.0 M )-IPE- n -propyl alcohol (50:35:15) gD R f = 0.56, hydrochloric acid (5.0 M )-IPE-ethyl alcohol (50:15:35) Δ R f = 0.51, and hydrochloric acid (5.0 M )-IPE- n -pentyl alcohol (50:35:15) Δ R f = 0.37.

A method has been developed for the paper chromatographic separation of macrolide antibiotics, which is suitable for the identification of the active substances in the fermentation broth of the productive microorganism. The most effective solven mixtures are composed of an alcohol and non-polar solvent, saturated with a concentrated solution of sodium chloride, and buffered to various pH values with a mixture of organic acids and bases.

A continuation is presented of an investigation of the chromatographic behavior of metallic nitrates in tri-nbutyl phosphate. Experiments were carried out varying the technique, the initial concentration of the nitrates and, or the nitric acid, the organic diluent. and the concentration of TBP in the organic diluent. In solutions containing 0 to 5% TBP all ions had R/sub F/ values equal to zero. An increase of TBP above 20% caused R/sub F/ values to increase slightly. No other organic diluents used showed any great advantages over purified kerosene, B.P. 210 to 250 deg . For variations of acid concentration, 1 to 16 M, the R/sub F/ values of most ions are not affected. (B.O.G.)

Problems of stability were found for biomarkers of alcohol consumption: ethyl glucuronide (EtG), ethyl sulfate (EtS), phosphatidylethanols (PEths), and fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) in whole blood. The purpose of this study was to establish a method for the determination of these four kinds of ethanol's non-oxidative metabolites in dried blood spots (DBS) by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and to evaluate their stability. In this method, 50 μL of human blood was spotted onto a filter paper for DBS analysis. Samples were extracted by methanol, reconstituted by 2-propanol, and injected into the LC-MS/MS system. Limits of detection were among 0.5–50 ng/mL, and deviations in accuracy and precision were all lower than 15% at three quality control levels. The stability of the four kinds of ethanol non-oxidative metabolites in DBS was investigated during a 90-day range under three temperatures, −20 °C, 4 °C, and 25 °C. EtG and EtS showed a high level of stability in DBS in the 90-day range, regardless of the temperature. FAEEs were unstable after three days. PEths showed stability within 15 days in postmortem DBS and 60 days in antemortem DBS, respectively, at all temperatures.

A paper Chromatographic study ot the separability of ions of elements of the silver, copper and arsenic groups, using different solvents and a number of complexing agents, reveals that the solvents consisting of (1) acetone, hydrochloric or acetic acid (with or without ammonium iodide) and (2) tert. -butyl alcohol, hydrochloric or acetic acid, promote the complete separation of at ; least five elements present in microgram amounts in a mixture. Other complexing agents, such as thiourea, bismuthiol I, bismuthiol II and 2-mercaptobenzothiazole are not very useful in the separation of the ions. The RI., RT values and the sequences of separation are tabulated to show their behaviour.

A qualitative study was made by means of paper chromatography of these different compounds. A suitable solvent, n-propyl alcohol and hydrochloric acid, was used to separate them quickly. The study is devoted to the preparation and hydrolysis of radioactive choline acetate. Spot tests for the products are described.

A paper chromatographic method is described for the detection and estimation of l -amino acid oxidase is snake venoms using l -histidine as the substrate. The product of reaction is separated paper chromatographically using 77% ethyl alcohol or n-butyl alcohol—acetic acid—water. The method can also be applied to the detection and determination of histidase and d -amino acid oxidase. Histidase and l -histidine decarboxylase do not interfere in the determination of l -amino acid oxidase.

Simple and effective methods are developed for detecting or demonstrating: 1. A steroid ketone spot on a paper chromatogram by applying a 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent with subsequent washing. 2. A steroid alcohol by direct chromic acid oxidation on the paper, permitting the ketone produced to migrate out of the area sprayed with chromic acid and detecting the ketone formed with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. 3. A methyl ketone with a sodium nitroprusside reagent. 4. A secondary methyl carbinol by direct chromic acid oxidation and detection of the methyl ketone formed.

Alcohol intake has occurred in India for many centuries. In India, many people are dying due to the consumption of illicit liquor made under unlicensed manufacturing units. In chemistry, the term alcohol is used as a common or generic name to entitle numerous sequences of materials. These are made in India under government license and the range of the concentration of alcohol should be within 42.8%. Here go on various incidents of illicit alcohol that take place in India. Further approved distilleries, amount of small manufacture components function surreptitiously. 25 seized country-made illicit liquor samples and 20 standard illicit liquor samples were analysed to find the element in the samples by the X-ray Fluorescence Energy Dispersion Spectroscopy (EDX-7000) instrument. The resultant shows the elements that are found such as copper, calcium, silicon, sulphur, zinc, iron etc. that are present the in some percent which adulterate the alcohol. The samples were collected from the different-different sources. In this research. We are about to explain various types of impurities present in alcohol due to adulteration which may affect the health of the human body.

The paper chromatographie separation of ammonium chloride, hydrazine, hydroxylamme, phenylhydrazine and phenylhydroxylamine is accomplished using the solvent system; 50 parts by volume diethyl ether, 30 parts methyl alcohol, 15 parts water and 4 parts concentrated bydrochloric acid. A double-spot phenomenon is described which depends upon the distance of the starting line from the solvent level.

The fractions obtained by chromatography of DNA preparations on DEAE-cellulose paper have been characterized by different means including dialysis, alcohol and acid precipitation, optical density measurements (hyperchromic effect). The fractionation procedure can be used to follow the effect of ageing (and of spontaneous radiolysis), ultrasonic vibrations, thermal denaturation and hydrolysis by DNAase. The concept “DNA prepration” is discussed with respect to the specific behaviour of the different fractions into which the original mixture can be resolved.

A study is described of the chromatography on paper of some alkylhydrazines and some monoand diacylhydrazines by both the circular and ascending methods. For the acylhydrazines the solvent system preferred was the upper layer from isoamyl alcohol, acetic acid, and water in the volume proportions of 10:1.5 :10 respectively. The upper layer from a mixture of n -butyl alcohol, acetic acid, and water in the volume proportions of 4 : 1 : 5 respectively, was preferred for the alkylhydrazines. For detection of the hydrazine derivatives on the chromatogram a spray of p -dimethylaminobenzaldehyde hydrochloride in ethanol (Ehrlich's reagent) was most satisfactory, although ammoniacal silver nitrate or ninhydrin could be used in some cases.

Substance use disorders are under-detected and not systematically diagnosed or screened for by primary care. In this study, we present the acceptability and validity of an Embodied Conversational Agent (ECA) designed to screen tobacco and alcohol use disorder, in individuals who did not seek medical help for these disorders.Individuals were included from June 2016 to May 2017 in the Outpatient Sleep Clinic of the University Hospital of Bordeaux. DSM-5 diagnoses of tobacco and alcohol use disorders were assessed by human interviewers. The ECA interview integrated items from the Cigarette Dependence Scale-5 (CDS-5) for tobacco use disorder screening, and the "Cut Down, Annoyed, Guilty, Eye-opener" (CAGE) questionnaire for alcohol use disorder screening. Paper version of CDS-5 and CAGE questionnaires and acceptability questionnaire was also self-administered.Of the 139 participants in the study (mean age 43.0 [SD = 13.7] years), 71 were women, and 68 were men. The ECA was well accepted by the patients. Paper self-administered CDS-5 and CAGE scores had a strong agreement with the ECA (p 0.0001). The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis of the ECA interview showed AUC of 0.97 (95% CI, 0.93-1.0) and 0.84 (95% CI, 0.69-0.98) for CDS-5 and CAGE respectively with p-value0.0001.This ECA was acceptable and valid to screen tobacco or alcohol use disorder among patients not requesting treatment for addiction. The ECA could be used in hospitals and potentially in primary care settings to help clinicians to better screen their patients for alcohol and tobacco use disorders.

The project works deal with the bio-diesel which formed from the Mahua oil by esterifications and follow by the transesterifications. The kinetic study of optimizes the research of Mahua oil Methyl Ester was taken at various parameters as methanol % of surplus alcohol, reactions time and oil molar ratio, concentrations of acid channel and temperature. The output shows that the 4.2% H2SO4, 0.35% alcohol ratio, 1.15 h reactions time and the temperature of 60 0C is optimal condition to the esterifications. The most favorable condition to the production of the bio-diesel is 2.2% sodium Methoxide, 0.1% alcohol oil ratio, 1.15 h reactions time, 60 0C of temperature and 140% excess alcohol the best condition to the tranesterifications. In this work, the investigation is taken to revision then performances, emissions and combustions properties of mahua Methyl ester. The output was checked by diesel and chosen mahua methyl ester as fuel blend. The setup having single cylinder forced water cooled C.I engine is utilized. At first, engine is run by methyl ester mixed by the volume basis and the corresponding reading is taken. The results are taken entire series of engine operations for different load condition. The performance parameters of engine are like SFC, exhaust gas emissions, break thermal efficiency were cheap with raise in bio-diesel concentrations.

Higher alcohol (C5/C6 alcohol) blended with diesel or bio-diesel is a promising alternative clean fuel for the compression ignition engine. The most important puzzle is the technology development of biomass to higher alcohol fuels. In this paper, a novel approach of hydrothermal conversion of biomass into C5/C6 higher alcohol fuels was proposed. High yield of higher alcohol fuels was obtained from the real biomass with the C5/C6 alcohol selectivity of 77% under the mild hydrothermal conditions. The properties of the produced higher alcohol fuels are similar to that of 0# diesel. The exhaust emission of compression ignition engine decreased vigorously by blending the higher alcohol fuels with diesel at weight ratio of 20/80.

This study evaluated the feasibility of ethanol production from expired rice by surface immobilization technology fermentation. The process was carried out using temperature tolerant active fresh yeast TH-AADY cells immobilized on cotton fiber placed in a reticular hollow sphere. A 320-ton pilot reactor with a multi-layer packed bed immobilized structure and multi-branch circulation path was used instead of the typical cylindrical immobilized reactor. The average values of the alcohol degree and fermentation efficiency of the immobilized yeast cells were 12.46% (v/v) and 83.72%, respectively, which were 0.45% (v/v) and 3.2% higher than those of a free-cell fermentation. The fermentation was repeated for 32 batches with good reusability and long-term stability. In addition, fermentation via cell immobilization created an extra benefit of 6.37% per ton of fuel alcohol based on the mean market price in China. The results obtained in this study indicate that ethanol production from expired rice using immobilized yeast in the new bioreactor is feasible and may meet the demands of industrial production based on the fermentation indexes and economic evaluation.

In this study conventional fossil diesel, biodiesel made from waste cooking oil with different proportion with diesel, biodiesel diesel with alcohol additive and Nano particles are used as fuel. Experimental results reveals that blends of WCO biodiesel has similar characteristics that of diesel. Brake thermal efficiency is increasing when Nano particles are used compared to fossil diesel. B10Ai1% has highest brake thermal efficiency, lowest brake specific fuel consumption and lowest energy consumption than that of other tested fuel. Among all the test fuels used B10Ai1% has better performance. BTE BSFC and BSEC were found to be 20.10%, 0.405 Kg/Kwhr, 17914.71kj/kg respectively. For Nano fuel BTE, BSFC and BSEC were found to be 16.90%, .491 kg/kwhr and 21293.3 kj/kg respectively which were better than diesel.

Nowadays, ethanol (ethyl alcohol, bioethanol) is one of the most commonly used liquid biofuels, playing a vital role in industrial development. There are some advanced technologies available to produce ethanol by fermentation of agricultural wastes, fruit wastes, municipal and industrial wastes. Herein, the dried carrot pulp as a source of raw material has been utilized for the production of bioethanol by using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and beet molasses inoculated at 28 °C for 72 h. The results have revealed that the highest amount of alcohol (10.3 ml (40.63 g/l)) has been obtained in a sample containing 50 ml of inoculum, 150 ml of water, and 10 g of dried waste. This study has proved the potential of dried carrot pulp to be converted into a value-added product such as ethanol.

The conversion of ethanol to n-butanol and higher alcohols is carried out in a continuous fixed bed reactor over a Ni/La2O3/γ-Al2O3 catalyst at 210–250 °C and 100 bar. At these conditions, the reaction mixture is a condensed, near-critical phase that facilitates higher reaction rates than corresponding vapor phase reactions. Combined selectivity to n-butanol and C6+ higher alcohols reached 74% at 41% ethanol conversion. A process concept is presented in which n-butanol and mixed C6+ alcohols are produced as saleable products; ethanol is recycled to achieve nearly 100% overall conversion and minor byproducts are burned to provide process energy. A process design is conducted using Aspen Plus V8.4 process simulation software, and economic analyses are carried out for several cases of ethanol conversion and alcohol selectivities. Several additional cases involving permutations of the base process configuration are also examined in attempts to improve process economics. At n-butanol selectivities achieved experimentally, a facility producing 75 million kg n-butanol per year has a total capital cost of $38.1 million with a required n-butanol selling price of $1.55/kg to $1.60/kg for typical values of expected return on investment.

Two biotrickling filters and a bioscrubber system, equipped with different package materials and inoculums, were compared in regard of performance in treatment of a VOC mixture containing 70 v% of tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) and 30 v% of acetone. The average absolute elimination capacity at highest test loadings was 80.2 g C m−3 h−1 for the bioscrubber (BIOdek® and BIO-NET® as package material; Mycobacterium austroafricanum TBA100 and Aquincola tertiaricarbonis TBA200 as inoculum) and 25.2–27.5 g C m−3 h−1 for the biotrickling filters (configuration I, Bio-airSPHERES®, no further inoculation; configuration II, HilfowTM rings, Mycobacterium austroafricanum TBA100 as inoculum). However, normalizing elimination capacities to either biomass or the cell count of TBA degraders the biotrickling filter of configuration I ranked first (2.75 g C g oDM−1 h−1 and 12.91 g C 1012 cells−1 h−1) and the bioscrubber last, due to a largely sized regeneration unit (0.13 g C g oDM−1 h−1 and 0.40 g C 1012 cells−1 h−1). Even though TBA is hardly biodegradable, its biodegradation could be done without expensive formation of inoculums using Bio-airSPHERES® as composite package material. Performance levels were enhanced and stabilized by repetitive dosage of fertilizer in all systems. This is both the first report about biodegradation of a waste gas containing TBA and application of Bio-airSPHERES® for biodegradation of high VOC concentrations.

Present study investigated the development and use of copper-doped zinc oxide as catalysts to facilitate degradation of real textile wastewater by ozonation. Effect of various operating parameters like catalyst dosage, pH, and ozone dosage was examined. The Cu-doped ZnO removes 89% of COD within 30 min of reaction whereas tertiary-butyl alcohol inhibited COD reduction at 10 mM concentration under the optimised conditions, indicating that catalytic ozonation follows hydroxyl (OH ) radical method for COD reduction. MATLAB ODE45 function was used to draw kinetic plots where catalytic ozonation shows six times higher rate constant. Catalytic ozonation has been successfully implemented at pilot-scale.

Long chain alcohol have the potential to become an alternative of fuel ethanol, due to their outstanding combustion properties. Succinic acid is an important platform compound of wide applications. Biofuel and chemicals produced with lignocellusic materials is a promising option for biorefinery development. During the production of long chain alcohol by microorganisms, large amount of CO2 will be generated, while CO2 can be used as raw material for succinic acid fermentation. To introduce the knowledge about the implications of co-production process, a review on the utilization of lignocellulosic biomass for long chain alcohol and succinic acid production and CO2 mitigation are presented.

Highlights • Socio-demographic risk factors were sex, financial constraints and employment status. • Behaviour factors associated were being a non-drinker, problem drinking and smoking. • Psycho-social factors were not having enough people to confide in and life events. • Large effect size and dose-response for financial constraints, problem drinking and life events. • Employment status was more strongly related to depressive symptoms in men than women., Background Russia has a high burden of suicide and alcohol-attributable mortality. However there have been few studies of the epidemiology of depression. Methods The study population was 5077 men and women aged 35-69 years from a cross-sectional population based survey in the cities of Arkhangelsk and Novosibirsk (2015-17). Moderate depression was defined as Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) score≥10. Risk factors considered were socio-demographic factors (age, sex, marital status, living alone, education, employment status, financial constraints); health behaviours (smoking, alcohol use) and psycho-social factors (life events and social support). Results After mutual adjustment for all other factors, there was evidence that PHQ-9≥10 was associated with sex (higher in women), financial constraints, employment status, being a non-drinker, problem drinking, smoking, not having enough people to confide in and the number of life events in the past 6 months. Employment status was more strongly associated in men (OR 1.84 (95%CI 1.17, 2.88)) than women (OR 1.15 95% CI 0.86, 1.55). The effect size was particularly striking for financial constraints (odd ratio over 3 times higher in those with not enough money for food and clothes compared to no financial constraints), problem drinking (OR 1.72 (1.12, 2.65) among drinkers with CAGE score of 2 and 2.25 (95% CI 1.42, 3.57) in those with score ≥3 compared to zero) and life events (85% higher odds in those experiencing one life event and over 4 times higher odds in those experiencing 3 or more life events) all of which demonstrated a dose-response with PHQ-9>=10. Limitations The study was cross-sectional in nature therefore temporal relationships could not be assessed. Conclusions We have identified here a range of risk factors for depression among the Russian general population consistent with findings from other populations. The strikingly strong association with financial constraints indicates the importance of social inequality for the burden of depression.

The automatic hand sanitizer dispensing machine is a machine controlled instrument. It is a non-contact, alcohol is the solvent primarily based hand sanitizer. This instrument is used in hospitals, workplaces, offices, intuitions and etc. Alcohol is the largest used solvent with compared to any other. Alcohol is the disinfected compared to the soap or any other solid soap and it does not require water to clean it because it is a volatile in the nature and evaporates initially when we apply to our hands. Reports says that alcohol level is high in killing the corona virus in our hands. The concentration of the alcohol is greater than 70 percentage.

In the present paper, the waste vehicle tire chips were pyrolyzed to be achieved their liquid oil forms and then they were blended at different percentages (0%, 10%, 30% and 50% by volume) into neat diesel fuel (DF). Tests were conducted on a single-cylinder diesel engine at four different engine loads (3, 6, 9 and 12 Nm) under a constant engine speed of 2000 rpm. Then the performance (BSFC, BTE), combustion, emission (CO, NOx, and HC), vibration and noise characteristics to observe the influence of the addition of waste tire pyrolysis liquids (TPL) within diesel fuel were investigated experimentally. Since the heating value of TPL was lower than that of diesel fuel, BSFC gradually increased and BTE reduced with increase in TPL content of the TPL-diesel blend at all engine loads. On the other hand, it is seen that the ignition delay of the TPL-diesel blends is longer than that of DF owing to the low cetane number of TPL. The peak points of the maximum heat release rate (HRRmax) and maximum in-cylinder pressure (CPmax) were, therefore, higher in TPL-diesel blends. Additionally, both higher HRR and CP triggered to increase both vibration and noise levels in these fuels. Besides, the carbon and oxygen content of TPL produced have partially close to neat diesel fuel but hydrogen content is higher in diesel fuel. That is why a significant variation on CO was not observed among test fuels. However, NOx emission slightly increased and HC emission highly and gradually reduced with increase in TPL content of the blends. In conclusion, this paper highlights that usage of TPL can alternatively be blended into diesel fuel (up to 50%) without any modifications and presented promising results for the solution to both the waste management and depleting fossil fuels. WOS:000535710000106 2-s2.0-85083576644

Highlights • Validated tools are needed to evaluate alcohol-reduction interventions in low income countries. • Among young Ugandans ACASI-administered 30-day and 12-month-AUDIT have good diagnostic properties. • Self-reported AUDIT provides an efficient means of assessing alcohol misuse., Background Validated tools for assessing alcohol use among young people in low-income countries are needed to estimate prevalence and evaluate alcohol-reduction interventions. We validated Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) against Timeline Follow Back (TLFB), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and phosphatidylethanol (PEth); and the 30-day-AUDIT against the 12-months-AUDIT among young Ugandans. Methods In 2018, we collected retrospective data on 30-day and 12-month AUDIT, TLFB and DSM-5 in a cross-sectional study of 15–24 year old residents of Ugandan fishing communities. AUDIT was administered by Audio Computer Assisted Self-Interviewing (ACASI) and DSM-5 and TLFB by psychiatric nurses. We determined PEth16:0/18:1 levels from dried blood spots using liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (heavy usage, ≥210 ng/mL) and calculated sensitivity and specificity of AUDIT against the other measures. Results Among 1281 participants (52.7% male, mean age 20 years), half (n = 659; 51.4%) reported ever drinking alcohol, 19.4% had 12-month-AUDIT ≥ 8 (21.5% men; 17.0% women), and 24.2% had 30-day-AUDIT ≥ 8 (29.0% men; 18.9% women). Twenty percent of participants had detectable PEth with 55 (4.3%) classified as heavy drinkers; 50.7% reported ≥ 2 symptoms on DSM-5 and 6.3% reported binge drinking in the previous month based on TLFB (8.9% men, 3.5% women). The 30-day-AUDIT ≥ 8 had sensitivity 86.7%, 95%CI: 81.8%–90.7% and specificity 90.9%, 95%CI:89.0%–92.6% versus 12-month-AUDIT ≥ 8. Both 30-day and 12-month-AUDIT ≥ 8 were sensitive and specific markers of heavy drinking by PEth (12-month-AUDIT sensitivity = 80.0%; 95%CI:67.0%–89.6%; specificity = 83.3%; 95%CI:81.1%–85.3%). The 30-day-AUDIT was a sensitive and specific marker of binge drinking based on TLFB (sensitivity = 82.7%; 95%CI:72.7%–90.2%, specificity = 79.8%; 95%CI:77.4%–82.1%); 12-month-AUDIT had lower sensitivity. Both 30-day and 12-month AUDIT ≥ 8 were highly specific but insensitive markers of having DSM-5 ≥ 2 symptoms. Conclusion Among young people in Uganda, ACASI-administered 30-day and 12-month-AUDIT have good diagnostic properties compared to PEth, DSM-5 and TLFB. Self-reported AUDIT provides a quick and valid means of assessing alcohol misuse in these communities.

Background Multiple measures are utilized to assess alcohol craving, often interchangeably. Little is known about the relationship between tonic and phasic craving. This study fills this gap in the literature by examining the association between tonic levels of alcohol craving and phasic craving for alcohol that is provoked by alcohol administration. Methods Forty-three non-treatment seeking problem drinkers underwent an initial interview and two laboratory testing sessions, where either alcohol or a saline placebo was administered intravenously. Tonic craving was assessed via the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS) and Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS) at the initial interview. Phasic craving was assessed during the laboratory sessions (i.e., alcohol and saline administrations, single blinded) at baseline and at 3 subsequent breath alcohol concentrations (0.02, 0.04, and 0.06 g/dl). Results There was a main effect of PACS in predicting phasic craving across both saline and alcohol administration conditions (p 0.10), predicted phasic craving during alcohol, as compared to saline administration. Conclusion In sum, tonic craving captured by the OCDS was predictive of phasic craving during alcohol administration whereas the PACS more generally captured the increase in phasic craving. Therefore, these measures of tonic craving may function differently in capturing the experience of phasic craving. Implications for the utilization of the PACS and OCDS as well as assessments of craving in alcoholism research are discussed., Highlights • Many measures are utilized, often interchangeably, to assess alcohol craving. • Little is known about the relationship between provoked, phasic craving and long-term, tonic craving. • Results indicated that the PACS predicted phasic craving, regardless of alcohol condition. • The OCDS predicted phasic craving when alcohol was administered.

Background Scholastic works suggest that those at risk for exercise addiction are also often addicted to illicit drugs, nicotine, and/or alcohol, but empirical evidence is lacking. Aims The aim of the present work was to examine the co-occurrence of illicit drug, nicotine, and alcohol use frequency (prevalence of users) and severity (level of problem in users) among exercisers classified at three levels of risk for exercise addiction: (i) asymptomatic, (ii) symptomatic, and (iii) at-risk. Methods A sample of 538 regular exercisers were surveyed via the Qualtrics research platform. They completed the (i) Drug Use Disorder Identification Test, (ii) Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence, (iii) Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test, and (iv) Exercise Addition Inventory. Results A large proportion (n = 59; 10.97%) of the sample was found to be at risk for exercise addiction. The proportion of drug and alcohol users among these participants did not differ from the rest of the sample. However, the incidence of nicotine consumption was lowest among them. The severity of problematic substance use did not differ across the groups. Conclusions These findings suggest that substance addiction and the risk for exercise addiction are unrelated. In fact, those at risk for exercise addiction exhibited the healthiest profile related to the prevalence of smoking., Highlights • Exercise addiction is unrelated to greater prevalence of alcohol or substance use. • Problematic alcohol or substance use is not a characteristic of exercise addiction. • The risk for exercise addiction is related to a lower prevalence of nicotine use.

In this study, the effects of product separation on the distribution of liquid products and the energy efficiency of sewage sludge liquefaction in supercritical alcohol and supercritical alcohol–water mixtures were investigated. While considering alcohol participation in the liquefaction reaction (6–47 wt%), the effects of process parameters such as temperature (300–400 °C), residence time (10–120 min), concentration (9.1–25.0 wt%), and type of supercritical fluid (water, methanol, ethanol, water–alcohol mixture) on the yield and properties of bio-oils were examined. Accounting for alcohol participation and product separation allowed the bio-oil yield, energy recovery, and energy efficiency to be newly defined. Application of the new separation protocol developed in this study realized a 10–25 wt% increase in bio-oil yield because light fractions were efficiently captured. When supercritical methanol was used, the light fractions consisted primarily of methylated short-chain esters, whereas ketones and alcohols were the major species when supercritical ethanol was used. Liquefaction at 400 °C and 20 wt% sewage sludge in a mixture of water–methanol (80:20, v/v) resulted in a bio-oil with a high calorific value (35.8 MJ kg−1), achieving 155% energy recovery and 106% energy efficiency. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of bio-oil combustion conducted in a commercial boiler demonstrated that cofiring with a mixture of petroleum heavy oil and bio-oil resulted in a high firing temperature of 1570 °C and a heat transfer rate, which were comparable to that obtained from conventional heavy oil firing.

Sugarcane straw (SCS) lignin is extracted by SO2-Alcohol-Water (SAW) fractionation (155 °C, 1 h) using methanol, ethanol or isopropanol as pulping solvent (SO2/Alcohol/Water = 12/44/44 wt%). The SAW fractionation removes 90–95% lignin from SCS of which only 30–45% is isolated as precipitated lignin after solvent evaporation. The precipitated and pulp residual lignin (5–10%) are analyzed for their degree of sulfonation (S/C9) while precipitated lignin is further analyzed in terms of molecular weight distribution (MWD) and alkoxylation reactions. Similar S/C9 values for methanol, ethanol and isopropanol lignin show that the degree of sulfonation is independent of fractionation solvent. However, the sulfonated lignin is comparatively less soluble in the methanol-based liquor compared to the corresponding lignins in the ethanol- and isopropanol-based liquors. The mass average molecular weight, Mw, is highest for isopropanol lignin (∼3800) while the numbers for methanol and ethanol lignins are comparatively smaller but nearly equal in magnitude (∼3000). Alkoxyl groups and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses are performed to interpret the differences in lignin Mw and alkoxylation reactions. Different ether and ester type linkages are identified in NMR spectra confirming lignin alkoxylation. Lignin carbohydrate complexes (LCC) are also found in NMR spectra confirming that some of the detected carbohydrates are covalently bound to lignin.

Critical water system used for decomposition and debromination of waste printed circuit board (PCBs) has two disadvantages: low value-added oil phase products and halfway debromination at low temperature condition. In this study, critical water-alcohol composite medium was found to be a promising method to surmount these disadvantages. Critical water-ethanol (CWE) and critical water-methanol (CWM) were selected as the composite medium. The temperature of CWE and CWM had a significant effect on the oil phase composition. At low temperature CWE/CWM of 300 °C, 4-(1-methylethyl)-phenol with high concentration could be recovered. CWM of 400 °C was beneficial to the generation of ether compounds and high level of anisole could be obtained, while 450 °C was beneficial to the generation of high level of multi-alkyl substituted phenol derivatives or benzene derivatives such as p-xylene. Br-free oil phase products could be obtained when the temperature of CWE/CWM ≥300 °C. Different oil phase products with high level of chemicals or chemical intermediates could be obtained by controlling the reaction conditions of CWE/CWM. It is believed that the additional value of the oil phase products derived from waste PCBs can be greatly improved by this new process.

Background The delineation of the behavioral neurobiological mechanisms underlying the heterogeneous pathways for alcohol use disorders (AUDs) is ostensibly imperative for the development of more cost-effective treatments predicated on better understanding of this complex psychopathology. Methods 1) Forty-eight high anxiety sensitive (HAS) and high sensation seeking (HSS) psychopathology-free emerging adults (mean (SD) age: 20.4 (1.9) years) completed a Face Emotion Processing Task and a social stress paradigm (Montreal Imaging Stress Task) during functional magnetic resonance imaging sessions with and without alcohol ingestion (1 ml/kg of 95% USP alcohol, p.o.). Drug and alcohol use was reassessed during follow-up interviews 2–3 years later. Outcomes The effects of alcohol (versus placebo) ingestion depended upon the task and risk group. In response to negative (versus neutral) faces, alcohol diminished amygdala (AMYG) activations in HAS but not HSS subjects. In response to psychosocial evaluative stress, alcohol enhanced activations of the medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC), perigenual anterior cingulate cortex, and nucleus accumbens in HAS male subjects (HASMS), but decreased mOFC activity in HSS male subjects (HSSMS). At follow-up, a greater alcohol versus placebo differential for threat-related AMYG activations predicted escalating drinking and/or illicit drug use among HAS but not HSS participants, whereas a greater differential for mOFC activations during acute social stress predicted escalating substance use among HSS but not HAS participants. Interpretation This double dissociation provides evidence of distinct neurobiological profiles in a priori identified personality trait-based risk groups for AUDs, and links these signatures to clinically relevant substance use outcomes at follow-up. AUD subtypes might benefit from motivationally and personality-specific ameliorative and preventative interventions., Highlights • HASSS and HSSS showed distinct brain activation patterns in response to different stressors and to alcohol by stressor. • Escalation into drug use at a 2-3 year follow-up was predicted by distinct personality-based neural vulnerability patterns, above and beyond other measured risk factors. The present study clearly demonstrates that the abuse of alcohol and risk thereof is related to distinctive correlative and likely causative factors that are going to require totally different therapeutic approaches and that singular ubiquitous interventions, be they preventative or rehabilitative, are simply inappropriate.

Despite the World Health Organization’s assertion that communities need to become involved in\ud reducing alcohol harm, evidence of community engagement in alcohol licensing decision-making in\ud England remains limited. The evaluation of the Communities in Charge of Alcohol (CICA)\ud programme offers policymakers, Licensing Authorities and public health practitioners, evidence\ud regarding a specific volunteer-led, place-based approach designed to enable community engagement\ud in licensing with the aim of reducing localised alcohol harm. The study explored factors affecting the\ud sustainable involvement of volunteers in alcohol licensing decision-making from six Licensing\ud Officers' perspectives, through semi-structured interviews. Routinely collected crime, disorder, and\ud hospital admissions data were reviewed for further context as proxies for alcohol-related harm.\ud Licensing Officers perceived sustainable engagement to be impacted by: (i) the extent of alignment\ud with statutory requirements and local political support; (ii) the ability of Licensing Officers to\ud operationalise CICA and support local assets, and; (iii) the opportunity for, and ability of, volunteers\ud to raise licensing issues. The perspectives of Licensing Officers indicate complexities inherent in\ud seeking to empower residents to engage in licensing decision-making at a community level. These\ud relate to statutory and political factors, funding, social norms regarding engagement in licensing\ud decision-making, and the need for networks between critical actors including Responsible Authorities\ud and communities. The evidence indicates that after increasing community capacity to influence\ud alcohol availability decision-making at local level, communities continue to struggle to influence\ud statutory processes to affect alcohol availability where they live and work. More understanding of\ud how to enable effective community engagement is required.

Highlights • Unhealthy alcohol use is prevalent among women attending STI clinics. • We tested whether CBI or CBI-IVR-TM, reduced alcohol use among women in this setting. • Neither CBI nor CBI-IVR-TM reduced alcohol use more than control. • 2/3 of women had an alcohol use disorder, 65% substance use, 28% depressive symptoms. • CBI is insufficient for alcohol reduction in this high severity, high comorbidity setting., Objective We sought to determine if a computer delivered brief alcohol intervention (CBI) with or without interactive voice response counseling and text messages (CBI-IVR-TM), reduced alcohol use and sexual risk behaviors compared to attention control. Methods We conducted a 3-arm RCT among women (n = 439) recruited from Baltimore City Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Clinics. Eligibility included: 1) consumption of >7 drinks per week or 2) ≥2 episodes of heavy episodic drinking or ≥2 episodes of sex under the influence of alcohol in the prior three months. Research assessments conducted at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months included a 30-day Timeline Followback querying daily alcohol use, drug use, and sexual activity. We used the MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview-DSM-IV to ascertain drinking severity. Primary alcohol outcomes included: drinking days, heavy drinking days, drinks per drinking day. Secondary sexual risk outcomes included number of sexual partners, days of condomless sex, and days of condomless sex under the influence of drugs and alcohol. Results Median age was 31 (IQR 25–44 years), 88% were African American, 65% reported current recreational drug use, and 26% endorsed depressive symptoms. On the MINI 66% met criteria for alcohol use disorder (49% alcohol dependence, 18% abuse). At follow-up, all three groups reduced drinking days, heavy drinking days, drinks per drinking day and drinks per week with no significant differences between study arms. There was no difference in sexual risk outcomes among the groups. Conclusions Among women attending an urban STI clinic single session CBI with or without IVR and text message boosters was insufficient to reduce unhealthy alcohol use or sexual risk behaviors beyond control. The high severity of alcohol use and the prevalence of mental health symptoms and other substance use comorbidity underscores the importance of developing programs that address not only alcohol use but other determinants of STI risk among women.

Using alcohol-based disinfectants is an effective method for preventing the spread of COVID-19. However, non-traditional manufacturers of alcohol-based disinfectants, such as ethanol plants, need to undergo additional treatment to curb their impurities to limits set by the Food and Drug Association (FDA) to produce alcohol-based disinfectants. To transform them to disinfectant-grade alcohol, 17 process streams in a dry-mill ethanol plant were analyzed to determine the quality parameters for acetaldehyde, acetal, propanol, methanol, and water, including chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, and nutrients. Results suggest that the process stream generated by the distillation column requires further treatment because the acetaldehyde and acetal concentrations are significantly higher than the impurity limit set by the FDA. The addition of a second distillation column could be a potential method for addressing impurities and it will have minimal influence on hazardous air pollutant generation and water use., Graphical abstract Image 1

Traditional alcoholic beverage has become common because of economic issue. This work was aimed to improve production process of alcoholic beverage based maize and banana extract and to evaluate sensory parameters of the obtained alcoholic beverage. Three formulations were tested with different quantity of banana pulp as adjunct (2v/3v, 2.5v/2.5v, and 3v/2v; wort/banana pulp labeled F1, F2 and F3 respectively). De-pectinized banana pulp was added to wort and the mixture was fermented in anaerobic condition, at ambient temperature of about 25 °C for 72 h in presence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Samples of alcoholic beverage obtained had light alcohol content from 4.63±0.7% for F1, 4.05±0.4% for F2, 3.32±0.3% for F3. The alcohol content of samples was proportional to the quantity of banana added. The evaluation of banana extract performance in alcohol yield showed a perfect link between the quantity of alcohol produced and the brix degree of the mixture before fermentation, with the regression coefficient of 1. Sensory analysis showed that the 3 formulations had a dark color, a poor taste, an average odor for F1 and F2. Only F3 had a very good aroma. According to the sensory evaluation, F3 was the best formulation.

Nowadays, alternative fuels to fossil-based ones are emerging, one of them consisting in the use of oxygenated fuels, i.e. short-chain alcohols. Their main advantage is that alcohols may be produced by renewable processes. In the present work, diesel engine exhaust and acoustic emissions using different short-chain alcohols (ethanol and 1-propanol)/diesel fuel blends have been analyzed. For this purpose, nine engine steady-state operating conditions at moderate loads, covering the most used quarter of the engine map, have been selected. The effect of the increase of alcohol in the blend provided a reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and soot emissions, while soluble organic fraction (SOF), total hydrocarbons (THC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions increased. Moreover, a rise of noise was observed with the increase of the amount of alcohol in the blend. It may be concluded, from this field trial, that at similar concentration of alcohol blended with diesel fuel (10% v/v), propanol showed better behavior in terms of global exhaust and noise emissions than ethanol.