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• We develop a quantitative spatial equilibrium model with emissions regulation. • Counterfactual analyses of regional structural changes due to emissions regulation. • Emissions regulations impact regional GDP via regional-sectoral linkages. • Cross-regional impacts of emissions regulations have typical geographical characteristics. • Sectoral linkages widen variation in emissions regulations' impact on regional GDP. We develop and quantitatively evaluate a spatial general equilibrium model that incorporates carbon emission regulations. We study the impact of emission regulation on the economies of regions within a country under climate change mitigation goals, and how the impact of emission regulation in one region influences other regions through regional‒sectoral linkages. The model is calibrated using Chinese regional and sectoral data, and several counterfactual exercises are performed. The results indicate that undifferentiated increases in emission regulation across regions have resulted in inter-regional differences in real GDP changes; however, "equity-oriented" regionally differentiated emissions regulations reduce this imbalance. Regarding interactions between regions, negative impacts on the economy are characterized by geographical proximity, whereas positive impacts are not geographically constrained. Sectoral linkages exacerbate the negative economic impacts of emission regulations and widen regional disparities. Additionally, we demonstrate the extended application of our model through two case studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Accounting methods of agricultural methane are summarized. • Influencing factors of emission sources from agricultural sources were analyzed. • Mitigation strategies based on accounting and actual situation are proposed. Methane is one of the major greenhouse gases (GHGs) and agriculture is recognized as its primary emitter. Methane accounting is a prerequisite for developing effective agriculture mitigation strategies. In this review, methane accounting methods and research status for various agricultural emission source including rice fields, animal enteric fermentation and livestock and poultry manure management were overview, and the influencing factors of each emission source were analyzed and discussed. At the same time, it analyzes the different research efforts involving agricultural methane accounting and makes recommendations based on the actual situation. Finally, mitigation strategies based on accounting results and actual situation are proposed. This review aims to provide basic data and reference for agriculture-oriented countries and regions to actively participate in climate action and carry out effective methane emission mitigation. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promoting green hydrogen has emerged as a pivotal discourse in the contemporary energy landscape, driven by pressing environmental concerns and the quest for sustainable energy solutions. This paper delves into the multifaceted domain of C -Suite issues about green hydrogen, encompassing both technological advancements and policy considerations. The question of whether green hydrogen is poised to become the focal point of the upcoming energy race is explored through an extensive analysis of its potential as a clean and versatile energy carrier. The transition from conventional fossil fuels to green hydrogen is considered a fundamental shift in energy paradigms, with far-reaching implications for global energy markets. The paper provides a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art green hydrogen technologies, including fuel cells, photocatalysts, photo electrocatalysts, and hydrogen panels. In tandem with technological advancements, the role of policy and strategy in fostering the development of green hydrogen energy assumes paramount significance. The paper elucidates the critical interplay between government policies, market dynamics, and corporate strategies in shaping the green hydrogen landscape. It delves into policy mechanisms such as subsidies, carbon pricing, and renewable energy mandates, shedding light on their potential to incentivize the production and adoption of green hydrogen. This paper offers a nuanced exploration of C -Suite issues surrounding green hydrogen, painting a comprehensive picture of the technological and policy considerations that underpin its emergence as a transformative energy source. As the global community grapples with the imperatives of climate change mitigation and the pursuit of sustainable energy solutions, understanding these issues becomes imperative for executives, policymakers, and stakeholders alike. [Display omitted] • The latest advancements in photo electrocatalysts and fuel cell technologies are reviewed. • The storage and transportation within the realm of green hydrogen energy were discussed. • Policy and strategy for fostering the development of green energy are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] A troubling feedback loop, where drier soil contributes to hotter climates, has been widely recognized. This study, drawing on climate model simulations, reveals that maintaining current global soil moisture levels could significantly alleviate 32.9% of land warming under low-emission scenarios. This action could also postpone reaching critical warming thresholds of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C by at least a decade. Crucially, preserving soil moisture at current levels could prevent noticeable climate change impacts across 42% of the Earth's land, a stark deviation from projections suggesting widespread impacts before the 2060s. To combat soil drying, afforestation in mid-to-low latitude regions within the next three decades is proposed as an effective strategy to increase surface water availability. This underscores the substantial potential of nature-based solutions for managing soil moisture, benefiting both climate change mitigation and ecological enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caribbean small island developing states are becoming increasingly vulnerable to compounding disasters, prominently featuring climate-related hazards and pandemic diseases, which exacerbate existing barriers to cancer control in the region. We describe the complexities of cancer prevention and control efforts throughout the Caribbean small island developing states, including the unique challenges of people diagnosed with cancer in the region. We highlight potential solutions and strategies that concurrently address disaster adaptation and cancer control. Because Caribbean small island developing states are affected first and worst by the hazards of compounding disasters, the innovative solutions developed in the region are relevant for climate mitigation, disaster adaptation, and cancer control efforts globally. In the age of complex and cascading disaster scenarios, developing strategies to mitigate their effect on the cancer control continuum, and protecting the health and safety of people diagnosed with cancer from extreme events become increasingly urgent. The equitable development of such strategies relies on collaborative efforts among professionals whose diverse expertise from complementary fields infuses the local community perspective while focusing on implementing solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Afforestation has emerged as a major tool in climate mitigation, but plantations of non-native species can negatively affect biodiversity and ecosystem services. Planting indigenous trees in areas that were formerly forested requires an understanding of landscape history over centennial–millennial timescales derived from palaeoecology. Ancient open and mosaic ecosystems are particularly threatened by the global drive for tree planting, which is based on an assumption of degradation. Assumptions that open or mosaic landscapes are remnants of degraded forests is a type of attribution error that can be corrected through an understanding of landscape history. Cultural landscape mosaics can also have benefits in terms of biodiversity and ecosystem services when compared with closed-canopy forests. We propose that testing a null hypothesis regarding former forest cover will assist in correct landscape attribution, guiding reforestation and restoration that reflects landscape history and local context. Mitigating climate change while safeguarding biodiversity and livelihoods is a major challenge. However, rampant afforestation threatens biodiversity and livelihoods, with questionable benefits to carbon storage. The narrative of landscape degradation is often applied without considering the history of the landscape. While some landscapes are undoubtedly deforested, others existed in open or mosaic states before human intervention, or have been deliberately maintained as such. In psychology, a 'fundamental attribution error' is made when characteristics are attributed without consideration of context or circumstances. We apply this concept to landscapes, and then propose a process that avoids attribution errors by testing a null hypothesis regarding past forest extent, using palaeoecology and other long-term data, alongside ecological and stakeholder knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examine the influential role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in shaping climate policy in Tunisia. Tunisia is a critical front in the global green transition. Our findings highlight how improved working conditions significantly increase NGO participation in climate initiatives, underscoring the value of a supportive operating environment. Growing professionalism within NGOs is particularly influencing strategic development in areas such as the Resilience 2050 and Low Carbon Economy 2050 programs. The interplay between NGOs and government agencies emerges as a transformative factor; exclusion from policymaking processes can lead some NGOs to intensify their climate action, while collaboration with governments and access to international funding generally strengthen NGOs' commitment to broader climate agendas. We also explore the influence of resource constraints on NGOs' ability to multitask, and the link between financial stability and political engagement. Our study highlights the importance of fostering robust NGO-government partnerships that balance local insights with global perspectives for effective climate action, and points to the need for such collaborations to support Tunisia's green transition within the broader context of global climate governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is facing challenges to tackle the threat of climate change while reducing social inequality. Poverty eradication requires improvement in the living conditions of low-income households, which leads in turn to higher carbon footprints and may undermine the efforts of climate change mitigation. Previous studies have assessed the climate impacts of poverty eradication, but few have quantified how the additional carbon emissions of poverty eradication are shared at the subnational level in China and the impact on China's climate targets. We investigated the recent trend of carbon footprint inequality in China's provinces and estimated the climate burden of different poverty reduction schemes, measured by increased carbon emissions. The results indicate that poverty eradication will not impede the achievement of national climate targets, with an average annual household carbon footprint increase of 0.1%–1.2%. However, the carbon emissions growth in less developed provinces can be 4.0%, five times that in wealthy regions. Less developed regions suffer a greater climate burden because of poverty eradication, which may offset carbon reduction efforts. Therefore, interregional collaboration is needed to coordinate inequality reduction with investments in low-carbon trajectories in all provinces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supporters of hydrogen energy urge scaling up technology and reducing costs for competitiveness. This paper explores how hydrogen energy technologies (HET) are perceived by Australia's general population and considers the way members of the public imagine their role in the implementation of hydrogen energy now and into the future. The study combines a nationally representative survey (n = 403) and semi-structured interviews (n = 30). Results show age and gender relationships with self-reported hydrogen knowledge. Half of the participants obtained hydrogen information from televised media. Strong support was observed for renewable hydrogen, while coal (26%) and natural gas (41%) versions had less backing. Participants sought more safety-related information (41% expressed concern). Most felt uncertain about influencing hydrogen decisions and did not necessarily recognise they had agency beyond their front fence. Exploring the link between political identity and agency in energy decision-making is needed, with energy democracy a potentially productive direction. • Hydrogen's strongest appeal to Australians is its benefit for climate change mitigation. • Although widely accepted, there is limited knowledge about hydrogen in terms of how it is produced or used. • The more people know about hydrogen, the more willing they are to participate in the decision-making process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the role of expectations and monetary policy in the economy's response to climate actions. We show that in a stochastic environment, without the standard assumption of the perfect rationality of agents, there is more uncertainty regarding the path and the economic impact of a climate policy, with a potential threat to the ability of central banks to maintain price stability. Market beliefs and behavioral agents increase the trade-offs inherent to the chosen mitigation tool, with a carbon tax entailing more emissions uncertainty than in a rational expectations model and a cap-and-trade scheme implying a more pronounced pressure on allowance prices and inflation. The impact on price stability is worsened by delays in the implementation of stringent climate policies, the lack of confidence in the ability of central banks to keep inflation under control, and the adoption of monetary rules tied to expectations rather than current macroeconomic conditions. Central banks can implement successful stabilization policies that reduce the uncertainty surrounding the impact of climate actions and support the greening process while remaining within their mandate. • This work investigates how expectations can shape a green transition. • Without fully rational agents impacts of climate policy are more uncertain. • Carbon taxes and cap-and-trade's drawbacks are enlarged by non-fully-rational agents. • Delayed action and low credibility in central banks cause major inflationary pressure. • A reactive monetary policy can reduce uncertainty on climate policies' impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human exploratory missions to Moon or Mars are considered the next steps in human space exploration. Such activities result in the exposure of humans to the space environment for long time, especially under the constraints of orbital dynamics as with increasing distances from earth quick return possibilities are ruled out. Crews on these kinds of missions must be self-sustaining in medical treatments, as environmental conditions in space, such as the influence of altered gravity, radiation or isolation, raise health issues. Therefore, astronauts may use the here presented Handheld Bioprinter as part of the first-aid strategy for in situ wound treatment. The device consists of a handle capable of holding an exchangeable "Ink Printing Unit" containing two separate gel-like components (Bioink and Crosslinker), which are extruded during a printing process through a nozzle and form a skin-cell containing bioink band-aid. For ISS experiments cell simulants were used, as in-space experiments first demonstrated the general feasibility of handheld bioprinting under space conditions. On-ground human skin cells were mixed with the biogel, printed via the handheld bioprinter and cultivated, to demonstrate the overall feasibility of the "Bioprint FirstAid" technology. Concluding results were that a mobile, handheld tool like the bioprinter shows good applicability and offers a possibility of in situ wound treatment for in-space applications. The "Bioprint FirstAid" project was coordinated by the German Space Agency at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in Bonn and funded by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (BMWK). • Handheld Bioprinter offers possibility for in-situ wound treatment in future in-space applications • Human skin cells proliferate in biogels after printing with handheld bioprinter • The customizable Ink-printing unit and nozzle can be tailored to specific printing demands • Bioprinter device has low susceptibility to failure, has a robust design, no electronics, and maintenance-free mechanics • German Astronaut Matthias Maurer conducted the Bioprinting experiment successfully on board the ISS [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pressure on reducing greenhouse gas emissions has increased since the focus on climate change mitigation has grown. As the human development index is directly related to per capita energy consumption, sustainable energy production with reduced carbon footprint is the essential pathway for cleaner environment. Over numerous existing biological processes, hydrogen production via photo fermentation and photolysis of water is considered a more sustainable and economical method of hydrogen production. While both biological modes suffer from certain limitations, such as low yields and low production rates, practical implementation is still a long way off due to these limitations. The unique properties of nanomaterials (NMs) can help increase the efficiency of the biomass to biohydrogen process in significant ways. Applications of organic and inorganic nanoparticles in photocatalytic and photo fermentative hydrogen production is discussed in this paper. This review reports a wide range of applications of nanomaterials including the details of photo fermentative microorganisms and their mechanism of action. The maximum photo fermentative bio-H 2 production was reported in the presence of SiC–Fe 3 O 4 (3.02 mol H 2 /mol acetate), Ni (41 mol H 2 /mol sugar), graphite-C 3 N 4 (64.2 mol H 2 /mol sugar) whereas photocatalytic bio-H 2 yield was highest when Pd–Ni/CdS (54 mmol/g.h), Ni-MO/g-C 3 N 4 (1785 mmol/g.h) and CuO/TiO 2 (20.3 mmol/g.h) nanoparticles were employed. To design photocatalytic systems for practical and scalable use, the future research should be focused on deeper theoretical knowledge of mechanisms of light harvesting, ± charge separation and transport, surface biochemical reactions, semiconductor–liquid interactions, and reactor dynamics. [Display omitted] • Recent developments for improving water photolysis and photo-fermentation are reviewed. • Applications of organic and inorganic nanoparticles in hydrogen production are discussed. • The working principle and mechanism of hydrogen production are discussed. • The influence of key operating factors are presented. • Scope for future research was presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the microbial risks associated with Underground Hydrogen Storage (UHS), a critical component in the transition towards renewable energy systems, by employing an innovative multi-reactor system (Bio-xplorer) to simulate UHS conditions in two Italian reservoirs. The microbiological risk assessment (MRA) of Reservoir A and B was evaluated by subjecting them to gas mixtures of 10 % H 2 and 90 % CH 4 , and 99 % H 2 and 1 % CO 2 , respectively. In Reservoir A, the stability of pressure and temperature, the negligible optical density, and lack of microbial metabolites suggested a low risk of microbial activation. Molecular analyses confirmed the absence of sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and limited growth of hydrogenotrophic methanogens (HM). Similarly, in Reservoir B, the absence of SRB and limited occurrence of HM indicated a low microbiological risk. Overall, the present work supports the safe and efficient implementation of UHS , a promising mitigation technique for climate change, using an innovative tool for MRA. [Display omitted] • Microbial risk assessment for UHS in Italy. • Innovative HP & HT bioreactors system (Bio-xplorer) for UHS lab tests. • Novel approach for UHS Microbial risk assessment in two Italian NG reservoirs. • Reactor-based assessment of SRB, HM, AB activity by mimicking reservoirs environment. • No sensible hydrogen consumption registered for both the reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chilean Climate Change Law excludes tree monocultures as a solution to the climate crisis, offering an opportunity for resilience and climate mitigation in Latin America. The Chilean experience with mega-fires in extensive, homogeneous forest plantations provides important lessons that could inform climate policies in other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study was conducted to estimate the carbon stocks of the Geramo forest. • The biomass of 73 woody species (trees and shrubs) was estimated using appropriate allometric equations. • The four forest carbon pools (AGB, BGB, LHG and SOC) were considered to determine carbon stock density in this study. • The estimated total carbon stock of the Geramo forest was about 57,994 Mg h−1. • The estimated climate change mitigation potential of the study forest was about 212,838.1 Mg h−1. Forests play a vital role in the global carbon balance and combating global climate change by sequestering and retaining carbon from the atmosphere in their biomass and soil. Thus, this study aims to estimate the carbon stocks in the biomass and soil along with various environmental factors in the Geramo forest in southern Ethiopia. Ninety-six plots (20 × 20 m2) were laid at a distance of 250 m along 16 line transects that were laid 300 m apart. Five 1 × 1 m2 subplots (4 at the corner and 1 at the center) were laid inside each main plot for LHG and soil data collection. The results revealed that the estimated total carbon stocks and mean carbon stock densities of the study forest were 57994 Mg h−1and 604 ± 344 Mg h−1, respectively, with a mean CO 2 equivalent of 2217 ± 1262 Mg h−1. This result indicates the remarkable role of the Geramo forest in carbon stock and sequestration potential compared with other remnant forests in Ethiopia. Thus, the Geramo forest plays a crucial role in climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration, and hence, this forest can generate carbon credits as financial benefits to the nearby population in the future. The results also revealed that anthropogenic disturbances were negatively associated with the carbon stocks of the forest. Therefore, sustainable forest conservation activities are needed to conserve forest resources, protect the forest from growing anthropogenic disturbances, and sustain its current global climate change mitigation and adaptation benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sectoral price stabilization is critical in the pressing context of de-globalization and the climate crisis. Strategic price controls may be effective in reducing economic volatility, but fail to curb emissions, unlike quantity controls such as rationing consumption. In contrast, carbon pricing may accelerate decarbonization, but generate inflationary pressures. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of sector-oriented policies in stabilizing sectoral prices and accelerating the low-carbon transition at the same time, this paper employs a novel environmentally-extended, data-driven dynamic model of multi-sector growth based on the Bielefeld disequilibrium approach to the microeconomic stability of competitive economies. The general composite model allows to empirically characterize the network structure and intensity of dynamic price-quantity interactions at the sector level, which capture heterogeneous firm behavior by integrating long-run Walrasian price and classical quantity dynamics coupled with short-run Keynesian features in the form of target rate of return pricing and demand-led investment. A Bayesian hierarchical model on US BEA data empirically estimates the linear adjustment coefficients and stable combinations are computed. The US economy is shown to feature a highly hierarchical network structure of intermediate production that is particularly vulnerable to micro-economic shocks driven by wars and climate change. Tax-subsidy schemes are shown to be the most effective in stabilizing sectoral prices and economy-environment interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] At the mid-point to 2030, progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) varies significantly across countries. While the classification of countries can lay the foundation for improving policy efficiency and promoting joint action, bottom-up, SDG data-driven country classifications have largely remained unexplored. Here, we classified 166 countries based on their performances in the 17 SDGs and further used the classification to analyze SDG interactions and compare development aid distributions. The countries were classified into five groups, ranging from "lowest development with good environment" to "high development needing climate action". None of them scored highly in all SDGs, and due to trade-offs related to environment and climate SDGs, none of them can achieve all SDGs eventually. To maximize the potential for achieving the SDGs, all countries need to undergo a sustainable transformation, and prioritizing certain SDGs, such as SDG 9 (industry, innovation and infrastructure), can help countries with lower sustainable development levels achieve more with less. Furthermore, global development aid should be better aligned with country needs, particularly in areas of education, energy, environment, and water supply and sanitation. By better characterizing different countries, this study reveals the bleak prospects of achieving all SDGs and provides valuable insights into more targeted actions for national sustainable development and global collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To limit the effects of global warming, arid lands, which constitute approximately one-third of terrestrial surfaces and are not utilized for agriculture, could serve as an effective method for long-term carbon (C) storage. We propose that soil–plant–microbiome engineering with oxalogenic plants and oxalotrophic microbes could facilitate C sequestration on a global scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A major concern with Bayesian decision making under uncertainty is the use of a single probability measure to quantify all relevant uncertainty. This paper studies prior robustness as a form of continuity of the value of a decision problem. I show that this notion of robustness is characterized by a form of stable choice over a sequence of perturbed decision problems, in which the available acts are perturbed in a precise fashion. I then introduce a choice-based measure of prior robustness and apply it to models of climate mitigation and portfolio choice. • Belief Robustness and Continuity: Beliefs are "robust" if minor changes in beliefs lead to minor changes in choices. This notion can be tested by evaluating perturbations of feasible bets. • Measure of Robustness: A comparative measure of belief robustness can quantify the sensitivity of optimal choices to parametric assumptions. • Impact on Key Economic Models: The measure shows that heavy-tailed distributions yield more robust choices in portfolio and economy-climate models, highlighting its practical importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies at a gigaton scale need to be developed and implemented within the next decades to keep global warming below 1.5 °C. Coastal enhanced silicate weathering is one of the proposed CDR techniques that aims to accelerate the natural process of CO 2 -sequestration during marine chemical weathering of silicate minerals. To this end, finely ground rock containing olivine (Mg x Fe 2− x SiO 4) could be dispersed in dynamic coastal environments, where local biotic and abiotic factors potentially enhance the weathering process. However, accurate predictions of the olivine dissolution rate and the associated CO 2 sequestration under in situ conditions are currently lacking and ecosystem impacts remain to be assessed. Previously, it has been hypothesized that in situ grain collisions, induced by bed load transport due to currents and waves, could accelerate the in situ chemical weathering of olivine particles. To examine this, we investigated the effects of continuous grain tumbling on olivine dissolution in natural seawater. A 70-day experiment was conducted in which forsterite olivine sand was continuously tumbled in filtered seawater at different rotation speeds, and dissolution rates were measured on a weekly basis. Results showed that continuously tumbled olivine dissolved 8 to 19 times faster compared to stagnant (no rotation) conditions. Olivine dissolution was complete and stoichiometric (except for Ni release), air-seawater CO 2 exchange was not significantly rate limiting, and minimal particle fragmentation and secondary mineral formation were observed. Hence, we infer that olivine weathering was mainly enhanced via advective pore water flushing, which limits saturation effects at the grain scale. Overall, this study provides evidence that ambient physical stresses in coastal environments could enhance marine silicate weathering, which has implications for both the natural silicon cycle as well as the use of enhanced coastal weathering of silicates as a CDR technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Whole site methane emissions from composting plants were measured using tracer gas. • Methane emission rates from composting facilities were within 8.0–42.5 kg CH 4 h−1. • Emission factors ranged between 1.56 and 5.21 kg CH 4 Mg−1 wet feedstock. • Emissions were higher during working hours than after the plant closed for the day. • Emissions were ∼ 50% higher in spring and summer in comparison to autumn and winter. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas contributing to climate change. Reliable data for methane emissions from the waste management sector are paramount in terms of providing national methane budgets and developing climate mitigation efforts. This study quantified total methane emissions and characterised temporal as well as operational emission patterns at five commercial composting plants in Denmark. Methane emissions were measured over a one-year period, using the tracer gas dispersion method. The results show that methane emission rates ranged from 8.0 ± 0.1 to 42.5 ± 1.5 kg CH 4 h−1 and were significantly affected by factors including the type of feedstock and composting technology, treated feedstock mass, operational patterns and season. The results indicate that the highest methane emission factors were obtained at the combined anaerobic digestion and open windrow composting plant (4.51–5.21 kg CH 4 Mg−1 wet garden/park waste (GPW) and food waste), followed by open windrow plants co-composting GPW, sewage sludge and straw (3.49–3.76 kg CH 4 Mg−1 wet feedstock). The lowest methane emission factors were found at open windrow composting plants treating GPW (1.56–3.24 kg CH 4 Mg−1 wet feedstock). Emissions tended to be higher when measurements were performed during working hours, in comparison to when they were measured after the plant closed for the day. At one plant, emissions were measured monthly over one year, and emissions were about 50% higher in spring and summer in comparison to autumn and winter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The choice of post-use wood treatment significantly affects emissions and radiative forcing. • Post-use wood treatment may lead to adverse outcomes in low carbon systems. • Recycling and reusing stand out as crucial features for low carbon and future contexts. This study investigates the climate change effects in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and radiative forcing resulting from different pathways of processing wood materials when they reach the end-of-life stage. The shares of combustion, landfill, recycling, and reuse, which vary with the pathways of post-use wood, influence the material and energy production systems. The dynamics of CO 2 and CH 4 emissions, together with the cumulative radiative forcing of each pathway, are evaluated from various regional system perspectives. The results show that the choice of a treatment pathway for post-use wood could strongly influence the profile of greenhouse gas emissions and, consequently, the global warming potential. Taking into account the situation of the reference material and energy production systems, the post-use wood can have unfavorable consequences for the climate, as in the case when the material and energy production systems are based on the low-carbon energy of natural gas. However, from the perspective where the treatment of post-use wood influences the quantity of forest biomass on the forest floor, the increased share of reuse and recycling contributes positively to the climate change mitigation, but only during the early stage. Under such a context, options relying on carbon capture and storage to handle biogenic CO 2 emissions at energy conversion facilities could cause a cooling effect on the Earth's atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuel cell vehicles using green hydrogen as fuel can contribute to the mitigation of climate change. The increasing utilization of those vehicles creates the need for cost efficient hydrogen refueling stations. This study investigates how to build the most cost efficient refueling stations to fuel small fleet sizes of 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 fuel cell busses. A detailed physical model of a hydrogen refueling station was built to determine the necessary hydrogen storage size as well as energy demand for compression and precooling of hydrogen. These results are used to determine the refueling costs for different station configurations that vary the number of storage banks, their volume and compressor capacity. It was found that increasing the number of storage banks will decrease the necessary total station storage volume as well as energy demand for compression and precooling. However, the benefit of adding storage banks decreases with each additional bank. Hence the cost for piping and instrumentation to add banks starts to outweigh the benefits when too many banks are used. Investigating the influence of the compressor mass flow found that when fueling fleets of 2 or 4 busses the lowest cost can be reached by using a compressor with the minimal mass flow necessary to refill all storage banks within 24 h. For fleets of 8, 16 and 32 busses, using the compressor with the maximum investigated mass flow of 54 kg/h leads to the lowest costs. • Designing the most cost efficient refueling stations to fuel small bus fleets. • New approach to minimize hydrogen fueling costs using a thermodynamic refueling model. • It is cost efficient to use a minimum of 4 cascade storage banks when fueling busses. • A high mass flow compressor is cost efficient for fleet sizes above 4 busses. • Energy demand for compression makes up a significant share of refueling costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Modelled damage rates of painted wood in Norwegian churches compared to observed cost. • Painted wood damage in church climate mitigation and deterioration rate scenarios. • EnvCul (https://envcul.nilu.no/) modelling of painted wood heritage damage rates. • Relevance of HERIe (https://herie.pl/) modelling to observed painted wood damage. • Conservation costs explained by gradual or late rather than early critical damage. EnvCul (https://envcul.nilu.no/) modelling was performed of condition changes of painted wooden panels and related conservation cost in indoor climate and object response scenarios in two Norwegian Medieval stone churches: Kinn (mean relative humidity = 79%) on the humid west coast, and Ringsaker (mean RH = 49%) in the drier eastern part of the country. It was found that, hypothetical, building measures in Kinn, and conservation heating measures in Ringsaker, to approach an indoor RH of about 65% in the two churches, could probably increase conservation intervals with 20–100%, and correspondingly reduce conservation costs between 10% and 50%. This is in reasonable agreement with an available report of observed conservation requirements in differently heated Norwegian churches. A situation between a linear and accelerating development of the deterioration of the painted wood on approaching a new conservation intervention gave the best correspondence to the observed values. The large modelling uncertainty was mainly due to lacking observations of the deterioration development, but also lacking understanding of the complex mechanisms and phases of the environmental dose-deterioration response of painting conservation treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate estimate of the size of land carbon sink is essential for guiding climate mitigation actions to fulfill China's net-zero ambitions before 2060. The atmospheric inversion is an effective approach to provide spatially explicit estimate of surface CO 2 fluxes that are optimally consistent with atmospheric CO 2 measurements. But atmospheric inversion of China's land carbon sink has enormous uncertainties, with one major source arising from the poor coverage of CO 2 observation stations. Here we use a regional atmospheric inversion framework to design an observation network that could minimize uncertainties in inverted estimate of China's land carbon sink. Compared with the large spread of inverted sink (∼1 Pg C a−1) from state-of-the-art inversions using existing CO 2 observations, the uncertainty is constrained within 0.3 Pg C a−1 when a total of 30 stations were deployed, and is further reduced to approximately 0.2 Pg C a−1 when 60 stations were deployed. The proposed stations are mostly distributed over areas with high biosphere productivity during the growing season, such as Southeast China, Northeast China, North China, and the Tibetan Plateau. Moreover, the proposed stations can cover areas where existing satellites have limited coverage due to cloud shadowing in the monsoon season or over complex topography. Such ground-based observation network will be a critical component in the future integrated observing system for monitoring China's land carbon fluxes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is real and so are its unequal impacts on different geographies and societies. Food systems are estimated to produce a third of global greenhouse gas emissions, of which meat is a major contributor. An emerging challenge is feeding a growing population and fulfilling its protein needs, while limiting the climate footprint. Though more environment friendly alternative sources of proteins are becoming available, their acceptance will depend upon attitudes, beliefs, and behavioural choices. For Muslims, who comprise about a quarter of the world's population, religious guidance plays an important role in consumption patterns and food choices. This review looks at consumption practices among Muslims in the context of food system impacts on greenhouse gas emissions, and the need for optimal sources of protein for nutrition and achieving food security. It discusses what is permissible (halāl) or prohibited (harām) for Muslims and how that is determined based on two primary sources – the Qur'an and the Hadith – and other secondary sources relied upon by Muslim legists. It then reviews what is known about three alternative protein sources – plant-based diets, insects and cultured meat, and the Islamic ethical and legal position related to these foods. The findings show conflicting scholarly opinions and a limited understanding of Muslim attitudes to alternative protein sources. Better understanding will be required for enhancing food security, while limiting food related greenhouse gas emissions. • Greenhouse gas emissions from anthropogenic activities are drivers of climate change, with a third coming from food systems. • Balancing nutrition with the environmental costs of traditional protein sources is an emerging challenge. • Alternative proteins, which are eco-friendlier compared to meat, are becoming available and affordable. • Muslims make up a quarter of the world's population and rely on Islamic guidance for food consumption. • The attitudes of geographically diverse Muslim societies towards alternative proteins remains largely unexplored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times, various types of water purification plants have been employed to produce clean water from seawater, as a means to overcome water deficit problems. However, this process results in the production of highly concentrated reject brine solutions, which can cause significant environmental and ecological problems due to their high ionic concentration when released into the near-shore area without treatment. Conversely, these reject brine solutions can be regarded as a promising reactant for providing metal cations during the conversion of CO 2 into inorganic materials, rather than treating them as wastewater. This study proposes a CO 2 -based post-treatment process for desalinated reject brine and investigates the relationship between the ionic concentration of the reject brine solution and the polymorphic properties of inorganic compounds produced by the reaction between metal cations and CO 2. The polymorphic properties of metal carbonates were investigated with respect to the gradual changes in the concentration of the reject brine solution through dilution and concentration. As a result of this study, the degree of reaction inhibition was found to be based on the concentration of the reject brine solutions, and these results can be applied in multidisciplinary areas, including climate change mitigation, post-treatment of desalinated brine, and advanced materials and resource production. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep decarbonization of the transport sector in small island developing states (SIDS) can simultaneously address issues of energy security, high fuel import prices, and climate change mitigation measures while ensuring a reduction in air pollution and higher levels of wellbeing for citizens. Electrification plays a vital role in the decarbonization process. Here, we investigate potential transition pathways towards electrification, taking the public transportation system in Mauritius as an example, where there is vast potential in electrifying the old and overburdened bus system. We simulate a variety of public bus turnover scenarios, considering initial costs of investments, energy and fuel requirements, and reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. We demonstrate that optimized investment into electrifying public transit pays off, with annualized investments of about $5 million superseded by annual savings on fossil fuel imports of about $15 million. We suggest that international donors can accelerate this transition by providing loan guarantees and, by this, reducing the cost of capital. • Public fleet electrification is a straightforward yet widely beneficial approach. • We present a framework for comparing investment costs, energy and fuel requirements and emission reductions. • Investing in large-scale sustainable projects requires substantial amounts of upfront financing. • Optimized investment into electrification proves beneficial due to savings on fossil fuel imports. • A rethinking of global funding mechanisms can provide a way forward in addressing these barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Telemedicine, Virtual visits, Carbon emissions, Sustainability, General surgery clinic Keywords: Telemedicine; Virtual visits; Carbon emissions; Sustainability; General surgery clinic EN Telemedicine Virtual visits Carbon emissions Sustainability General surgery clinic 2199 2201 3 10/18/23 20231001 NES 231001 Meeting Information: This project was presented at the Americas Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association (AHPBA) meeting on March 9-12, 2023, in Miami, Florida. [Extracted from the article]

Climate and economic policy are closely correlated with energy consumption. This study investigates the bi-directional causality between renewable (REC) and non-renewable energy consumption (NEC) and policy uncertainties. The time-varying bootstrap rolling window causality test considers structural changes and parameter instability. The results show that the causality between REC and climate policy uncertainty (CPU) is both negative and positive, which mainly stems from the attitudes of authorities towards climate change. If the Administration is positive for climate change mitigation, the correlation between REC and CPU is positive; otherwise, it is negative. The nexus between NEC and CPU is mainly positive, except during global financial crisis periods. This reflects that climate policies are affected by financial crises due to financial constraints. For comparison, we further analyse the dynamic correlation between energy consumption and economic policy uncertainty (EPU). EPU has a significant negative impact on REC in most subperiods, while it has a positive impact on NEC. This can be explained by the fact that non-renewable energy is cheap and convenient to use during economic downturns. Moreover, crude oil has strategic reserve value, especially in the turmoil periods. Regarding policy implications, harmonious and coherent climate and economic policies are important for energy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture contributes to global climate change by producing 20–25% of greenhouse gases (GHGs). CO 2 is released from deforestation and land conversion, methane from rice paddy fields, and nitrous oxides from overfertilization. An increasing world population requires a change in the agro food systems, including a reduction in chemical fertilizers and pesticides as well as the production and access to food. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have created a global climate crisis which requires immediate interventions to mitigate the negative effects on all aspects of life on this planet. As current agriculture and land use contributes up to 25% of total GHG emissions, plant scientists take center stage in finding possible solutions for a transition to sustainable agriculture and land use. In this article, the PlantACT! (Plants for climate ACTion!) initiative of plant scientists lays out a road map of how and in which areas plant scientists can contribute to finding immediate, mid-term, and long-term solutions, and what changes are necessary to implement these solutions at the personal, institutional, and funding levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the popularity and feasibility of solar power have increased toward achieving a low-carbon and climate-resilient society, it is uncertain how changes in climate attributes will affect the future potential of solar power output. This study presents a comparative assessment of future changes in solar power in terms of the technology for harnessing energy from insolation (PVP vs CSP), climate projections (CMIP5 vs CMIP6), and emission scenarios. Both CMIP5 and CMIP6 multi-model projections capture the major characteristics of the global distribution seen in PVP and CSP calculated using the reanalysis data during the historical period. However, despite the general similarity to CMIP5-based results, CMIP6 models slightly outperform their CMIP5 counterparts regarding quantitative metrics and enhance the robustness of the future change signal estimated by the statistical significance and inter-model consistency. The future changes in PVP and CSP patterns are sensitive to the emission scenarios that can control the degree of warming. Under the fossil-fueled development scenarios, the greater increase in temperatures may lead to a high vulnerability of the solar power supply by reducing the output of both PVP and CSP. This study is timely and relevant to emphasizing the benefits of climate change mitigation, which can support the sustainable development of solar energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy security and climate change are among the top priority challenges for Turkey. High dependency on imported resources jeopardizes the economy, especially with high currency rate and conflicts in neighboring countries from where Turkey imports its energy. Besides, Turkey has already started to experience the impacts of climate change such as increasing temperature along with drought. Floating photovoltaics have proven themselves to be quite efficient in energy production, with evaporation reduction as a positive externality. The purpose of this article is to reveal the possible capacity of floating photovoltaics on constructed water reservoirs of Turkey and draw policy perspectives against existing or anticipated challenges. A total of 4,003 reservoirs were analyzed based on different water surface coverage scenarios. The results of the study proposed 125 TWh electricity generation, slightly above 40% of the nation-wide electricity demand, when 10% of suitable reservoirs were covered. This generation would be highly instrumental in reducing energy dependency and substituting renewables for conventional resource uses. Avoided CO 2 , thanks to this substitution, was calculated to be 77.1 Mton equivalent. This would obviously be favorable in light of the carbon emission reduction policy of the country and Paris Agreement requirements. Moreover, 1,242.1 hm3 freshwater was assessed to save resources from evaporation loss, which would help to mitigate the climate change pressure on water resources. • Turkey is 74% dependent to import energy resources. • A model proposing suitable reservoirs for floating photovoltaic is presented. • 125 TWh electricity can be generated if 10% of the reservoir surfaces are covered. • Water saving is 1,242 hm3: enough to supply 15 M people or hydroelectric as $32.3 M. • 77.6 million tons CO 2 equivalent is avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global energy markets are experiencing an unprecedented confluence of events that are driving up gas prices and bringing energy security to the forefront, adding further complexity to already uncertain prospects following global economic recovery from COVID-19. This article examines the factors that have led to the current surge in natural gas prices and the role of green investment in enhancing energy security and accelerating the transition pace for a sustainable world. It also discusses the potential short- and long-term implications of ongoing spikes in energy prices on global energy transition. The analysis highlights that while renewables could provide a promising solution to enhance energy security, the current energy crisis has revealed that the current scale of renewable energy investments is not ready to address ongoing energy needs, forcing countries to re-unlock further hydrocarbon fuel sources such as coal, putting global energy transition on hold. The paper concludes with policy recommendations that enable unlocking clean energy investments amid a strained geopolitical context. • We focus on how to balance climate mitigation and energy security goals. • We examine the role of green finance and investments in accelerating the energy transition. • We also discuss the potential short- and long-term implications of ongoing energy spikes. • The current scale of green energy investments is not ready to address ongoing energy needs. • We conclude with policy recommendations that enable unlocking clean energy developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Many local authorities are preparing climate actions plans. • Policies to increase distributed energy generation such as PV are likely. • As capacities increase, PV can dominate system variability and predictability. • Predictive demand side response (DSR) may be too coarse to address this. • More granular techniques such as using system frequency may be required. Since 2018, over three quarters of UK local governments have signed climate emergency declarations signalling a new phase in local climate action. Many areas are developing climate action plans and considering what policies could be adopted to increase the use of distributed energy resources, such as building-integrated photo-voltaic (PV) generation. In this paper we demonstrate how city-scale backcasting can be used as a tool to go beyond technical feasibility and explore the policy, market and governance implications of decarbonisation pathways across the local and nation scales. Using urban PV as an example we model three scenarios for increasing installed capacity in the UK city of Bristol and demonstrate how, in each case, PV switches from being a minor 'negative load' on the energy system to being the dominant factor determining the volatility and predictability of the energy demand during daylight hours. Current approaches to integrating distributed energy resources into the wider system tend to focus on predictive modelling and half-hourly pricing to drive demand-side response. Our analysis indicates the risks of relying on these non-real time methods and suggests that more granular techniques such as triggering local DSR based on changes in electricity system frequency could better manage the variability of high levels of PV deployment at the local scale. We also demonstrate the importance of developing new local approaches to system integration that bring together network operators, local authorities and other local actors to deploy renewable generation and flexibility assets in coordination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Biogas upgrading is environmentally and energetically favourable over combustion. • Storage or utilisation of the captured CO 2 has larger savings than biogas upgrading. • Upgrading, CO 2 storage or utilisation perform well in all impact categories. • The energy system has a substantial impact on the environmental performance. • Methanation provides large climate change savings only in renewable energy systems. Biogas from anaerobic digestion is an important renewable energy source. Combining its utilisation with carbon capture and storage (CCS) or carbon capture and utilisation (CCU) may improve climate change performance. This study uses life cycle assessment to evaluate the environmental impacts of 17 biogas management technology configurations (TCs). The technologies include biogas combustion, upgrading to natural gas quality, CCS, direct utilisation of CO 2 and methanation. The focus is mainly on energy balances and climate change impacts, and the results are subjected to sensitivity-, uncertainty-, and energy system analysis. The TCs with CCS and CCU provide the largest climate change savings (-1400 to - 2100 kg CO 2 -eq/1000 Nm3 biogas). Specifically, the methanation TCs provide the highest savings, but they also depend strongly on the energy sources. When combustion and upgrading TCs are amended with CCS, the resulting climate change savings are robust across the energy systems. The biogas upgrading TCs exhibit substantial climate change savings, mainly due to the natural gas substitution. Combustion TCs without CCS have the lowest climate change savings and the highest quantified uncertainties. The biogas upgrading TCs with storage or direct utilisation of CO 2 provide a good compromise between climate change savings and energy recovery. In the remaining impact categories, the CCU TCs generally perform best, followed by the upgrading TCs and finally, the combustion TCs. The CCS TCs consistently perform worse than their counterparts without CCS, opposite to the climate change results. Overall, amending biogas utilisation with CCS or CCU can contribute to climate change mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limiting climate change to within the 2 °C limit requires net zero emissions of CO2 by 2050. However, the window of opportunity is closing fast. Geoengineering as the intentional and large-scale manipulation of the environment and the climate is increasingly discussed as a complement to ongoing mitigation efforts. As a particular geoengineering approach, space-based geoengineering proposes blocking or dissipating a fraction of incoming sunlight via a large number of occulting membranes, located close to the Lagrange 1 point between the Sun and the Earth. However, the mass of these sunshades, around 107–108 tons, and their deployment cost and effort render them about 10³ times more costly than terrestrial geoengineering alternatives. In this article, affordable sunshades, to be positioned close to L1 of the Earth-Sun system, are proposed, which are between 102 to 10³ times lighter than the lightest existing sunshade concepts. This is achieved via a nearly zero-radiation pressure design based on transparent refractive surfaces manufactured with ultra-thin polymeric films and SiO 2 nanotubes. The lightest sunshade proposed in this article has a total mass of approximately 5.5 × 105 tons and its deployment requires between 859 and 399 annual launches during a ten year period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution control policies in China have been experiencing profound changes, highlighting a strategic transformation from total pollutant emission control to air quality improvement, along with the shifting targets starting from acid rain and NO x emissions to PM 2.5 pollution, and then the emerging O 3 challenges. The marvelous achievements have been made with the dramatic decrease of SO 2 emission and fundamental improvement of PM 2.5 concentration. Despite these achievements, China has proposed Beautiful China target through 2035 and the goal of 2030 carbon peak and 2060 carbon neutrality, which impose stricter requirements on air quality and synergistic mitigation with Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. Against this background, an integrated multi-objective and multi-benefit roadmap is required to provide decision support for China's long-term air quality improvement strategy. This paper systematically reviews the technical system for developing the air quality improvement roadmap, which was integrated from the research output of China's National Key R&D Program for Research on Atmospheric Pollution Factors and Control Technologies (hereafter Special NKP), covering mid- and long-term air quality target setting techniques, quantitative analysis techniques for emission reduction targets corresponding to air quality targets, and pathway optimization techniques for realizing reduction targets. The experience and lessons derived from the reviews have implications for the reformation of China's air quality improvement roadmap in facing challenges of synergistic mitigation of PM 2.5 and O 3 , and the coupling with climate change mitigation. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With an increasing focus on climate action and energy security, an appropriate mix of renewable energy technologies is imperative. Despite having considerable global potential, wave energy has still not reached a state of maturity or economic competitiveness to have made an impact. Challenges include the high capital and operational costs associated with deployment in the harsh ocean environment, so it is imperative that the full energy harnessing capacity of wave energy devices, and arrays of devices in farms, is realised. To this end, control technology has an important role to play in maximising power capture, while ensuring that physical system constraints are respected, and control actions do not adversely affect device lifetime. Within the gamut of control technology, a variety of tools can be brought to bear on the wave energy control problem, including various control strategies (optimal, robust, nonlinear, etc.), data-based model identification, estimation, and forecasting. However, the wave energy problem displays a number of unique features which challenge the traditional application of these techniques, while also presenting a number of control 'paradoxes'. This review articulates the important control-related characteristics of the wave energy control problem, provides a survey of currently applied control and control-related techniques, and gives some perspectives on the outstanding challenges and future possibilities. The emerging area of control co-design, which is especially relevant to the relatively immature area of wave energy system design, is also covered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emerging economies of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) have significant influence on the global economic and environmental trajectories. They have carbon intensive economic systems, which contribute significantly to total global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, leading to climate change. However, BRICS have joined the race to net-zero emissions by 2050 in the quest for a climate neutral and sustainable global economy. The journey, however, is not without challenges and opportunities. The proliferation of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) had mixed reactions from scientists regarding its implications on net-zero trajectories. While statistical data show a correlation between COVID-19 and a decrease in total emissions, it is envisaged that COVID-19 compromised the efforts to develop carbon neutral economies. Hence, there is still need for more scientific examination of COVID-19's impact on net-zero ambitions, especially in the emerging economies. This study focuses on India and South Africa's trajectories. Statistical analysis of secondary data from authentic interactive web-based dashboards for COVID-19 data repositories, namely Our World in Data and Climate Action Tracker was performed in conjunction with the document analysis approach following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology. Some of the COVID-19 challenges as indicated by the results of the study include curtailing the technology transfer staircase in the energy sector, retaliatory emissions for recovery and resource diversion. The opportunities presented by COVID-19 in the quest for carbon neutrality include behavioural changes in investment, production and consumption patterns with a focus on low carbon options. Governments and stakeholders need to focus on addressing the barriers whilst riding on the opportunities presented by the pandemic to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• End of waste policies can support the diffusion of WEEE and ELV practices. • Social change is the most relevant issue to improve the correct disposal of MSWs. • Behavioural and regulatory policies accelerate the transition towards circularity. • Technological maturity seems to be already achieved. • Rethinking needed is the scenario that best fit the waste management. The European Union has recently prioritized waste policies by embedding them in the new Horizon Europe work programme. Here, circular economy (CE) and digitalization are matching together in order to support all the industrial sectors in increasing their sustainability level. One of the main impacts expected from the EU is a better exploitation of wasted resources. However, waste streams are very different in terms of volumes, embedded materials and management policies. Considering only those waste streams with highest volumes, this study focuses on End-of-Life Vehicle (ELV), Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE). Starting from some policy recommendations and analyses identified through a literature review and the support of the experts, a survey has been conducted to identify the most critical items for each waste stream. Results of the survey show that, on the one hand, end of waste strategies has the highest importance for WEEE and ELV categories. On the other hand, social change has the highest importance for MSW. Consequently, end of waste strategies and social change should be considered as enablers of reuse and recycling practices in their reference contexts. In order to counteract the significant socio-economic issues already caused by delays in taking clear decisions about climate change mitigation strategies, policymakers should focus on these policy implications urgently if even more imminent environmental catastrophes are to be avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) ratio of 0.45 has been applied in numerous ecological studies to convert global solar radiation (H) to PAR by ordinary multiplication. The ratio is essentially useful and convenient, particularly when in situ measurement of climate data sets are not readily available due to inadequate instrumentation network and experience required. Up till now, there is no general agreement on whether the ratio is 0.45 and how the solar fluxes are distributed in Nigeria or around the world. Numerous empirical ratios have been reported in literature. This study proposed five (5) machine learning models (bagging, boosting, artificial neural network (MLP), automatic regression integrated moving average (ARIMA), controlled ARIMA), and 5 Physics-based models (Physics-based Gumbel model (PGM), popularly applied ratio (PCR), observed PAR ratio (POR), empirical, and PGM-CARIMA hybrid models. The 10 models were used to predict PAR using generalized datasets in Nigeria and the PGM-CARIMA model emerged as the best performing fit based on the R2, RMSE, MAPE, and BIC error metric indicators. PGM-CARIMA reported a better estimate for predicting PAR compared to POR and PCR with a relative error ranging from 0.00002 to 0.0503% compared to POR and PCR which recorded 4.657% and 6.178%. This implies that the use of PGM-CARIMA is more suitable for predicting the PAR ratio as it introduces a lower marginal error of approximately 0.00002–0.0503% when applied for the calculation of net primary productivity (NNP) and of climate change with a significant reduction from 6.17% and 4.65% was achieved in using the ratio of PCR and POR, respectively. Using the proposed PGM-CARIMA evolutionary hybrid model, we demonstrated that the annual mean of the ratio yielded a range of 0.4377 to 0.4712 in Nigeria. The authors also proposed the Physics-based classical climate change model (PCM) to assess the impact of climate change on PAR productivity in Nigeria. The findings revealed that changes in PAR productivity as a result of the impact of climate change may accelerate food production and crop yields in Southern Nigeria and depreciate overall food production and crop yields in Northern Nigeria in 2030, 2040, and 2021–2040. The results of the climate analysis also revealed that north-central Nigeria often referred to as the nation's food basket is most negatively impacted by the impact of climate change externalities over the periods studied. The authors recommended mitigation and adaptation plans such as delayed planting dates, intercropping, routine planting of tropical forages, especially livestock that feed on plants, could be key to climate change mitigation, also, expansion of the planting area as well as the incorporation of improved seedlings that are highly resistant to extreme temperatures will accelerate food security across the country within the periods studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transportation agencies rely on scientific information to design and site infrastructure, plan operations, and make policies. However, the ways in which science interfaces with transportation policy are not straightforward: political incentives, usability challenges, implementation failures, and capacity limitations all shape how public organizations use scientific information. To build stronger connections between transportation-relevant science and policy it is necessary to better understand current patterns of scientific information use in practice, particularly as transportation agencies address an expanding purview of policy issues, such as climate change mitigation and intelligent transportation systems. This paper measures science use observed in transportation planning and project documents such as plans, proposals, impact assessments, and other deliverables that agencies are required to produce as part of the policy process. Using state, regional, and county transportation agencies in the state of California as a focal sample, this paper applies automated natural language processing (NLP) tools to analyze documents and identify references to scientific information. Our sample includes 5080 documents from 59 organizations involved in transportation governance in the state of California. We observe that the transportation science-policy interface is a cyclical system in which public agencies act in varying (and simultaneous) capacities as consumers, producers, funders, and brokers of scientific information. For instance, documents produced by state-level entities draw more heavily on academic literature, while regional and county-level agencies rely most heavily on reports produced internally by state agencies and by state-funded research institutes. Understanding where different transportation agencies access scientific information, and how scientific information flows between entities at different levels of government, can help researchers and science-policy boundary organizations increase the uptake of scientific products and design interventions to improve information access and use. • State-level transportation entities reference academic science most frequently. • Regional and county transportation organizations rely more heavily on grey literature. • Agencies draw on a broader range of scientific fields for references to emerging issues. • Transportation organizations act jointly as producers, funders, and users of science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wetlands provide numerous ecosystem services essential for biodiversity conservation, climate change mitigation, and human well-being. Nevertheless, there are still no complete and uniform wetland maps providing information on the location, distribution, size, and changing status of wetlands in Africa. In this study, we used 130,000 Landsat satellite images and 270,000 sampling points evenly distributed across Africa to classify wetlands with a random forest classifier based on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform. This resulted in the first systematic and comprehensive map of existing wetlands in Africa that quantified the area and distribution of these wetlands at a spatial resolution of 30 m, with an overall wetland producer accuracy of 90.22 % and user accuracy of 95.74 %. To address the seasonal variation in African wetlands, we used a dynamic threshold segmentation method based on the Otsu method, which can extract the extent of wetlands under different periods more accurately based on Landsat time series and African phenology data. Our results show that the total African existing wetlands extent from 2019 to 2021 (here in 2020), was approximately 1,341,500 km2, excluding shallow marine waters, comprises 3.98 % of Africa's total land area. Of these wetlands, inland wetlands account for 81 %, and coastal wetlands account for 19 %. The wetlands in Africa were symmetrically distributed around the equator and decreased with increasing latitude, accounting for 97 % of the total wetland area being within the 20°N and 20°S latitudes. African marshes were highly dynamic, expanding by 92.22 % from the dry to wet season. Our study demonstrates the substantial potential of large data samples, multiple wetland classification features (spectral-temporal, topographic, and hydrological features), and random forest classification in GEE for large-scale wetland mapping. The resulting wetland maps provide new baseline data for large-scale monitoring of seasonal dynamics and long-term trends in African wetlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green finance is an effective policy instrument in mitigating climate change, but to date little is known about its impact on carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions. This study extends the literature on the relationship between green finance and CO 2 emissions while taking trade openness and economic development into consideration to comprehensively explore the conservation/feedback hypothesis using the Autoregressive-Distributed Lag–Error Correction Model (ARDL–ECM) on data collected from 2000 to 2019. By constructing a green finance index comprising green credit, green securities, green insurance, and green investment, results include the following. (1) Support was found for the conservation hypothesis running from green finance, trade openness, and economic development to emissions per capita; the conservation hypothesis also was supported for the unidirectional relationship running from trade openness and economic development to green finance. (2) Green finance is found to be significantly and negatively related to emissions per capita in both the short and long term. (3) Trade openness shows a positive effect on emissions per capita. Robustness tests are provided. This study deepens policy implications of green finance in the post-pandemic era and highlights the moderating role of renewable energy in the green finance impact on carbon mitigation. • This study constructs a green finance index for China. • The autoregressive distributed lag–error correction model is employed. • Green finance contributes to carbon mitigation in both the short and long run. • CO 2 emissions are Granger result of green finance, trade openness and economic growth. • Trade openness and economic growth are Granger causes of each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing concern on climate change has supported technologies that reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The emission factor of the Brazilian grid electricity is low due to hydropower dominance. However, new hydropower plants have migrated to the Amazon region, with likely social and environmental consequences and rainfall shortage has demanded costly fossil fueled power plants. The grid's emission factor is increasing and new renewable energy alternatives such photovoltaic (PV) are one option to diversify the electricity mix. However, PV systems' efficiency in Brazil varies depending on the climatic region of its installation. This work evaluated the variance in CO 2 emissions reduction of grid connected PV systems for low-income housing in different Brazilian climatic regions. The analysis was based on the PV system, installed in low-income housing projects. Electricity generation was determined through RETScreen and CO 2 emission reductions were determined considering the emission factor of the national grid electricity. Variation of CO 2 emission reductions among bioclimatic regions reached up to 12%. Therefore, PV systems should be adopted in all low-income housing projects in Brazil, regardless of their region, to reduce household's expenditures, CO 2 emissions, and democratize the technology. • PV systems' efficiency varies depending on the climatic region of its installation. • Variance in CO 2 emissions reduction of grid connected PV systems is evaluated. • CO 2 emission reductions vary by up to 11.5% according to the bioclimatic region. • PV systems should be adopted in all low-income housing projects in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The motivation of this study stems from the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals on clean and responsible energy consumption, climate change mitigation and sustainable economic growth (UN-SDGs-7, 11, 12 and 13). The present study examines the impact of institutional quality on CO 2 emissions in the presence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) framework using data on CO 2 emissions and the six dimensions of institutional quality from the World Governance Indicators (WGI). The current study focuses on selected 30 Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries over the annual period from 2000 to 2021. The EKC hypothesis revealed CO 2 emissions are substantially reduced by corruption control, regulatory quality, and the rule of law. Findings from the Dumitrescu and Hurlin causality test showed a one-way causality running from CO 2 emissions to industrialization. Similar uni-directional causality is observed between economic growth, and energy consumption. On the other hand, we observed a two-way causality flow from CO 2 emissions to population growth and all indices of institutional quality over the investigated period. These findings indicate that government agencies should efficiently implement acceptable strategies for pollution control and enact public benefit environmental regulations in the form of a healthier climate for the entire population. • We examined the impact of institutional quality on CO 2 emissions in the presence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) framework. • 30 Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries are selected for empirical investigation. • We reveal that CO 2 emissions are substantially reduced by corruption control, regulatory quality, and the rule of law. • Meanwhile, one-way causality runs from CO 2 emissions to industrialization. • A two-way causality flow from CO 2 emissions to population growth and all indices of institutional quality are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] China is playing an increasing role in global climate change mitigation, and local authorities need more city-specific information on the emissions trends and patterns when designing low-carbon policies. This study provides the most comprehensive CO 2 emission inventories of 287 Chinese cities from 2001 to 2019. The emission inventories are compiled for 47 economic sectors and include energy-related emissions for 17 types of fossil fuels and process-related emissions from cement production. We further investigate the state of the emission peak in each city and reveal hidden driving forces. The results show that 38 cities have proactively peaked their emissions for at least five years and another 21 cities also have emission decline, but passively. The 38 proactively peaked cities achieved emission decline mainly by efficiency improvements and structural changes in energy use, while the 21 passively emission declined cities reduced emissions at the cost of economic recession or population loss. We propose that those passively emission declined cities need to face up to the reasons that caused the emission to decline, and fully exploit the opportunities provided by industrial innovation and green investment brought by low-carbon targets to achieve economic recovery and carbon mitigation goals. Proactively peaked cities need to seek strategies to maintain the downward trend in emissions and avoid an emission rebound and thus provide successful models for cities with still growing emissions to achieve an emission peak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]