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The increasing use of recycled paper by the paper industry to support the Green Industry in the Indonesian Pulp and Paper Industry. But technically, there are some disadvantages of recycled fiber usage such as low drainage rate in which boosted the high energy consumption on drying process. As already known, the drying process consumes the highest energy in papermaking. To overcome this problem, the research using the concentrate of endoglucanase Egl-II has done. The steps of research included production of endoglucanase Egl-II; concentration by ultrafiltration method, modification of recycled paper fibers using endoglucanase Egl-II; characterization of paper sheet; and evaluation of energy consumption in drying the sheet of paper. The results showed that endoglucanase Egl-II had increase drainage rate of recycled fiber stock, which indicate by the freeness number. The number had increased by 80 ml CSF (Canadian Standard Freeness) from 190 ml CSF to 270 ml CSF, and fiber retention increased by 0,63% from 99,31% to 99,94%. The dissolved cellobiose test results of recycled fiber stock by the enzyme treatment at low dosage showed that no degradation of cellulose, no change into soluble sugars. Characterization of sheet of paper that has been modified with endoglucanase Egl-II based FTIR spectra showed no change in functional group, SEM results showed on the fiber surface fibrils grow more, and the results of the XRD analysis showed area reduction of amorphous regions is about 6%. The potential for energy efficiency is calculated through thermodynamic approach is about 15%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Using the Kobe earthquake of 1995 and the Mid-Java earthquake of 2006 as case studies, this paper discusses the process of providing cultural recovery assistance; it also analyses the term ‘civil society’, a term that reflects efforts to make assistance activities sustainable. The Kobe earthquake should be seen as a point of departure for citizen activism by volunteers; because of it, cultural recovery support was vigorously provided. Since people influenced by those support efforts later became involved in providing Mid-Java earthquake recovery assistance, both earthquake recovery support initiatives can be seen as part of an ongoing chain of events. In analysing the Kobe earthquake, it becomes clear that while there are many semantic meanings for and usages of the term ‘civil society’, it was incorporated into policy guidelines for recovery during a period of low economic growth, and a new civil society was envisioned in this period of social transformation. Organisations participating in assistance efforts following the Mid-Java earthquake sought to make ‘civil society’ a reality; this continued after the earthquake recovery was complete, and it comprised an attempt to build the connections within a civil society by looking to overcome many persistent social problems. The power of communication that ‘culture’ holds plays a large role in this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent work on scale, chronotope and scale-making offers exciting ways for rethinking what we often refer to as "context". In this paper, we review these ideas pointing to how we might reconcile some of the overlaps in the concepts of scale and chronotope, while examining how we might look at chronotopic connection across quite different empirical divides drawn from a number of separate research projects in Indonesia. We propose that scale can be thought of as chains of chronotopes and that the semiotic forms that connect them as scale-makers, thus helping relate these two concepts to that of scale-making. • Explores how overlaps in the literature on scale, chronotope and scale-making might be reconciled. • Examines chronotopic connections across quite different empirical divides. • Explores how imitations connect chronotopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia's internationally- and domestically-significant pulp and paper industries source their feedstock from tree plantations. A suite of regulatory (Indonesian Sustainable Production Forest Management Certification and Timber Legality Verification) and market instruments (forest certification) have been introduced to promote sustainability and legality of production from tree plantations, and some producers have also adopted other voluntary sustainability measures. This study investigates sustainability and legality compliance by actors in an Indonesian pulp and paper value chain as a case study of environmental innovation. Results are based on primary fieldwork along segments of the value chain, and analysis of audit reports and other publicly-available information. The value chain sources fibrewood from tree plantation concessions and pallet wood from a variety of suppliers. Audit reports suggest high levels of compliance with sustainability and legality requirements, but our research suggests that these reports might not reflect some area of poor performance and non-compliance. We identify weaknesses in the design of regulatory systems, and in auditing and monitoring processes, as the principal reasons for these deficiencies. Drawing on relevant theory and on practice elsewhere, we suggest that compliance and sustainability can be improved by addressing key areas of regulatory silence, by shifting auditing to be more performance-than paper-based, by strengthening independent monitoring from civil society, by increasing the frequency of witness auditing from the National Accreditation Board, and by fostering synergies between regulatory instruments and voluntary forest certification. These changes would improve the effectiveness of regulatory and voluntary instruments to promote cleaner production in Indonesian pulp and paper value chains. Image 1 • Indonesian pulp and paper value chains are globally significant. • These value chains must comply with national sustainability certification and legality verification systems. • Audit reports suggesting high levels of compliance do not appear to reflect areas of poor performance and non-compliance. • Weaknesses in regulatory design, auditing and monitoring are the main reasons for poor performance and non-compliance. • Changes in regulatory design and implementation would promote cleaner production in Indonesian pulp and paper value chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a circular economy, extended producer responsibility (EPR) is a regulatory approach that accounts for all environmental costs associated with a product throughout its life cycle. When considering the EPR, the regulator must (1) design an integrated framework for different stakeholders and (2) provide effective policies to create financial incentives to accelerate the circular system. Recycling funds and subsidies are the most prominent financial strategies that can either encourage or curtail the flows of recycled products. In Indonesia, a few companies provided recycling bonus s to their customers as incentives to increase the recycling rate. However, the recycling rate was not as effective as expected by the enterprise because recycling was practiced by a limited number of companies, rendering it economically unviable. The enterprises hope the government could develop a recycling fund system. In order to develop the recycling fund system, a system dynamic model was proposed and simulated to optimize the recycling funds and subsidies based on decentralized reverse supply chains. Although it is not a novelty model; however, the research show a very significant results for the government in Indonesia. This enabled a more precise, well-planned, and sustainable decision-making process for the EPR. In addition, by utilizing the system dynamic model with different scenarios in a real case study (aseptic paper packaging waste), we found that the capacity of the recycler could become the reference for the funds to be paid by the importer-producer group, wherein the recycling rate will increase with an increase in the recycling fund. • When formulating an EPR scheme, two points must be considered: framework and policies. • A system dynamic model was proposed and simulated to get the optimal solution. • A related case study involving aseptic paper packaging (APP) was considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Qualitative and quantitative methods are applied to assess the impact of CIFOR’s political economy research on the Indonesian pulp and paper sector. Key-informant interviews triangulated by trend-series tests suggest important influence through advocacy intermediaries and counterfactuals of slower adoption of improvements. Effects on conservation set-asides, overcapacity, and plantation establishment are estimated to avert loss of 76,000–212,000hectares of natural forest (135,000 under main assumptions). Application of an economic-surplus framework for environmental benefits of forest conservation and avoided implicit wood subsidies finds benefits of US$19 to US$583 million (US$133 million main estimate), compared with US$500,000 of direct research costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dluwang was made from the bark of the paper mulberry ( Broussonetia papyrifera Vent.). Old Javanese manuscripts were handwritten on dluwang . Fungi samples from deteriorated dluwang manuscripts from the libraries of royal palaces in Indonesia and from the faculty library of Universitas Indonesia were collected by using cotton swabs and adhesive tape. Fungal isolates were obtained by the culture-dependent method. Identification of 38 fungal isolates was carried out by the molecular method using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of ribosomal DNA. Phenotypic description of the isolates was obtained by classic culturing and direct microscopic observation. The results showed that fungi from the genera of Aspergillus and Penicillium were commonly found on old dluwang manuscripts. According to the molecular identification, species obtained were Aspergillus awamori , Aspergillus clavatus , Aspergillus flavus , Aspergillus fumigatus , Aspergillus jensenii , Aspergillus niger , Aspergillus pulvericola , Aspergillus ruber ( Eurotium rubrum ), Aspergillus versicolor , Penicillium citrinum , Penicillium oxalicum , Penicillium rubens , Pseudocercospora chiangmaiensis , and Trichoderma longibrachiatum . The isolated fungi were xerophilic and cellulolytic in nature. All isolates were able to grow on dluwang paper, 29 isolates (76%) were able to utilize carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and 18 isolates (47%) were able to utilize CMC and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). The present study showed that the deterioration of the written heritage was potentially caused by diverse fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Senior Citizen is an elderly human in a golden age who has many limitations. The number of older people is increasing in almost every country, including in Indonesia. One of the diseases that were suffered is senile or known as Dementia. Therefore, to protect the elderly, the special care is needed in order to be able to monitor the located and to see the condition of the elderly when they are travelling outside the home. Based on that condition, a prototype of the detector is proposed in this paper namely Smart tracking for the Golden Age's Citizen. This system consists of a GPS module, a vibration sensor, a GSM Module, and a voice recorder module. GPS module will detect the location, and the vibration sensor will detect the vibration if the elderly falls. The GSM module will send the information in the form of SMS to the family. The voice recorder module is used to record and play the recorded sound. Based on the results of the prototype test, the prototype is successfully detecting the location if the elderly is outside the range. The testing was concluding that the older people position can be tracked approximately around 2-5 meters from the determination in google map application and send an SMS in 3-5 seconds, if the user falls or lost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 was declared a world pandemic in early-mid 2020. After about a year, several vaccines for this virus have been found and become alternative solutions to reduce the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and build up herd immunity in society. Since early 2021, Indonesia has been one of the countries that participate in using vaccines for the public to fight the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there are a lot of positive and negative responses from Indonesian society related to these COVID-19 vaccines. Implementing a sentiment analysis model for a specific topic like a "vaccine" from social media could help us to see and understand the responses from society in Indonesia towards the vaccine program that is being conducted by the Indonesian government. Understanding society's response towards vaccines is expected to be able to support the Indonesian government, for example in formalizing the distribution strategy of vaccines in the future. This paper discusses how to develop a sentiment analysis model, by implementing several existing technologies such as Twitter API, TextBlob , and Googletrans Python libraries. The utilization of these existing technologies could show how a sentiment analysis model could be developed conveniently, for example in using cases to analyse Indonesian society's responses towards the COVID-19 vaccine program. Besides the solution design, this paper also shows a sample of data visualization of the sentiment analysis model in a meaningful infographics format. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along with the popularity of the environment, social and governance (ESG) concerns, the circular economy concept has gained tremendous attraction from the industries, policy makers and academicians. On a firm level, this is implemented through the so-called Circular Business Model (CBM), which is seen through various initiatives. This includes firms in the energy industry, who are transitioning from conventional to renewable energy sources. Nevertheless, despite of the importance and the omnipresence of the practice, there is still lack of empirical research within the CBM topic. In particular, empirical research combining the CBM and technological innovation topic within energy industry (as technology-intensive and high risk industry) in developing country such as Indonesia, is still lacking. To answer this gap, using literature review as research method, this paper has arrived into the following propositions as main result; (1) there is a positive relationship between firm's level of CBM and technology innovation adoption to firm's performance, where (2) the two antecedents that are positively impacting firm's level of CBM and technology innovation adoption are leader's innovativeness and perceived level of technology. For academicians, this research is expected to provide contribution to the energy transition literatures within CBM and technology innovation adoption topic. Propositions provided in this paper is expected to serve as valuable basis in conducting further empirical research. For practitioners, this research is expected to provide valuable insights to make improvements and/or innovations in terms of business model, technology adoption, and strategy. At last, this research is expected to support energy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the responses of credit and business cycle to various policy actions of the Government of Indonesia during the COVID-19 crisis. Specifically, the paper addresses two key questions (1) How do the credit and business cycle behave during the COVID-19 crisis in Indonesia? (2) Do the central bank and government policy responses effectively stabilize the credit and business cycle? Using the concordance Index and DCC-GARCH methodology, we found that the COVID-19 crisis increased Indonesia's credit and business cycle co-movements. Similarly, using the mixed data sampling regression technique, our findings suggest fiscal policy measures and government support help the business cycle revival during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the monetary policy transmission is weak during the pandemic [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In developing countries like Indonesia, adding a new unit for hydroprocessing facilities is more efficient than modifying the existing equipment. When the addition occurs, refiners should analyze if the existing hydrogen network can supply enough hydrogen to the new unit before constructing a costly hydrogen plant. Current studies on the hydrogen network have yet to consider pressure drop adequately. Therefore, this paper integrates pressure drop estimation and density prediction into the multi-objective MINLP-based hydrogen network. The multi-objective problem is solved sequentially by adding a minor unit to obtain each configuration's maximum flowrate and total annual cost. The optimal configuration based on the combined objective function is to add 1 PSA and compressor for a hydrogen purity of 0.84 and specified pressure requirements. The pressure drop integration shows an insignificant impact averaging 0.004 m3/s of maximum flowrate difference compared to optimization without pressure drop. • The addition of a new hydroprocessing unit is more efficient than existing refiners. • Multi-objective MINLP-based hydrogen network is used to analyze retrofit options. • The pressure drop integration shows a small impact on the overall. • Network. • The optimal configuration is to add one PSA and one compressor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous research on stunting supplementation interventions in Indonesia have been published. The information can be extracted through data mining, especially from academic research databases. In this paper, we presented a text mining-based literature review strategy to create a pipeline that researchers can use to accelerate the development of stunting supplementation intervention research in Indonesia. Utilizing various NLP (Natural Language Processing) techniques, data were crawled, processed, and visualized using Python. The crawling dataset used a module from the Pubmed API (Application Programming Interface) to collect literature papers. The NLTK (Natural Language Toolkit) module and itertools were used to process text data. The n-grams model was applied to process tokens into bigrams and trigrams. Text information was visualized using Matplotlib and Word cloud packages. There is an increasing number of publication in stunting supplementation intervention according to our result, which was observed from 2015 to 2021. West Java was the province where most of the stunting research has been conducted, as determined by research abstracts. Top occurrences obtained from the bigram and trigrams models calculation produced different terms. The word pairings that occurred the most frequently in the bigram and trigram model analyses were "child-aged" and "iron-folic-acid," respectively. The findings of this study are expected to help researchers to obtain the latest research topics related to stunting supplementation interventions in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 pandemic affected many aspects in global life, the one of aspect is e-commerce. The COVID-19 pandemic changes the general society into having a more consumptive behavior. This research is conducted to identify whether there is a difference in mean/average sales between the period before the COVID-19 pandemic and during the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper used T-Test Paired Samples to analyze the difference of behavior's customer of some e-commerce in Indonesia. Biplot analysis is also used to give visualization of the behavior's change caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Six variables are used in this paper and purposive sampling is selected to get a sample size. We use 63 respondents are eligible to fulfill the questionnaire. The T-Test paired samples resulted that there is a difference in mean sales for the service or online products, food and beverages, electronics, and cosmetics and skincare. Those aspects are evidence that COVID-19 pandemic could change the customer behavior in E-Commerce. We also illustrate the change of customer behavior through biplot [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus has increased over time. Medicinal plants, including Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f) Nees, are recognized for their use to manage hyperglycemia. Nowadays, plenty of papers are published about A. paniculata as an antidiabetic; however, no bibliometric study about the topic exists. This study examines the existing papers about the preclinical trial of A. paniculata as an antidiabetic agent using bibliometric analysis focusing on countries, institutions, publishers, authors, documents, and keywords. Bibliographic information of relevant research and conference articles were obtained from the Scopus database. In total, 97 articles published between 1994 and 2021 were selected, covering 376 authors and 1270 keywords. Data were analyzed bibliometrically using Vosviewer 1.6.16. A total of 97 published papers occurred from 1994 to 2021 were selected. India, Universitas Gadjah Mada (Indonesia), Journal of Ethnopharmacology, and Agung Endro Nugroho (Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia) were the most productive country, institution, publisher, and author, respectively. The analysis of the most influential papers, co-citation network of the most influential papers, bibliographical coupling network based on authors, and keyword co-occurrence network and overlay demonstrated that the abundance and variety of existing papers about preclinical trials of A. paniculata as an antidiabetic were from phytochemistry, pharmacology, and drug formulation. The findings of our analysis have implications for managerial and theoretical aspects on this topic, such as encouraging research collaborations by analyzing the contributions of countries, institutions, publishers, and authors and revealing research gaps (molecular mechanisms, toxicities and side effects, drug formulations, and clinical trials) to accept a phytomedicine as a therapeutic option. [Display omitted] • The abundance of preclinical trials of Andrographis paniculata as antidiabetic. • India, Universitas Gadjah Mada (Indonesia), Journal of Ethnopharmacology, and Agung Endro Nugroho were the most productive country, institution, publisher, and authors, respectively. • Research mapping is needed to determine the expansion of the research fields. • The related fields were phytochemistry, pharmacology, and drug formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia produces a wide variety of fermented fish products, and they tend to be specific to different regions. Unfortunately, however, the detailed processes used in their production, including the role of lactic acid bacteria in the fermentation process, have not yet been widely investigated. To address this, a literature review was conducted on 14 fermented fish products from across Indonesia, including the characteristics of the lactic acid bacteria isolated from each and their main roles in the fermentation process, as well as their effects on the quality of the product. Furthermore, the paper discusses the current issues related to the development of fermented fish products in Indonesia. This paper is the first report on Indonesian fish fermented products that comprehensively explains the role of lactic acid bacteria and how these bacteria should be explored for the development of fermented products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • This paper demonstrates the Kartini Reactor's educational utility. • A case study was conducted by investigating reactor criticality. • The study achieved reactor criticality by inserting 5 fuel elements, totaling 2524.57 g. • The critical mass determination was refined by plotting the inverse of counts against the total mass of U-235. • This approach utilized both polynomial and linear trend lines to analyze the data. Research reactors serve critical roles across multiple domains—from physics to medicine—while distinctly not being used for electrical power generation. The Kartini Research Reactor located in Indonesia exemplifies the integration of research reactors in education and scientific research, particularly highlighting its educational applications through the Internet Reactor Laboratory (IRL). Established in 1978 and operational since 1979, the Training Research and Isotope Production by General Atomic (TRIGA) Mark II reactor is instrumental in advancing nuclear science with facilities like the Lazy Suzan/Rotate Rack and Beam Port. The IRL significantly enhances its educational process, enabling remote access to reactor physics experiments, thus facilitating global university participation in nuclear engineering education. This capability allows for the real-time visualization of reactor operations and detailed presentation of operational data and experiment results, enriching the learning experience. This paper demonstrates the Kartini Reactor's educational utility through a case study investigating reactor criticality and determining the critical fuel mass under safe operational parameters. Employing telecommunication hardware and software, the study achieved reactor criticality by inserting 5 fuel elements, totaling 2524.57 g. The critical mass determination was further refined by plotting the inverse of counts against the total mass of U-235. This approach utilized both polynomial and linear trend lines to analyze the data. While the polynomial analysis provided upper and lower thresholds for critical mass, the linear regression offered a precise critical mass value of 2428.62 g, showcasing a deviation of only 4% from the experimental findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher education institutions in Indonesia are required to report their academic data to the national higher institution database (namely PDDikti) through a synchronization mechanism. Because the PDDikti database has been used as the reference for nationwide programs such as university ranking, diploma verification, faculty promotion, and tenure, academic data in their reports have to be valid, accurate, and up to date. Yet, data quality is an issue among higher institutions, while data governance is the heart of data quality. This paper investigates challenges encountered by a public university in Indonesia in implementing data governance and how to resolve them. The findings outline six main challenges in data governance implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to predict the determinants of mobile fintech apps and digital financial inclusion from the perspective of the Bottom of the Pyramid (BOP) segment in Indonesia. To address the complexities of BOP users, this paper theoretically grounded on Mobile Technology Acceptance Model (MTAM) (i.e. mobile usefulness (MU), mobile ease of use (MEU)) along with its relevant extension including personal factor (digital financial literacy (DFL)), financial risk factor (mobile perceived financial cost (MPFC)), and consequent factors (i.e. use behavior (UB), and digital financial inclusion (DFI)). The moderating impact of gender was also tested. A survey instrument that was self-administered and comprised measurement items adapted from prior research was utilized to gather data from 200 mobile fintech BOP users residing in Makassar, South Sulawesi. According to the results of the PLS-SEM test, seven hypotheses were accepted, while two were rejected. In addition, it was confirmed that men play a more prominent role than women in strengthening mobile fintech use and digital financial inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporary trade barriers, such as safeguards, is a measure to rescue the economy in such a way as to protect domestic industries from foreign competitors. Safeguards provide opportunities for domestic industries to make structural adjustments and reshape their business process to increase their competitiveness during the validity period. Indonesia's government has imposed safeguards for most textile sub-industries, from the upstream industry (yarn and fibres) to the downstream garment industry and other related textile industries. This paper aims to evaluate whether the application of safeguards meets its objectives in improving the competitiveness of domestic industry against its foreign competitors with a long observation period. It is found that the effectiveness of the application of safeguards was limited to rescuing the trade balance. In terms of export competitiveness, safeguards have not been effective in increasing the export competitiveness of the textile industry in the world market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As start-up companies may leverage information spreading through Instagram's hashtag-setting, algorithms in influence maximization can be encoded. The objective is to find a maximum impact which can activate users in spreading advertisement marketing campaign through social network. This paper contributes an influence analysis on Instagram and reproduces it into a hashtag network by transforming postings with hashtag interdependence. In finding optimal paths such network structure with influence probabilities, we employ Floyd-Warshall algorithm under uncertainty. The technique is simulated on Indonesian FnB unicorn company and demonstrated in numerical example. The result shows that the hashtag #promokopi may impact the most. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is a tropical country that experiences forest fires every year. Forest fires occur due to a prolonged summer season. A major effect of forest fires that commonly occurred in Indonesia is the respiratory disorder and the visual impairment caused by the thick smoke that can experienced by the people who lives around the forest. The effects of forest fire fumes when the forest fire spread across the bigger land or area are also experienced by neighboring countries such as Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei Darussalam. Forest is a habitat for many animals, one of which is a bird. Birds are able to communicate with their colonies through sound. The bird sound during communication to the group can be in the form of calls, marriage invitations, and warnings of danger or threat of forest fires. This paper presents bird sounds classification study using one of Deep Learning (DL) algorithms i.e. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) method. The CNN method is used to classify bird sounds in the two conditions: (1) under normal circumstances or conditions, and (2) under threated or panic condition. The bird sound data used in this study were collected from the local birds in Indonesia. The classification result of two bird sounds based on CNN method achieved up to 96.45%. This paper is a preliminary study for bio inspired early warning of forest fires based on the sound of birds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the key determinants of Supply Chain 4.0 (SC4.0) maturity in the context of a developing country by examining the relationships between supply chain ambidexterity, supply chain agility, and the maturity of SC4.0. The study was carried out using the survey method involving 154 managers from Indonesian manufacturing companies. The SC4.0 maturity model was developed and tested using structural equation modeling. From our analysis, it was found that supply chain ambidexterity emphasizing on innovation positively influences the companies' agility and SC4.0 maturity levels, and supply chain agility partially mediates supply chain ambidexterity. This paper contributes to the operationalization of SC4.0 maturity determinants that incorporate innovation and technological aspects and extends the extant literature by empirically elaborating the determinants and antecedents of SC4.0 maturity that may expedite the achievement of SC4.0 maturity. This implies that companies and supply chain professionals aiming at achieving their SC4.0 maturity should do so by being outward-looking and, at the same time, foster supply chain collaboration with external networks. This paper is pioneering the empirical study on SC4.0 and offers a means to achieving SC4.0 maturity through SC ambidexterity and SC agility, particularly in the context of a developing country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The tsunami increased household out-of-pocket health expenses by 35% in heavy damage areas in the short run. • Worsened mental wellbeing was associated with a 4% fall in wage earnings among men two years after the tsunami struck. • Worsened physical wellbeing was associated with a 34% fall in wage earnings among men three years after the tsunami struck. • Although the direct health costs of the tsunami were seen only in the short term, indirect costs were apparent in the medium term. This paper looks at the direct and indirect health-related monetary costs that households incurred in the short and medium terms because of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. The paper uses three rounds of a longitudinal household survey of Aceh and North Sumatra where data were collected 5–17, 18–30, and 31–40 months after the event. The results show that direct costs, measured by out-of-pocket health expenses, increased significantly by a third (35%) compared to pre-tsunami spending, for households living in heavily damaged areas. This effect, however, was seen only in the short-term, 5–17 months after the tsunami struck, and did not persist to the later years. The tsunami had significant effects on mental wellbeing as measured using the post-traumatic stress reaction score (PTSR). Among men, these changes to mental wellbeing were associated with a 4% fall in wage earnings two years after the tsunami. Physical health also worsened according to self-reported measures, and this was associated with a 34% fall in men's earnings three years after the tsunami. Thus, although the direct costs of the tsunami in terms of increasing household out-of-pocket health spending were seen only in the short term, the indirect costs via effects on mental and physical health were apparent two to three years after the event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the face of intensifying floods exacerbated by climate change, especially in coastal cities, there is a pressing global demand for effective flood risk governance and adaptation strategies. Such strategies are often informed by indigenous knowledge, aiming for a life in harmony with water and utilising amphibious living concepts to minimise flood impacts, preserving homes and livelihoods. In Indonesia, however, like in many nations in the majority world, these strategies tend to compete with and indeed to be dominated by imported technocratic, top-down, and inflexible planning approaches oriented on principles of the kind of 'classical planning' that had its hey-day in the Western world in the early decades following World War II. Like many nations in the majority world, Indonesia has long imported and continues to apply Western technocratic, top-down, and inflexible classical planning approaches. This paper criticises existing practices for failing to yield contextual development strategies that address site-specific urban issues and fall short of meeting the needs of the majority of the population. We explore the extent to which informal settlements, or kampungs of North Jakarta, can incorporate principles of flood adaptation incorporating local, livelihood, and indigenous knowledge. Fishers for instance reclaim land using shell mounds and construct stilt houses, ensuring coastal floods do not enter their homes and that water does not stagnate but can instead quickly drain due to the permeable land surface. Often, however, planning authorities in Jakarta have classified such flood-adapted built environments as illegal slums necessitating removal instead of adopting and encouraging the further development of site-specific settlement strategies generated by the community. This paper then argues that authorities in Jakarta, and potentially in other cities within the majority world, should consider adopting planning approaches that are more adaptive, flexible, and collaborative to pave the way for inclusive development founded on the experience and the aspirations of the community, including those who are marginalized. • Jakarta's susceptibility to flooding is inluenced by its natural water-abundant environment, rapid urbanisation, and legacy of colonial planning that encourages flood control over traditional architecture, leading to the eviction of kampung communities under stringent planning laws. These communities have historically adapted to flood conditions through indigeneous knowledge and practices, yet such adaptability is threatened by top-down planning that disregards local expertise and community collaboration. This research contributes to the discourse on spatial planning and flood management by advocating for adaptation strategies that respect local knowledge, aligning with current debates on decolonisation and spatial planning, and providing a methodological basis to understand the inadequacies of existing policies in addressing urban flooding in the majority world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The government of Indonesia continues to commit to social forestry as one of its cornerstone rural development policies. Social forestry mechanisms aim to grant legal rights/ permits to groups of local communities to manage previously inaccessible state forests, with the dual aims of improving the livelihoods of rural communities and encouraging participation in forest rehabilitation. Explicit policy targets include the allocation of 12.7 million hectares of state forests for local communities through a suite of social forestry project mechanisms. While the number of social forestry licenses have increased markedly over the past few years, current social forestry initiatives still fall short of meeting the ambitious land area targets. More importantly, increasing evidence points to social forestry policy outcomes only partially serving its initial intended promises. This paper helps to explain these partial outcomes and unmet promises from the perspective of social forestry bureaucracy structures and designs. We found that despite the core social forestry bureaucracy undergoing substantial expansion, several other bureaucracies also channeled their interests into the realm of social forestry policy. These other bureaucracies do not necessarily fit within the intended goals of social forestry policy. Indeed, several bureaucracies continue to hold social forestry policy implementation hostage through other forestry mandates, which results in an institutional chokehold on key social forestry interests. These other bureaucracies even introduced models to redirect social forestry initiatives by retrofitting mandates into their own policy priorities. To address these increasing roadblocks to achieving social forestry policy designs, this paper outlines and proposes a more simplified bureaucratic structure to assist in the implementation of a social forestry policy more in line with its intended goals. Specifically, tasks and responsibilities could be transferred to a single bureaucracy that has mechanisms more closely connected to local people, such as those already envisioned and established in the form of forest management units. • The lens of bureaucratic politics is used to explain the unmet objectives of social forestry policy initiatives. • Non-social forestry bureaucracies have increasingly channeled their interests through social forestry policy. • Non-social forestry bureaucracies are holding intended goals hostage by obstructing policy through several means. • Fragmentation of the social forestry bureaucracy hinders intrinsic policy goals of social forestry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jakarta City is one of the largest cities in Indonesia, experiencing urban areas development generally intensive and unsustainable. This development impacts directly or indirectly on landscape degradation. Kalijodo is one of the important public open spaces (POS) constructed in the Jakarta Capital Special Region to facilitate different social functions and ecosystem services. This paper aims to describe the non-ideal condition of the Kalijodo area as a POS and to strengthen its functions towards a Public Green Open Space (PGOS). The Kalijodo POS had actually 47.91 % vegetated and 52.09 % of non-vegetated land cover and this area cannot be categorized as PGOS due to its vegetated land cover under a minimum threshold of 75 %. This condition is closely related to other aspects and parameters which indicate that Kalijodo POS has low water absorption ability, low water storage capacity, high average air temperature, high Thermal Humidity Index (THI), and low potential for economic benefits. The ecohydrology principles were taken into consideration for understanding, assessment, and identification of possible efforts to achieve the PGOS level. Several possible actions would be suggested for improvement consisting of increasing vegetated land cover, replacing pavement hardeners, introducing bio pores, constructing water ponds and wetlands, increasing public participation, and adjusting appropriate government policy and regulations. These efforts will probably have positive impacts on average air temperature reduction, increasing water absorption ability and potential economic gain, entering THI to a comfort zone and positive people's perception, as well as increasing people attendance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a model to capture the impact of the Basel III's Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) and the reserves requirement regulation on the banking sector and the real economy. It employs a medium-scale Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model with financial frictions and calibrated to match data for Indonesia. The study shows that the impact of changing the two liquidity requirements on lending and output are relatively similar. However, lowering the LCR has consequences on the decline of demand for government bonds, so that it has a different impact on taxes, household deposits and bank's profit. This paper also found that countercyclical liquidity regulations can improve welfare and reduce the volatility of bank loans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online library resources can act as a trusted source to find various references for conducting research or writing research papers. With the increasing number of published papers, the use of online library resources becomes increasingly important for academics, including for university students. This study aims to investigate the factors that lead to the continued use of online library resources among university students in developing countries, especially Indonesia. We investigate the impact of resource quality, confirmation, satisfaction, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and perceived enjoyment of users on their intention to continue using online library resources and the effect on e-WOM intention. This study will enhance the Post-Acceptance Model of Information System (IS) Continuance by adding several other constructs and tested using data from 215 university students in Indonesia who have used online library resources. The method used to analyze the data is Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results of the study indicate that satisfaction and perceived enjoyment have a significant effect on the intention to continue using online library resources. In addition, it was also found that the continuation intention to use online library resources also affects the user's intention to convey it to others (e-WOM intention). This study provides insight to online library resources service providers in making improvements and formulating strategies to increase users' intentions to continue using their online library resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We conducted a state-of-the-art RP and SP survey and presented its methodology with a total of 5,143 respondents, which covers 52,731 observations. • The development of On-Demand Transport (ODT) is popular in many cities. Urban Air Mobility (UAM) will become a new alternative mode of transportation. • This paper presents the travel behavior of respondents in each mode of transportation. • We explored willingness to pay (WTP): VTTS, VTAT, elasticity, and the preference of all choice alternatives, including ODT and UAM using pooled SP and RP data sets. The research presented in this paper analyzed two data sets Revealed Preference (RP) and Stated Preference (SP), obtained with a new travel diary and mode choice survey. This survey, called Mobility Jakarta, combined both RP and SP parts and was conducted in the Greater Jakarta region. This is the first survey that collected responses from a substantial sample of the whole metropolitan area population. We estimated the discrete choice model pooling SP and RP data sets. We explored the Willingness To Pay, e.g., the Value of Travel Time Savings, and the elasticity for all mode choice alternatives, including On-Demand Transport and Urban Air Mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The Indonesian Government failed in disciplining large-scale peatland users. • Major plantation companies steer their worker unions to resist peatland policies. • Corporations actively influence and seek to weaken peatland protection policies. This paper examines new governmental technologies that are emerging in Indonesia to address socio-ecological crises resulting from the conversion of peat forest landscapes to large-scale agricultural plantations. The early implications of Indonesia's 'peatland-fire-free' policy interventions for palm oil and pulpwood industries, including private sector resistance and contestation to this policy, are investigated. Drawing on the Foucauldian concept of disciplinary governmentality, this article analyses the Government of Indonesia's (GoI) failed attempts to render large-scale peatland users governable. The GoI introduced two peatland disciplinary strategies: a spatial and hydro-governance approach to governing palm oil and pulpwood plantations in peatland landscapes. However, significant contestation and opposition arise from these policies as the state attempts to apply disciplinary logics upon powerful and prickly actors. In this context, contestation reflects the complexities of the existing political economy of peatland exploitation in Indonesia, which is decisively shaped through structural and environmental violence. The paper outlines the elements that limit the prospects for fully-fledged disciplinary governmentality over peatland areas and highlights the messy, insecure and unfinished nature of environmental governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has issued a series of biodiesel-related policies to alleviate energy shortage anxiety and reduce carbon emissions. However, no other provinces or cities in China widely utilize biodiesel except Shanghai. This article firstly conducted a comprehensive estimation of the potential botanical biodiesel capacity in China. Then, we examined why biodiesel advancement in China was stagnated by comparing biodiesel-related policies in pioneer countries such as Malaysia and Indonesia. We found the highest mix ratio will be ∼13 % if all potential botanical oils are added to petrochemical diesel and an addition of 3 % blending ratio can be achieved if waste cooking oils are effectively utilized. We concluded that despite the encouragement from policies, insufficient materials and lack of downstream consumptions may be the major reasons for the sluggish development of biodiesel in China. If microalgae biodiesel production technology is overcome in the future, China can compulsorily mix biodiesel on a large scale. This paper provided a comprehensive review of biodiesel-related policies in Malaysia, Indonesia and China, and figured out the key problems that hinder the promotion of biodiesel, helping to understand the dilemma and drive the potential development of biodiesel in China. • Potential biodiesel capacities were estimated among various provinces in China. • The highest biodiesel mix ratio will be ∼13 % if adding all potential botanical oils. • The southern China is more likely to prioritize blending biodiesel than the north. • Biodiesel-related policies in Malaysia, Indonesia and China were fully reviewed. • Inadequate materials and lacking downstream consumption hindered biodiesel growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes the development of a markerless augmented reality (AR) application for Indonesian traditional house education. The application aims to provide an immersive and interactive way of visualizing traditional houses from various regions of Indonesia, with the potential to raise public awareness about the importance of preserving traditional culture. The prototyping method was employed as the most appropriate approach to software development, and the ARFoundation platform was used to integrate plane detection into the AR application. The results showed that 80% of tested devices were compatible with ARCore, and the AR plane detection could detect up to 250cm from the device position. In addition, a feedback survey conducted on 17 testers showed that the application design and mechanism brought a good experience to users, with 53% stating that the app is easy to use. This research project contributes to the development of technology-based solutions to promote Indonesian culture and preserve traditional houses, especially for younger generations who may be less familiar with traditional culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People with hearing impairments exist in our society, whether we realize it or not. It is not easy for them to communicate with us, the ones without hearing disabilities, and they often receive a lot of mistreatment. Since we don't learn about sign language and don't know where to start, our knowledge about sign language is also limited. This paper explains the making of Deafvoir—a visual novel game about sign language—as well as why it is developed and how it can help the deaf and us learn sign language. By conducting a survey and asking how familiar sign language is to some people and their response about Deafvoir, we can move forward to realize this sign language learning visual novel video game and make it local-based before going international. With this video game, it is hoped to make Indonesia's younger generation, especially Gen Z, understand and be able to use sign language whenever they encounter the deaf in real life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is a vast market for talents recruiting, with around 203 million people that count into work age definition (above 15 years) and around 138 million of them are workforce, while 7 percent of the workforce are open for hire. There are several players of job-seeking apps in Indonesia. But most of them are targeting talents with undergraduate degrees and above. Mid to high-level jobs have become such an attractive market for these players. We can see it on several job seeker hub websites, where job seekers proudly post their personal profiles to attract recruiters from top employers. It is not possible for lower-level job seekers to post their profiles on these websites. They will just be under the recruiter's radar. Whereas from the report data released by the Indonesian statistical center bureau regarding the percentage of open unemployment based on education level, the total unemployment rate from diploma education and below is very large compared to the unemployment rate with university education (undergraduate and above). The Covid-19 pandemic also gave a negative impact on the lower job segment, with a decrease in demand and sales resulting in a higher layoff rate which also means an increased percentage of the open unemployment rate. We need a solution to this problem. A solution that can erode a large chunk hidden under an iceberg. This paper offers "Megawe", a mobile application-based solution to assist both job seekers and low-level job recruiters. This segment may have a smaller contract value than upper segments but has a much larger quantity of labor force. Because we are focusing on development speed and accuracy of requirements, we used the prototyping methodology in the implementation of the solution. Moreover, before it is launched publicly, we conducted usability testing to gain a deeper understanding of the user experience directly from users of the targeted segment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classification of Indonesian crops is a critical task in developing farming and getting more understanding of agriculture. However, there is no clear task in classifying types of crops in Indonesia. Transfer learning has been used successfully in a variety of image classification applications. Thus, in this paper, we collected images of Indonesian crops from the internet randomly and proposed a classification by using transfer learning of deep learning with four pre-trained models: EffficientNet- B0, ResNet18, VGG19, and AlexNet. In the experiment, augmentation techniques such as random horizontal flip, random vertical flip, and random affine were utilized to prevent the network from overfitting. The result found that EfficientNet-B0 outperformed other models with an accuracy of 82.55. Then, the model struggled to distinguish between crops in the same family. According to the results, although transfer learning can work well to classify images of Indonesian agricultural crops, some improvements are still required to address existing issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effectiveness of the monetary policies undertaken by the central bank on economic growth during COVID-19 uncertainty in case of India and Indonesia. We use an innovative framework of Growth-at-Risk as oppose to standard macroeconomic models, which can predict the growth in a much robust way particularly when an economy is facing shocks like COVID-19. The empirical results based on Growth-at-Risk model clearly reveal that effect of COVID-19 pandemic on economic growth is much adverse in comparison to actual declines. Further, this study shows the effectiveness of monetary and financial policies undertaken by the central banks of both India and Indonesia, which have actually subsided the adverse impact of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro-Hydro Power (MHP) is a type of hydroelectric power that typically generates electricity from 5 kW to 100 kW using the natural flow of water. This study investigates the MHP plant as one of the renewable energy projects in rural areas of Indonesia and its benefits to rural women. Implementation of the renewable energy (RE) projects were initiated by local non-government organizations (NGOs) and donor agencies that provide funding, technical assistance, and training for the rural community. The MHP projects discussed in this paper were located in rural areas of West Java and East Java. The empirical data show that MHP not only provides green electricity but also gives benefits to many households. It significantly impacts women's empowerment, gender relations, and their relationship to rural development, including improves their living conditions. The biggest challenges for future implementations of MHP at the national level are maintaining the local's responsibility, networking to connect and motivate practitioners from various institutions and organizations, and developing sustainable and successful Indonesia's energy programs in the long run. • Micro Hydro Power Plant (MHP) is one of the renewable energy projects in rural areas of Indonesia and benefits rural women. • MHP provides green electricity and gives benefits to many households. • MHP brings many positive changes to society, including increasing women's knowledge and skills. • MHP can have a significant impact on women's empowerment, gender relations, and their relationship with rural development, including better living conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New product development is an important innovation that should be done to meet consumers' new trends. This paper is prominent as it discusses new product development through the inactive problem perspective in SMEs in Indonesia as a way to explore customers' expectations, which are often challenging to analyze. The capability to develop a new product based on the inactive problem perspective allows SMEs to become pioneers that possess various competitive advantages, including strong brand awareness. This study included 14 samples of SMEs to represent the characteristics of SMEs in Indonesia between 2016 and 2018. We used the particle swarm optimization approach for the decision making of several SME parameters with the profit maximization function. This paper is the first paper to discuss the relationship between the cost of ideas and production costs in the types of SMEs with an inactive problem perspective in Indonesia to obtain maximum profits by considering various factors that affect the costs and revenue of SMEs. This paper also analyzes the cost used for an idea realization to get maximum profit. This study shows that differences were found in each type of SME, and these difference were related to the amount of funds that were used to explore, realize, and make a profit out of a specific idea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Onshore wind potentials are commonly mapped with site selection criteria that either fully include or exclude land for wind farms. However, current research rarely addresses the variability of these criteria, possibly resulting in overly conservative or optimistic potentials. This paper proposes a method to account for the variability of site selection criteria in resource assessments. We distinguish between static and flexible, non-binary criteria and assess onshore wind's technical and economic potential with bias-corrected ERA5 data, 28 turbine power curves, and a turbine-specific cost model. For Indonesia, we show that our flexible mapping approach improves the transparency of resource potential assessments and could contribute to more informed and useful recommendations. These recommendations could address the (1) calibration of site exclusion thresholds, (2) dilemmas of preferring one land type over others, (3) location-specific challenges of wind farm deployment, and (4) more direct support schemes for affected stakeholders and wind farm operators.. We report a technical potential of 207–1,994 TWh/year in Indonesia, which could cover more than 50% of 2030 electricity demand on all islands. LCOEs range between 5.8 and 24.5 US¢(2021)/kWh with an economic potential of 16 TWh/year, which improves to 31–212 TWh/year with a carbon tax of 100 US$(2021)/tCO 2 e. • New method to account for variability of onshore wind site selection criteria. • We differ between static and flexible site selection criteria for resource mapping. • Their use may change onshore wind potentials by several orders of magnitude. • Flexible site selection enables more transparent and informed recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The writing of this paper and the creation of this application is a means to improve and add on facilities on the local state-run attraction. This subject matter was picked in conjunction with the decline of tourism in the said historical site due to a pandemic that rankles Indonesia's tourism industry and drives it to the ground. Augmented Reality as a method of deliverance was picked due to its popularity and freshness in the tourism market. The research method was conducted starting with analysis, development, implementation, then evaluation. Analysis was done using sourcing available to the public and a questioner. Implementation was done using Unity, Vuforia, and Maya. And with the positive responses of 66.6 percent of the sample market finding enjoyment in the use of this application in their exploration during User Acceptance testing with the existing prototype. This shows that the resulting use of this application improves user enjoyment in experiencing the state attraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, technology has advanced so much that it is so widespread and the internet is being used by 53.7% of Indonesia's population. This paper reviewed how privacy violations occur, their potential impacts, and their prevention methods personally such as individuals and organizations through literature review. Overall, it can be concluded that in general. There are two methods to prevent privacy violations, which are by using computer security software and end user awareness training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology development has been getting more advanced and greatly facilitated human life. One of them is machine learning automation which has been proven to be consistent for doing various computations against extensive data such as transaction data in the e-commerce area. Seeing this opportunity, we implemented the machine learning approach to detect fraudulent cashback transactions in e-commerce that are currently rife in Indonesia. The training data used to build the machine learning model were the transaction data from one of the leading e-commerce in Indonesia that had been processed. The supervised classification algorithms used were K-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM). In the end, the best steps and methods that could be taken against fraudulent cashback activities in the future are shown in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spread of Corona Virus Disease 19 (COVID-19) in Indonesia is still relatively high and has not shown a significant decrease. One of the main reasons is due to the lack of supervision on the implementation of health protocols such as wearing masks in daily activities. Recently, state-of-the-art algorithms were introduced to automate face mask detection. To be more specific, the researchers developed various kinds of architectures for the detection of masks based on computer vision methods. This paper aims to evaluate well-known architectures, namely the ResNet50, VGG11, InceptionV3, EfficientNetB4, and YOLO (You Only Look Once) to recommend the best approach in this specific field. By using the MaskedFace-Net dataset, the experimental results showed that the EfficientNetB4 architecture has better accuracy at 95.77% compared to the YOLOv4 architecture of 93.40%, InceptionV3 of 87.30%, YOLOv3 of 86.35%, ResNet50 of 84.41%, VGG11 of 84.38%, and YOLOv2 of 78.75%, respectively. It should be noted that particularly for YOLO, the model was trained using a collection of MaskedFace-Net images that had been pre-processed and labelled for the task. The model was initially able to train faster with pre-trained weights from the COCO dataset thanks to transfer learning, resulting in a robust set of features expected for face mask detection and classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we have extended the formula of fuzzy chromatic number (FCN) for the non-disjoint union of two fuzzy graphs. Further, we constructed an algorithm based on the FCN for determining a fuzzy phase system in order to coordinate traffic flow of two paired intersections. By combining the fuzzy phase system and the fuzzy inference system, we were able to construct another algorithm to determine all possible phase timings for coordinating the intersections. Performance of the algorithms was evaluated through a case study at two intersections in Semarang City, Indonesia. The results showed that the proposed phase and timing systems for the two paired intersections could reduce the red and cycle times compared with the control of two intersections separately. The present findings might serve as a feasible proposal for congestion problems in any paired intersections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 severely impacted small industries in Indonesia and many collapsed. Sustainable education is essential to help small industries recover post-pandemic through an open innovation design program to improve small industries' economic, social, and environmental performance. This paper examined the impacts of the sustainable education program implemented and explored open innovations suitable for the sustainability of small industries in developing countries, such as Indonesia, after the pandemic. This research employed a Participatory Action Research (PAR) approach involving academics, government, the community, and four small industries in West Java, Indonesia. Our findings reveal that the sustainable education program through learning activities and direct practice provides valuable knowledge and experience for small industries in designing economic, social, and environmental innovations. Open innovations post-pandemic suitable for small industries in Indonesia include simple business digitalization for company economic growth, the recruitment of people losing their jobs due to the pandemic to achieve social benefits, and innovations in using environmentally friendly packaging and charcoal briquette fuel as an environmental awareness effort. This study recommends that the open innovation designed for small industries be right on target and done using a participatory method to achieve sustainability after the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to elaborate on the development of micro and small enterprises (MSEs) at the bottom of the economy, where most of them began as unbanked micro-ventures and may continue to be micro-enterprises even after being elevated to higher levels. This study contributes to the field of entrepreneurial finance by identifying the factors that influence the drivers and constraints of MSE upgrading. This paper employed models to show how unbanked MSEs transition to bankable ones, as well as to reveal the dynamics of MSEs' transition to bankability during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study's unit of analysis is MSEs, which initially have little or no access to bank loans. This study employs system dynamics (SD) modeling to investigate and manage the multifaceted response system of MSEs' growth toward bankability in the face of a coronavirus pandemic in Indonesia. This study also simulates a coronavirus pandemic outbreak to fine-tune MSEs' progress toward bankability. The dynamic models in this study reveal a number of variables that are critical in accelerating the bankability status of MSE from un-bankable to bankable, namely entrepreneurial MSE time to bankability, channel business, and MSE NPL. Policymakers can create high leverage policies for MSE bankability progression by changing these values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]