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The escalating demand for green hydrogen (H2) as a sustainable energy carrier has attracted intensive research into efficient water electrolysis methods. Promising candidates have emerged as binder-less metal electrodes, which enhance electrochemical performance and durability by reducing electron hindrance and avoiding binder degradation. Despite their potential, a comprehensive understanding of various binder-less fabrication techniques remains limited in the existing literature. As the main objective, this review paper aims to bridge this gap by providing an in-depth analysis of state-of-the-art fabrication methods for binder-less metal electrodes utilized in electrochemical water splitting. Recognizing the critical need for sustainable hydrogen production, the advantages of binder-less electrodes over conventional binder-based counterparts are elucidated, with emphasis placed on their role in promoting cost-effectiveness, improved stability, and enhanced catalytic activity. Techniques such as Hydrothermal/Solvothermal, Electrodeposition, Chemical/Vapor Deposition, and Laser-based fabrication are systematically examined, with their respective advantages, drawbacks, and comparison being highlighted. Drawing upon relevant examples from literature, insights on other aspects and recent trends are also provided, such as the performance of binder-less metal electrodes at industrial-scale current densities (0.1–1 A/cm2) or their potential as photoactive catalysts. Additionally, future directions in the field of binder-less electrode fabrication and the exploration of innovative techniques are also discussed, ensuring that the trajectory of research aligns with the evolving demands of sustainable energy production. The ''what's next'' section highlights areas of further investigation and potential avenues for technological advancement.

The present study investigates the electrical properties and electrical heating capability of cementitious composites incorporated with carbon nanotube (CNT) and carbon fiber (CF) of various sizes and different electrode spacing. Paste and mortar samples were fabricated by incorporating CNTs and CFs of various sizes, and electrodes were inserted at varying distances. The electrical resistivity was determined by measuring the electrical resistance using both the 2-probe and 4-probe methods. A monotonic heating test was conducted for 1 hour to evaluate the heat-generation capability. The results of the test indicated that the maximum temperature decreased with increasing electrode spacing. This observation suggests that the electrical resistance increases as the electrode spacing enlarges, resulting in a decrease in the electrical current when the same voltage is applied, therefore, this reduces the total electrical energy required for heat generation. Furthermore, it was found that there was a linear relationship between electrical power and temperature increase. This trend remained consistent regardless of the type and size of the sample, as well as the electrode spacing.

All-vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB) have the advantages of high safety and long life, and have broad application prospects in the field of large-scale power energy storage. Low energy density is the main factor restricting its development. In this study, the carbon felt used as the electrode was pretreated in various ways to improve the performance of the vanadium redox flow battery. The pretreatment conditions of carbon felt were compared to the performance of carbon felt after treatment at different temperatures and different times. The properties of the pretreated carbon felt were investigated and their effect on cell performance was tested.Next, by introducing a noble metal catalyst into the carbon felt, the characteristics of the carbon felt were studied and the effect on the performance of the vanadium redox flow battery was investigated. It was found that Carbon felt thermal-treated at 500 °C for 2 h showed the best characteristics and had the longest charge/discharge time and the lowest resistance. The results also show that Carbon felt with catalyst introduced without PTFE(Polytetrafluoroethylene) binder showed larger BET(Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) surface area and electrical conductivity compared to PTFE mixed, and cell performance was also excellent.

This overview is designed to highpoint the existing field state of graphene and derived nanocomposites towards most demanding energy devices and systems. Recently, adopting efficient energy conversion and storage systems for technical practices have attained increasing research focus. Owing to unique structure, microstructure, and methodological features, graphene nanomaterials have been focused towards advanced systems like lithium ion batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells. Graphene nanocomposites have been recognized for high surface area, electron transference, charge capacity, specific capacitance, charge-discharge capabilities, cyclability, power conversion efficiency, fuel cell parameters, and competent features. In addition, specific features of graphene nanocomposites include exceptional microstructure and mechanical, thermal, and chemical reliability characteristics. In spite of indispensable characteristics of graphene nanocomposites, several processing and property challenges need to be resolved to achieve high-tech graphene nanocomposites towards advanced energy storage/conversion devices and systems.

Aqueous multivalent ion batteries have attracted increasing attention due to their high capacity, long cycle life, and impressive output energy. Considering that intercalation electrodes are more suitable for long cycle battery compared to the conversion ones, Cu2+ with appropriate ion radii has been chosen as intercalation carriers and bismuth sulfide with the matched lattice spacing as cathode to achieve long cycle life aqueous battery. We have synthesized the micrometer-scale flower-like Bi2S3 by regulating temperature and it is proved to be a perennial phase during Cu2+ intercalation/deintercalation of the Bi2S3 host when charge/discharge with a capacity of 104.5 mAh g–1 retention at 0.5 A g–1 after 1000 cycles. Lastly, build a hybrid ion battery with Zn and ZnSO4 electrolyte, the Bi2S3 cathode for Cu2+ intercalation can reach a maximum energy of 427.5 Wh Kg–1. The study provides a new intercalation cathode for aqueous multivalent ion batteries and will broaden the energy storage system.

MXenes, a novel large family of 2D transition metal carbides, carbonitrides and nitrides are currently a “hot topic” in science due to their several fascinating physical and chemical properties. It follows from a rich diversity of their elemental compositions and chemical functionalities. MXenes can form composites with many substances, including polymers or metal oxides, which allows to effective “tune” MXene characteristics to a fit-to-the-purpose applications. Capacitive deionization (CDI) is currently widely studied as advanced desalination technique due to the advantages of cost-effectiveness, eco-friendly, and high salt removal capacity. One of key fields for CDI development relates to the ion's intercalation materials as concept taken from the sodium ion batteries, which is used in CDI because of their excellent desalination capacity. These materials provide effective sodium ions removal from the brine based on intercalation mechanism as well as redox reactions. In this review, we timely review an up-to-date accomplishment in the advancement of distinct MXene-based composite materials used as CDI electrodes, along with discussion of fundamental electrochemical energy storage mechanisms. The most relevant outcomes are highlighted together with the phenomena observed when applied in desalination applications. Finally, potential solutions as well as challenges in this field are summarized.

One major obstacle to the commercialization of electrobiotechnological systems is the cost of materials, including expensive electrodes. Smart recycling as well as the use of renewable resources can contribute to producing electrodes more ecologically and economically. Green waste is a biogenic residual material that occurs mainly in urban areas and is currently not recycled to a sufficient extent. Here we show the fabrication of electrodes from carbonized grass clippings and their application in microbial electrosynthesis as well as microbial fuel cells. While the electrodes cannot compete with established metal competitors for water electrolysis in microbial electrosynthesis, they perform comparably to commercial graphite electrodes in microbial fuel cells. With Geobacter sulfurreducens, a current response can be recorded for more than six weeks. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that carbonized green waste has been used as an electrode material for bioelectrochemical systems. This demonstrates the potential of carbonized biological materials as a raw material for electrodes and presents a recycling alternative for green waste.

The need for progress in the development of energy supply devices such as batteries and large capacitors has led to the improvement and innovation of these devices so that they can store energy efficiently, and additionally, they must be small, light, with low production costs, and friendly to the environment. For these reasons, in this investigation results of the characterization of physical and chemical behaviors of graphene-manganese oxide and copper and manganese oxide-copper systems are studied. The graphene was synthesized through the electrochemical exfoliation technique and deposited as a film on common glass and silicon substrates via the spray technique, and over this film, Mn2O3 films were deposited through spin coating. The Raman results showed the presence of peaks D and G, located at 1534 and 1597 cm−1, respectively. XPS analysis demonstrated that the graphene is made up of three layers. TEM studies determined that the graphene is polycrystalline, and XRD established the manganese oxide coatings’ growth along the (222) and (440) planes of Mn2O3. The optical behavior indicated that the absorbance of the graphene-Mn2O3 system decreases the energy gap in 0.8 eV concerning Mn2O3 films. The voltage-current measurements suggest that the density current in the discharge process of the Mn2O3–Cu electrode system was improved approximately 3-fold with the graphene-Mn2O3–Cu electrode system. The obtained results conclude that the addition of graphene to manganese oxide coatings increases their electrochemical performance, so graphene-manganese oxide could be used in energy storage devices.

Impedance assessment in living biological cells has gained popularity as a label-free, real-time, and quantitative analytical approach for determining cellular states. Electric cell substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) provides valuable insights into cell adhesion, the intricate interactions between cells and their underlying substrate, and cellular communication. Further, the ECIS method's high sensitivity enables the observation of biological events at the single-cell level and the precise determination of cell-substrate distances at the nanoscale. Importantly, using cellular electrical properties as a valuable marker, ECIS can shed light on how cancer cells proliferate, migrate, and invade. In this article, we discuss electric cell-substrate impedance sensing as it relates to electrode design, manufacturing, and application in impedance measurement. The present review also outlines our current understanding of the advantages of ECIS in studying cancer cell behavior and drug screening and their prospective future modifications. Impedance-sensing approaches in biology have many potential applications, including point-of-need diagnostics, highly specialized devices, and seamless integration. In summary, this impedance-based technology might one day be an attractive diagnostic tool in cancer research.

Significant advances in the field of energy storage have enabled scientists to explore highly stable electro-active electrodes for high-performance supercapacitors. The present investigation describes the synthesis of well-ordered NiMoO4 nanowalls at 140 °C using hydrothermal synthesis, which was then grown directly on Ni foam with different reaction times. The resulting NiMoO4 nanowalls were utilized as electro-active electrodes for electrochemical supercapacitor applications. The reaction time was found to be a critical factor in achieving the ordered NiMoO4 nanowalls on the Ni foam, and at a reaction time of 12 h, the nanosheets self-organized into a nanowall-like morphology over the Ni foam. Pure NiMoO4 crystal phases with less surface imperfections were produced by the 12-hour reaction time, as demonstrated by the compositional, structural, and crystalline characteristics. As an electro-active electrode, the NiMoO4 electrode with a 12-hour reaction time showed the highest specific capacitance of 357.6 Fg−1 at 0.01 Vs−1 compared to NiMoO4 electrodes with reaction times of 6h (53.06 Fg-1 at 0.01 Vs−1) and 20h (55.4 Fg-1 at 0.01 Vs−1). The NiMoO4 electrode also demonstrated exceptional stability in an alkaline electrolyte, exhibiting less deterioration in multicycles CV after 100 repeated cycles. The excellent electrochemical properties of the NiMoO4 electrode are attributed to its unique ordered nanowall structure, which improves surface area and electrical conduction, accelerating fast redox reactions. These properties make it a promising material for use in pseudocapacitors, with implications for high-performance energy storage solutions in industrial sectors.

The Electrochemical sensor based on carbon-clay paste electrode (CCPE) was constructed for sensitive determination of Tetracycline (Tc). The mineralogical composition, morphology, structure and performance of CCPE were characterized using X-ray diffraction powder, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Cyclic Voltammetry analysis. The CCPE is constituted of two types of clay having the ratio 1/1 and 2/1 characteristic of kaolinite and montmorillonite clay respectively. Its porous structure is ascribed to the presence of graphite. The CCPE exhibited a good electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of Tc. The electrochemical kinetics and mechanism of Tc were proposed, showing that Tc electrocatalytic oxidation reaction was controlled by diffusion process and took place in three steps. A low concentration of Tc was detected by amperometry with the linear ranges of 0.5μM–0.8 μM (R2 = 0.98), the sensitivity was 8.01 μA/μM.cm2, the limit of detection and quantification were 5.16x10−3μM(S/N = 3) and 1.72x10−2μM respectively. Thus, the proposed electrode provides a promising and prospective CCPE sensing platform for the detection of Tc in the environment.

Cerium oxide (CeO2), Zinc oxide (ZnO) and Zinc@Cerium oxides composites (CeO2@ZnO) electrodes were synthesized using aqueous extract of Sarcophrynium Brachystachys leaf extract as comforting agent employing hydrothermal technique. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies revealed crystallites of various nanoparticles (NPs) sizes valued from the Debye-Scherer's equation to be 26.50, 26.77 and 26.50 nm for CeO2, ZnO and CeO2@ZnO respectively. The electrochemical analysis shown that the estimated specific capacitance acquired using cyclic voltammetry (CV) employing 10.0 mV/s scan rates are 976, 878 and 1075 F/g for CeO2, ZnO, and CeO2@ZnO respectively. Results obtained indicated clearly that specific capacitance of mixed metal oxides and Sarcophrynium Brachystachys leaf extract, an organic and natural material is better when compared with separate metal oxide alone. Sarcophrynium Brachystachys leaf extract increased the synergistic effect among constituent ions by reducing electrodes resistance, increasing electrodes conductivity and enriched electrode features.

Silicon-based lithium-ion battery negative electrodes represent one of graphite's most promising replacements. However, the enhanced capacity and unique Li+ storage method have raised the demands on the binder and other passive electrode components. For cycle stability, a sufficient carbonaceous matrix with silicon is needed. One of the most desirable anode materials for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) is Si, which has been noted for its exceptional volumetric and gravimetric qualities. Its affordability, abundance, and environmental safety stand out in particular. We assess the most recent improvements in the production of intercalation-type, conversion-type, and alloying-type anode materials in this work. After explaining the electrochemical reaction and failure, we reviewed several techniques for enhancing battery performance, including nanostructuring, alloying, building hierarchical structures, and employing the proper binders. Researchers will get the necessary information from this research work to conduct future research.

Two-dimensional (2D) MXenes are promising materials for a variety of sustainable energy-related applications such as photoelectrochemical water splitting and energy storage devices. Among the MXene family, the Ti3C2Tx is mostly prepared by selective etching of Al from the Ti3AlC2 MAX phase using hydrofluoric acid (HF) or in-situ produced HF as an etchant. However, the severe toxicity, handling of HF acid as well as the oxidation and degradation of freshly synthesized MXenes when stored as aqueous suspensions obstruct the large-scale production of MXenes. 3D printing is an innovative and versatile technology utilized for a plethora of applications in the field of energy applications. Thus, integration of 3D printing technology with the synthesis procedure of MXene will provide a new outlook for large-scale production and the long-storing capability of MXene. Herein, we fabricated a novel MAX (Ti3AlC2)/polylactic acid (PLA) filament for fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing followed by etching of the 3D-printed MAX/PLA electrode into 3DP-etched-MAX employing chronoamperometry technique consecutively in 9 M HCl and 4 M NaOH as electrolytes. The 3D printed electrochemically etched MAX (3DP-etched-MAX) electrode shows promising behaviour for the photoelectrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and capacitive performance. In general, this work demonstrates a path of production of large-scale manufacturing of MAX/PLA filament and 3DP-etched-MAX electrodes without using toxic HF for energy conversion and energy storage applications. This work paves the way to fabricate other novel MAX filaments and electrodes for several applications beyond energy conversion and storage.

In the present work, we report a synthesis procedure for the preparation of vertically aligned mesoporous silica thin films containing long, nanometer-scale thin silver nanowires inside pores. The inter-channel nanowires had a fine crystalline structure and a diameter of no more than 2 nm. Despite the diameter being the edge of the theoretical possibility of synthesis, the nanowires were stable enough to be observed by transmission electron microscope and could be clearly observed. For the synthesis, we applied the idea of silica nanoreactors, and the procedure consists of two steps: fabrication of an initial organically-functionalized silica thin film containing silver ions distributed regularly inside vertically aligned pores and following thermal decomposition resulting in the decomposition of the organic anchoring groups and the formation of metallic crystalline nanowires from released silver atoms. Both the final nanocomposite and the initial material were studied by means of transition electron microscopy and electrochemical techniques: linear scan and differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. The crystallinity of silver nanowires inside silica mesopores was proved by electron diffraction. The spatial confinement realized by silica nanochannels facilitated the stabilization of relatively small and ultra-thin nanowires and the formation of a hexagonal P63/mmc silver crystalline structure instead of the more common Fm3m cubic.

Currently, the global energy consumption is extensively increasing at a pace faster than the source advancement. The demand for renewable energy generation is an important scheme to settle energy crisis and climate changes which are prominent challenges facing the modern society. Therefore, fabrication of efficient energy storage and conversion technologies have been emerged as a prospective research topic to achieve a convenient utilization of clean energy. In particular, supercapacitors are among the most effective and practically feasible energy storage devices. They offer several characteristic attributes, including fast charging rates, high power densities, extended durability, and convenient setup. Supercapacitor plays an important role as a clean energy device to link conventional capacitors with batteries. This review concentrates on the most recent progress on phosphate-based electroactive materials for supercapacitor application. Phosphate based materials have received curious attention as electrode material for supercapacitors due to their abundance, non-toxicity, and other admirable electrochemical properties. This review presents the recent progress on practical application of phosphate based materials in supercapacitors. The key performance metrics such as power and energy density, capacitance, and cyclic stability of several phosphate based supercapacitor devices have been summarized. Finally, the review present conclusive and future perspectives on the study area.

It is tedious to machine high strength materials such as titanium alloy for making engineering products related to aerospace and medical applications due to its high corrosion resistance and low density. In this study, an endeavor was made to analyze the influence of tool electrodes in electrical discharge machining process for enhancing the machinability of Titanium α- β alloy. Copper, brass and tungsten carbide electrodes were utilized with iso energy pulse generator. It was observed that the use of copper electrode could enhance material removal mechanism due to its higher electrical conductivity. The better surface topography with tiny craters could be observed on machined specimen with tungsten carbide electrode owing to its high melting point. The IEPG generator can produce tiny craters with lower pulse energy and uniform energy distribution. Since it produces tiny crater and has higher melting point, the tungsten carbide tool electrode can create lower surface roughness than other electrodes. Brass electrode can create larger craters on the machined surface of titanium alloy specimens due to its low melting point. Hence it could create higher surface roughness and electrode wear.

The objective of this work was to improve the capacitive behavior of rGO-CNTs composite electrode. The prepared composite has been examined for electric double layer capacitor (EDLCs) devices. The structural and chemical properties of the composite has been validated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM). We performed the cyclic voltammetry (CV) and measured specific capacitance of 54 Fg−1at 10 ​mV/s for 1 ​M ​H2SO4 and 36.25 ​F ​g−1 for 1 ​M KOH liquid electrolyte. From galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) studies, 1 ​M H2SO4 electrolytes we obtained the energy density and power density as 10.67 ​Wh kg−1 and 2400 ​W ​kg−1 respectively at 6 A/g. However, 1 ​M KOH electrolytes has an energy density and power density of 1.7 ​Wh kg−1 and 1600 ​W ​kg−1 at 4 A/g. Therefore, the performance of 1 ​M ​H2SO4 electrolytes shows better results as compared to the 1 ​M KOH. Hence, we conclude that rGO-CNTs electrode is an interesting material for supercapacitor applications.

Responding to the need of a growing community of students and researchers who want to get involved in the field of electrochemical storage systems, NEOLAB offers a new tool dedicated to a modeling domain where almost no open-source solutions exist. Physics-based models of batteries require extensive knowledge in thermodynamics, electro-chemistry, mathematics, material and computer sciences. Based on the idea that a minimum working example is the best way to learn gradually how to model a battery, NEOLAB provides a solution to simulate the behavior of the negative electrode of lead-acid batteries and a framework to investigate other primary and secondary technologies.

The goal of this work is to shed light on the importance and application of FDM (Fused Deposition Modelling) in the production of electrodes for die-sinking EDM (Electrical Discharge Machining). A literature-based survey is conducted, and it is discovered that the applicability of FDM for manufacturing EDM electrodes has received little attention. The quantity of articles on this issue is exceedingly low in conventional data bases such as Web of Science and Scopus. The purpose of this study is to offer relevant investigations and demonstrate the convenience, merit, and limitations of the method used. The review offered in this work is intended to assist researchers, practitioners, and scientists in making informed decisions on which method to use to meet their needs. The authors have been inspired by the study trend to encourage scholars and researchers to investigate the applicability of the FDM technique in the fabrication of EDM electrodes further. The review is based on the most recent database from Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, using the keywords FDM/Fused Deposition Modeling and AM/Additive Manufacturing.

Electrokinetic (EK) treatment is an effective method in accelerating the consolidation and improving the geotechnical properties of fine-grained soils. This method stabilizes the soil and increases the bearing capacity of piles by improving the soil shear strength. Changing the soil pH, due to the occurrence of chemical reactions of electrolysis in the soil, can increase its shear strength. However, the electrodes used in this method corrode due to the change in the soil pH, which in turn reduces the electrical potential. Electrode corrosion and loss of electrical potential can significantly reduce the efficiency of the EK method. In addition, when using the EK method to increase the bearing capacity of piles, changing the pH can cause corrosion and damage to the piles. One of the most important factors influencing the change in the pH of soil is the voltage applied during the EK process. It was reported that increasing the voltage affects the intensity of chemical reactions and electroosmotic flow and thus increases the efficiency of EK. However, very limited research has been conducted on the effect of voltage on the performance of EK method. In the present study, the effects of three voltages on soil pH and corrosion resistance of four types of electrodes including iron (Ir), stainless steel (St), copper (Co), and aluminium (Al) were studied. In addition, the effects of pH variations on the corrosion rate of three types of piles including steel pile (SP), reinforced cement concrete pile (RCCP), and reinforced lime-cement concrete pile (RLCCP) were investigated. It was observed that increasing the voltage from a specific limit had no effect on the intensity of electrolysis reactions and the soil pH adjacent to the electrodes did not change more than a specific limit. Moreover, increasing the voltage to higher than 35 V (i.e. 45 V) did not increase the volume of drained water from the soil, but caused more electric current than the allowable current for Ir, St, and Al electrodes, and the corrosion intensity of these electrodes increased significantly. RCCP reduced the soil pH to 2.4 within 7 d of curing due to severe corrosion (13% corrosion rate). The soil pH values adjacent to RCCP and RLCCP within 28 d of curing reduced to 3.7 and 3.8, respectively, but the two piles were not damaged. In general, the results of this research showed that selecting an optimized voltage had a significant effect on the efficiency of EK, and increasing the voltage did not always lead to increase in the efficiency of EK process.

In our basic study that used a low water flow rate of 100 ml/min, the amount of dissolved hydrogen produced during water electrolysis varied according to the roughness factor of the electrode, which is thought to affect the state of supersaturation at the electrode surface. However, at a high-water flow rate of 500 ml/min, which is commonly used in commercial and industrial contexts, no change in the amount of dissolved hydrogen was observed as a function of electrode roughness factor. We observed that, at water flow rates used in commercial and industrial applications, increasing the electrode area made it possible to decrease the supersaturation state and increase the hydrogen dissolution efficiency.

The growing demand for energy and environmental issues are the main concern for the sustainable development of modern society. Replacing toxic and expensive materials with inexpensive and biodegradable biomaterials is the main challenge for researchers. Nanocomposites are of the utmost consideration for their application in energy storage devices because of their specific electrochemical properties. Cellulose-based bionanocomposites have added a new dimension to this field since these are developed from available renewable biomaterials. Studies on developing electrodes, separators, collectors, and electrolytes for the batteries have been conducted based on these composites rigorously. Electrodes and separators made of these composites for the supercapacitors have also been investigated. Researchers have used a wide range of micro- and nano-structural cellulose along with nanostructured inorganic materials to produce cellulose-based bionanocomposites for energy devices, i.e., supercapacitors and batteries. The presence of cellulosic materials enhances the loading capacity of active materials and uniform porous structure in the electrode matrix. Thus, it has shown improved electrochemical properties. Therefore, these can help to develop biodegradable, lightweight, malleable, and strong energy storage devices. In this review article, the manufacturing process, properties, applications, and possible opportunities of cellulose-based bionanocomposites in energy storage devices have been emphasized. Its challenges and opportunities have also been discussed.

Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) is the most economical and portable and robust welding processes which utilizes the power source, electrode holder and electrode to weld metals. It is utilized successfully in welding ferrous metals. Nowadays due to increased application of non ferrous metals, the joining of the same with this welding has been on rise. The further advancement in the field of material science, the welding of ferrous and non ferrous metals has found many takers. So SMAW has been tried in welding of ferrous and non ferrous metals i.e of oxygen rich copper with chromium and nickel rich stainless steel 304. The stainless steel due to its properties like corrosion resistance, high resilience, higher toughness has been utilized in automobile, household aerospace applications. Copper has wide spread application in engineering structure, electrical components, power plant industry due to its unique mechanical, physical and chemical properties. The purpose of review is to find work done by different researchers in the area of arc welding of similar and dissimilar metals, study the findings related to research, check the feasibility to weld oxygen rich copper to chromium and nickel rich Stainless steel 304 using SMAW process and to study the, economics, sustainability of SMAW in terms of green technology and eco-social aspects and to find the suitable electrode to weld.

Traditional electrode materials for supercapacitors often face issues like high toxicity, cost, and non-renewability. To address these drawbacks, biomass-based alternatives are being explored, aligning with green development trends. Herein, carbonized wood (CW) with rich pore structure and redox-active lignin are combined to fabricate an all-wood-based sustainable supercapacitor electrode material. Due to its inherent porous structure, CW provides a larger surface area for accommodating active materials ion, enabling the electrode to achieve a higher lignin loading capacity of 2.82-11.68 mg/cm 2 . Furthermore, the utilization of lignin as a substitute for conventional transition metal-based pseudocapacitor material functionalized CW endows the electrode with exemplary electrochemical performance while guaranteeing the comprehensive sustainability of the electrode. This synergy confers the electrode with exceptional electrical performance, yielding an areal capacitance of 960.7 mF/cm 2 at a current density of 1 mA/cm 2 . The symmetric supercapacitors (SSC) manufactured by this composite electrode can achieve a notable areal energy density of 0.14 mWh/cm 2 and a power density of 15.98 mW/cm 2 , while maintaining an outstanding capacitance retention rate of 81 % after 50,000 cycles at 20 mA/cm 2 . The manufacture of CW-lignin electrode underscores the potential of utilizing renewable biomass resources as alternatives for developing high-performance energy storage applications, thereby reducing negative environmental impacts., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This study systematically explored the role of Mn(II) in the removal of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) by electro-oxidation (EO) employing anodes with low oxygen evolution potential (OEP), i.e., Ti/RuO 2 -IrO 2 , Ti/Pt, and Ti/Ti 4 O 7 , as well as anodes with high OEP, namely, Ti/PbO 2 , Ti/SnO 2 , and boron-doped diamond (Si/BDD). Mn(II) significantly promoted 4-CP removal on the anodes with low OEP at fairly low current density (0.04 to 1 mA/cm 2 ), but had minimal to negative impact on those with high OEP. Cyclic voltammetry and X-ray photoelectron spectra revealed that Mn(II) was oxidized to Mn(III), then to Mn(IV) on the anodes with low OEP, whereas its was oxidized directly to Mn(IV) on those with high OEP. Deposition of manganese oxide on the anodes with low OEP suppressed oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in EO process, but enhanced OER on those with high OEP. Quenching and spectral results consistently indicated that Mn(III) and Mn(IV) were the primary species responsible for enhancing 4-CP removal on the anodes with low OEP. These findings provide mechanistic insights into the redox transformation of Mn(II) in EO and the theoretical basis for a novel strategy to boost pollutant degradation in EO systems using low OEP anodes through coupling with the redox chemistry of manganese., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Over the past decade, MXenes, a novel class of advanced 2D nanomaterials, have manifested as a prominent electrode material with diverse applications. Their unique layered structures, negative zeta potential, charge carrier mobility, mechanical properties, adjustable bandgap, hydrophilicity, metallic nature, and surface chemistry collectively contribute to the abundance of active redox sites on the surface and a reduction in the ion diffusion pathway. Despite such promising attributes of MXene, challenges like aggregation and restacking reduce the accessibility of active surface sites for electrolyte ions. Amongst approaches such as surface functionalization, addition of spacers, or facilitating pore formation, the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of MXene on substrates has commenced to gain attention aiming to mitigate these issues. More importantly, it offers large-scale film fabrication in a short time without the necessity of using a charge-inducing agent. This review compiles recent advances in the use of EPD for preparing MXene-based electrodes and discusses the effect of EPD parameters on the relevant device performance. Recognition is given to understanding the relation of MXene colloidal composition in aqueous (and in some cases, non-aqueous) dispersions, deposition times, and other relevant parameters on respective device performances. In conclusion, the potential avenues offered by MXenes for future research on electrode materials are emphasized., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

New and novel heavy metal ion selective organic-inorganic composite CNTs reinforced polyaniline@Zn-CuO was expediently obtained by the sol-gel method. Conducting monomer, aniline was polymerized by in situ chemical oxidation. The CNT reinforced polyaniline@Zn-CuO was used for the preparation of ion-selective membrane. The prepared membrane was characterized for porosity, swelling, and find suitable to be used for the preparation of modified ion-selective membrane electrode. The prepared electrode was calibrated with different metal ions and found suitable selective for Hg2+ ions. The electrode showed excellent results as the limit of detection (1 × 10−6 M), working conc range (1 × 10−1 M to 1 × 10−6 M), pH working range (3–6), and response time 17 Sec with room temperature stability two and half month while 30.2 mV is the Nerstian slope obtained by per decade change in metal ion concentration of Hg2+. The practical utility of the proposed membrane sensor assembly was tested by its use as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric titrations.

Manganese is an essential nutrient of the human body but also toxic at elevated levels with symptoms of neurotoxicity reported, therefore its analytical determination is required. Manganese (II) is ingested primarily through food and drinking water so its routine monitoring in such samples is essential. While laboratory based analytical instrumentation can be routinely used to measure manganese (II), there is a need to develop methods for manganese (II) determination that can be performed in-the-field utilizing simple and inexpensive instrumentation yet providing comparable sensitive analytical measurements. Electrochemistry can provide a solution with instrumentation readily portable and hand-held coupled with electrochemical sensing platforms that are sensitive and provide on-site rapid analytical measurements. Consequently, in this overview we explore the electroanalytical determination of manganese (II) reported throughout the literature and offer insights into future research opportunities within this important field.

The development of next-generation electrodes is key for advancing performance parameters of lithium-ion batteries and achieving the target of net-zero emissions in the near future. Electrode architecture and design can greatly affect electrode properties and the effects are sometimes complicated. The architecture of current electrodes is designed mainly based on empirical studies by making trade-offs between battery performance parameters. Thus, a holistic understanding of the relationships between electrode architecture-property-performance is urgently needed. Additionally, the implementation of next-generation electrodes with optimised architectures also relies on manufacturing capability. Various manufacturing processes have been proposed to produce electrodes with characteristic architectures. Nevertheless, the merits and limitations of the manufacturing processes are not well understood and selecting appropriate manufacturing processes is challenging. Herein, ten manufacturing processes are illustrated, which have been classified into four categories of slurry casting, templating, additive manufacturing, laser ablation. The overall performance of all the manufacturing processes is first qualitatively compared from five different aspects of architectural controllability, scalability, sustainability, simplicity and cost, followed by a quantitative comparison using a Weighted Manufacturing Score method. This work provides a guideline for future electrode architectural design illustrating the limitations and potential advantages of different methodologies to stimulate the development of the next-generation LIB electrodes.

Conventional silver-silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrodes are widely used for recording surface electromyography (sEMG) with a conductive gel. However, for long-term sEMG recording, the gel has some disadvantages that cause high impedance. Therefore, the dry electrodes have been alternatively purposed to overcome these disadvantages. Recently, the nanomaterial-based dry electrodes have been developed for long term electrophysiological signal recording. In the present study, we aimed to develop a graphene-coated Ag/AgCl electrode for long-term recording. We transferred single layer graphene (SLG) on the Ag/AgCl electrode surface by using chemical vapor deposition and confirmed this process by Raman scattering spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. We then compared the graphene-coated Ag/AgCl and conventional Ag/AgCl electrodes by evaluating median motor nerve conduction studies (mNCS) and their impedance. The charge transfer resistance (Rct) for the Ag/AgCl electrode (4170 Ω) was much higher than graphene-coated Ag/AgCl electrode (Rct = 24.6 Ω). For median mNCS measurements without gel, the graphene-coated Ag/AgCl electrode provided a better amplitude of distal and proximal compound muscle action potential (28.3 mV and 25.8 mV, respectively) than the Ag/AgCl electrode (21.8 mV and 20.9 mV, respectively). Consequently, the present study suggests promising results in terms of the usability of graphene-coated Ag/AgCl electrodes for long-term monitoring and wearable systems applications of sEMG. In future studies, we aim to investigate clinical applicability of graphene-coated sEMG electrodes that include extended clinical settings and larger study population.

In this work, a green technique for preparing TbFeO3/CuO was reported by employing Crataegus and Lantana Camara leaves as fuel and alkalizing agents, respectively. The new sensor based on the perovskite-type nanocomposite was employed as a sensitive and selective platform to detect Pb(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) simultaneously. TbFeO3/CuO/Carbon paste electrode (CPE) exhibited a large specific surface area and great electrical conductivity, which enhanced electron transport in the electrochemical process considerably. Moreover, square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) was used for the investigation of some factors influencing the sensor sensitivity like pH, modifier concentration, as well as accumulation time and potential. Therefore, the low detection limit (LOD) and a wide linear range were obtained at optimum conditions. In this study, a linear range between 0.9 and 110 µg/L for three ions and LOD of 0.48, 0.29 and 0.12 for zinc, cadmium and lead were achieved, respectively. Moreover, TbFeO3/CuO/CPE was employed to detect zinc, cadmium and lead ions simultaneously in the real samples so that the results have shown consistency with a standard inductively coupled plasma (ICP).

Nanofibrous carbon-based electrodes constitute key components in light-weight and environmentally-friendly supercapacitors. However, there is still need to reach higher specific capacitance, better stability of the electrode materials and more efficient energy density. In particular, the carbon electrodes’ applications are limited by their low Electric Double-Layer Capacitance (EDLC) and high cost. Our goal is to achieve a supercapacitor electrode with high specific capacitance, combining the fast charging of EDLC and high energy density of pseudocapacitor feature. Here, we report a method to prepare flexible lignin-based composite nanofibers which includes iron oxide nanoparticles (L-CNFs@FexOy nanofibers) in one-step via electrospinning. Morphology, surface chemical compositions, pore structure, phase formation and structure properties of the L-CNFs@FexOy nanofibers were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), N2 absorbance, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopy (XRD) and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS). The electrical properties and electrochemical performance of the nanofibers were investigated by using Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy (C-AFM) and Potentiostat/Galvanostat (i.e. CV, GCD, EIS), respectively. L-CNFs@Fe3O4 electrodes exhibit high specific capacitance (216 F g−1 at 0.1 A g−1) and ultra-high energy density (43 Wh kg−1). We suggest that the nanostructures developed around the presence of amorphous and crystalline carbon and the iron oxide nanostructure produce the unique porosity and surface area that contribute to the intrinsic electrochemical performance. This model study involving nanostructures formed by earthly-abundant metal compound and biomass carbon presents a new approach to novel, cost-effective and durable electrodes in alternative energy storage application.

One-dimensional (1D) Pt-based electrocatalysts demonstrate outstanding catalytic activities and stability toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Advances in three-dimensional (3D) ordered electrodes based on 1D Pt-based nanostructure arrays have revealed great potential for developing high-performance proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), in particular for addressing the mass transfer and durability challenges of Pt/C nanoparticle electrodes. This paper reviews recent progress in the field, with a focus on the 3D ordered electrodes based on self-standing Pt nanowire arrays. Nanostructured thin-film (NSTF) catalysts are discussed along with electrodes made from Pt-based nanoparticles deposited on arrays of polymer nanowires, and carbon and TiO2 nanotubes. Achievements on electrodes from Pt-based nanotube arrays are also reviewed. The importance of size, surface properties, and the distribution control of 1D catalyst nanostructures is indicated. Finally, challenges and future development opportunities are addressed regarding increasing electrochemical surface area (ECSA) and quantifying oxygen mass transport resistance for 1D nanostructure array electrodes.

People with amputation may perceive phantom limb sensations or pain in the amputated body part when ipsilateral body-regions are stimulated. These body-regions are called receptive fields. This study assessed whether receptive fields change in size and position over the course of one month in people with trans-tibial amputation and whether electrical stimulation of these fields in synchrony with walking affects phantom sensations and variables of gait. Thirty-one subjects participated in this study. Receptive fields were mapped seven times over a one month period. Thereafter, the effect of electrical stimulation in synchrony with walking was compared to placebo stimulation in an acute setting with a randomized, single-blind gait analysis in 18 participants. Results showed that receptive field size and position presented an adequate degree of consistency (difference in point of first response position of 4.9 ± 4.8 cm and overlap of total receptive field area of 54.3 ± 35.0 %) for future use of electrical stimulation. Gait parameters for everyday activities (speed, gait width, % stance and swing phase) as well as perception of phantom pain were not altered to a clinically relevant degree by electrical stimulation and no negative effects were reported. In conclusion: Location and size of receptive fields are consistent enough for daily electrical stimulation without laborious daily assessment. If applied acutely, no significant effect on gait or pain could be detected. However, results are promising enough to test chronic application of electrical stimulation during gait in a long-term setting.

In this study, four different polymeric binders - polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), two-component epoxy (epoxy), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) - were used to fabricate a surface-modified stainless-steel electrode. The polymeric binders were used to bond highly conductive carbon-black to a stainless-steel support using a simple fabrication method. The performance of the electrodes in terms of sustainable power generation was tested in a soil microbial fuel cell (SMFC). PTFE showed the fastest and best initial response in no-load operation, reaching a voltage of 370 mV after 7 days, compared to epoxy, PVA, and PVDF, which had 163, 151.7, and -26.7 mV, respectively. Electrochemical measurements showed that epoxy and PVDF have similar redox potential when operated as anode and cathode in an SMFC. Electrochemical evaluation of the long-term performance of the binders showed that epoxy gave 2.2-, 3.4-, and 4.9-fold higher performance than PVDF, PTFE, and PVA, respectively, under intermittent polarization. Although PVDF did not perform well in open circuits, it produced the highest current density in continuous operation with external loads. The most sustained performance was obtained with epoxy. This study has shown that epoxy can be a suitable and eco-friendly substitute for other binders using a simple fabrication method to produce high-performance anodes and cathodes for sustainable bioelectricity generation with a SMFC.

The present work includes the fabrication and electrochemical characterization of cobalt oxide (Co3O4)/graphene nanosheets nanocomposite as efficient electrode for supercapacitor application. The characterization techniques involved in this work are scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy for surface morphology, Raman spectroscopy and X-Ray diffraction for structural analysis. The specific capacitance of Co3O4 with multilayer graphene nanocomposite was determined to be 140 F/g (28 mF/cm2) at scan rate of 20 mV/s. The composite electrode can deliver a power density of 856 W/kg with maintaining energy density of 2.38 Wh/kg. The better performance is due to the synergistic effect of graphene and Co3O4 in the composite.

This mini-review summarizes the recent research on the applications of anodic one-dimensional suboxide titania nanostructures with enhanced electrodics properties by introducing atomic-scale defects into the titania systems. Due to the unique semiconductive properties of TiO2 nanostructures, so far, the main focus of research has been on photocatalytic applications of this semiconductor. The limited conductivity of pristine anodized titania restrains the application of one-dimensional (1D) nanostructured TiO2 as an electrode. However, recently published works present that suboxide TiO2 nanotubes, due to the enhanced conductivity, are promising electrodes for electrochemical applications. In this mini-review, we highlight the unique advantages of defective TiO2-x nanotubes as an electrode and address the recent electrodics applications of 1D anodic TiO2 nanotubes.

Composite electrodes containing both carbon and transition metal oxides have attracted tremendous interest because of their great potential as prominent electrodes for supercapacitors. Herein, direct growth of δ-MnO2 on wheat flour-derived carbon foam (WFCF) with well-developed hierarchical microstructure is readily carried out through an easy, scalable, and reliable two-step synthesis (also referred to as ''foaming and cooking'' technique), thereby achieving dual goals of environmental sustainability and remarkable electrical energy storage. The unique electrode architecture closely assembled between the prepared sponge-like carbon foam and nanostructured δ-MnO2 affords not only large exposed electroactive surface area but also rapid electrons and ions transport pathway, benefiting from the 3D interconnected hierarchical porous texture as well as considerable open channels between the anchored MnO2 sheets. As a result, the symmetric supercapacitor device based on the WFCF/MnO2-2.0 composite delivers a capacitance of 146 F g−1 and an impressive energy density of 20.3 Wh kg−1 at 1 A g−1 with good cycling stability in 6 M KOH electrolyte. The kinetic analysis indicates a combination of capacitive and battery-like electrochemical response. The proposed ''foaming and cooking'' strategy renders a prospective way for facile construction of high-performance supercapacitor electrodes with fast kinetics, good reversibility and structure stability.

Herein, the interfacial polymerization method has been used for the synthesis of PPy/NaVO3 composites with different compositions of NaVO3 (10 %, 20 %, 30 %, 40 % and 50 %) as an efficient electrode material for supercapacitors. The successful formation and composition of the as-prepared composites (PV1-PV5) were confirmed by FTIR, XRD, EDX, and SEM analysis. The electrochemical properties were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanometric charge–discharge measurement (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte. As compared to other, the PV4 composite exhibit excellent specific capacitance of 391 F g−1 at a current density of 0.75 A/g with good cycling stability of ∼59 % after 1000 cycles. Furthermore, the PV4 composite also shows a high specific energy density of 14 Wh kg−1 and a specific power density of 150 W kg−1. The excellent electrochemical performance of PPy/NaVO3 composites (PV1-PV5) was attributed to the synergistic effect of conducting PPy and NaVO3 which provides the effective surface area for the efficient storage of ions and transfer of electrons and ions on the surface of the electrode. Thus, these excellent electrochemical performances reflect and suggest the practical application of PV4 electrode material for future high-energy–density supercapacitors.

MoS2 structures with large surface areas and edges for use as electrocatalysts in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are typically synthesized via solvothermal and hydrothermal methods. However, to utilize the fabricated particles as electrodes, they should be applied on substrates in the form of inks; this requires additional processing. Furthermore, if the electrode has a three-dimensional structure with more than two sides, applying the ink to the entire surface is difficult. Therefore, there is a requirement for a thin-film deposition process based on a fast reaction that does not require toxic substances and can be used for one-pot electrode fabrication. In this study, we present a rapid, one-step hydrothermal electrodeposition technique for the formation of MoS2 thin films on glassy carbon substrates. The MoS2 electrocatalysts fabricated using this method have surfaces that are rich in metallic phases, and they exhibit good activity as hydrogen evolution catalysts. This hydrothermal electrodeposition technique is expected to be broadly applicable to various electrodes and other technologies.

In this overview we explore the electroanalytical determination of the molecule of murder: atropine. Atropine, occurs naturally in various plants of the nightshade family, including the deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna). On the one hand, atropine, a tropane alkaloid, has medical uses, named on the World Health Organisations list of essential medicines, used for example in resuscitations and as an antidote to certain poison gases and insecticides, but on the other hand, it is fatal in a high enough dose. Atropine derives it names from atropos, one of the three Fates, where in Greek mythology, one of the Fates determining the individuals moment of death. There is clearly a need to analytically determine atropine within clinical and other misdemeanours situations. In this overview, we review the current research directed to the electroanalytical sensing of atropine.

Lithium-ion battery electrode design and manufacture is a multi-faceted process where the link between underlying physical processes and manufacturing outputs is not yet fully understood. This is in part due to the many parameters and variables involved and the lack of complete data sets under different processing conditions. The slurry coating step has significant implications for electrode design and advanced metrology offers opportunities to improve understanding and control at this stage. Here, metrology options for slurry coating are reviewed as well as opportunities for in-line integration, discussing the benefits of combining advanced metrology to provide comprehensive characterisation, improve understanding and feed into predictive design models. There is a comprehensive range of metrology which needs little improvement to provide the relevant quantifiable measures during coating, with one exception of particle sizing, where more precise, in-line measurement would be beneficial. However, there is a lack of studies that bring together the latest advancements in electrode coating metrology which is crucial to understanding the interdependency of myriad processing and product parameters. This review highlights the need for a comprehensive metrological picture whose value would be much greater than the sum of its parts for the next generation of multiphysics and data-driven models.

Biofilms form complex structures that are ubiquitous in natural environments and can cause chronic infections which are difficult to treat. While much is known about biofilms, many questions remain about how biofilms mature and respond to internal and external stimuli. To understand the phenomena that occur within the biofilm matrix, sensing techniques capable of quantitatively resolving spatial and temporal dynamics of key analytes in the biofilm are needed. Biofilm spatial and temporal heterogeneity provide unique hurdles in fully assessing these intricacies. This review provides a detailed overview of methods that have been used to sense a variety of relevant analytes in biofilms. Electrochemical, optical, and other analytical techniques each possess distinct strengths and weaknesses depending on the application showing that biofilm sensing does not have a “one-size fits all” solution. The analyte being measured, the environment it is analyzed in, and the information that is needed determine whether known approaches may be appropriate or novel methods need to be developed. This review aims to help readers understand these techniques so that they can be applied to future projects for better understanding of biofilm elements and evolving sensing approaches.

In this overview, we explore the electroanalytical determination of theophylline. Theophylline finds use as a bronchodilator for treating diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). There is a need to measure the concentration of theophylline in pharmaceuticals for QA/QC purposes as well as in plasma samples to ensure the doses of theophylline are at the correct therapeutic levels. If the concentration levels of theophylline deviate from the therapeutic levels (10–20 µg/mL for asthma), then patients can experience adverse effects. As such, there is a desire to progress from traditional laboratory based techniques to portable rapid testing. In this overview, we review the endeavours directed to the development of theophylline electroanalytical sensors, noting current and future trends.

The data presented in this article are related to the computed results reported in the article entitled “A modeling approach to study the performance of Ni-rich layered oxide cathode for lithium-ion battery” [1]. The lithium-ion battery (LIB) employed in the simulation is made up of a LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 (NMC 622) cathode and lithium metal foil anode. The numerical simulations were carried out using COMSOL Multiphysics 5.4 software which is based on the finite element (FE) method. The data presented in this manuscript shows how varying particle size and porosity affect the performance of the battery as the discharging rate is varied. Four different particle sizes and six different porosities were varied for the purpose of understanding the above behavior. The data presented can be used to further the analysis reported in the accompanying manuscript and aid in design of other cathode materials for LIB and other battery systems. It can also be used to compare some measured results for validation purposes. A comprehensive analysis of the data is found in [1].

Performance properties of lithium-ion battery electrodes; capacity, rate and lifetime, are determined by the design of the coating composite microstructure. The internal pore structure and electronic networks for high coat weight graphite electrodes are manipulated through changes in the ink rheological properties, and through an syringe dispensing printing process. The rheological properties of a water-based, high viscosity graphite ink were optimised using a secondary solvent for the rheological requirements of a syringe dispensing method. The microstructure of high coat-weight battery electrodes produced from printing and tape cast methods were compared and the electrochemical performance evaluated. Cross sectional analysis of the slurry cast coatings showed improved component homogeneity, lower graphite alignment with 0.1% to 10% weight increase of the secondary solvent, with a corresponding change in tortuosity of the electrodes of 5.3–2.8. Improved cycle life is observed with a printed electrode containing an embedded electrolyte channel. Performance properties were elucidated through charge discharge, GITT and PEIS measurements. Improved electronic conductivities, exchange currents and diffusion coefficients were observed for the syringe deposited electrode. This digital deposition process for manufacturing electrodes shows promise for further optimisation of electrodes for long-life, high energy density batteries.

This study involves the preparation and investigation of a novel and highly selective poly(vinyl chloride)-based membrane of 2-((5-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylideneamino)-2H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylimino)methyl)-6-methoxyphenol Schiff base ligand (HMBT), which is a neutral ionophore with sodium tetraphenyl borate (STB) in the form of an excluder and o-nitrophenyloctyl ether (o-NPOE) in the form of solvent mediators (plasticizing) as a Ni(II)-selective electrode. The observation of optimal performance was done wherein the membrane was shown to have the HMBT–PVC–NPOE-STB composition of 4:32:63:1.It worked effectively across a broad range of concentration (1.0 × 10−8 to 1.0 × 10−2 mol L−1). Meanwhile, the Nernstian slope was recorded as 29.3 mV per decade of activity between pH 3.0 and 8.0. The response time of this electrode was fast at 11 s which was used for a span of 100 days with sound reproducibility. According to the selectivity coefficients for trivalent, divalent, and monovalent cations, excellent selectivity was indicated for Ni(II) ions across a large number of citations, whereas no interference was caused by anions like PO43−, SO42− and Cl−. The proposed method in this study was applied successfully to determine Ni(II) content in different samples of water, obtaining suitable recoveries. Additionally, the probed sensor is utilized as indicator electrode when considering Ni2+ ion potentiometric titration against EDTA. In addition, the chelate’s geometry and structure of the complex formed between Ni2+ ions and HMBT, abbreviated as HMBT-Ni2, was evaluated by separating the solid product. Complex structure was confirmed based on alternative analytical and spectral methods to be structured in the bimetallic form with the formula [Ni2(HMBT)(H2O)2 Cl2]. The diamagnetic nature of the complex, which was concluded from the room temperature magnetic moment measurement combined with the UV–Vis measurement, suggested the square planar geometry around the Ni centers.

Due to their organized structures, remarkable stiffness, and nice biocompatibility and biodegradability, amyloid fibrils serve as building blocks for versatile sustainable materials. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are commonly used as the nano-catalysts for various electrochemical reactions. Given their large specific surface area and high surface energy, AgNPs exhibit high aggregation propensity, which hampers their electrocatalytic performance. Food protein wastes have been identified to be associated with climate change and environmental impacts, and a surplus of whey proteins in dairy industries causes high biological and chemical demands, and greenhouse gas emissions. This study is aimed at constructing sustainable electrode surface modifiers using AgNP-deposited whey protein amyloid fibrils (AgNP/WPI-AFs). AgNP/WPI-AFs were synthesized and characterized via spectroscopic techniques, electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Next, the electrocatalytic performance of AgNP/WPI-AF modified electrode was assessed via para-nitrophenol (p-NP) reduction combined with various electrochemical analyses. Moreover, the reaction mechanism of p-NP electrocatalysis on the surface of AgNP/WPI-AF modified electrode was investigated. The detection range, limit of detection, sensitivity, and selectivity of the AgNP/WPI-AF modified electrode were evaluated accordingly. This work not only demonstrates an alternative for whey valorization but also highlights the feasibility of using amyloid-based hybrid materials as the electrode surface modifier for electrochemical sensing purposes., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)