46 results on '"Valero, Francisco"'
Search Results
2. An analysis of the errors in the calculation of ice discharge through flux gates. Application to Nunavut tidewater glaciers, Canada
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Sánchez Gámez, Pablo and Navarro Valero, Francisco Jose
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Telecomunicaciones ,Matemáticas ,Geología - Abstract
Five 20-m deep firn cores were extracted and analyzed for density and stratigraphy, two full energy balance weather stations were deployed, equipped with 16 m long thermistor strings to measure firn temperature, and over 300 km of ground penetrating radar data were collected. Preliminary firn cores analysis reveals increasing frequency and thickness of ice lenses toward lower ice-sheet elevations, in agreement with other recent work in the area. The collected data will facilitate advances in our understanding of the spatio-temporal distribution and variability of firn refreezing and its role in the surface mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet.
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- 2018
3. Ice discharge error estimates using different cross-sectional area approaches: a case study for the Canadian High Arctic, 2016/17
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Sánchez-Gámez, Pablo, Navarro Valero, Francisco José, Sánchez-Gámez, Pablo, and Navarro Valero, Francisco José
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We analyse the various error sources in the estimation of ice discharge through flux gates, distinguishing the cases with ice-thickness data available for glacier cross-sections or only along the centreline. For the latter, we analyse the performance of three U-shaped cross-sectional approaches. We apply this methodology to glaciers of the Canadian High Arctic. The velocity field is the main error source for small and medium-size glaciers (discharge 100 Mt a−1 ) with high velocities (>100 m a−1 ) the error in crosssectional area dominates. Thinning/thickening between ice-thickness and velocity measurements should be considered, as it implies systematic errors up to 8% in our study. The U-shaped parabolic approach, which allows for an adjusted estimation when the ice-thickness measurement point is displaced from the glacier centreline, performs best, with small bias and admissible standard error. We observe an increase of ice discharge from the main glaciers (Trinity and Wykeham) of the Prince of Wales Icefield from 2015 to 2016, by 5 and 20%, respectively, followed by a decrease in 2017, by 10 and 15%, respectively. Belcher Glacier, of the Devon Ice Cap, maintains similar discharges during 2015–17.
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- 2018
4. The Ice-free topography of Svalbard
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Fürst, Johannes J., Navarro Valero, Francisco José, Gillet-Chaulet, Fabien, Huss, Matthias, Moholdt, Geir, Fettweis, Xavier, Lang, Charlotte, Seehaus, Thorsten, Ai, Songtao, Benham, Toby J., Benn, Douglas I., Bjornsson, Helgi, Dowdeswell, Julian A., Grabiec, Mariusz, Kohler, Jack, Lavrentiev, Ivan, Lindback, Katrin, Melvold, Kjetil, Pettersson, Rickard, Rippin, David, Saintenoy, Albane, Sánchez Gámez, Pablo, Schuler, Thomas V., Sevestre, Heidi, Vasilenko, Evgeny, Braun, Matthias H., Fürst, Johannes J., Navarro Valero, Francisco José, Gillet-Chaulet, Fabien, Huss, Matthias, Moholdt, Geir, Fettweis, Xavier, Lang, Charlotte, Seehaus, Thorsten, Ai, Songtao, Benham, Toby J., Benn, Douglas I., Bjornsson, Helgi, Dowdeswell, Julian A., Grabiec, Mariusz, Kohler, Jack, Lavrentiev, Ivan, Lindback, Katrin, Melvold, Kjetil, Pettersson, Rickard, Rippin, David, Saintenoy, Albane, Sánchez Gámez, Pablo, Schuler, Thomas V., Sevestre, Heidi, Vasilenko, Evgeny, and Braun, Matthias H.
- Abstract
We present a first version of the Svalbard ice-free topography (SVIFT1.0) using a mass conserving approach for mapping glacier ice thickness. SVIFT1.0 is informed by more than 1 million point measurements, totalling more than 8,700 km of thickness profiles. SVIFT1.0 is publicly available and represents the geometric state around the year 2010. Our estimate for the total ice volume is 6,199 km3 , equivalent to 1.5-cm sea level rise. The thickness map suggests that 13% of the glacierized area is grounded below sea level. A complementary map of error estimates comprises uncertainties in the thickness surveys as well as in other input variables. Aggregated error estimates are used to define a likely ice-volume range of 5,200–7,300 km3 . The ice front thickness of marine-terminating glaciers is a key quantity for ice loss attribution because it controls the potential ice discharge by iceberg calving into the ocean. We find a mean ice front thickness of 135 m for the archipelago (likely range 123–158 m).
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- 2018
5. Bipolar dispersal of red-snow algae
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Segawa, Takahiro, Matsuzaki, Ryo, Takeuchi, Nozomu, Akiyoshi, Ayumi, Navarro Valero, Francisco José, Sugiyama, Shin, Yonezawa, Takahiro, Mori, Hiroshi, Segawa, Takahiro, Matsuzaki, Ryo, Takeuchi, Nozomu, Akiyoshi, Ayumi, Navarro Valero, Francisco José, Sugiyama, Shin, Yonezawa, Takahiro, and Mori, Hiroshi
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Red-snow algae are red-pigmented unicellular algae that appear seasonally on the surface of thawing snow worldwide. Here, we analyse the distribution patterns of snow algae sampled from glaciers and snow patches in the Arctic and Antarctica based on nuclear ITS2 sequences, which evolve rapidly. The number of phylotypes is limited in both polar regions, and most are specific to either the Arctic or Antarctica. However, the bipolar phylotypes account for the largest share (37.3%) of all sequences, suggesting that red-algal blooms in polar regions may comprise mainly cosmopolitan phylotypes but also include endemic organisms, which are distributed either in the Arctic or Antarctica.
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- 2018
6. Effects of recent cooling in the Antarctic Peninsula on snow density and surface mass balance
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Recio Blitz, Cayetana del Pilar, Navarro Valero, Francisco José, Otero García, Jaime, Lapazaran Izargain, Javier Jesús, González Herrero, Sergi, Recio Blitz, Cayetana del Pilar, Navarro Valero, Francisco José, Otero García, Jaime, Lapazaran Izargain, Javier Jesús, and González Herrero, Sergi
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The Antarctic Peninsula region has experienced a recent cooling for about 15 years since the beginning of the 21st century. In Livingston Island, this cooling has been of 0.8°C over the 12-yr period 2004–2016, and of 1.0°C for the summer average temperatures over the same period. In this paper, we analyse whether this observed cooling has implied a significant change in the density of the snowpack covering Hurd and Johnsons glaciers, and whether such a density change has had, by itself, a noticeable impact in the calculated surface mass balance. Our results indicate a decrease in the snow density by 22 kg m-3 over the study period. The density changes are shown to be correlated with the summer temperature changes. We show that this observed decrease in density does not have an appreciable effect on the calculated surface mass balance, as the corresponding changes are below the usual error range of the surface mass balance estimates. This relieves us from the need of detailed and time-consuming snow density measurements at every mass-balance campaign.
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- 2018
7. A two-dimensional glacier-fjord coupled model applied to estimate submarine melt rates and front position changes of Hansbreen, Svalbard
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Andrés Marruedo, Eva de, Otero García, Jaime, Navarro Valero, Francisco José, Prominska, Agnieszka, Lapazaran Izargain, Javier Jesús, Walczowski, Waldemar, Andrés Marruedo, Eva de, Otero García, Jaime, Navarro Valero, Francisco José, Prominska, Agnieszka, Lapazaran Izargain, Javier Jesús, and Walczowski, Waldemar
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We have developed a two-dimensional coupled glacier–fjord model, which runs automatically using Elmer/Ice and MITgcm software packages, to investigate the magnitude of submarine melting along a vertical glacier front and its potential influence on glacier calving and front position changes. We apply this model to simulate the Hansbreen glacier–Hansbukta proglacial–fjord system, Southwestern Svalbard, during the summer of 2010. The limited size of this system allows us to resolve some of the small-scale processes occurring at the ice–ocean interface in the fjord model, using a 0.5 s time step and a 1 m grid resolution near the glacier front. We use a rich set of field data spanning the period April–August 2010 to constrain, calibrate and validate the model. We adjust circulation patterns in the fjord by tuning subglacial discharge inputs that best match observed temperature while maintaining a compromise with observed salinity, suggesting a convectively driven circulation in Hansbukta. The results of our model simulations suggest that both submarine melting and crevasse hydrofracturing exert important controls on seasonal frontal ablation, with submarine melting alone not being sufficient for reproducing the observed patterns of seasonal retreat. Both submarine melt and calving rates accumulated along the entire simulation period are of the same order of magnitude, ∼100 m. The model results also indicate that changes in submarine melting lag meltwater production by 4–5 weeks, which suggests that it may take up to a month for meltwater to traverse the englacial and subglacial drainage network.
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- 2018
8. A fjord-glacier coupled system model
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Andrés Marruedo, Eva de, Otero García, Jaime, Navarro Valero, Francisco Jose, Prominska, Agnieszka, Lapazaran Izargain, Javier Jesús, and Walczowski, Waldemar
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Telecomunicaciones ,Matemáticas ,Electrónica ,Geología - Abstract
With the aim of studying the processes occurring at the front of marine-terminating glaciers, we couple a fjord circulationmodelwithaflowlineglacierdynamicsmodel,withsubglacialdischargeandcalving,whichallowsthe calculation of submarine melt and its influence on calving processes.
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- 2017
9. A two-step mass-conservation approach to infer ice thickness maps: Performance for different glacier types on Svalbard
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Fürst, Johannes J., Seehaus, Thorsten, Sass, Björn, Aas, Kjetil, Benham, Toby J., Dowdeswell, Julian A., Fettweis, Julian, Gillet-Chaulet, Fabien, Moholdt, Geir, Navarro Valero, Francisco Jose, Nuth, Christopher, Petterson, Rickard, and Braun, Matthias H.
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Telecomunicaciones ,Electrónica ,Geología - Abstract
Satellite remote sensing based on optical or radar instruments has enable us to measure glacier-wide surface velocities as well as changes both in glacier extent and in surface elevation with good coverage worldwide.
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- 2017
10. Geomatic methods applied to the study of the front position changes of Johnsons and Hurd Glaciers, Livingston Island, Antarctica, between 1957 and 2013
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Rodríguez Cielos, Ricardo, Aguirre de Mata, Julián, Díez Galilea, Andrés, Álvarez Alonso, Marina, Rodríguez Cielos, Pedro, Navarro Valero, Francisco José, Rodríguez Cielos, Ricardo, Aguirre de Mata, Julián, Díez Galilea, Andrés, Álvarez Alonso, Marina, Rodríguez Cielos, Pedro, and Navarro Valero, Francisco José
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Various geomatic measurement techniques can be efficiently combined for surveying glacier fronts.Aerial photographs and satellite images can be used to determine the position of the glacier terminus. If theglacier front is easily accessible, the classic surveys using theodolite or total station, GNSS (Global NavigationSatellite System) techniques, laser-scanner or close-range photogrammetry are possible. When the accessibilityto the glacier front is difficult or impossible, close-range photogrammetry proves to be useful, inexpensive andfast. In this paper, a methodology combining photogrammetric methods and other techniques is applied to deter-mine the calving front position of Johnsons Glacier. Images taken in 2013 with an inexpensive nonmetric digitalcamera are georeferenced to a global coordinate system by measuring, using GNSS techniques, support points inaccessible areas close to the glacier front, from which control points in inaccessible points on the glacier surfacenear its calving front are determined with theodolite using the direct intersection method. The front positionchanges of Johnsons Glacier during the period 1957–2013, as well as those of the land-terminating fronts of Argentina, Las Palmas and Sally Rocks lobes of Hurd glacier, are determined from different geomatic techniquessuch as surface-based GNSS measurements, aerial photogrammetry and satellite optical imagery. This providesa set of frontal positions useful, e.g., for glacier dynamics modeling and mass balance studies.
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- 2016
11. Resolución numérica con Matlab de Problemas de Ingeniería Biomédica
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Navarro Valero, Francisco José, Güemes González, Amparo, Navarro Valero, Francisco José, and Güemes González, Amparo
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El objetivo de este Trabajo de Fin de Grado es diseñar e implementar un conjunto completo de prácticas que cubran los contenidos matemáticos de las prácticas actualmente disponibles aplicándolos a la resolución de problemas específicos de la ingeniería biomédica. Estas prácticas se implementan en Matlab, del que la UPM dispone la licencia de campus. Las prácticas van precedidas de un planteamiento de cada problema biomédico. Este planteamiento incluye la deducción del modelo matemático que representa el problema en cuestión, salvo que sea excesivamente complicado (en comparación con el nivel exigible en el GIB), en cuyo caso se realizará una introducción teórica del proceso físico-químico a estudiar. Lo que se busca es que los problemas sean representativos de los temas estudiados a lo largo del grado en otras asignaturas. Las prácticas incluyen además un código Matlab ya escrito (total o parcialmente) o simplemente las instrucciones para la escritura del código por parte del alumno. Lo que se pretende con estas prácticas es reforzar el aprendizaje del alumno, tanto en sus aspectos de planteamiento/modelización de problemas, como en los de resolución, presentación escrita/gráfica de resultados y análisis de los mismos. Para lograr los objetivos expuestos se ha realizado en primer lugar una exhaustiva revisión bibliográfica sobre el tema, seguido del diseño de las prácticas, su implementación en Matlab y la prueba de los códigos. Una vez verificado su correcto funcionamiento, se redactó una guía del alumno, que contiene tanto el planteamiento teórico de la práctica como las instrucciones para su realización, y una guía del profesor, que incluye las soluciones de las prácticas y, en su caso, los problemas más habituales esperados en la resolución de las mismas. Se pretende con esta guía del profesor disponer de un manual que pueda ser fácilmente utilizado por posibles monitores de prácticas que ayuden al docente en su labor durante las sesiones de laboratorio de la as
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- 2016
12. Ice thickness distribution and hydrothermal structure of Elfenbeinbreen and Sveigbreen, eastern Spitsbergen, Svalbard
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Navarro Valero, Francisco José, Moeller, Rebecca, Vasilenko, Evgeny, Martín Español, Alba, Finkelnburg, Roman, Möeller, Marco, Navarro Valero, Francisco José, Moeller, Rebecca, Vasilenko, Evgeny, Martín Español, Alba, Finkelnburg, Roman, and Möeller, Marco
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In recent decades, Svalbard glaciers have been widely radioecho sounded. The earliest extensive surveys of ice thickness were the airborne echo soundings carried out in the 1970s and 1980s (Macheret and Zhuravlev, 1982; Dowdeswell and others, 1984). These studies used low-accuracy radar and positioning systems and mostly consisted of a single profile along the centre line of each glacier. Subsequent radar campaigns, mostly ground-based but sometimes also airborne, used increasingly improved radar and positioning systems providing a wider coverage of the glacier surfaces by radar profiles. A complete summary of glaciers on Svalbard with readily available radio-echo sounded ice-thickness data can be found in Martín-Español and others (2015).
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- 2015
13. Estimate of the total volume of Svalbard glaciers, and their potential contribution to sea-level rise, using new regionally based scaling relationships
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Martín Español, Alba, Navarro Valero, Francisco José, Otero García, Jaime, Lapazaran Izargain, Javier Jesús, Blaszczyk, M., Martín Español, Alba, Navarro Valero, Francisco José, Otero García, Jaime, Lapazaran Izargain, Javier Jesús, and Blaszczyk, M.
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We present a set of new volume scaling relationships specific to Svalbard glaciers, derived from a sample of 60 volume–area pairs. Glacier volumes are computed from ground-penetrating radar (GPR)-retrieved ice thickness measurements, which have been compiled from different sources for this study. The most precise scaling models, in terms of lowest cross-validation errors, are obtained using a multivariate approach where, in addition to glacier area, glacier length and elevation range are also used as predictors. Using this multivariate scaling approach, together with the Randolph Glacier Inventory V3.2 for Svalbard and Jan Mayen, we obtain a regional volume estimate of 6700 ± 835 km3, or 17 ± 2 mm of sea-level equivalent (SLE). This result lies in the mid- to low range of recently published estimates, which show values as varied as 13 and 24 mm SLE. We assess the sensitivity of the scaling exponents to glacier characteristics such as size, aspect ratio and average slope, and find that the volume of steep-slope and cirque-type glaciers is not very sensitive to changes in glacier area.
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- 2015
14. Local effects of depth-dependent water content of ice and snow and firn layers temperature on a conjectured subglacial lake below Amundsenisen Icefield (Svalbard)
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Bucchignani, Edoardo, Mansutti, Daniela, Navarro Valero, Francisco José, Otero García, Jaime, and Glowacki, Piotr
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Telecomunicaciones ,Matemáticas ,Geología - Abstract
It is known that the Amundsenisen Icefield in Southern Spitzbergen (Svalbard achipelago) is temperate with an upper layer of snow and firn. It is an accumulation area and, though ice/water mass balance is clearly subject to time evolution, observation data on the long-term elevation changes over the past 40 years (Nuth et al., 2010) allow to assume constant icefield surface. Within our study of the plausibility of a subglacial lake (Glowacki et al., 2007), here, we focus on the sensitivity of the system to the thermal effect of the firn and snow layers.
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- 2013
15. Finite volume modelling of an icefield with subglacial lake
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Bucchignani, Edoardo, Mansutti, Daniela, Navarro Valero, Francisco José, Otero García, Jaime, and Glowacki, Piotr
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Physics::Fluid Dynamics ,Informática ,Telecomunicaciones ,Geología ,Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics ,Physics::Geophysics - Abstract
Momentum, mass and energy balance laws provide the tools for the study of the evolution of an icefield covering a subglacial lake. The ice is described as a non-Newtonian fluid with a power-law constitutive relationship with temperature- and stress-dependent viscosity (Glen?s law) [1]. The phase transition mechanisms at the air/ice and ice/water interfaces yield moving boundary formulations, and lake hydrodynamics requires equation reduction for treating the turbulence.
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- 2013
16. Preliminary results of the relation between ice viscosity and water content using an inverse method
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Otero García, Jaime, Navarro Valero, Francisco Jose, and Lapazaran Izargain, Javier Jesús
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Informática ,Telecomunicaciones ,Geología - Abstract
One of the outstanding problems of the modelling of temperate ice dynamics is the limited knowledge on the rheology of temperate ice and, in particular, on how the rate factor depends on the liquid water content. Though it is well known that the rate factor depends strongly on the water content, in practice the only available experimentally-based relationship is that by Duval (1977), which is only valid for water contents up to 1%. However, actual water contents found in temperate and polythermal glaciers are sometimes substantially larger.
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- 2013
17. Modelling experiments of the variations of the calving front position of Hansbreen, Svalbard
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Navarro Valero, Francisco José, Otero García, Jaime, Lapazaran Izargain, Javier Jesús, and Robinson, Alexander
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Informática ,Telecomunicaciones ,Geología - Abstract
Hansbreen is a tidewater glacier in Svalbard, with grounded tongue, about 16 km in length and ca. 2.5 km in width at its tongue. The calving front position has shown, over the recent decades, a general retreating trend, often rather smooth but with some occasional abrupt changes. We apply a full-Stokes model of glacier dynamics, incorporating a crevasse-depth calving model, with the aim of reproducing the glacier front positions observed since 1936 and analyzing the sensitivity of the model to environmental parameters.
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- 2013
18. Plausibility of a subglacial lake under Amundsenisen Icefield (Svalbard): spatially variable water content and sensitivity to thermal effect of snow and firn layers
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Bucchignani, Edoardo, Mansutti, Daniela, Navarro Valero, Francisco José, Otero García, Jaime, and Glowacki, Piotr
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Telecomunicaciones ,Matemáticas ,Geología - Abstract
Within our study of the plausibility of a subglacial lake under the Amundsenisen Icefield in Southern Spitzbergen, Svalbard achipelago (Glowacki et al., 2007), here we focus on the sensitivity of the system to the thermal effect of the firn and snow layers. Rough heat balance analysis shows that the firn layer plays an important role by driving the heat release to the atmosphere, so that its influence on the ice-water phase transition cannot be neglected (Bucchignani et al., 2012).
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- 2013
19. On the errors involved in the estimate of glacier ice volume from ice thickness data
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Lapazaran Izargain, Javier Jesús, Martín Español, Alba, Otero García, Jaime, and Navarro Valero, Francisco Jose
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Telecomunicaciones ,Geología - Abstract
The assessment of the glacier thickness is one of the most widespread applications of radioglaciology, and is the basis for estimating the glacier volume. The accuracy of the measurement of ice thickness, the distribution of profiles over the glacier and the accuracy of the boundary delineation of the glacier are the most important factors determining the error in the evaluation of the glacier volume. The aim of this study is to get an accurate estimate of the error incurred in the estimate of glacier volume from GPR-retrieved ice-thickness data.
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- 2013
20. Ground-penetrating radar surveys and ice volume estimates of Wedel Jarlsberg Land glaciers, Svalbard
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Navarro Valero, Francisco José, Martín Español, Alba, Otero García, Jaime, Lapazaran Izargain, Javier Jesús, Vasilenko, Evgeniy, and Grabiec, M.
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Telecomunicaciones ,Geología - Abstract
We present volume calculations, with detailed error estimates, for eight glaciers on Wedel Jarlsberg Land, southern Spitsbergen, Svalbard, and compare them to those obtained from area-volume scaling relationships. The volume estimates are based upon a dense net of GPR-retrieved ice thickness data collected over several field campaigns spanning the period 2004-2011.
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- 2013
21. A three-dimensional dynamical model of Amundsenisen icefield, Svalbard
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Otero García, Jaime, Navarro Valero, Francisco José, Lapazaran Izargain, Javier Jesús, Vasilenko, Evgeniy, and Glowacki, Piotr
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Hidrología ,Medio Ambiente - Abstract
Amundsenisen is an ice field, 80 km2 in area, located in Southern Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Radio-echo sounding measurements at 20 MHz show high intensity returns from a nearly flat basal reflector at four zones, all of them with ice thickness larger than 500m. These reflections suggest possible subglacial lakes. To determine whether basal liquid water is compatible with current pressure and temperature conditions, we aim at applying a thermo mechanical model with a free boundary at the bed defined as solution of a Stefan problem for the interface ice-subglaciallake. The complexity of the problem suggests the use of a bi-dimensional model, but this requires that well-defined flowlines across the zones with suspected subglacial lakes are available. We define these flow lines from the solution of a three-dimensional dynamical model, and this is the main goal of the present contribution. We apply a three-dimensional full-Stokes model of glacier dynamics to Amundsenisen icefield. We are mostly interested in the plateau zone of the icefield, so we introduce artificial vertical boundaries at the heads of the main outlet glaciers draining Amundsenisen. At these boundaries we set velocity boundary conditions. Velocities near the centres of the heads of the outlets are known from experimental measurements. The velocities at depth are calculated according to a SIA velocity-depth profile, and those at the rest of the transverse section are computed following Nye’s (1952) model. We select as southeastern boundary of the model domain an ice divide, where we set boundary conditions of zero horizontal velocities and zero vertical shear stresses. The upper boundary is a traction-free boundary. For the basal boundary conditions, on the zones of suspected subglacial lakes we set free-slip boundary conditions, while for the rest of the basal boundary we use a friction law linking the sliding velocity to the basal shear stress,in such a way that, contrary to the shallow ice approximation, the basal shear stress is not equal to the basal driving stress but rather part of the solution.
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- 2011
22. The Health State of the Cryosphere
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Navarro Valero, Francisco Jose
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Hidrología - Abstract
The term cryosphere is used to refer to all portions of the Earth surface where water appears in solid form. This includes the snow cover; sea, lake and river ice; glaciers, ice caps and ice sheets; and permafrost. The aim of this contribution is to present the current state of the cryosphere. Emphasis will be given to sea ice and continental ice masses (glaciers, ice caps and ice sheets), and the contribution of the losses from the latter to sea level rise (SLR).
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- 2011
23. Three-dimensional modelling of calving processes on Johnsons Glacier, Livingston Island, Antarctica
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Otero García, Jaime, Navarro Valero, Francisco José, Martin, Carlos, Cuadrado Ebrero, Maria Luisa, and Corcuera Labrado, María Isabel
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Medio Ambiente - Abstract
Iceberg calving is an important mass loss mechanism from ice shelves and tidewater glaciers for many mid and high-latitude glaciers and ice caps, yet the process is not well represented in prognostic models of ice dynamics. Benn and others (2007) proposed a calving criterion appropriate for both grounded and floating glacier tongues or ice shelves. This criterion assumes that the calving is triggered by the downward propagation of transverse surface crevasses, near the calving front, as a result of the extensional stress regime. The crevasse depth is calculated following Nye (1957), assuming that the base of a field of closely spaced crevasses lies at a depth where the longitudinal tensile strain rate tending to open the crevasse equals the creep closure resulting from the ice overburden pressure.
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- 2010
24. Surface velocity and mass balance of Livingston Island ice cap, Antarctica
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Osmanoglu, Batuhan, Navarro Valero, Francisco Jose, Hock, Regine, Braun, M., Corcuera Labrado, Maria Isabel, Osmanoglu, Batuhan, Navarro Valero, Francisco Jose, Hock, Regine, Braun, M., and Corcuera Labrado, Maria Isabel
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The mass budget of the ice caps surrounding the Antarctica Peninsula and, in particular, the partitioning of its main components are poorly known. Here we approximate frontal ablation (i.e. the sum of mass losses by calving and submarine melt) and surface mass balance of the ice cap of Livingston Island, the second largest island in the South Shetland Islands archipelago, and analyse variations in surface velocity for the period 2007–2011. Velocities are obtained from feature tracking using 25 PALSAR-1 images, and used in conjunction with estimates of glacier ice thicknesses inferred from principles of glacier dynamics and ground-penetrating radar observations to estimate frontal ablation rates by a flux-gate approach. Glacier-wide surface mass-balance rates are approximated from in situ observations on two glaciers of the ice cap. Within the limitations of the large uncertainties mostly due to unknown ice thicknesses at the flux gates, we find that frontal ablation (−509 ± 263 Mt yr−1, equivalent to −0.73 ± 0.38 m w.e. yr−1 over the ice cap area of 697 km2) and surface ablation (−0.73 ± 0.10 m w.e. yr−1) contribute similar shares to total ablation (−1.46 ± 0.39 m w.e. yr−1). Total mass change (δM = −0.67 ± 0.40 m w.e. yr−1) is negative despite a slightly positive surface mass balance (0.06 ± 0.14 m w.e. yr−1). We find large interannual and, for some basins, pronounced seasonal variations in surface velocities at the flux gates, with higher velocities in summer than in winter. Associated variations in frontal ablation (of ~237 Mt yr−1; −0.34 m w.e. yr−1) highlight the importance of taking into account the seasonality in ice velocities when computing frontal ablation with a flux-gate approach.
- Published
- 2014
25. Ice volume estimates from ground-penetrating radar surveys, Wedel Jarlsberg Land glaciers, Svalbard
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Navarro Valero, Francisco José, Martín Español, Alba, Lapazaran Izargain, Javier Jesús, Grabiec, M., Otero García, Jaime, Vasilenko, Evgeniy, Puczko, D., Navarro Valero, Francisco José, Martín Español, Alba, Lapazaran Izargain, Javier Jesús, Grabiec, M., Otero García, Jaime, Vasilenko, Evgeniy, and Puczko, D.
- Abstract
We present ground-penetrating radar (GPR)—based volume calculations, with associated error estimates, for eight glaciers on Wedel Jarlsberg Land, southwestern Spitsbergen, Svalbard, and compare them with those obtained from volume-area scaling relationships. The volume estimates are based upon GPR ice-thickness data collected during the period 2004–2013. The total area and volume of the ensemble are 502.91 ± 18.60 km2 and 91.91 ± 3.12 km3, respectively. The individual areas, volumes, and average ice thickness lie within 0.37–140.99 km2, 0.01–31.98 km3, and 28–227 m, respectively, with a maximum recorded ice thickness of 619 ± 13 m on Austre Torellbreen. To estimate the ice volume of unsurveyed tributary glaciers, we combine polynomial cross-sections with a function providing the best fit to the measured ice thickness along the center line of a collection of 22 surveyed tributaries. For the time-to-depth conversion of GPR data, we test the use of a glacierwide constant radio-wave velocity chosen on the basis of local or regional common midpoint measurements, versus the use of distinct velocities for the firn, cold ice, and temperate ice layers, concluding that the corresponding volume calculations agree with each other within their error bounds.
- Published
- 2014
26. Antarctic climate change and the environment: an update
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Turner, John, Barrand, Nicholas E., Bracegirdle, Thomas J., Convey, Peter, Hodgson, Dominic A., Jarvis, Martin, Jenkins, Adrian, Marshall, Gareth, Meredith, Michael P., Roscoe, Howard, French, John, Goosse, Hugues, Guglielmin, Mauro, Gutt, Julian, Jacobs, Stan, Kennicutt II, Marlon C., Masson-Delmotte, Valerie, Mayewski, Paul, Navarro Valero, Francisco José, Robinson, Sharon, Scambos, Ted, Sparrow, Mike, Summerhayes, Colin, Speer, Kevin, Klepikov, Alexander, Turner, John, Barrand, Nicholas E., Bracegirdle, Thomas J., Convey, Peter, Hodgson, Dominic A., Jarvis, Martin, Jenkins, Adrian, Marshall, Gareth, Meredith, Michael P., Roscoe, Howard, French, John, Goosse, Hugues, Guglielmin, Mauro, Gutt, Julian, Jacobs, Stan, Kennicutt II, Marlon C., Masson-Delmotte, Valerie, Mayewski, Paul, Navarro Valero, Francisco José, Robinson, Sharon, Scambos, Ted, Sparrow, Mike, Summerhayes, Colin, Speer, Kevin, and Klepikov, Alexander
- Abstract
We present an update of the "key points" from the Antarctic Climate Change and the Environment (ACCE) report that was published by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) in 2009. We summarise subsequent advances in knowledge concerning how the climates of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean have changed in the past, how they might change in the future, and examine the associated impacts on the marine and terrestrial biota. We also incorporate relevant material presented by SCAR to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings, and make use of emerging results that will form part of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report.
- Published
- 2014
27. Radioglaciological studies on Hurd Peninsula glaciers, Livingston Island, Antarctica
- Author
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Navarro Valero, Francisco Jose, Otero García, Jaime, Macheret, Yu, Vasilenko, Evgeniy, Lapazaran Izargain, Javier Jesús, Ahlstrom, L.P., and Machío, F.
- Subjects
Telecomunicaciones ,Geología - Abstract
We present the results of several radio-echo sounding surveys carried out on Johnsons and Hurd Glaciers, Livingston Island, Antarctica, between the 1999/2000 and 2004/05 austral summer campaigns, which included both radar profiling and common-midpoint measurements with low (20- 25 MHz)- and high (200MHz)-frequency radars. The latter have allowed us to estimate the radio-wave velocity in ice and firn and the corresponding water contents in temperate ice, which vary between 0 and 1.6% depending on the zone. Maximum ice thickness is ~200 m, with a mean value of 93.6 ± 2.5 m. Total ice volume is 0.968 ± 0.026 km3, for an area of 10.34 ± 0.03 km2. The subglacial relief of Johnsons Glacier is quite smooth, while that of Hurd Glacier shows numerous overdeepenings and peaks. The radar records suggest that Hurd Glacier has a polythermal structure, contrary to the usual assumption that glaciers in Livingston Island are temperate. This is also supported by other dynamical and geomorphological evidence.
- Published
- 2009
28. Improved parameterization of marine ice dynamics and flow instabilities for simulation of the Austfonna ice cap using a large-scale ice sheet model Title,Eos Trans
- Author
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Dunse, Thorben, Greve, Ralf, Schuler, Thomas V., Hagen, Jon Ove, Navarro Valero, Francisco José, Vasilenko, Evgeniy, and Reijmer, Carleen
- Subjects
Medio Ambiente ,Física - Abstract
The Austfonna ice cap covers an area of 8120 km2 and is by far the largest glacier on Svalbard. Almost 30% of the entire area is grounded below sea-level, while the figure is as large as 57% for the known surge-type basins in particular. Marine ice dynamics, as well as flow instabilities presumably control flow regime, form and evolution of Austfonna. These issues are our focus in numerical simulations of the ice cap. We employ the thermodynamic, large-scale ice sheet model SICOPOLIS (http://sicopolis.greveweb.net/) which is based on the shallow-ice approximation. We present improved parameterizations of (a) the marine extent and calving and (b) processes that may initiate flow instabilities such as switches from cold to temperate basal conditions, surface steepening and hence, increases in driving stress, enhanced sliding or deformation of unconsolidated marine sediments and diminishing ice thicknesses towards flotation thickness. Space-borne interferometric snapshots of Austfonna revealed a velocity structure of a slow moving polar ice cap (menos que 10m/a) interrupted by distinct fast flow units with velocities in excess of 100m/a. However, observations of flow variability are scarce. In spring 2008, we established a series of stakes along the centrelines of two fast-flowing units. Repeated DGPS and continuous GPS measurements of the stake positions give insight in the temporal flow variability of these units and provide constrains to the modeled surface velocity field. Austfonna¿s thermal structure is described as polythermal. However, direct measurements of the temperature distribution is available only from one single borehole at the summit area. The vertical temperature profile shows that the bulk of the 567m thick ice column is cold, only underlain by a thin temperate basal layer of approximately 20m. To acquire a spatially extended picture of the thermal structure (and bed topography), we used low-frequency (20 MHz) GPR profiling across the ice cap and the particular flow units. The measurements indicate that the gross volume of Austfonna is cold. This observation is supported by model results which suggest that regional fast flow occurs despite the lack of considerable temperate-ice volumes. This in turn indicates that fast flow is accomplished exclusively by basal motion in regions where the glacier base is at pressure-melting conditions, and not by enhanced deformation of considerable volumes of temperate ice.
- Published
- 2009
29. Ice thickness, internal structure and subglacial topography of Bowles Plateau ice cap and the main ice divides of Livingston Island, Antarctica, by ground-based radio-echo sounding
- Author
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Macheret, Yu, Otero García, Jaime, Navarro Valero, Francisco José, Vasilenko, Evgeniy, Corcuera Labrado, María Isabel, Cuadrado Ebrero, María Luisa, and Glazovsky, A.
- Subjects
Telecomunicaciones - Abstract
Ground-based radio-echo sounding studies of Livingston Island ice cap, Antarctica, were started in 1999 at Johnsons and Hurd glaciers, in Hurd Peninsula, close to the Spanish Antarctic Station Juan Carlos I. Radar profiling continued in 2000 and 2003 along the main ice divides of the ice cap and in the upper parts of Huron and another unnamed glacier, both draining Bowles ice plateau towards Moon Bay. More detailed radar studies on Bowles ice plateau were performed in December 2006 using an icepenetrating radar VIRL-6, with central frequency of 20 MHz, and a Ramac/GPR radar with 200 MHz antennae, intended for deep penetration to bedrock and shallow penetration to determine the firn layer thickness, respectively. The radar equipment was installed on two Nansen sledges and two pulkas towed by snowmobiles. Georeferencing of radar data was accomplished by using a GPS receiver working in stand-alone mode. The endpoints of the radar profiles were more accurately georeferenced using differential GPS. The data collected were used to construct the ice thickness, glacier surface and bedrock elevation maps and to estimate the average ice thickness and total ice volume of the plateau, as well as the spatial distribution of snow accumulation. For time-to-depth conversion, an average radio-wave velocity determined from common midpoint measurements at several locations in Hurd Peninsula was used. The thickest ice (550 m) was found in the upper part of Huron glacier. This thickness is almost twice the maximum thickness found along the main ice divides (330 m) and almost three times that found in Hurd Peninsula (200 m). The bedrock in two large areas in the northern and southern parts of the plateau, towards Moon Bay and Huntress glacier, lies below sea level, at depths down to -200 m, indicating that, should the ice cap fully disappear, several separated islands would likely appear, even if isostacic rebound is taken into account.
- Published
- 2009
30. Un modelo tridimensional de producción de icebergs: experimentos numéricos en el glaciar Johnsons, Isla Livingston, Antártida
- Author
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Navarro Valero, Francisco Jose, Otero García, Jaime, Cuadrado Ebrero, Maria Luisa, Corcuera Labrado, Maria Isabel, and Martin, Carlos
- Subjects
Matemáticas - Abstract
Las leyes de producci´on de icebergs m´as usuales son: 1) la que considera que la tasa de producci´on de icebergs depende linealmente de la profundidad de agua en el frente glaciar, seg´un una ley obtenida mediante ajustes a observaciones de campo; y 2) aqu´ella en la que el criterio de producci´on de icebergs viene dado por la altura del glaciar sobre el nivel de flotaci´on. El principal problema de la primera es que las relaciones emp´ıricas var´ıan ampliamente de un glaciar a otro, y tambi´en var´ıan con el tiempo, lo que no las hace adecuadas para modelos evolutivos de glaciares, mientras que la mayor desventaja de la segunda es que su aplicaci´on queda restringida a glaciares con frente no flotante. El nuevo criterio de producci´on de icebergs propuesto recientemente por Benn et al. [2] considera que el mecanismo primario de la producci´on de icebergs es la propagaci´on vertical de las grietas superficiales desarrolladas cerca del frente como consecuencia del r´egimen de tensiones extensivas. Este criterio permite el desarrollo de lenguas glaciares flotantes y puede ser utilizado en modelos evolutivos de din´amica glaciar. Sus principales limitaciones son su car´acter bidimensional y la excesiva simplicidad de los modelos din´amicos empleados. Hemos desarrollado una extensi´on tridimensional de este criterio que resuelve el sistema de Stokes completo de la din´amica glaciar, superando as´ı las dos limitaciones mencionadas. Hemos aplicado este modelo al glaciar Johnsons, en Isla Livingston (Ant´artida), mostrando los resultados que, si consideramos la presencia de un cierto volumen de agua de fusi´on en las grietas, las predicciones del modelo se ajustan bastante bien a las observaciones. No obstante, se requieren mejoras en la ley de deslizamiento del glaciar sobre su lecho
- Published
- 2009
31. Internal Structure of Ariebreen, Spitsbergen, from radio-echo sounding data
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Navarro Valero, Francisco Jose, Gabriec, M., Puczko, D., Jonsell, Ulf, and Nawrot, A.
- Subjects
Medio Ambiente - Abstract
Ariebreen (77º 01' N, 15º 29' E) is a small valley glacier (ca. 0.36 km2 in August 2007) located at Hornsund, Spitsbergen, Svalbard, ca. 2.5 km to the west of Hornsund Polish Polar Station. Ariebreen, like many other Svalbard glaciers, has experienced a significant recession at least since the 1930s, and most likely since the end of Little Ice Age (LIA) in the early part of the 20th century. Moreover, the thinning rate of western Svalbard glaciers has shown an acceleration during the most recent decades. Ariebreen follows this general retreat pattern, as is shown in another contribution to this workshop (Petlicki et al., 2008). Most investigated glaciers in Hornsund area, in the neighbourhood of Ariebreen, are known to be polythermal (e.g. Hansbreen and Werenskioldbreen, Pälli et al., 2003). It has been suggested (Macheret et al., 1992) that the thinning of polythermal glaciers may result in a switch to cold thermal structure under appropriate conditions. The strong thinning experienced by Ariebreen during the recent decades makes it an ideal candidate to undergo such change. The main aims of this contribution are to understand the internal structure of Ariebreen, in particular, its hydrothermal regime, and to determine whether the glacier is undergoing or has already experienced a transition from polythermal to cold structure. The main tool to accomplish this will be the analysis of radio-echo sounding data.
- Published
- 2008
32. Ice volume changes of Ariebreen, Spitsbergen, during 1936-1990-2007
- Author
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Petlicki, M., Lapazaran Izargain, Javier Jesús, Navarro Valero, Francisco José, Glowacki, Piotr, and Machío, F.
- Subjects
Medio Ambiente - Abstract
Ariebreen (77º 01' N, 15º 29' E) is a small valley glacier (ca. 0.36 km2 in August 2007) located at Hornsund, Spitsbergen, Svalbard, ca. 2.5 km to the west of Hornsund Polish Polar Station. Many Svalbard glaciers have experienced a significant recession at least since the 1930s, and most likely since the end of Little Ice Age in the early 20th century (Werner, 1993). It has manifested as thinning and retreating of ice fronts, though a simultaneous thickening at the uppermost elevations in many locations has been reported (Bamber et al., 2004; Nuth et al., 2007). Moreover, the thinning rate of western Svalbard glaciers has shown an acceleration during the most recent decades (Kohler et al., 2007). The main aims of this contribution are to determine whether Ariebreen follows such retreat pattern and to quantify the retreat it has experienced, in terms of area, thickness and volume changes, to estimate the average mass balance equivalent to the ice volume change during the period under investigation, and to estimate the volume of ice presently stored in Ariebreen. The main tools to accomplish this will be the analysis of digital terrain models (DTM) of the glacier surface corresponding to different dates, and the radio-echo sounding of the ice body to determine the present ice volume. The latter is described in a separate contribution to this workshop (Navarro et al., 2008).
- Published
- 2008
33. Decelerated mass loss of Hurd and Johnsons Glaciers, Livingston Island, Antarctic Peninsula
- Author
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Navarro Valero, Francisco Jose, Jonsell, Ulf, Corcuera Labrado, Maria Isabel, Martín Español, Alba, Navarro Valero, Francisco Jose, Jonsell, Ulf, Corcuera Labrado, Maria Isabel, and Martín Español, Alba
- Abstract
A new 10 year surface mass balance (SMB) record of Hurd and Johnsons Glaciers, Livingston Island, Antarctica, is presented and compared with earlier estimates on the basis of local and regional meteorological conditions and trends.Since Johnsons is a tidewater glacier, we also include a calving flux calculation to estimate its total mass balance. The average annual SMB over the 10 year observation period 2002–11 is –0.15�0.10 m w.e. for Hurd Glacier and 0.05�0.10 m w.e. for Johnsons Glacier. Adding the calving losses to the latter results in a total mass balance of –0.09�0.10 m w.e. There has been a deceleration of the mass losses of these glaciers from 1957–2000 to 2002–11, which have nearly halved for both glaciers. We attribute this decrease in the mass losses to a combination of increased accumulation in the region and decreased melt. The increased accumulation is attributed to larger precipitation associated with the recent deepening of the circumpolar pressure trough, while the melt decrease is associated with lower summer surface temperatures during the past decade.
- Published
- 2013
34. Radio-echo sounding and ice volume estimates of western Nordenskiöld Land glaciers, Svalbard
- Author
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Martín Español, Alba, Vasilenko, Evgeniy, Navarro Valero, Francisco José, Otero García, Jaime, Lapazaran Izargain, Javier Jesús, Lavrentiev, Nikita, Macheret, Yu, Machío, F., Martín Español, Alba, Vasilenko, Evgeniy, Navarro Valero, Francisco José, Otero García, Jaime, Lapazaran Izargain, Javier Jesús, Lavrentiev, Nikita, Macheret, Yu, and Machío, F.
- Abstract
As part of ongoing work to obtain a reliable estimate of the total ice volume of Svalbard glaciers and their potential contribution to sea-level rise, we present here volume calculations, with detailed error estimates, for ten glaciers on western Nordenskiöld Land, central Spitsbergen, Svalbard. The volume estimates are based upon a dense net of GPR-retrieved ice thickness data collected over several field campaigns spanning the period 1999-2012. On the basis of the pattern of scattering in theradargrams, we also analyse the hydrothermal structure of these glaciers.
- Published
- 2013
35. Surface velocity and ice discharge of the ice cap on King George Island, Antarctica
- Author
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Osmanoğlu, B., Braun, M., Hock, R., Navarro Valero, Francisco José, Osmanoğlu, B., Braun, M., Hock, R., and Navarro Valero, Francisco José
- Abstract
Glaciers on King George Island, Antarctica, have shown retreat and surface lowering in recent decades, concurrent with increasing air temperatures. A large portion of the glacier perimeter is ocean-terminating, suggesting possible large mass losses due to calving and submarine melting. Here we estimate the ice discharge into the ocean for the King George Island ice cap. L-band synthetic aperture radar images covering the time-span January 2008 to January 2011 over King George Island are processed using an intensity-tracking algorithm to obtain surface velocity measurements. Pixel offsets from 40 pairs of radar images are analysed and inverted to estimate a weighted average surface velocity field. Ice thicknesses are derived from simple principles of ice flow mechanics using the computed surface velocity fields and in situ thickness data. The maximum ice surface speeds reach mayor que 225 m/yr, and the total ice discharge for the analysed flux gates of King George Island is estimated to be 0.720+/-0.428 Gt/yr, corresponding to a specific mass loss of 0.64+/-0.38 m w.e./yr over the area of the entire ice cap (1127 km2).
- Published
- 2013
36. Ice volume changes (1936-1990-2007) and ground-penetrating radar studies of Ariebreen, Hornsund, Spitsbergen
- Author
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Lapazaran Izargain, Javier Jesús, Petlicki, M., Navarro Valero, Francisco José, Machío, F., Puczko, D., Glowacki, Piotr, Nawrot, A., Lapazaran Izargain, Javier Jesús, Petlicki, M., Navarro Valero, Francisco José, Machío, F., Puczko, D., Glowacki, Piotr, and Nawrot, A.
- Abstract
Ariebreen is a small (0.37 km2) valley glacier located in southern Spitsbergen. Our ground-penetrating radar surveys of the glacier show that it is less than 30 m thick on average, with a maximum thickness of 82 m, and it appears to be entirely cold. By analysing digital terrain models of the ice surface from different dates, we determine the area and volume changes during two periods, 1936-1990 and 1990-2007. The total ice volume of the glacier has decreased by 73% during the entire period 1936-2007, which is equivalent to a mean mass balance rate of -0.6190.17 m/yr w.eq. The glacier thinning rate has increased markedly between the first and second periods, from -0.5090.22 to -0.9590.17 m/yr w.eq.
- Published
- 2013
37. Sensitivity of a distributed temperature-radiation index melt model based on AWS observations and surface energy balance fluxes, Hurd Peninsula glaciers, Livingston Island, Antarctica
- Author
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Jonsell, Ulf, Navarro Valero, Francisco Jose, Bañón, Manolo, Lapazaran Izargain, Javier Jesús, Otero García, Jaime, Jonsell, Ulf, Navarro Valero, Francisco Jose, Bañón, Manolo, Lapazaran Izargain, Javier Jesús, and Otero García, Jaime
- Abstract
We use an automatic weather station and surface mass balance dataset spanning four melt seasons collected on Hurd Peninsula Glaciers, South Shetland Islands, to investigate the point surface energy balance, to determine the absolute and relative contribution of the various energy fluxes acting on the glacier surface and to estimate the sensitivity of melt to ambient temperature changes. Long-wave incoming radiation is the main energy source for melt, while short-wave radiation is the most important flux controlling the variation of both seasonal and daily mean surface energy balance. Short-wave and long-wave radiation fluxes do, in general, balance each other, resulting in a high correspondence between daily mean net radiation flux and available melt energy flux. We calibrate a distributed melt model driven by air temperature and an expression for the incoming short-wave radiation. The model is calibrated with the data from one of the melt seasons and validated with the data of the three remaining seasons. The model results deviate at most 140 mm w.e. from the corresponding observations using the glaciological method. The model is very sensitive to changes in ambient temperature: a 0.5 ◦ C increase results in 56 % higher melt rates.
- Published
- 2012
38. A compact lightweight multipurpose ground-penetrating radar for glaciological applications
- Author
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Vasilenko, Evgeniy, Machío, F., Lapazaran Izargain, Javier Jesús, Navarro Valero, Francisco José, Frolovskiy, K., Vasilenko, Evgeniy, Machío, F., Lapazaran Izargain, Javier Jesús, Navarro Valero, Francisco José, and Frolovskiy, K.
- Abstract
We describe a compact lightweight impulse radar for radio-echo sounding of subsurface structures designed specifically for glaciological applications. The radar operates at frequencies between 10 and 75 MHz. Its main advantages are that it has a high signal-to-noise ratio and a corresponding wide dynamic range of 132 dB due mainly to its ability to perform real-time stacking (up to 4096 traces) as well as to the high transmitted power (peak voltage 2800 V). The maximum recording time window, 40 ?s at 100 MHz sampling frequency, results in possible radar returns from as deep as 3300 m. It is a versatile radar, suitable for different geophysical measurements (common-offset profiling, common midpoint, transillumination, etc.) and for different profiling set-ups, such as a snowmobile and sledge convoy or carried in a backpack and operated by a single person. Its low power consumption (6.6 W for the transmitter and 7.5 W for the receiver) allows the system to operate under battery power for mayor que7 hours with a total weight of menor que9 kg for all equipment, antennas and batteries.
- Published
- 2011
39. A three dimensional calving model: numerical experiments on Johnsons Glacier, Livingston Island, Antarctica.
- Author
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Otero García, Jaime, Navarro Valero, Francisco José, Martin, Carlos, Cuadrado Ebrero, Maria Luisa, Corcuera Labrado, María Isabel, Otero García, Jaime, Navarro Valero, Francisco José, Martin, Carlos, Cuadrado Ebrero, Maria Luisa, and Corcuera Labrado, María Isabel
- Abstract
Calving from tidewater glaciers and ice shelves accounts for around half the mass loss from both polar ice sheets, yet the process is not well represented in prognostic models of ice dynamics. Benn and others proposed a calving criterion appropriate for both grounded and floating glacier tongues or ice shelves, based on the penetration depth of transverse crevasses near the calving front, computed using Nye's formula. The criterion is readily incorporated into glacier and ice-sheet models, but has not been fully validated with observations. We apply a three-dimensional extension of Benn and others' criterion, incorporated into a full-Stokes model of glacier dynamics, to estimate the current position of the calving front of Johnsons Glacier, Antarctica. We find that two improvements to the original model are necessary to accurately reproduce the observed calving front: (1) computation of the tensile deviatoric stress opening the crevasse using the full-stress solution and (2) consideration of such a tensile stress as a function of depth. Our modelling results also suggest that Johnsons Glacier has a polythermal structure, rather than the temperate structure suggested by earlier studies.
- Published
- 2010
40. On the effects of divide migration, along-ridge flow and basal sliding on isochrones near an ice divide
- Author
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Martin, Carlos, Hindmarsh, Richard C.A., Navarro Valero, Francisco José, Martin, Carlos, Hindmarsh, Richard C.A., and Navarro Valero, Francisco José
- Abstract
Radar layer geometry in divide areas is strongly influenced by the operation of the Raymond effect, which causes upwarping of the layers as a consequence of the nonlinear rheology of ice. The detailed geometry of these layers is known to store a record of change in the cryosphere, of local thinning, and of the age of formation of the divide and has been surmised to provide information about lateral motion of divides. Such lateral motion can be caused by changes in flanking ice streams, and the divide area thereby contains a record of ice stream dynamics. It has also been suggested that a large perturbation of divide position will obliterate the cumulative effects of the operation of the Raymond mechanism, leading to the disappearance of Raymond bumps. Since the Raymond effect has a strong influence on the age‐depth relation in ice cores, knowledge of whether its operation is localized (leading to strong bump formation) or distributed is crucial in the interpretation of ice cores. The detailed evolution of ice divide radar layer geometry remains poorly understood. Employing a full thermomechanically coupled transient model, we qualitatively explore the effect of divide migration on radar layer geometry. Certain qualitative features emerge which can be used to infer history of cryosphere change, in particular, in areas distant from the usual sites of geological dating. There remains uncertainty about the influence of sliding on the operation of the Raymond effect. Under certain conditions, the existence of sliding can damp or eliminate the operation of the Raymond effect. If this is generally true, then dating of ice divides may simply be a date for the freezing of the divide bottom. We show that sliding does not necessarily eliminate the formation of bumps. Dates of divide formation are likely to be dates for the location of the ridge at a particular spot. Raymond bump evolution is weakened by flow along the ridge. We explore quantitatively the strength of this effec
- Published
- 2009
41. Integración de modelos numéricos de glaciares y procesado de datos de georradar en un sistema de información geográfica
- Author
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Ricardo Rodríguez Cielos, Navarro Valero, Francisco José, Lapazaran Izargain, Javier Jesús, and Navarro Valero, Francisco Jose
- Subjects
Telecomunicaciones ,Sistemas de información geográfica ,Georradar - Abstract
Los modelos de termomecánica glaciar están definidos mediante sistemas de ecuaciones en derivadas parciales que establecen los principios básicos de conservación de masa, momento lineal y energía, acompañados por una ley constitutiva que define la relación entre las tensiones a las que está sometido el hielo glaciar y las deformaciones resultantes de las mismas. La resolución de estas ecuaciones requiere la definición precisa del dominio (la geometría del glaciar, obtenido a partir de medidas topográficas y de georradar), así como contar con un conjunto de condiciones de contorno, que se obtienen a partir de medidas de campo de las variables implicadas y que constituyen un conjunto de datos geoespaciales. El objetivo fundamental de esta tesis es desarrollar una serie de herramientas que nos permitan definir con precisión la geometría del glaciar y disponer de un conjunto adecuado de valores de las variables a utilizar como condiciones de contorno del problema. Para ello, en esta tesis se aborda la recopilación, la integración y el estudio de los datos geoespaciales existentes para la Península Hurd, en la Isla Livingston (Antártida), generados desde el año 1957 hasta la actualidad, en un sistema de información geográfica. Del correcto tratamiento y procesamiento de estos datos se obtienen otra serie de elementos que nos permiten realizar la simulación numérica del régimen termomecánico presente de los glaciares de Península Hurd, así como su evolución futura. Con este objetivo se desarrolla en primer lugar un inventario completo de datos geoespaciales y se realiza un procesado de los datos capturados en campo, para establecer un sistema de referencia común a todos ellos. Se unifican además todos los datos bajo un mismo formato estándar de almacenamiento e intercambio de información, generándose los metadatos correspondientes. Se desarrollan asimismo técnicas para la mejora de los procedimientos de captura y procesado de los datos, de forma que se minimicen los errores y se disponga de estimaciones fiables de los mismos. El hecho de que toda la información se integre en un sistema de información geográfica (una vez producida la normalización e inventariado de la misma) permite su consulta rápida y ágil por terceros. Además, hace posible efectuar sobre ella una serie de operaciones conducentes a la obtención de nuevas capas de información. El análisis de estos nuevos datos permite explicar el comportamiento pasado de los glaciares objeto de estudio y proporciona elementos esenciales para la simulación de su comportamiento futuro. ABSTRACT Glacier thermo-mechanical models are defined by systems of partial differential equations stating the basic principles of conservation of mass, momentum and energy, accompanied by a constitutive principle that defines the relationship between the stresses acting on the ice and the resulting deformations. The solution of these equations requires an accurate definition of the model domain (the geometry of the glacier, obtained from topographical and ground penetrating radar measurements), as well as a set of boundary conditions, which are obtained from measurements of the variables involved and define a set of geospatial data. The main objective of this thesis is to develop tools able to provide an accurate definition of the glacier geometry and getting a proper set of values for the variables to be used as boundary conditions of our problem. With the above aim, this thesis focuses on the collection, compilation and study of the geospatial data existing for the Hurd Peninsula on Livingston Island, Antarctica, generated since 1957 to present, into a geographic information system. The correct handling and processing of these data results on a new collection of elements that allow us to numerically model the present state and the future evolution of Hurd Peninsula glaciers. First, a complete inventory of geospatial data is developed and the captured data are processed, with the aim of establishing a reference system common to all collections of data. All data are stored under a common standard format, and the corresponding metadata are generated to facilitate the information exchange. We also develop techniques for the improvement of the procedures used for capturing and processing the data, such that the errors are minimized and better estimated. All information is integrated into a geographic information system (once produced the standardization and inventory of it). This allows easy and fast viewing and consulting of the data by third parties. Also, it is possible to carry out a series of operations leading to the production of new layers of information. The analysis of these new data allows to explain past glacier behavior, and provides essential elements for explaining its future evolution.
- Published
- 2014
42. Estimates of glacier ice discharge to the ocean combining synthetic-aperture radar-derived velocities and ground-penetrating radar-derived ice thickness : Applications to Arctic Glaciers
- Author
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Pablo Sánchez-Gámez and Navarro Valero, Francisco José
- Subjects
Matemáticas - Abstract
La descarga de hielo glaciar al océano es una componente importante del balance de masas de glaciares y casquetes de hielo terminados en mar. En esta tesis desarrollamos metodologías para mejorar el cálculo de la descarga glaciar empleando velocidades del hielo determinadas empleando sensores remotos y espesores glaciares obtenidos empleando radar. Usando estas metodologías realizamos estimaciones actualizadas de descarga glaciar para el Ártico Canadiense y el casquete glaciar de la Academia de Ciencias situado en Sévernaya Zemliá, en el Ártico Ruso. En los capítulos 1 y 2 presentamos una visión de conjunto del estado del arte sobre las metodologías para el cálculo de campos de velocidad superficial empleando datos recogidos por sensores remotos, y una introducción al procesado de datos de Radar de Apertura Sintética (SAR). A continuación, los resultados fundamentales de la tesis se presentan en los capítulos 3, 4 y 5, y, finalmente, las conclusiones y las perspectivas de futuro se resumen en el capítulo 6. En el capítulo 3 se presenta una mejora del método de estimación de los desplazamientos empleando intensidades de la señal SAR para calcular la velocidad en la superficie de los glaciares. La idea fundamental es la optimización de la técnica para estimación de desplazamientos conocida como offset tracking omitiendo el empleo de los offsets en la dirección de desplazamiento del satélite, empleando en su lugar únicamente offsets en rango en las direcciones tanto ascendente como descendente del satélite. Con esto se logra mejora la resolución del campo de velocidades del glaciar, ya que la técnica de adquisición conocida como Observación del Terreno mediante Escaneos Progresivos (TOPS) del satélite Sentinel-1 proporciona una resolución asimétrica, de 5 metros en rango y de 20 metros en la dirección de desplazamiento. Simultáneamente, se evita el efecto ionosférico adverso que se manifiesta en los datos finas franjas de ruido perpendiculares a la dirección del azimut. Esta técnica se aplica en la tesis para calcular las velocidades superficiales de los casquetes glaciares situados en la Islas Ellesmere del Ártico Canadiense. Adicionalmente, se emplea la técnica de Interferometría Diferencial del Radar de Apertura Sintética (D-InSAR), mostrándose que con esta técnica se logran mejores resultados en zonas de poco movimiento, mientras que la metodología de seguimiento por offsets es más adecuada para zonas con grandes desplazamientos. De esta forma, ambas metodologías resultan ser complementarias, y el empleo de ambas para la estimación de las deformaciones en la superficie glaciar es mejor que el uso de una sola técnica. Se observan velocidades de hasta 1200 m año-1 para algunos de los glaciares más rápidos. Los glaciares terminados en tierra muestran velocidades típicas comprendidas entre 12 y 33 m año−1, aunque se observan picos de hasta 150 m año−1 en los estrechamientos de los valles de confinamiento. En el capítulo 4 se analizan las fuentes de error en la estimación de la descarga glaciar a través de puertas de flujo, distinguiendo el caso en el que se dispone de datos de espesores para secciones transversales del glaciar de aquél en el que únicamente se cuenta con datos de espesores a lo largo de la línea central del glaciar. Para este último caso, se analizan tres aproximaciones a la sección transversal del glaciar. Esta metodología se aplica a glaciares del Ártico Canadiense. Los resultados del análisis muestran que el campo de velocidades es la mayor fuente de error para glaciares de tamaños pequeño y mediano (descarga 100 Mt año−1) con altas velocidades (>100 m año−1) el error en el área de la sección transversal es el factor dominante. El posible engrosamiento/adelgazamiento del glaciar producido entre la observación de los espesores y las mediciones de velocidad debe ser tenido en cuenta, ya que implica errores sistemáticos de hasta el 8% en nuestro estudio. La aproximación parabólica de la sección transversal, que permite una estimación ajustada cuando la medición del espesor se encuentra desplazada del centro del glaciar, presenta los mejores resultados, con un pequeño sesgo y una desviación estándar admisible. Se observa un incremento en la descarga para los principales glaciares (Trinity y Wykeham) del campo de hielo Price of Wales entre 2015 y 2016, de un 5% y un 20%, respectivamente, seguido de un descenso en 2017, de un 10% y un 15%, respectivamente. El Glaciar Belcher, en el casquete de hielo Devon, mantiene descargas similares durante el período 2015-2017. Finalmente, en el capítulo 5, las citadas metodologías se aplican, junto con otras técnicas innovadoras, en la investigación de la dinámica y el balance de masas del casquete de hielo de la Academia de las Ciencias en el Ártico Ruso, analizando sus variaciones intra e interanuales en velocidad y descarga. También se analizan las contribuciones del balance de masa en superficie y de la ablación frontal al balance de masa total del casquete, y las contribuciones de la ablación en superficie y la ablación frontal a la ablación total. Con estos objetivos, se procesan, empleando la metodología de offset tracking, 54 pares de imágenes Sentinel-1 del casquete, tomadas entre noviembre de 2016 y noviembre de 2017. Las variaciones de velocidad estacionales suponen hasta un 10% (20% entre máximos) de la velocidad media anual observada. Las variaciones intraanuales de corto período tienen desviaciones promedio de hasta el 16% y máximas de hasta el 32% (32% y 64% entre máximos). Esto es indicativo de los errores que se cometerían extrapolando a todo el año los valores de descarga calculados usando un único par de imágenes. La descarga glaciar promedio para el período 2016-2017 es de 1.93 ± 0.12 Gt año−1. La diferencia con la estimación de 1.4 Gt año−1 para el período 2003-2009 se atribuye al comienzo del flujo en la cuenca glaciar sur. El balance de masa geodésico para el casquete en el período 2012-2016 es de -1.72 ± 0.67 Gt año−1 (-0.31 ± 0.12 m w.e. año−1) y se ha mantenido a este mismo nivel durante las últimas cuatro décadas. Por lo tanto, el balance de masas total está gobernado por las variaciones en descarga glaciar, cuyos cambios de largo período no parecen responder a cambios climáticos sino a las características intrínsecas del casquete. ----------ABSTRACT---------- Ice discharge to the ocean is an important component of the mass balance of tidewater glaciers and marine-terminating ice caps. In this thesis we develop methodologies to improve the ice discharge calculations from remotely-sensed glacier velocities and radar-retrieved ice-thickness data, and apply them to provide updated estimates of ice discharge for Canadian High Arctic glaciers and the Academy of Sciences Ice Cap in Severnaya Zemlya, Russian Arctic. Following an overview of the state-of-art methodologies to retrieve glacier surface velocity fields from remotely-sensed data, and presenting the basics of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data processing in chapters 1 and 2, the core results of this thesis are presented in chapters 3, 4 and 5, and finally the conclusions and outlook are summarized in Chapter 6. Focusing on the core of the thesis, we firstly provide an improvement of the intensity offset tracking methodology for estimating glacier surface velocities. We optimise the offset tracking technique by omitting the azimuth offsets, using instead only range offsets from ascending and descending passes. By doing so, we are able to improve the final resolution of the velocity product, as the Terrain Observation by Progressive Scans (TOPS) acquisition mode of the Sentinel-1 mission provides resolutions of 5 m in range and 20 m in azimuth. Simultaneously, we avoid the undesired ionospheric effect manifested in the data as azimuth streaks. We apply the developed technique to retrieve glacier-surface velocities from the southern Ellesmere Island ice caps, Canadian High Arctic. We additionally use Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (D-InSAR) techniques, and show that the latter shows its merits when applied to slow-moving areas, while offset tracking is more suitable for fast-moving areas. Both methods are thus complementary, and the use of both to determine glacier velocities is better than only using one or the other. We observe glacier surface velocities of up to 1200 m year−1 for the fastest tidewater glaciers. The land-terminating glaciers show typical velocities between 12 and 33 m year−1, though with peaks up to 150 m year−1 in narrowing zones of the confining valleys. Secondly, we analyse the various error sources in the estimation of ice discharge through flux gates, distinguishing the cases with ice-thickness data available for glacier cross-sections or only along the centreline. For the latter, we analyse the performance of three different U-shaped cross-sectional approaches. We apply this methodology to glaciers of the Canadian High Arctic. The velocity field is the main error source for small and medium-size glaciers (discharge 100 Mt a−1) with high velocities (>100 m a−1) the error in cross-sectional area dominates. Thinning/thickening between ice thickness and velocity measurements should be considered, as it implies systematic errors up to 8% in our study. The U-shaped parabolic approach, which allows for an adjusted estimation when the ice-thickness measurement point is displaced from the glacier centreline, performs best, with small bias and admissible standard error. We observe an increase of ice discharge from the main glaciers (Trinity and Wykeham) of the Prince of Wales Icefield from 2015 to 2016, by 5% and 20%, respectively, followed by a decrease in 2017, by 10% and 15% respectively. Belcher Glacier, of the Devon Ice Cap, maintains similar discharges during 2015-2017. Thirdly, we apply the developed methodologies, together with other state-of-art techniques, to the investigation of the dynamics and mass balance of the Academy of Sciences Ice Cap in the Russian Arctic, analysing its seasonal and intra-annual, as well as inter-annual, variations of velocity and ice discharge. We also analyse the contributions to the total mass balance of the ice cap of surface mass balance and frontal ablation (approximated here by the calving determined as ice discharge though flux gates close to the calving fronts), and the partitioning of total ablation into surface ablation and frontal ablation. With these aims, we process, using feature tracking, 54 pairs of Sentinel-1 synthetic-aperture radar images of the Academy of Sciences Ice Cap, acquired from November 2016 to November 2017. Seasonal velocity variations up to 10% (20% peak-to-peak) of the yearly-averaged velocity are observed. Shorter-term intra-annual velocity variations have average deviations up to 16% and maximum up to 32% (32% and 64% peak-to-peak). This gives an indication of the errors incurred when extrapolating to the whole year discharge values determined from a single pair of SAR images. Average ice discharge for 2016-2017 was 1.93±0.12 Gt a−1. The difference from an estimate of _ 1.4 Gt a−1 for 2003-2009 is attributed to the initiation of ice stream flow in a southern basin. The total geodetic mass balance for the ice cap over 2012-2016 is −1.72±0.67 Gt a−1 (−0.31±0.12 m w.e. a−1). The climatic mass balance is not significantly different from zero, at 0.21±0.68 Gt a−1 (0.04±0.12 m w.e. a−1), and has remained at this level for the last four decades, so the total mass balance is governed by the variations in ice discharge, whose long-term changes do not appear to respond to environmental changes but to the intrinsic characteristics of the ice cap.
- Published
- 2018
43. Resolución numérica con Matlab de Problemas de Ingeniería Biomédica
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Güemes González, Amparo and Navarro Valero, Francisco José
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Telecomunicaciones ,Medicina - Abstract
El objetivo de este Trabajo de Fin de Grado es diseñar e implementar un conjunto completo de prácticas que cubran los contenidos matemáticos de las prácticas actualmente disponibles aplicándolos a la resolución de problemas específicos de la ingeniería biomédica. Estas prácticas se implementan en Matlab, del que la UPM dispone la licencia de campus. Las prácticas van precedidas de un planteamiento de cada problema biomédico. Este planteamiento incluye la deducción del modelo matemático que representa el problema en cuestión, salvo que sea excesivamente complicado (en comparación con el nivel exigible en el GIB), en cuyo caso se realizará una introducción teórica del proceso físico-químico a estudiar. Lo que se busca es que los problemas sean representativos de los temas estudiados a lo largo del grado en otras asignaturas. Las prácticas incluyen además un código Matlab ya escrito (total o parcialmente) o simplemente las instrucciones para la escritura del código por parte del alumno. Lo que se pretende con estas prácticas es reforzar el aprendizaje del alumno, tanto en sus aspectos de planteamiento/modelización de problemas, como en los de resolución, presentación escrita/gráfica de resultados y análisis de los mismos. Para lograr los objetivos expuestos se ha realizado en primer lugar una exhaustiva revisión bibliográfica sobre el tema, seguido del diseño de las prácticas, su implementación en Matlab y la prueba de los códigos. Una vez verificado su correcto funcionamiento, se redactó una guía del alumno, que contiene tanto el planteamiento teórico de la práctica como las instrucciones para su realización, y una guía del profesor, que incluye las soluciones de las prácticas y, en su caso, los problemas más habituales esperados en la resolución de las mismas. Se pretende con esta guía del profesor disponer de un manual que pueda ser fácilmente utilizado por posibles monitores de prácticas que ayuden al docente en su labor durante las sesiones de laboratorio de la asignatura.
- Published
- 2016
44. Caracterización dinámica del glaciar Hurd combinando observaciones de campo y simulaciones numéricas
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Molina Castiella, María Carmen, Navarro Valero, Francisco Jose, Calvet Porta, Jaume, and Navarro Valero, Francisco José
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Telecomunicaciones - Abstract
El objetivo fundamental de esta tesis es la caracterización de la morfología y del estado de deformaciones y tensiones del Glaciar Hurd (Isla Livingston, Archipiélago de las Shetland del Sur, Antártida), mediante una combinación de observaciones de campo, registros de georradar y simulaciones numéricas. La morfología y el estado de deformaciones y tensiones actuales son la expresión de la evolución dinámica del glaciar desde tiempos pretéritos hasta recientes, y su análisis nos dará las pautas con las cuales ser capaces de predecir, con el apoyo de las simulaciones numéricas, su evolución futura. El primer aspecto que se aborda es el estudio de las estructuras que pueden observarse en la superficie del glaciar. Describimos las distintas técnicas utilizadas (medidas de campo, fotointerpretación de ortofotografías, análisis geoquímico de cenizas volcánicas, etc.) y presentamos el análisis e interpretación de los resultados morfo-estructurales, así como la correlación, mediante análisis geoquímicos (fluorescencia de rayos X), entre las cenizas volcánicas que extruyen en la superficie del Glaciar Hurd y las del volcán Decepción, origen de las cenizas. Esto nos permite realizar una datación de las mismas como Tefra 1, correspondiente a la erupción de 1970, Tefra 2, correspondiente a las erupciones pre-1829, y el conjunto Tefra 3, asociado a las erupciones más antiguas. En segundo lugar nos ocupamos de las estructuras presentes en el interior del glaciar, cuya herramienta de detección fundamental es el georradar. Identificadas estas estructuras internas, las vinculamos con las observadas en la superficie del glaciar. También hemos estudiado la estructura hidrotérmica del glaciar, obteniendo una serie de evidencias adicionales de su carácter politérmico. Entre éstas se contaban, hasta ahora, las basadas en el valor del parámetro de rigidez de la relación constitutiva del hielo determinada por ajuste de modelos dinámicos y observaciones realizados por Otero (2008) y las basadas en las velocidades de las ondas de radar en el hielo determinadas con el método de punto medio común por Navarro y otros (2009). Las evidencias adicionales que aportamos en esta tesis son: 1) la presencia de estructuras típicas de régimen compresivo en la zona terminal del glaciar y de cizalla en los márgenes del mismo, y 2) la presencia de un estrato superficial de hielo frío (por encima de otro templado) en la zona de ablación de los tres lóbulos del Glaciar Hurd –Sally Rocks, Argentina y Las Palmas–, que alcanzan espesores de 70, 50 y 40 m, respectivamente. Este estrato de hielo frío está probablemente congelado al lecho subglaciar en la zona terminal (Molina y otros, 2007; esta tesis). Por último, nos ocupamos de la simulación numérica de la dinámica glaciar. Presentamos el modelo físico-matemático utilizado, discutimos sus condiciones de contorno y cómo éstas se miden en los trabajos de campo, y describimos el procedimiento de resolución numérica del sistema de ecuaciones parciales del modelo. Presentamos los resultados para los campos de velocidades, deformaciones y tensiones, comparando estos resultados con las estructuras observadas. También incluimos el análisis de las elipses de deformación acumulativa, que proporcionan información sobre las estructuras a las que puede dar lugar la evolución del estado de deformaciones y tensiones a las que se ve sometido el hielo según avanza, lentamente, desde la cabecera hasta la zona terminal del glaciar, con tiempos de tránsito de hasta 1.250 años, recogiendo así la historia de deformaciones en el glaciar. Concluyendo, ponemos de manifiesto en esta tesis que las medidas de campo de las estructuras y niveles de cenizas, las medidas de georradar y las simulaciones numéricas de la dinámica glaciar, realizadas de forma combinada, permiten caracterizar el régimen actual de velocidades, deformaciones y tensiones del glaciar, entender su evolución en el pasado y predecir su evolución futura. ABSTRACT The main objective of this thesis is to characterize the morphology and the state of strains and stresses of Hurd Glacier (Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands archipelago, Antarctica) through a combination of field observations, ground-penetrating radar measurements and numerical simulations. The morphology and the current state of strain and stresses are the expression of the dynamic evolution of the glacier from the past to recent times, and their analysis gives us the guidelines to be able to predict, with the support of numerical simulations, its future evolution. The first subject addressed is the study of structures that can be observed on the glacier surface. We describe the different techniques used (field measurements, photointerpretation of orthophotos, geochemical analysis of volcanic ashes, etc.) and we present the analysis and interpretation of the morpho-structural results, as well as the correlation with geochemical analysis (XRF) between the volcanic ashes extruded to the surface of Hurd Glacier and those of Deception Island volcano, from which the ashes originate. This allows us dating the ashes as Tephra 1, corresponding to the 1970 eruption, Tephra 2, corresponding to the pre-1829 eruptions, and the Tephra 3 group, associated with older eruptions. Secondly we focus on the study of the structures present within the glacier, which are detected with the help of ground-penetrating radar. Once identified, we link these internal structures with those observed on the glacier surface. We also study the hydrothermal structure of the glacier, getting a series of additional evidences of its polythermal structure. Among the evidences available so far, we can mention those based on the value of the stiffness parameter of the constitutive relation of ice, determined by fitting dynamic models to observations, as done by Otero (2008), and those based on the velocity of propagation of the radar waves through the glacier ice, measured using the common midpoint method, as done by Navarro et al. (2009). The additional evidences that we provide in this thesis are: 1) the presence of structures typical of compressive regime in the terminal zone of the glacier, together with shear at its margins, and 2) the presence of a surface layer of cold ice (overlying a layer of temperate ice) in the ablation zone of the three lobes of Hurd Glacier –Sally Rocks, Argentina and Las Palmas–, reaching thicknesses of 70, 50 and 40 m, respectively. This cold layer is probably frozen to the subglacial bed in the terminal zone (Molina and others 2007; this thesis). Finally, we deal with the numerical simulation of glacier dynamics. We present the physical-mathematical model, discuss its boundary conditions and how they are measured in the field work, and describe the method of numerical solution of the model’s partial differential equations. We present the results for the velocity, strain and stress fields, comparing these results with the observed structures. We also include an analysis of the ellipses of cumulative deformation, which provide information about the structures that can result from the evolution of the strain and stress regime of the glacier ice as it moves slowly from the head to the snout of the glacier, with transit times of up to 1,250 years, so picking the history of deformation of the glacier. Summarizing, we show in this thesis that field measurements of structures and ash layers, ground-penetrating radar measurements and numerical simulations of glacier dynamics, performed in combination, allow us to characterize the current regime of velocities, strains and stresses of the glacier, to understand its past evolution and to predict its future evolution.
45. Técnicas de procesado de datos de georradar y su aplicación al estudio del régimen termodinámico de los glaciares fríos y politérmicos
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Lapazaran Izargain, Javier Jesús and Navarro Valero, Francisco José
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Matemáticas ,Geología - Abstract
En esta tesis se aborda el estudio del georradar como herramienta de medida en los glaciares, el procesado de sus datos y la deducción de parámetros físicos del glaciar a partir de ellos. Del procesado de sus datos y del cálculo de estos parámetros se obtienen las condiciones iniciales y de contorno necesarias para la simulación numérica de los glaciares fríos y politérmicos mediante un modelo termomecánico, cuyo submodelo térmico también se desarrolla en esta tesis. Para ello, se realiza un estudio de los conceptos, las técnicas y las teorías que fundamentan el uso del georradar en los glaciares y su procesado de datos. Se ha desarrollado un procedimiento propio para procesar los datos de georradar que permite visualizar el interior del glaciar y medir los espesores del hielo. Las imágenes obtenidas tras el procesado desvelan la estructura interna del glaciar y ofrecen datos sobre su hidrología, sobre la disposición de las grietas y su comunicación con estratos más profundos, sobre la interfaz entre los estratos de hielo frío y templado de los glaciares politérmicos, etc. También se ha realizado un exhaustivo análisis de los métodos que otros autores han propuesto para la obtención de los parámetros físicos del hielo, comparándolos y concluyendo los más adecuados para cada aplicación. Se han desvelado errores que están extendidos en la aplicación de los métodos y que así han sido puestos de manifiesto, lo que ha llevado al autor al desarrollo de nuevos procedimientos de cálculo. El estudio de estos parámetros se complementa con el de unos índices energéticos reflectivos, que aportan evidencias de la estructura en el interior y en lecho. El análisis de las definiciones previas y de los usos realizados de estos índices ha llevado al autor tanto a proponer nuevos procedimientos de cálculo, redefiniendo sus expresiones y sus ventanas de cálculo, como nuevos índices, que proporcionan información más precisa sobre el glaciar. Los métodos desarrollados son aplicados a los datos registrados en varios glaciares, obteniendo representaciones endoglaciares, determinando los espesores de hielo y calculando sus parámetros físicos. Por último, en esta tesis se desarrolla un submodelo térmico que, junto con los ya existentes submodelos dinámico y de variación temporal de la superficie libre integran un modelo termomecánico completo para la simulación numérica de los glaciares fríos y politérmicos. En esta tesis se presenta la aplicación de este modelo termomecánico sobre un glaciar politérmico, de cuyos resultados se concluye la necesidad de considerar nuevos procesos físicos en el modelo para que resulte de aplicación en glaciares politérmicos, más complicados desde el punto de vista térmico que los glaciares fríos.
- Published
- 2004
46. Estimate of the total ice volume of Svalbard glaciers and their potential contribution to sea-level rise = Estimación del volumen de hielo de Svalbard y su contribución potencial a la subida del nivel del mar
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Martín Español, Alba, Navarro Valero, Francisco José, and Otero García, Jaime
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Telecomunicaciones - Abstract
El objetivo final de las investigaciones recogidas en esta tesis doctoral es la estimación del volumen de hielo total de los ms de 1600 glaciares de Svalbard, en el Ártico, y, con ello, su contribución potencial a la subida del nivel medio del mar en un escenario de calentamiento global. Los cálculos más exactos del volumen de un glaciar se efectúan a partir de medidas del espesor de hielo obtenidas con georradar. Sin embargo, estas medidas no son viables para conjuntos grandes de glaciares, debido al coste, dificultades logísticas y tiempo requerido por ellas, especialmente en las regiones polares o de montaña. Frente a ello, la determinación de áreas de glaciares a partir de imágenes de satélite sí es viable a escalas global y regional, por lo que las relaciones de escala volumen-área constituyen el mecanismo más adecuado para las estimaciones de volúmenes globales y regionales, como las realizadas para Svalbard en esta tesis. Como parte del trabajo de tesis, hemos elaborado un inventario de los glaciares de Svalbard en los que se han efectuado radioecosondeos, y hemos realizado los cálculos del volumen de hielo de más de 80 cuencas glaciares de Svalbard a partir de datos de georradar. Estos volúmenes han sido utilizados para calibrar las relaciones volumen-área desarrolladas en la tesis. Los datos de georradar han sido obtenidos en diversas campañas llevadas a cabo por grupos de investigación internacionales, gran parte de ellas lideradas por el Grupo de Simulación Numérica en Ciencias e Ingeniería de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, del que forman parte la doctoranda y los directores de tesis. Además, se ha desarrollado una metodología para la estimación del error en el cálculo de volumen, que aporta una novedosa técnica de cálculo del error de interpolación para conjuntos de datos del tipo de los obtenidos con perfiles de georradar, que presentan distribuciones espaciales con unos patrones muy característicos pero con una densidad de datos muy irregular. Hemos obtenido en este trabajo de tesis relaciones de escala específicas para los glaciares de Svalbard, explorando la sensibilidad de los parámetros a diferentes morfologías glaciares, e incorporando nuevas variables. En particular, hemos efectuado experimentos orientados a verificar si las relaciones de escala obtenidas caracterizando los glaciares individuales por su tamaño, pendiente o forma implican diferencias significativas en el volumen total estimado para los glaciares de Svalbard, y si esta partición implica algún patrón significativo en los parámetros de las relaciones de escala. Nuestros resultados indican que, para un valor constante del factor multiplicativo de la relacin de escala, el exponente que afecta al área en la relación volumen-área decrece según aumentan la pendiente y el factor de forma, mientras que las clasificaciones basadas en tamaño no muestran un patrón significativo. Esto significa que los glaciares con mayores pendientes y de tipo circo son menos sensibles a los cambios de área. Además, los volúmenes de la población total de los glaciares de Svalbard calculados con fraccionamiento en grupos por tamaño y pendiente son un 1-4% menores que los obtenidas usando la totalidad de glaciares sin fraccionamiento en grupos, mientras que los volúmenes calculados fraccionando por forma son un 3-5% mayores. También realizamos experimentos multivariable para obtener estimaciones óptimas del volumen total mediante una combinación de distintos predictores. Nuestros resultados muestran que un modelo potencial simple volumen-área explica el 98.6% de la varianza. Sólo el predictor longitud del glaciar proporciona significación estadística cuando se usa además del área del glaciar, aunque el coeficiente de determinación disminuye en comparación con el modelo más simple V-A. El predictor intervalo de altitud no proporciona información adicional cuando se usa además del área del glaciar. Nuestras estimaciones del volumen de la totalidad de glaciares de Svalbard usando las diferentes relaciones de escala obtenidas en esta tesis oscilan entre 6890 y 8106 km3, con errores relativos del orden de 6.6-8.1%. El valor medio de nuestras estimaciones, que puede ser considerado como nuestra mejor estimación del volumen, es de 7.504 km3. En términos de equivalente en nivel del mar (SLE), nuestras estimaciones corresponden a una subida potencial del nivel del mar de 17-20 mm SLE, promediando 19_2 mm SLE, donde el error corresponde al error en volumen antes indicado. En comparación, las estimaciones usando las relaciones V-A de otros autores son de 13-26 mm SLE, promediando 20 _ 2 mm SLE, donde el error representa la desviación estándar de las distintas estimaciones. ABSTRACT The final aim of the research involved in this doctoral thesis is the estimation of the total ice volume of the more than 1600 glaciers of Svalbard, in the Arctic region, and thus their potential contribution to sea-level rise under a global warming scenario. The most accurate calculations of glacier volumes are those based on ice-thicknesses measured by groundpenetrating radar (GPR). However, such measurements are not viable for very large sets of glaciers, due to their cost, logistic difficulties and time requirements, especially in polar or mountain regions. On the contrary, the calculation of glacier areas from satellite images is perfectly viable at global and regional scales, so the volume-area scaling relationships are the most useful tool to determine glacier volumes at global and regional scales, as done for Svalbard in this PhD thesis. As part of the PhD work, we have compiled an inventory of the radio-echo sounded glaciers in Svalbard, and we have performed the volume calculations for more than 80 glacier basins in Svalbard from GPR data. These volumes have been used to calibrate the volume-area relationships derived in this dissertation. Such GPR data have been obtained during fieldwork campaigns carried out by international teams, often lead by the Group of Numerical Simulation in Science and Engineering of the Technical University of Madrid, to which the PhD candidate and her supervisors belong. Furthermore, we have developed a methodology to estimate the error in the volume calculation, which includes a novel technique to calculate the interpolation error for data sets of the type produced by GPR profiling, which show very characteristic data distribution patterns but with very irregular data density. We have derived in this dissertation scaling relationships specific for Svalbard glaciers, exploring the sensitivity of the scaling parameters to different glacier morphologies and adding new variables. In particular, we did experiments aimed to verify whether scaling relationships obtained through characterization of individual glacier shape, slope and size imply significant differences in the estimated volume of the total population of Svalbard glaciers, and whether this partitioning implies any noticeable pattern in the scaling relationship parameters. Our results indicate that, for a fixed value of the factor in the scaling relationship, the exponent of the area in the volume-area relationship decreases as slope and shape increase, whereas size-based classifications do not reveal any clear trend. This means that steep slopes and cirque-type glaciers are less sensitive to changes in glacier area. Moreover, the volumes of the total population of Svalbard glaciers calculated according to partitioning in subgroups by size and slope are smaller (by 1-4%) than that obtained considering all glaciers without partitioning into subgroups, whereas the volumes calculated according to partitioning in subgroups by shape are 3-5% larger. We also did multivariate experiments attempting to optimally predict the volume of Svalbard glaciers from a combination of different predictors. Our results show that a simple power-type V-A model explains 98.6% of the variance. Only the predictor glacier length provides statistical significance when used in addition to the predictor glacier area, though the coefficient of determination decreases as compared with the simpler V-A model. The predictor elevation range did not provide any additional information when used in addition to glacier area. Our estimates of the volume of the entire population of Svalbard glaciers using the different scaling relationships that we have derived along this thesis range within 6890-8106 km3, with estimated relative errors in total volume of the order of 6.6-8.1% The average value of all of our estimates, which could be used as a best estimate for the volume, is 7,504 km3. In terms of sea-level equivalent (SLE), our volume estimates correspond to a potential contribution to sea-level rise within 17-20 mm SLE, averaging 19 _ 2 mm SLE, where the quoted error corresponds to our estimated relative error in volume. For comparison, the estimates using the V-A scaling relations found in the literature range within 13-26 mm SLE, averaging 20 _ 2 mm SLE, where the quoted error represents the standard deviation of the different estimates.
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