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Renal denervation (RDN) is a safe and effective strategy for the treatment of difficult to treat hypertension. The blood pressure (BP)-lowering efficacy of RDN is comparable to those of many single antihypertensive medications and it allows to consider the RDN as a valuable option for the treatment of difficult to treat hypertension together with lifestyle modifications and medical therapy. A multidisciplinary team is of pivotal importance from the selection of the patient candidate for the procedure to the post-procedural management. Further studies are needed to investigate the effect of RDN on clinical outcomes and to better identify the predictors of BP response to RDN in order to recognize the patients who are more likely to benefit from the procedure.

L’inibizione del sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterone (RAAS) rappresenta un caposaldo del trattamento farmacologico dello scompenso cardiaco a ridotta frazione di eiezione ed è stato potenziato dall’arrivo degli inibitori del recettore dell’angiotensina e della neprilisina (ARNI) che combinano l’inibizione del RAAS con l’inibizione della neprilisina responsabile di un incremento delle attività favorevoli dei peptidi natriuretici. Sacubitril/valsartan ha dimostrato nello studio PARADIGM-HF un netto vantaggio rispetto ad enalapril in termini di riduzione di mortalità ed ospedalizzazioni per insufficienza cardiaca e numerosi altri trial randomizzati e studi clinici ne hanno testato l’efficacia in differenti contesti. Dai risultati di questi studi è derivata la raccomandazione di classe I per l’utilizzo del farmaco in pazienti con frazione di eiezione ridotta. La prima parte di questo position paper esplora la storia dell’inibizione del RAAS per passare poi ad una dettagliata analisi dei risultati ottenuti negli studi clinici con gli ARNI che ne supportano le raccomandazioni delle più recenti linee guida., Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS) system inhibition is a mainstay of the pharmacological treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and has been implemented by the introduction of angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNI), that combine RAAS inhibition with the inhibition of neprilysin, enhancing the favorable effects of natriuretic peptides. The PARADIGM-HF trial demonstrated a favorable effect of sacubitril/valsartan over enalapril in terms of mortality and heart failure hospitalization rate reduction. Then several randomized clinical trials and observational studies confirmed the favorable role of ARNI in different clinical scenarios, supporting the guideline class I recommendation for the use of sacubitrilvalsartan in patients with reduced systolic function. The first part of this position paper summarizes the history of RAAS inhibition and reports the results of ARNI trials that support the recommendations of the most recent guidelines.

Il trattamento con sacubitril/valsartan ha assunto un ruolo di primo piano nelle ultime linee guida sia europee che americane, ed è attualmente raccomandato in classe I per il trattamento dei pazienti con ridotta frazione di eiezione. Accanto ai ben noti effetti sulla mortalità, sacubitril/valsartan agisce positivamente sulla riduzione dei valori di NT-proBNP e su parametri di rimodellamento ventricolare sinistro, determinando un rimodellamento inverso riconosciuto come uno degli effetti meccanicistici del farmaco atto a spiegare in parte il suo effetto favorevole sulla prognosi. Un’attenta valutazione del profilo di ogni singolo paziente consente un utilizzo più mirato e meglio tollerato del farmaco, garantendo anche in ambito di insufficienza cardiaca la strada della medicina di precisione. La seconda parte di questo position paper esplora gli effetti meccanicistici degli inibitori del recettore dell’angiotensina e della neprilisina e il loro posizionamento nelle linee guida, proponendo in ultima analisi un uso di sacubitril/valsartan in specifici contesti clinici., The use of sacubitril/valsartan has been fully recognized in the most recent European and American guidelines that recommend in class I the prescription of this drug in heart failure patients with reduced systolic function. Besides the effects on cardiovascular mortality and heart failure hospitalization, sacubitril/valsartan significantly reduces NT-proBNP levels and improves cardiac remodeling, recognized as one of the mechanistic effects of the drug that is linked to favorable prognostic effects. A careful evaluation of the patients' clinical profile is needed to implement the use of sacubitril/valsartan into clinical practice and to make the treatment successful. This second part of the position paper focuses on the mechanistic effects of angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors and on its placement in current guidelines, also suggesting the use of sacubitril/valsartan in specific clinical settings.

Sacubitril/valsartan è la maggiore novità farmacologica degli ultimi 20 anni nell’ambito delle cure dei pazienti con scompenso cardiaco (SC) cronico a funzione sistolica ridotta. Capostipite di una nuova classe di farmaci, gli ARNI (inibitori del recettore dell’angiotensina e della neprilisina), sacubitril/valsartan, tramite un’azione congiunta di inibizione della neprilisina e di antagonismo dell’angiotensina II, rappresenta una originale ed innovativa potenzialità terapeutica, per la sua attività di neuro-modulazione integrata del sistema dei peptidi natriuretici e del sistema renina-angiotensina. Nello studio PARADIGM-HF, nei pazienti con SC e ridotta frazione di eiezione è stata osservata una riduzione del 20% del rischio di morte cardiovascolare e di ospedalizzazione per SC (endpoint primario), una riduzione del 20% del rischio di morte cardiovascolare, del 21-20% del rischio di prima ospedalizzazione per SC e del 16-20% della mortalità per ogni causa rispetto ai pazienti trattati con enalapril (p<0.001 per tutti). Successivamente alla pubblicazione dei risultati dello studio PARADIGM-HF, in cui sacubitril/valsartan si è rivelato significativamente superiore ad enalapril verso tutti gli endpoint previsti dallo studio, sia le linee guida europee che americane hanno inserito il farmaco con una raccomandazione di classe I, anche se con alcuni distinguo relativamente alla necessità di un pretrattamento con inibitori dell’enzima di conversione dell’angiotensina. Da circa 1 anno il farmaco è prescrivibile in Italia, regolamentato da uno specifico Piano Terapeutico. Nonostante le specifiche e limitate indicazioni ai pazienti ancora sintomatici per SC, le potenzialità terapeutiche di questa nuova classe farmacologica appaiono progressivamente più ampie e meritevoli di una revisione critica, in quanto alcune ancora non supportate da evidenze scientifiche. In questo position paper vengono descritte ed analizzate tutte le più comuni e possibili implicazioni, Sacubitril/valsartan, the first-in-class angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI), is the first medication to demonstrate a mortality benefit in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) since the early 2000s. Sacubitril/valsartan simultaneously suppresses renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation through blockade of angiotensin II type 1 receptors and enhances the activity of vasoactive peptides including natriuretic peptides, through inhibition of neprilysin, the enzyme responsible for their degradation. In the landmark PARADIGM-HF trial, patients with HFrEF treated with sacubitril/ valsartan had a 20% reduction in the primary composite endpoint of cardiovascular death or heart failure hospitalization, a 20% lower risk of cardiovascular death, a 21% to 20% lower risk of a first heart failure hospitalization, and a 16% to 20% lower risk of death from any cause, compared with subjects allocated to enalapril (all p<0.001). Following the trial, new international guidelines endorsed sacubitril/valsartan as a class I recommendation for the management of patients with HFrEF who remain symptomatic despite optimal medical management. In Italy, sacubitril/valsartan is reimbursed by the National Health Service since March 2017 within criteria set by the Italian Medicines Agency subject to patient inclusion in a dedicated monitoring registry. Although numerous post-hoc analyses of the original trial suggested that the benefits of this innovative medication may extend across a variety of subgroups, many questions do not yet have an evidence-based answer. In this position paper, we discuss the current role of sacubitril/valsartan in the management of chronic HFrEF, treatment eligibility and the modulating role of patients' characteristics. Moreover, we address concerns elicited by the PARADIGM-HF study and shortcomings of this novel drug, to clarify the place of this new therapy in the context of global care of heart failure in I

Oligometastatic prostate cancer comprises a wide spectrum of conditions, ranging from de novo oligometastatic cancer at diagnosis to oligometastatic castration-resistant disease, which are distinct entities in terms of biology and prognosis. In order to clarify and standardize the clinical role of ablative radiotherapy in oligometastatic prostate cancer, the Italian Association of Radiotherapy and Clinical Oncology (AIRO) formed an expert panel to review the current literature and develop a formal consensus. Oligometastatic prostate cancer was defined as the presence of up to three metastatic lesions involving bones or nodes outside pelvis. Thereafter, four clinical scenarios were explored: metastatic castration-sensitive disease at diagnosis and after primary treatment, and metastatic castration-resistant disease at diagnosis and during treatment, where the role of ablative radiotherapy was defined either in conjunction with systemic therapy or as the only treatment in selected cases. This paper summarizes the current literature about these issues and the proposed recommendations.

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) are mostly prescribed to prevent cardioembolic stroke in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF). An increasing number of guidelines recommend DOAC in AF patients with preserved renal function for the prevention of thromboembolism, and an increased use of DOAC in daily practice has been recorded also in elderly patients. Ageing is associated with a reduction in glomerular filtration rate, and impaired renal function, regardless of the cause, increases the risk of bleeding. Multiple medication use (polypharmacy) for treating superimposed co-morbidities is common in both elderly and chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and drug-drug interaction may cause accumulation of DOAC, thereby increasing the risk of bleeding. The safety profile of DOAC in patients with CKD has not been defined with any certainty, particularly in those with severely impaired renal function or end stage renal disease. This has been due to the heterogeneity of studies and the relative paucity of data. This document reports the position of three Italian scientific societies engaged in the management of patients with atrial fibrillation who are treated with DOAC and present with CKD.

Si tratta di un Book of Abstract, di cui abbiamo curato l'edizione come Editors

Hypertension is responsible for a relevant burden of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although several appropriate and integrated pharmacological strategies are available, blood pressure control still remains largely unsatisfactory. Failure to achieve effective blood pressure control in treated hypertensive patients may have a substantial impact on overall cardiovascular risk, since it significantly increases the risk of both macrovascular and microvascular complications. Hypertension is arbitrarily defined as "resistant" or "refractory" when recommended blood pressure goals (clinic blood pressure <140/90 mmHg, or <130/80 mmHg in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus) are not achieved, despite changes in lifestyle and treatment with adequate doses of at least three antihypertensive drugs from different classes, including a diuretic. A new non-pharmacological option for the treatment of patients with resistant hypertension has recently become available. Renal sympathetic denervation is a minimally invasive procedure performed via femoral access that uses radiofrequency catheter ablation to disable renal sympathetic afferent and efferent nerves. It results in isolation of renal parenchymal and juxtaglomerular cells from the abnormal enhancement of renal adrenergic nerve activity. The present position paper of the Italian Society of Hypertension provides a diagnostic and therapeutic approach to the early identification and effective clinical management of patients with resistant hypertension, who may candidates for renal denervation. These indications may have important implications not only from a clinical viewpoint but also from an economic perspective. The accurate identification of patients with resistant hypertension and the appropriate selection of patients eligible for this procedure may help improve blood pressure control and reduce the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications in these patients. © Il Pensiero Scientifico Editor

Commento d.d.l. n. C-2798 Delega al Governo per la riforma del processo penale e dell'ordinamento penitenziario

L'articolo indaga le prospettive per l'introduzione di una assicurazione per i rischi catastrofali in ottica di diritto interno e comparato

In their review, Ablon, Levy, and Smith-Hansen (2011) showed that the Psychotherapy Process Q-set (PQS; Jones, 2000) has been applied to a large range of studies with different methods and aims, from Randomized Control Trials (RCT) to naturalistic studies and single-case designs. Focusing on our colleagues' work, we will highlight the contribution of the PQS to research in psychotherapy, not only in process-outcome studies, but also into the therapeutic action debates, the specific vs common factors discussion, and the insight vs relation dialect. According to our studies, PQS has played the most relevant and innovative role in psychoanalysis. Ablon et al. showed how Jones left the clinical inheritance of his empirical method. One of PQS's strengths deals with the Q-sort methodology (Block, 1961; Stephenson, 1953) that enables both an empirical study of human subjectivity (McKnown & Thomas, 1988) and the application of rigorous data analysis for single-case designs, such as the P-technique and time series analysis. PQS, as colleagues have shown, is useful in single-case designs that, despite their limitations in the generalization of the findings (Kazdin, 2002), capture the richness and complexity of the clinical dialogue and describe the uniqueness of the patient and therapist dyad and interaction structures.

In this paper, we share the first results of a triadic ethnographic conversation (Sawyer, Norris, 2013) using different kinds of writing, pictures and “evocative objects” (Bollas, 2009) as a way of knowing (Heron, 1996). Our collaboration, not least in an international research workshop about gender in art and adult education, and involving other voices in order to enrich or challenge our narratives, will be a starting point for critical reflection. Our research method incorporates theories of dialogue, life history, aesthetic representation, and transformation.Our aim, then, is to explore some dilemmas brought in our lives by a feminist self-positioning: about learning, about our theory and practice of research, about the imagination and representation of gender, especially in art and adult education, about the embodiment of identity, knowing, and social justice

The article analyses, from a unions’ perspective, how overwork performed remotely contributes to hybridising employees’ status. More precisely, the paper studies how unions perceive remote overwork and examines the extent to which they find that this phenomenon blurs the boundaries between subordinated work and self-employment, lowers social protection, and challenges traditional forms of representation. The analysis is based on empirical data involving union officials and shop stewards of the quaternary sector in Milan. It was collected using a mixed-method approach that included a survey, eighteen interviews, and two participatory meetings. First, research participants stressed that overwork performed remotely undermines established social rights resulting from previous union achievements, such as the right to sick leave and breaks during the working day, while it also questions the remuneration of working time. Second, the article highlights the mechanisms identified by unions that contribute to working overtime when being remote, stressing that several of these factors correspond to characteristics of self-employment. Lastly, the paper analyses the extent to which remote overwork challenges unions, which not only see the deterioration of hard-won social rights but also find it difficult to create consensus and defend employees’ contrasting interests.

L’articolo esamina le conseguenze sulla disciplina della s.r.l. che discendono, da un lato, dalle modifiche apportate all’art. 100-ter t.u.f. in sede di adeguamento al Regolamento europeo ECSP (n. 2020/1503) e, dall’altro lato, dalle innovazioni contenute nella l. c.d. “capitali” (n. 21 del 5 marzo 2024). Sotto il primo aspetto, viene argomentata anzitutto la necessità di interpretare l’art. 100-ter t.u.f. in maniera correttiva, sostituendo il lemma «anche» con il lemma «solo», con la conseguenza che la facoltà per le s.r.l. di derogare all’art. 2468, primo comma, c.c. è circoscritta alla possibilità di offrire le quote tramite portali autorizzati di crowdfunding. Sempre alla luce del rapporto con la disciplina europea, poi, viene sostenuto il carattere obbligatorio del regime di circolazione intermediata per la s.r.l. che intenda offrire quote tramite crowdfunding, in forza della prevalenza dell’art. 10 del Regolamento ECSP sul sistema di facoltatività di cui ai commi 1 e 4 dell’art. 100-ter t.u.f. L’aver individuato un rapporto normativo necessario tra offerta al pubblico di quote di s.r.l. e crowdfunding costituisce, quindi, l’occasione per evidenziare le differenze di fattispecie tra la s.r.l. che offre le quote al pubblico e la società per azioni rispettivamente quotata e diffusa. Successivamente, l’elaborato analizza le conseguenze derivanti su tale contesto di fondo dall’introduzione, da parte della l. c.d. “capitali”, di un regime facoltativo di emissione scritturale delle quote di s.r.l.-PMI: sia sul crowdfunding, nel cui ambito detto regime rappresenta un’opzione alternativa rispetto al regime di intestazione e circolazione intermediata, sia sulle eventuali altre possibilità per la s.r.l. di reperire risorse, in particolare affrontando la problematica della suscettibilità delle quote scritturali a essere ammesse alla negoziazione su sistemi multilaterali di negoziazione., The article examines the consequences on the Italian limited liability company (S.r.l.) stemming, on the one hand, from the amendments made to Article 100-ter of the Consolidated Law on Finance (t.u.f.) in the context of the adaptation of the Italian legislation to the European Regulation ECSP (No. 2020/1503), and, on the other hand, from the innovations contained in the so-called "capitali" act (n. 21, march 5th, 2024). From the first point of view, the paper argues that a corrective interpretation of Article 100-ter, first paragraph, t.u.f. is necessary, which, more specifically, replaces the term also («anche») with the term exclusively («solo»). As a results, S.r.l.s would be allowed to deviate from Article 2468, first paragraph, of the Civil Code only by offering their membership interests through authorized crowdfunding platforms. Furthermore, it is then contended that the system of membership interests’ underwriting and transferal through intermediaries (envisaged by art. 100-ter, paras 2 to 4, t.u.f.) is mandatory for S.r.l.s wishing to offer them through crowdfunding, according to Article 10 of the ECSP Regulation and its primacy over conflicting national legislation (namely, the mere optionality of the system provided for in the mentioned paragraphs 2 to 4 of Article 100-ter t.u.f). The relationship between the offering of S.r.ls’ membership interests to the “public” and crowdfunding offerings, existing at a positive level, provides an opportunity to highlight the differences between the S.r.l. which turns to investment crowdfunding and the listed joint-stock corporation. Subsequently, the paper analyzes the fallouts on this context of the introduction, by the so-called “capitali” act, of an optional regime for the dematerialization of S.r.l.-SMEs’ membership interests: both on crowdfunding itself, since said regime represents a way of underwriting and transferring membership interests’ that is alternative to the one set forth by Article 100-ter, paras 2 t

Lo scritto si propone di analizzare il regime normativo dell’investment e del lending crowdfunding a seguito del Regolamento (UE) 2020/1503 (e della disciplina nazionale di completamento e adeguamento del medesimo), allo scopo di dare una visione d’insieme dei suoi obiettivi normativi e del suo approccio regolatorio, nonché di esaminarne la collocazione all’interno della disciplina dei “mercati finanziari” in senso ampio. Nella specie, dopo la ricostruzione del rapporto tra fonti eurounitarie e nazionali e l’illustrazione della struttura del Regolamento (UE) 2020/1503, vie-ne analizzato l’ambito applicativo del medesimo, e quindi le distinte fattispecie dell’investment e del lending crowdfunding, dando auto-nomo rilievo alle ipotesi la cui riconduzione all’interno della fatti-specie astratta è più problematica. Successivamente, l’articolo analizza la disciplina applicabile alla prestazione del servizio di crowdfunding, in punto sia di procedimento autorizzatorio sia di obblighi imposti ai gestori di piattaforme, suddividendoli rispettivamente in obblighi generali di condotta e di governance e in obblighi relativi alle singole campagne. In chiusura, vengono formulate alcune osservazioni di sintesi sulla coerenza interna del Regolamen-to (UE) 2020/1503., The paper aims at analyzing the regulatory framework of investment and lending crowdfunding according to Regulation (EU) 2020/1503 (and the complementary national laws), with the purpose of providing an overview of its regulatory objectives and approach, as well as examining its place within the broader legal framework of financial markets. Specifically, after depicting the relationship between EU and national sources and illustrating the structure of Regulation (EU) 2020/1503, the article deals with its scope of application, focusing on the distinct types of investment and lending crowdfunding, with particular attention to the cases in which it is most problematic to determine whether the mentioned Regulation is or not applicable. Subsequently, the article examines the rules set forth for to the provision of crowdfunding services, addressing both the authorization process and the obligations imposed on platform operators, dividing them into general conduct and governance obligations and obligations related to individual campaigns. In conclusion, the paper briefly discusses the internal consistency of Regulation (EU) 2020/1503.

Il presente contributo è dedicato alle torsioni interpretative riscontrate nella applicazione della clausola di ordine pubblico internazionale nel riconoscimento di atti e sentenze sulla filiazione da gestazione per altri. Analizzate le aporie, si analizzano le coordinate esegetiche fornite dalla Corte di Giustizia e dalla Cassazione., The paper focuses on the interpretative distortions encountered in the application of the public policy in the recognition of acts and judgments on filiation by surrogacy or by heterologous fertilisation in favor of same sex couples abroad. After analyzing the discrepancies, the paper analyzes the coordinates provided by the Court of Justice and the Italian Supreme Court.

Sulla scorta di due decisioni giurisprudenziali, rispettivamente del Tribunale e della Corte d’Appello di Milano, il contributo confronta la fattispecie della garanzia personale resa per l’adempimento degli obblighi concordatari (par. 2.) con quella dell’apporto di risorse esterne senza obbligo di restituzione (par. 4), alla luce dell’evoluzione della legge fallimentare fino al codice della crisi d’impresa e dell’insolvenza. Sulla base del quadro normativo analizzato, viene argomentata la legittimazione del curatore ad agire nell’interesse della massa dei creditori per ottenere l’adempimento dell’impegno del terzo ad apportare risorse al patrimonio del debitore (par. 5)., Taking the cue from two rulings of the Milan Tribunal and the Milan Court of Appeals, the paper compares situations in which personal guarantees are provided for the fulfillment of obligations arising from the concordato preventivo (paragraph 2) with cases in which third parties provide financing that does not entail any repayment obligation by the debtor (paragraph 4), considering the evolution of the Italian bankruptcy legislation from the now repealed Bankruptcy Act (1942) to the current Business Crisis and Insolvency Code. Building on this legal framework, the paper argues that the insolvency practitioner has standing to act in the interest of the creditors' estate to enforce the aforementioned third party’s obligation to contribute resources to the debtor’s assets (paragraph 5).

This paper analyses the notion of technological Singularity. In particular, how it is deployed in the debate on the regulation of new technologies. The paper argues that this notion appears in arguments that are ideologically connoted. Transhumanists use it to ground a specific narrative in favour of enhancing humanity. The discussion of the Singularity Argument will be framed within the debate on non-medical neurotechnologies, which raise ethical-legal challenges in terms of the formulation and implementation of legal rules. First, the fallacies of the narrative will be investigated. Secondly, the problems of the Singularity Argument, discrimination, and inequality, will be addressed. Thirdly, new regulatory perspectives discussed within the European legal framework will be considered.

The paper is an Italian contribution to the scientific dialogue between psychoanalysis and research. The 3LM constitutes a model of intervision, whose strength lies in favouring the multiplicity of participants’ experiences and enhancing the plurality of viewpoints. The 3LM studies the clinical material by subjecting it to scrutiny by several group members and at another level carries out work on the analysts’ minds in the clinic and the way theoretical concepts are implemented. The groups help to create a climate and experience aimed at learning, discussing the clinical case and working together. An evaluation form is presented in the paper to assess changes in the patient’s functioning and relationship with the therapist. The results of its use showed significant changes.

Informal consultations with young scholars seem to indicate that a paper fitting the category of «notes from the field» is deemed of less value than a paper labelled «essay» or «research article». Although this conception deserves to be discussed in depth and even overturned, the aim of this paper is more modest: to show that a «note from the field» is a full research text that embraces and reports on the core of ethnographic field research. Firstly, it shows how at the core of this kind of research lies an activity of description. Secondly, it gives an account of the remarkable increase of «notes from the field» written from different positions and following various approaches, especially from perspectives that are not strictly research-oriented; it is argued that a comparison with such texts can be helpful in enhancing what may be the specific character of an ethnographic research text. Thirdly, it focuses on field notes, their production activity and the practical transition from fieldnotes to notes from the field. Lastly, some suggestions on how to write such notes are given.

Frame of the research: The Covid-19 pandemic has accelerated the megatrends reshaping the fashion industry and fashion retail companies are innovating, reshaping and revising their service-mix in order to respond to the new challenges of this dynamic and uncertain competitive context. Purpose of the paper: The purpose of this paper is to investigate fashion rental as a new alternative channel or a collateral channel to fashion retail from a business perspective. Methodology: Qualitative research was carried out in Italy, with semi-structured interviews with CEO founders of fashion rental enterprises and a case study on the Please Don’t Buy project launched by the Twinset luxury fashion company. Findings: The findings reveal the opportunities and challenges related to fashion rental as a new channel through which fashion companies can respond to the sustainable consumption patterns of consumers. Research limits: As the study is built on a qualitative research design and a single case study, the findings are not generalizable, although they allow for an in-depth analysis of the fashion rental channel. Practical implications: The study has managerial implications for established fashion brands wanting to collaborate with fashion rental platforms or to engage directly with fashion rental following in the steps of the Twinset project. It is also relevant for start-ups interested in launching their own digital rental platforms. Originality of the paper: This study is the first to examine fashion rental as a new channel alongside fashion retail, and to wonder if, in response to changing fashion consumption patterns, retail sales channels will continue to dominate the fashion industry or will gradually be replaced in part by these new rental channels.

This paper discusses one paragraph of the Kitāb al-Barbariyya, a medieval Berber commentary on Abū Ġānim’s Mudawwana. The brief note examined is a comment on the answer to a legal question, which mentions the ancient Berber names of a constellation and of a plant, quoting two lines of Arabic poetry. The passage occupies seven lines (f. 126b, ll. 8-14) of the manuscript MS.ARA 1936 found at the Bibliothèque universitaire des langues et civilisations (BULAC) of Paris. The Berber words retrieved from this text are Amanar, the name of the constellation of Orion, and tabduɣt, the name of the cotton plant. Moreover, in this ancient text, the word (a)kermus, which in the contemporary Berber languages applies to some specific plants (figs, prickly pears, dates), and which, in this case, seems to mean simply ‘fruit’, which supports a possible etymology from the Greek karpós. A list of Arab authors quoted within the Kitāb al-Barbariyya is added at the end of the paper.

The engagement of central banks with the consequences of climate change has become not only the subject matter of academic debates, but also a regulatory reality, albeit in very heterogeneous shapes across jurisdictions. Against this backdrop, this paper aims at providing: (i) an up to date and comprehensive review of the relevant literature and (ii) a report of the regulatory and legislative approaches followed by some of the most influential central banks. With respect to (i), the paper initially establishes a shared framework for the addressed issues, presenting the outcomes of previous scientific works in a schematic manner. It then explores both the widely accepted ideas and the predominant viewpoints on the most debated topics. Regarding (ii), the paper proposes a classification of the tools used by central banks worldwide, building on earlier studies. The article looks subsequently at several central banks (the European Central Bank, the US Federal Reserve, the Bank of England, the Bank of Norway, the Bank of Japan, and the People’s Bank of China) and reports which of such tools are respectively implemented, such as climate-related financial risks stress testing and monetary operations.

Il contributo presenta i risultati di una ricerca valutativa mixed-methods (sequential explanatory design) condotta sul Corso di Laurea in Scienze della Formazione Primaria presso l’Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca e volta a: a) descrivere il profilo socio-demografico in evoluzione degli studenti; b) indagare i fattori che influenzano la qualità dell’esperienza universitaria. L’analisi di diversi modelli di regressione logistica multipla a partire dai dati della survey (N=1141) mostra che il possesso di una laurea precedente e la frequenza delle lezioni (in presenza o da remoto) sono associati a un minor ritardo negli esami. I dati raccolti medianti 7 focus group (N=56) rivelano la richiesta di maggiore integrazione tra teoria e pratica e l’apprezzamento per le tecnologie didattiche, soprattutto da parte degli studenti lavoratori. I numerosi spunti per avviare la riprogettazione delle diverse aree del CdL (corsi, laboratori, tirocinio) saranno oggetto di discussione nell’articolo., This paper presents the results of an evaluation research project conducted at the University of Milano-Bicocca's Master's Degree Program in Teacher Education. The research used a mixed-methods sequential explanatory design to: a) describe the changing socio-demographic and occupational profiles of students; and b) explore factors that affect their university experience. The logistic regressions performed on the survey (N=1141) data showed that, regardless of employment status and prior degrees, regular class attendance (whether in person or online) helped reduce delays. Qualitative insights were derived from thematic analysis of data from seven focus groups (N=60) and revealed that students desire a deeper theory-practice integration and appreciate educational technologies, specially for remote learners. The paper will discuss how these insights can be used to initiate the redesign of the different areas of the degree program.

L’inizio del XX secolo costituisce un periodo assai significativo per il dibattito sull’educazione e sull’istruzione femminile in Italia. Il saggio si propone di riflettere in particolare sulla questione della coeducazione fra maschi e femmine: in merito si palesarono posizioni varie e articolate, che esaminavano i vantaggi e gli svantaggi delle dinamiche relazionali fra ragazzi e ragazze, la possibilità di curricoli uguali o diversificati, gli sbocchi professionali offerti. Il presente contributo analizza come il dibattito su questo tema è presente nelle pagine della rivista La Coltura Popolare., The beginning of the twentieth century is a very significant period for the debate on women’s education in Italy. The paper aims to reflect in particular on the issue of coeducation between males and females: in this regard, various and articulate positions were revealed, which examined the advantages and disadvantages of the relational dynamics between boys and girls, the possibility of equal or diversified curricula, and professional opportunities offered. This paper analyses how the debate on this theme is present in the pages of the magazine La Coltura Popolare.

L’obiettivo di un modello di rischio di credito e` quello di sviluppare una regola accurata in grado di distinguere tra osservazioni buone e cattive. In questo lavoro le aziende sono le nostre osservazioni, in particolare ci concentriamo sulle Piccole e Medie Imprese (PMI), come la maggior parte dei lavori nella letteratura finanziaria, dato il loro contributo all’economia dell’Unione Europea sia per il val- ore aggiunto sia per la creazione di posti di lavoro. Lo scopo dell’articolo e` duplice: esplorare l’uso degli indicatori ottenuti dal web per migliorare le previsioni di in- solvenza delle imprese e confrontare le prestazioni dei modelli alimentati con tali indicatori rispetto a quelli costruiti con le informazioni finanziarie standard. I risul- tati, ottenuti su un campione di aziende spagnole, includeranno anche un focus sulla capacita` degli indicatori web di riconoscere le aziende insolventi non comuni., The objective of a Credit Risk model is to develop an accurate rule that can distinguish between good and bad instances. In this work instances are firms, specif- ically we focus on Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), as most of the papers in the financial literature, thanks to their contribution to the European Union economy for both value added and the creation of jobs. The aim of the paper is twofold: to explore the usage of the web-scraped indicators to improve firms’ default predic- tions and to compare the models’ performances fed with the web-based indicators with the ones built with the standard financial information. The results, obtained on a sample of Spanish companies, will also include a focus about the ability of the web features in recognizing uncommon defaulted firms.

In this paper I argue that there is a need to reconnect with the question of purpose in education, particularly in the light of a recent tendency to focus discussions about education almost exclusively on the measurement and comparison of educational outcomes. I first discuss why the question of pur-pose should always have a place in our educational discussion. I then explore some reasons why this question seems to have disappeared from the educational agenda. The central part of the paper is a proposal for addressing the question of purpose in education—the question as to what constitutes good education—in a systematic manner. I argue that the question of purpose is a composite question and that in deliberating about the purpose of education we should make a distinction between three functions of education to which I refer as qualification, socialisation and subjectification. In the final section of the paper I provide examples of how this proposal can help in asking more precise questions about the purpose and direction of educational processes and practices.

In the early months of 2020, Italy had to face the spread of Covid-19, by intensifying the preventive public health and social distancing measures initially in some restricted areas, and gradually extended to the entire territory, up to the lockdown on 11 March 2020. The pandemic and the lockdown have changed people's lives with important economic, social and health implications. In this paper we present the experience of a pilot study that aimed at measuring the impact of the pandemic and the lockdown on the socio-economic behaviour of the Italian population in the short and medium term, by conducting a survey with a smartphone APP. The research design is proposed as a framework to collect longitudinal data, in order to measure the impact of an event as a change over time in the behavioural profile of individuals in everyday life. The survey has detected some sociodemographic variables related to the pre and post lockdown. At each measurement, both the current attitude/behaviour and the expected one in the short (two-month window) and long term (two-year window), have been detected. The survey is composed of two questionnaires: the first must be filled in just the first time, and the second questionnaire is proposed each time the respondent decides to participate. In November 2021 a first extraction from the data set counts 330 responses, corresponding to 189 individuals. In this paper we present some analyses od these data, with only illustrative purposes of the potentiality of the framework proposed. The potentiality of the tool is supported by the results of some analyses: socio-demographic characteristics of people (working, being female, and having experienced the event on oneself) determine the magnitude of the impact on loneliness; over time, the negative impact of the lockdown on the expectations tends to reduce, confirming the hypothesis of adaptation to critical circumstances; optimism about the future demonstrates the desire for resilience in the face of

This paper examines the indivisible reserves in the Italian cooperatives, which should characterize all cooperatives in the world according to the International Cooperative Alliance. The issue is dealt with from the point of view not only of company law but also of accounting and tax law. The paper examines all the spaces left by the law to the contractual freedom in order to design an effective and efficient financial structure of the cooperative thanks to all its reserves, divisible and indivisible.

In this paper we aim to investigate how family members, and young sons and daughters in particular, do family and actively take part in doing family through space and the body. By viewing family relations from a culturalist perspective, we aim to shed light on how these embodied family practices form, operate and change, from a spatial perspective. In more depth, we are interested in exploring how family boundaries change depending on the spatial proximity or distance among family members, configurations in which the (im)materiality of body and embodied family practices are significant. The paper is based on two empirical studies regarding young Italians – one on a group still living in the family home with their parent(s) and the other on a group of Italians living abroad. Our analysis, based on biographical narrative interviews with 40 young Italian men and women (aged 22 to 30), shows that while family boundaries are continuously being actively reshaped by (real and virtual) spatial interactions among family members, proximity and distance work quite similarly when it comes to doing family, especially considering the implications of, and reactions to, the parental gaze (Morgan 2011b).

The paper explores Poland’s troubled relationship with the European Union and the Council of Europe on the justice’s reform package. Starting from the two recent judgements of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal, with which it has declared the unconstitutionality of articles 1, 2 and 19 TEU and article 6 paragraph 1 ECHR, the paper analyses the possible evolution of Poland’s membership in the two Organizations.

Il presente contributo vuole riflettere sulle affinità e sulle diversità tra le proposta dell’Éducation nouvelle e il percorso intrapreso da Giuseppina Pizzigoni in Italia, che proprio nel 1927, dopo aver sperimentato fin dal 1911 un nuovo modo di intendere e praticare il processo di insegnamento-apprendimento, aveva inaugurato la scuola Rinnovata, con un metodo didattico sperimentale e innovativo (Pizzigoni, 1911a; 1911b; 1911c;1920; 1921; 1931; 1956). I punti di contatto tra le due prospettive si possono sintetizzare nell’attenzione costante all’ambiente, nel valore attribuito al contesto esterno, nell’importanza dell’esperienza diretta dei bambini, che attraverso percorsi di condivisione arrivano a costruire la conoscenza. L’ultima parte dello scritto è dedicata a una riflessione legata alle potenzialità che ancora oggi queste riflessioni possono offrire con un particolare riferimento all’esperienza attuale della scuola Rinnovata, a metodo Pizzigoni., This paper explores the similarities and differences between the Éducation Nouvelle movement and the journey undertaken by Giuseppina Pizzigoni, who founded her New School (Scuola Rinnovata) in 1927, after experimenting with a novel way of understanding and practicing the teaching-learning process from 1911 onwards (Pizzigoni, 1911a; 1911b; 1911c; 1920; 1921; 1931; 1956). The points of contact between the two perspectives include a focus on the environment, the outdoor context, children’s direct experience, and their shared pathways towards constructing knowledge. The final section of the paper looks at the potential value of these emphases, which can also inform the present-day implementation of the (Rinnovata) New School approach and the Pizzigoni method.

This paper deals with the new EU regulatory framework concerning medical devices and in vitro diagnostic medical devices, which essentially comprises of Regulation (EU) 2017/745 (“MDR”) and Regulation (EU) 2017/746 (“IVDR”). Preliminarily, the essay analyzes the background and the underlying reasons that prompted the lawmaker to alter the legal frame of reference, as well as to employ a different legal instrument (a regulation instead of a directive). Following a brief overview of the former regulatory regime, based on the so-called MDDs (the three medical device directives), the paper focuses on the key changes introduced by the new Regulations and certain critical interpretive issues, as well as the main challenges that they pose to professionals working in the medical device manufacturing and trade field. Abstract (IT) Il presente lavoro ha ad oggetto la nuova normativa UE dei dispositivi medici e dei dispositivi medico-diagnostici in vitro, costituita dal Regolamento (UE) 2017/745 (“MDR”) e dal Regolamento (UE) 2017/746 (“IVDR”). In via preliminare, viene analizzato il background di riferimento e le ragioni che hanno spinto il legislatore a cambiare il quadro giuridico del settore di riferimento, nonché ad utilizzare un diverso atto strumento legislativo (regolamento in luogo della direttiva). Dopo una breve trattazione del precedente assetto normativo, basato sulle cosiddette MDD (le tre direttive sui dispositivi medici), il saggio si concentra sui cambiamenti chiave introdotti dai nuovi Regolamenti, su talune criticità interpretative, e sulle principali sfide che essi pongono agli operatori attivi nel ciclo della produzione e del commercio dei dispositivi medici.

This paper discusses the empirical findings concerning the visual aesthetic experience in a neurological context. Accordingly, the aim of this paper is to shed light on the common ground across neuroscience, psychology, and philosophy to pave new roads for empirical research. Cognitive models posit that the brain employs neural networks mediating bottom-up and topdown processes, and in effect, engenders emotion and reward throughout the visual aesthetic experience. Likewise, empathy and its corresponding recruitment of bodily processes may facilitate the understanding of a visual artwork's depicted emotion, which may allow the viewer to engage with the visual artwork from a psychological distance and, consequently, to experience pleasure regardless of the visual artwork's emotional content. In conclusion, empathetic processes may be central to the visual aesthetic experience and should be considered by future empirical research investigating the visual aesthetic experience.

The paper selectively overviews extant research on coworking in order to illustrate: i) the role assigned to technology in coworking settings; and ii) how a more comprehensive account of technology could provide a richer interpretation of the future of work. Drawing on the framework originally proposed by Orlikowski and Iacono (2001), the article identifies current themes and trends in the coworking debate. The main finding is that the role of ICTs (Information and Communication Technologies) is not only under-represented, but that two key elements are noticeably absent from the discourse: the autonomy-control linkage and the temporal-spatial configuration of work. The paper illuminates those areas of the coworking puzzle in which new politics of time and space call for further investigation, positing that the scholarly spotlight needs to retrain on the role of technology.

L’alto grado di interazione uomo-tecnica nella contemporaneità sfida una definizione univoca di corporeità e delinea corpi in trasformazione. La prospettiva postumanista appare particolarmente significativa sia per leggere i processi di mutamento che investono i soggetti nell’attuale orizzonte di vita, sia per mettere in discussione la dicotomia naturale-artificiale in favore di una visione relazionale, in cui la corporeità è in divenire e aperta all’ibridazione. Il paper, a partire da questo sfondo teorico, intende presentare una ricerca sul rapporto uomo-tecnica nell’autogestione del diabete per riflettere sulle implicazioni pedagogiche del corpo come ibrido bio-tecnologico. L’intensa interazione bio-tecnologica che caratterizza l’individuo diabetico, in quest’ottica, rappresenta un caso emblematico in cui il corpo diventa un crocevia di relazioni (in)stabili con l’altro da sé, producendo una soggettività differente che incarna potenzialità e contraddizioni del tempo presente., The high degree of human-technical interaction in the contemporary world challenges an univocal definition of corporeity and configures bodies in transformation. The posthumanist perspective appears particularly significant both to read the processes of change that affect subjects in the current horizon of life, and to question the natural-artificial dichotomy in favor of a relational vision in which corporeity is becoming and is open to hybridization. From this theoretical background, the paper aims to present a research on the human-technical relationship in the diabetes self-management so to reflect on the pedagogical implications of the body as a bio-technological hybrid. The intense bio-technological interaction characterizing the diabetic subject, from this view, represents an emblematic case in which the body becomes a crossroads of (in)stable relations with the otherness, producing a different subjectivity embodying potentialities and contradictions of current times.

The paper aims to highlight the role of the territorial dimension in the diffusion of social innovation initiatives, specifically the case of “Rete 3B”, developed within the URBANA event, an event promoted by the Department of Sociology and Social Research of the University of Milan Bicocca. The specific reason for the interest in this topic has been inspired by the growing centrality of universities in the diffusion of a knowledge-based approach to urban development. Starting from the peripheral positioning in the city of Milan, Bicocca University, leader of the initiative, involved Politecnico di Milano and Università IULM to take part at the event. The sharing of the same territorial experiences and the same reasons that led to its genesis, allowed to encourage the creation of a network between the three universities. Since the Covid-19 pandemic occurred just before the kick-off of the activities, “Rete 3B” has been put on stand-by and none activity has been yet organized. Another complication come from the total exclusion of students in the Italian universities, which lasted until few months ago. For these reasons, the paper is not intended to offer data about the effects put in place by the universities’ activities, but to offer an in-depth overview of the processes underlying the connections between the three academic institutions by using qualitative data collected during the event “URBANA 2019”. The sharing of the same type of positioning in the urban context and the strong connection with the neighborhoods made possible a smooth collaboration within Bicocca, Politecnico and IULM, casting the right path to start, as soon as possible, the setting-up of shared activities of local social innovation.

L’articolo commenta la sentenza della Corte europea dei diritti dell’uomo nel caso Advance Pharma sp. z o.o v. Poland ponendola nel contesto della giurisprudenza polacca ed europea relativa all’indipendenza del potere giudiziario in Polonia. La prima parte dell’articolo si concentra sulle riforme che, negli ultimi anni, hanno compromesso l’autonomia del sistema giudiziario polacco. In particolare, la procedura per la nomina dei giudici non assicura più le garanzie minime di indipendenza da quando il Consiglio nazionale della magistratura è divenuto un organo la cui composizione è decisa nella quasi totalità dalla maggioranza politica; e tale situazione ha provocato una forte opposizione giudiziale sia a livello nazionale che da parte della Corte di Giustizia. La seconda parte del contributo descrive la decisione Advance Pharma e, più in generale, l’approccio della Corte EDU alla questione. Alla luce dei criteri stabiliti nella sua più recente giurisprudenza, la Corte di Strasburgo ha stabilito la violazione del diritto della ricorrente a un “tribunale costituito per legge”, diritto che ricomprende il rispetto delle regole fondamentali per la procedura di nomina dei giudici. L’articolo sottolinea come questo approccio valorizzi anche parametri diversi da quelli strettamente convenzionali, posto che esso richiede in primo luogo il rispetto del diritto nazionale, così riconoscendo un ruolo cruciale alla giurisprudenza dei giudici nazionali e della Corte di giustizia., The paper examines the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights in the case Advance Pharma sp. z o.o v. Poland in the framework of the Polish and European case-law concerning the independence of the judges in Poland. The first part deals with the reforms that in recent years undermined the autonomy of the Polish judicial system. Specifically, the procedure for the appointment of judges doesn’t provide the minimum guarantees of independence since the National Council of the Judiciary has become a body nominated by the political majority; this situation has led to a strong judicial opposition at both Court of Justice’s and national levels. The second part of the paper describes the Advance Pharma judgement and more generally the ECoHR approach to the issue. In the light of the criteria laid down in its most recent case-law, the Court declared the violation of the applicant’s right to a “tribunal established by law”, which includes compliance with the fundamental rules of procedure for the appointment of judges. The paper underlines how this approach values parameters other than the conventional ones, since it primarily requires the respect of domestic law, thus emphasizing the role of national courts as well as of the Court of Justice.

The paper aims to understand the possible effects of the PNRR on the Italian Small Islands. The relationship between insiders and external actors, as well as the relationship of interdependence with the mainland, highlight the Italian Small Islands as a promising “laboratory” for investigation, not only as case studies but also as a complex and articulated spatial and territorial context in which some of the general dynamics tend to be emphasised. The peripheral dimension of the Italian Small Islands (Turco, 1980) has meant that since the Second World War they have been included among the “underdeveloped areas” and subject to the interventions of the Cassa per il Mezzogiorno. Within this scenario, the smaller islands were the subject of specific funding or actions, in some cases emphasising their dependence on the mainland. This dependence has also been recorded in the policies of the National Strategy for Internal Areas (SNAI), which classifies island municipalities as peripheral or ultraperipheral, without however taking into account deeper local dynamics that effectively cancel out these conditions of peripheralisation. The PNRR proposes some missions explicitly addressed to small island territories, such as the achievement of a circular economy, forms of development that dialogue between tourism and sustainability, but also more general actions aimed, for example, at the mitigation of territorial gaps. The paper seeks to connect PNRR, tourism development and the challenge of Small Islands' seasonal geographies.

This paper analyses the relationship between academic engagement and external patenting of university inventions at the international level. Drawing on agency theory and exploiting an original dataset, the paper develops and empirically tests a conceptual framework that evaluates the role of university-firm relationships in the exploitation of university inventions. The paper uses multivariate regression analysis based on a logit estimator that draws upon survey and archival data concerning more than 500 research projects spawning a patent application. Our results show that patents developed in the context of direct scientist-firm relationships are more likely to be commercialized through non-university channels. The external patenting of inventions developed with the use of university resources determines a loss of financial resources that a university could invest in future research or teaching activities. The provision of outcome-based rewards to get university scientists involved in technology transfer and the pursuit of research partnerships at the organizational level may mitigate the effect of academic engagement on external patenting.

Il p-value, strumento adottato da Sir Ronald Fisher per fare inferenza, oggi è molto utilizzato, anche se alcuni sostengono che l’alternativa al p-value sia il Bayes factor, strumento adottato da Sir Harold Jeffreys. La contrapposizione tra p-value e Bayes factor è ancora argomento di discussione pur essendo trascorsi quasi cento anni dall’origine della disputa. Sul p-value si susseguono prese di posizione e si organizzano convegni per individuare possibili procedure alternative. Il Bayes factor è tenuto in secondo piano anche se è sempre più spesso utilizzato in letteratura, soprattutto in ambito psicologico. Alcuni autori hanno cercato di conciliare p-value con Bayes factor adottando posizioni diverse. Due prospettive sembrano di particolare interesse, costruire il Bayes factor in funzione del p-value o, seguendo le proposte di Matthews e Held, valutare la credibilità del p-value tramite il ricorso a strumenti bayesiani. Nel presente lavoro si discutono queste due proposte ponendo particolare riguardo alla credibilità per la quale viene suggerita una misura., The p-value, namely a tool put forth by Sir Ronald Fisher to make statistical inference, is currently used in the applications. Some statisticians argue that the alternative to the p-value is the Bayes factor, i.e., a tool proposed by Sir Harold Jeffreys. The contrast between the p-value and the Bayes factor is still a matter of discussion, even though almost 100 years have passed since the origin of the dispute. As to the debate on the p-value, position papers have been written and conferences have been organized to identify possible alternative procedures. The Bayes factor is kept in shadow even if it has become more used in the literature, especially in the psychological field. Some authors tried to reconcile the p-value with the Bayes factor. It has been proposed to view the Bayes factor as a function of the p-value or, following the proposals of Matthews and Held, to assess the credibility of the p-value itself through the use of Bayesian tools. In this paper, we review these two positions with particular regard to the analysis credibility, for which a measure is put forward.