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Spray drying process is considered as a conventional method that is extensively used to convert food product to powder form. It offers a lot of benefit including continuous process, rapid evaporation and industrial viable. But spray drying also expose to various disadvantages such as losses due to the particle's deposition on the drying walls. The understanding on the flow behaviors in the drying chamber of spray drying are important for the strategy to reduce the powder losses during this process. Therefore, in this study, the simulation of flow behavior in the drying chamber was conducted using computational fluid dynamic (CFD). The 2D and 3D was conducted to tested for the most accurate model to represent the process. Discrete phase model (DPM) was used to describe the atomization of the protein particles. The convective terms of the continuous phase equations for several equation and schemes are conducted using ANSYS FLUENT R19.1. Based on the CFD simulation, an uneven velocity distribution between 0.00121 to 3.82 m/s is observed on various zone of the drying chamber which causing the inefficient heat transfer which lead to incomplete evaporation. Incomplete evaporations are identified as main reason for the particle deposition at the dying wall. The identifying of this zone may help to design strategy to improve the flow in the drying chamber and decreased the loses of the powder due to the particle deposition. In future, the particle tracking will be conducted, and the heat profile will be discussed to develop the drying curve of the particle to help the strategy to improve heat distribution for particle deposition reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-processed excipients are composed of two or more excipients processed by spray drying for developing a new excipients composed by significantly improved functionalities in compressibility, compatibility, tabletability, flow properties, etc. Co-processed excipients are frequently employed for development of fast disintegrating/ orally disintegrating tablets. Spray drying is an economical, industrial viable, scalable method for developing co-processed excipient with reproducible quality characteristics. Equipment, method, process parameters are imported to be monitored and controlled for achieving desired quality attributes. In conclusion spray drying is an effective method for developing co-processed excipients for pharmaceutical product development. Lactose, cellulose, sugar alcohols, inorganic fillers and miscellaneous co-processed excipients prepared by spray drying have been discussed in this present paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spray drying (SD) is one of important technique mostly applied in the food industry and pharmaceuticals sector. However, an issue of stickiness during operation resulted in deposition of materials on the dryer surface that decreased product quality, frequent plant shutdowns, increased cleaning requirements, and safety hazards. Besides, application of spray drying in mushroom liquid cultures is limited hence requires further review. Low molecular weight sugars and organic acids with a low glass transition temperature are factors responsible for the sticky behavior. The common solution for this problem is by adding high molecular weight drying aids to raise the feed mixture's glass transition temperature (Tg). Among drying aids, maltodextrin was found the most effective polymer with high Tg for helping the stickiness problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maltodextrin is normally used as wall material that plays a vital role in volatile compound retention after spray drying for flavour microencapsulation. The as-received maltodextrin DE 5, 14 and 18.5 were used in this study (as-received maltodextrin). The maltodextrin was spray dried at 190°C and 85°C inlet and outlet temperatures, respectively, to obtain re-spray dried maltodextrin. Physico-chemical properties of maltodextrin were studied. The study included water sorption isotherm, proton relaxation by 1H pulsed NMR, and physical aging. Sorption isotherms indicated that DE 5 and DE 14 samples exhibit "s" shape while DE 18.5 sample exhibits discontinuity isotherm. Maltodextrin DE 5 adsorbed more water than DE 14 and 18.5. Re-spray dried maltodextrin adsorbed more water than as-received maltodextrin at low aw (up to 0.548). The results from the dual Sorption model indicated that re-spray dried maltodextrin had higher water sorption than as-received maltodextrin. These also correlated with results obtained by 1H pulsed NMR. Relaxation enthalpy of maltodextrin DE 5 was less than DE 18.5 for every aging time at 40°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characterization of plant powder extract during the processing is presented in this research. Under industrial scale spray drier conditions; the effect of drying on the C.caudatus powder extract was studied. The physicochemical attributes to the powder including the flavonoid constituents, particle size, size distribution, colour measurement and its bioactive compounds were discussed. C.caudatus retained significant amount of quercitrin 0.72%w/w and quercetin content (0.36%w/w) respectively. The particles size achieved in this study was 277 µm by volume mean diameter (D4,3) and 203 µm by surface mean diameter (D3,2) respectively. The results indicate that spray drying method is suitable to produce extract with good physical and chemical quality. The result of this study may promote the potential of C.caudatus powder extract as food ingredient and nutraceutical product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clitoria Ternatea is one of the edible and herbaceous flowering plant that has possible health benefits including anti-inflammatory, antioxidants, anti-viral, improving vision, preventing diabetes and protecting against cardiovascular damage. Due to safety concern on synthetic colorant, the demand towards the natural food colorant is increasing. The study focus on microencapsulating Clitoria ternatea extract with maltodextrin by using spray dryer at different inlet temperatures (130°C, 150°C, 170°C and 190°C) to analyze encapsulation yield, encapsulation efficiency as well as simulated release in simulated saliva and simulated gastrointestinal. The results observed spray drying at 190°C has highest powder yield (5.30%) and encapsulation efficiency (72.04%). Rather than conferring protection to anthocyanins, microencapsulation appearred to function more as a delivery method with 23.15%±0.26 of anthocyanins release in simulated release analysis. From the finding, it was concluded that microencapsulation by spray drying at inlet temperature 190°C has been successful used to preserve anthocyanins by protecting bioactive compounds and enhance gastrointestinal delivery performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanins are polyphenols derivative compounds whose existence is abundant in nature with diverse plants and has many essential physiological functions in every living organism. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of inlet temperatures of 120, 130, 140, 150, 160 and 170◦C and maltodextrin levels 10% on physical properties, colour characteristics, cyanidin-3-glucoside, and anthocyanin content of spray-dried rosella extract powder were studied. Physical properties, colour and inlet temperature had a significant effect on powder hygroscopicity. The powder's anthocyanin and Cyanidin 3-O—glucoside activity was reduced as the drying temperature was raised. Spray-dried rosella juice powder with 10% maltodextrin and processed at 140°C inlet temperature had less hygroscopicity, acceptable color, potent anthocyanin and Cyanidin 3-O—glucoside activity, making it an appropriate and nutrient-dense option for industrial production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silica is known as functional material and has a broad application role in various fields. The particle morphology of silica has become one of the significant concerns for supporting optimal performance. Morphology parameters, such as particle specific surface area and pore volume, would benefit its application, such as adsorbent or catalyst support. An inorganic template like a surfactant can be used in silica synthesis to obtain a particular morphological shape and increase its specific surface area. Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) effect as a surfactant template was investigated to obtain silica particle and template removal for one-step synthesis using a spray drying method. The precursor solution was made using the sol-gel method and then added with various surfactant concentrations before spray dried. The result showed an increase in silica particle's specific surface area with surfactant addition compared with silica particle without surfactant. Surfactants cause a decrease in the surface tension's value for the precursor solution, so the droplets become unstable and rupture caused by low cohesion force. The particles tend to have curvature and more pore volume, which causes a larger specific surface area. The silica particle synthesized by adding SLS surfactant in the precursor at a concentration of 1 CMC has a specific surface area of 954.2 m2/gram and a pore volume of 0.92 cc/gram. On the other hand, silica particle without template has a specific surface area and pore volume of 131.0 m2/gram and 0.12 cc/gram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this work is toprepare and evaluate the orodispersible tablet of Levocetrizine hydrochloride. Seventeen formulations (PT1 to PT17) were formulated by dry mixing method using various superdisintegrants alone and in combination namely crospovidone, croscarmellose sodium, L-HPC and sweeteners such as sucralose, sodium saccharin and aspartame. The developed tablets of Levocetrizine HCl possess fast disintegration and wetting time. Further LevocetrizineHCl tablets were tested for both physical as well as chemical parameters. Precompression parameters like angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index & post-compression parameters like wetting time, water absorption ratio, in-vitro disintegration, drug content and dissolution were determined. Among all developed formulations, PT17 which contains combination of disintegrants (hydroxy propyl cellulose, crosspovidone), binder Povidone and sweetener sucralose meets the criteria of orodispersible tablets. The optimized PT17 formulation shows taste masking, fast disintegration time (28.50 ± 2.50sec),good wetting time (30.1 ± 1.90 sec), drug assay (100.6 ± 0.50 %) and fast dissolution rate (99.1 ± 1.20 %) within 5 minutes. The optimized formulation is stable,cost effective,easy to formulate and posseses high quality. The developed stable orodispersible tablets is substitute to the existing market formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the cost-effective approaches to reduce the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia is by developing iron fortified food. However, adding iron directly into food will not only affect the organoleptic quality of the food, but will also reduce the effectiveness, stability and bioavailability of the iron added. Chitosan as linear polysaccharide, that is biodegradable and biocompatible, can be used as a protective wall material to encapsulate iron by adding tripolyphosphate (TPP) as the crosslinking agent. The aims of this study were to formulate an extended release system of chitosan microspheres loaded with iron gluconate using spray drying method. The physicochemical characteristics and the stability of iron microspheres in simulated gastrointestinal fluids were also evaluated. Various concentrations of TPP (0%, 1%, 2%, 3% w/v) were used for this investigation. The results indicated that the yield, loading capacity, encapsulation efficiency, particle size, particle morphology, and release profile of iron microparticles were influenced by the interaction of chitosan and TPP as cross linking agent. The mean iron loading, maximum yield, and encapsulation efficiency were 2.51%, 43.47%, and 38.19%, respectively. Preparation of iron microparticles using spray drying method resulted in smooth spherical particles with the average diameter ranged from 1.000-12.554 μm. The increase concentration of TPP formed larger size of particles. Furthermore, the release analysis of microparticles loaded iron was conducted using synthetic gastric fluids (SGF) and synthetic intestine fluids (SIF) for 2 and 4 hours, simultaneously. The burst release profile was obtained in the absence of TPP, while the controlled profile was shown in the presence of TPP. Increasing amount of TPP in the solution reduces the release in the first 1-2 hours, as well as at the end of the 7 hour period of release. Using TPP 3% the release in one hour reached 50% and about 60% in 7 hours. Compared to chitosan solution without TPP, the release in one hour reached 80% and in 7 hours it was 100% release. The presence of TPP is thus an important factor to be addressed when preparing iron-loaded chitosan microspheres with extended release characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palm oil industry generates substantial amount of biomass, which of them is palm kernel shell (PKS) that can be utilized by industries, as a renewable energy source. The steady growth of palm oil industry warrants the long term availability of palm kernel shell, which opens up opportunities for the industrial sector to move away from fossil fuels while attempting to improve environmental performance. Prior to utilize PKS in the industrial scale, a series of technical, environmental, and economical feasibility studies needs to be carried out. In our factory, PKS has been used as a partial substitution of natural gas. Five stoves fueled with PKS each at capacity of about 65 ton/day are operated to supply hot gas for the spray drying of ceramic powder. From technical viewpoint, besides identifying thermophysical properties and quality parameters, thermal efficiency and drying performance have been selected as key determinants to prove palm kernel shell feasibility. Despite it is technically feasible, the supply reliability of palm kernel shell is still low. This study attempts to investigate supply characteristics of palm kernel shels and how those characterictics lead to supply uncertainties, as challenges that need to be overcome prior to realize the potential of palm kernel shell as an industrial fuel. Various factors, that impacting supply uncertainties were identified through field observations, in-depth interviews, and secondary data gathering based on a case study in the ceramic tile industry. Some recommendations have been made related to supply chain improvements along with enabling policies and regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to review papers from different researchers in order to investigate and observe the effect of enzyme and carrier agent into the physicochemical of the spray dried tomato powder. Based on previous studies, addition of carrier agent, the concentration of carrier agent and the inlet temperature has been implemented in the food industry to improve powder production. Another significant parameter that needs to be considered is viscosity and that the uses of enzymes in the spray drying application have significantly reduced the viscosity of the initial fruit or vegetable puree. Enzyme treatment application can bring benefits to the produced spray dried product but there is still lack of evidence and data to prove the effectiveness of the enzyme treatment into the spray drying application for tomato powder production. In addition, most of the conducted enzyme treated spray dried powder is not using a tomato as a raw material. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of enzyme treatment in the preparation of tomato powder has brought a significant result as it was found to increase the quality of the tomato powder. As a recommendation, the real application of enzyme treated spray dried tomato powder should be further investigated on producing a high quality of powder without damaging its benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of different wall materials (maltodextrin-gelatin, maltodextrin-alginate and maltodextrin-carrageenan) and different methods (spray-drying and freeze-drying) on microencapsulation of phycocyanin were investigated. Different combination (carbohydrate and protein) of types wall materials affected the phycocyanin level, encapsulation efficiency, moisture content, particle size, and the morphology of the microcapsule with the highest microencapsulation efficiency. The freeze-drying method could protect phycocyanin during the microencapsulation process more effectively than that by the spray-drying method. The effect of type combinations wall materials and the methods of two drying used in microencapsulation were determined the phycocyanin microcapsules physicochemical characterization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spray drying is a method of preservation that is widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries. Nevertheless, the drying temperature in spray drying is the common problems faced during the drying process. Drying in high temperature inevitably caused damages to the material, especially for heat-sensitive material including vitamin C. Vitamin C is more sensitive than other vitamins. In tomatoes, it may be browning due to high temperature in drying process. To get around this, the spray dryer is then combined with a dehumidifier system. The aim of this study is to know the safe drying temperature and also to know the specific energy consumption when using a combination system. Testing was performed using vitamin C from tomatoes and vitamin C essence. Based on research result, the temperature of drying air is not recommended to exceed 90°C, because the vitamin C content will be degraded at that temperature. The lowest ratio of specific energy consumption (RSEC) when the drying air temperature at 90 °C is obtained at the highest drying air flow rate with the lowest drying air specific humidity with a value of 0.45. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extraction is a commonly used technique to obtain plant's bioactive compounds. However, the aforementioned technique involved prolonged thermal exposure which can cause a degradation of bioactive compounds. Thus, this paper presents a degradation kinetics study of terpene markers from Andrographis paniculata extracts. The degradation of terpenes occurs at elevated temperature during the herbal processing such as extraction and spray drying. In the present study, the effect of heating at temperature ranging from 100 to 150 °C for 90 minutes on the terpene content was studied. The heated and unheated A. paniculata extracts was analyzed using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography to quantify the terpene content. It was observed that terpenes degrade into smaller fragments during heating as such andrographolide degrades to form 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide. All the three terpenes marker follows the zero-order kinetics during thermal degradation. Generally, the total amount of andrographolide, 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide and neoandrographolide reduced by 79.55, 76.00 and 75.68%, respectively after the thermal exposure at 100 °C. All the studied terpenes are prone to degradation upon exposure to heat above 100 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the food and beverage industry, drying is one of the most important factors in maintaining the durability of these foods. The technology that is often used is to use the spray drying method which converts the extraction of food and beverages into solid powder. In spray drying, air is used as the drying medium. So that air conditions are the main focus. One of the most frequently used air conditioning techniques is dehumidification, which is by reducing the moisture content in the air by using a liquid desiccant as the working medium. Calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution was chosen because it is safe for food. During the dehumidification process, over time the CaCl2 solution will reach a saturation point where it loses its ability to absorb water vapor in the air. Therefore a regeneration process is needed to restore its ability, namely by using a regenerator or humidifier which in this study uses a counter flow type of flow. This study aims to examine the effect of temperature variations of CaCl2 on humidifier performance as read from changes in air temperature and humidity and the data obtained have been validated by previous research. From this study it was found that the higher the temperature of CaCl2, the higher the addition of moisture in the air, which means that more water vapor is lost in the CaCl2 solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study rice bran protein were extracted and powdered using spray dryer. The optimization of the process were done using Box-Behkenn response surface design. Process parameter such as temperature (120°C,165°C,210°C), aspirator (52%,66%,80%) feed flow rate (5%,30%,55%) and air flow rate (20%,30%55%) were investigated. The result show that the extraction condition have significant effects on extraction yield of protein the obtained experimental data were fitted to a quadratic equation using multiple regression analysis with high coefficient of determination value of 0.8137.an optimization study using Derringer's desired function methodology was performed and the optimal conditions based on both individual and combinations of all independent variable for yield (temperature is 120˚C, Aspirator is at 80% feed flowrate set to 5% and air flowrate of 42mmhg) and protein (temperature is 120˚C, aspirator were set at 79.9%, feed flowrate set to 31.8% and air flowrate of 51mmhg) were determined with maximum protein yield of 17.29% per 50 gram of raw rice bran (RRB) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of drying process of the water extracted rice bran powder on the protein-thiol and physicochemical properties was investigated. The rice bran extracted was prepared with water as solvent at high temperature and pressure using the autoclave equipment (121 °C, 15 psi, and 20 min) before undergone drying method using either spray dryer (BṺCHI Mini Spray Dryer B-290, LABOGENE, Denmark) or freeze dryer (CoolSafe 4-15L Freeze Dryers, LABOGENE, Denmark). The water-extracted rice bran powder (WRBP) yield, protein-free thiol compound, physical and functional properties were analyzed. The protein-thiol concentration was quantified using the 5,5 dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) method while protein concentration was directly measured at 280 nm by UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. This was followed by physical properties (water solubility) and functional properties (foaming capacity and stability, water and oil absorption capacity) analysis. The powder yield of freeze-dried WRBP (7.69 ± 0.29%) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than spray-dried WRBP (4.43 ± 0.24%). The protein concentration of spray-dried WRBP (4.02 ± 0.36 mg/mL) was higher than freeze-dried WRBP (3.91 ± 0.75 mg/mL). Meanwhile, freeze-dried WRBP (1.22 ± 0.36 nmol thiol/mg protein) had a higher thiol concentration than spray dried WRBP (1.18 ± 0.30 nmol thiol/mg protein). However, both results were not significantly different (p>0.05) between the drying method. Spray-dried WRBP had significantly (p<0.05) higher solubility in water compared to that of freeze-dried WRBP with values 1.22 ± 0.21% and 0.63 ± 0.34%, respectively. Freeze-dried WRBP had higher water and oil absorption capacity. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in foaming capacity and stability for both drying treatments. In conclusion, the drying method for WRBP production could significantly affect the WRBP physicochemical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of alternative methods of drug administration is an actual area of modern pharmaceuticals. Inhalation administration is one of the promising routes. Casein is the optimal matrix for creating dosage forms with improved characteristics due to the developed surface with many binding sites, biocompatibility, and the possibility of forming nano aggregates in a solution. The high thermal stability of milk proteins as well as the ability to control their solubility makes it possible to use the spray drying method to obtain composite microparticles with a narrow size distribution. Such microparticles can be used in the inhalation delivery of drugs of both local and systemic effects. In the present work, microparticles of a model drug with sodium caseinate were obtained. The average diameter of the obtained particles was 1.2 µm. It was shown that the protein matrix provides an increase in the drug content in solution with a high release rate, which is necessary for inhalation delivery. The results can be used to create drug administration systems based on protein molecules of various nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composite powders of aluminium and zirconium oxides containing 10, 50 and 90 mol % Al3+ without a stabilizer have been obtained from suspensions using a spray drying method. The powders obtained at equal mole ratios of zirconium and aluminum in the original solution (0.5:0.5 mol/l) have the largest contents of cubic and tetragonal phases of ZrO2, strictly uniform distribution of phases and the largest value of the specific surface area. The particles with two different morphologies have been obtained: crystalline particles of oxides uniformly distributed in a particle and particles in membrane consisting of zirconium oxide or mixed oxides. It has been experimentally shown that zirconium oxide stabilizes the amorphous phase of aluminum oxide, and aluminum oxide increases the temperature of crystallization of zirconium oxide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research in the development of alternative methods of drug delivery is an actual area of modern pharmaceutics. The most promising among them is the inhalation administration. The formation of microspherical particles of solid dispersions of drugs allows not only to ensure rapid action but also significantly increases the bioavailability of hydrophobic active pharmaceutical ingredients. In the present study, microspherical particles of solid dispersions of dipyridamole were obtained using the spray drying method, which can be used for inhalation delivery. The microparticles were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffractometry, and scanning electron microscopy. It was shown that the dissolution rate of the drug from the microparticles is high. The data obtained allow us to develop a method for producing microspherical particles of solid dispersions of drugs with the possibility of inhalation administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymorphism, or the ability of a substance to exist in various crystalline structures, was detected in more than 50% of medicinal substances and turned out to be an extremely important factor determining their therapeutic effect. It is the polymorphism of drugs that largely determines their biological activity. The main problem with this is that the most active form of the drug is not always the most stable, which means that over time or if the storage conditions are violated, the substance can go into another polymorphic modification and lose some of its useful properties. In the present work, β-polymorph of glycine was obtained in a stable state by spray drying using glucose as a modifier (8 wt.%. of glycose in glucose/glycine mixture). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thickening properties of κ-carrageenan and gum arabic for a liquid concentrate of acid whey proteins obtained by nanofiltration (nanofiltrated concentrate – NF concentrate) have been investigated. The samples of NF concentrate have been enriched with a concentrate of milk whey proteins with a protein mass fraction of 80% in the dry matter and maltodextrin with a dextrose equivalent of 20%. As a result, the total solids content in the created systems was 36.37%. Titrable acidity of the initial serum and NF concentrate has been determined by the indicator titration method. Actual acidity of samples enriched with whey protein and maltodextrin has been determined by the potentiometric method. Physicochemical parameters of raw materials and product samples have been analyzed by the instrumental expression method using the MilkoScan FT 120 infrared analyzer and the Bruker MPA spectrometer. The calcium content has been determined by the complexometric method, vitamin C – by indicator method with 2.6-dichlorophenolindophenol. The consistency of the product samples has been assessed visually. The viscosity has been determined by rotational viscometry. The dispersion of the systems has been investigated by the method of interference-polarization microscopy. The combination of κ-carrageenan and gum arabic transformed the system from a sol state to a gel. After after 7 days of storage at 4±2 °C the viscosity of samples containing 0.3% κ-carrageenan and 0.2% gum arabic was 42793 MPa·s, in samples containing 0.2% κ-carrageenan and 0.3% gum arabic – 59910 MPa·s. All samples had insufficient thermal stability, since they softened at 20±2 °C. Gum arabic gave the samples signs of a whipped structure. The dispersion of the air phase was finer with a content of 0.2% gum arabic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Convective drying at pore scale is studied by a two-component two-phase lattice Boltzmann model at pore scale showing the important influence of capillary pumping from large to small pores and pinning of contact lines in dual porosity materials. Capillary pumping and pinning explains the first drying period with almost constant drying rate. The drying rate during the first drying period is found to depend on air velocity or Reynolds (Re) number, and a logarithmic relation between average drying rate and Re is found. This analysis allows to better understand first and second drying period and their dependence on air velocity and pore structure. In an upscaling example, the evaporative cooling effect of a two-layer porous pavement with optimal wetting protocol is analyzed for a square in Zurich. The top layer of the pavement enhances drying during first drying period due to capillary pumping, while the second layer prevents loss of sprayed water to the subsoil. The evaporative cooling from pavements enhances the thermal comfort, but has to be combined with other measures like shadowing from trees. The proposed multiscale approach upscaling from pore to continuum scale is believed to enhance the understanding of drying of porous materials and its application in urban and building physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of spray drying and size reduction of edible bird's nest (EBN) on in-vitro digestibility respectively. Sample prepared were EBN microparticulates; 710 µm (EBN710), 300 µm (EBN300) and 38µm (EBN38), EBN spray died (EBNSD) and raw EBN (EBNraw) as control. Protein content and solubility were determined before the samples being subjected to in-vitro digestibility. Protein content of EBN710 (55.37±0.269%), EBN300 (56.57±0.163%) EBN38 (56.77±0.021%) and EBNraw (55.46±0.269%) was not significantly different (p>0.05) but EBNSD (60.33b+0.346%) was the highest (p<0.05). Solubility results showed that EBNSD had the highest solubility (94.38+1.24%) in water significantly (p<0.05) compared to EBNraw (16.01+0.231%), EBN710 (21.89+0.41%), EBN300 (22.52+0.072%) and EBN38 (27.51+0.321%). Digestibility of EBN300 (88.43+0.95%) was higher (p<0.05) compared to EBNSD (85.23+0.27%). However, treatment of microparticulates and spray drying were not significantly different with EBNraw (85.38+1.12%). Digestibility of EBN microparticulates and spray dried powder were all lower (p<0.05) than casein (98.36+0.95%). Lower EBN digestibility could be due to the nature of EBN protein as glycoprotein. Proteolytic (tryptic) digestion of native glycoprotein is often incomplete due to stearic hindrance from the presence of bulky oligosaccharides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatty acid such as lauric and oleic acid have been used extensively either in cosmeceutical or pharmaceutical products as an emollient or moisturiser. In this study, fatty acids which combine lauric and oleic acids have been formulated into nanostructured lipid carriers (FA-NLCs) system in order to improve its physical stability hence, enhancing the topical effectiveness. In order to prolong the stability of the FA-NLCs, spray drying technique has been applied to produce FA-NLCs in a powder form. The current work describes the design of experiment of spray dried lipid-based nanosystems with the ability to acquire nanosystems after redispersion. FA-NLCs were prepared using melt-dispersion ultrasonication method. Three parameters were optimised with respect to spray drying; inlet temperature, flow rate and feed concentration using 23 Full Factorial Design. The responses evaluated were the powder yield, moisture content and size of the redispersed nanoaggregates. Results showed that in achieving small redispersed nanoaggregates size, high powder yield and low moisture content was come from formulation Standard Order No 6 (Run Order No 8). In conclusion, a spray dried FA-NLCs was successfully prepared with the smallest redispersed nanoaggregate size, highest powder yield and low moisture content, potentially suitable to be used as cosmetic ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phycocyanin is one of high added value compound extracted from microalgae that can be used as pharmaceutical products, coloring agent and food nutrition enhancer. However, the application of phycocyanin as active compounds in functional foods is eventually accompanied by a stability issue since it is vulnerable to light, moisture content and temperature resulting in the degradation of proteins. This study aims to investigate the encapsulation efficiency of spray drying for phycocyanin microencapsulation process. The characterization of microcapsules psychochemical properties and evaluate the performance will be also described. Microencapsulation is an effective and economical method to maintain the stability of phycocyanin. One common method of microencapsulation is spray drying, while different ratio phycocyanin: maltodextrin (1:1,1:2,1:3,1:4 and 2:1) and different temperature (80 °C,90 °C,100 °C,110 °C and 120 °C) is the tested parameter. The results of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Spectrofotometer showed that phycocyanin microcapsule with the ratio phycocyanin: maltodextrin 1 : 2 and 110 °C of inlet temperature produced, phycocyanin concentration and encapsulation efficiency is 1.55%; 1.41%; 0.83 %; 0.57%; and 0.50%. Furthermore, the optimum condition to produce encapsulated phcocyanin is the ratio phycocyanin: maltodextrin 1 : 2 and 110°C of spray drying inlet temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is an attempt to get the lowest Energy Specific consumption from a combination of spray drying systems and refrigeration systems with double condensers. Drying is simulated in a low temperature range for heat sensitive materials. The thermodynamic simulation in this study was carried out to replace refrigerant R-134a with another refrigerant that meets the operational temperature of drying heat-sensitive materials. Refrigerant R-152a has the lowest specific energy consumption value compared to R-12, R-134a and R-600a refrigerants. Refrigerant R-152a is recommended to replace R-134a in using a spray drying system combination tool and refrigeration system with double condensers for heat sensitive materials with energy savings of more than 39%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, hydrogen is highly interesting as an energy source, in particular in the automotive field. In fact, hydrogen is attractive as a fuel because it prevents air pollution and greenhouse emissions. One of the main problems with the utilization of hydrogen as a fuel is its on-board storage. The purpouse of this work was to develop a new hybrid material consisting of a polyaniline matrix with sodium alanate (NaAlH4) using a spray-drying process. The polyaniline used for this experiment was synthesized by following a well-established method for the synthesis of the emeraldine base form of polyaniline using dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid as dopant. Micro particles of polyaniline/sodium alanate hybrids with 30 and 50 wt% of sodium alanate were prepared by using a spray-drying technique. Dilute solutions of polyaniline/sodium alanate were first prepared, 10g of the solid materials were mixed with 350 ml of toluene under stirring at room temperature for 24h and the solutions were dried using spray-dryer (Büchi, Switzerland) with 115°C of an inlet temperature. The hybrids were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry, FT-IR and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The addition of sodium alanate decreased the glass transition temperature of the hybrids when compared to neat polyaniline. FT-IR spectrum analysis was performed to identify the bonding environment of the synthesized material and was observed that simply physically mixture occurred between polyaniline and sodium alanate. The SEM images of the hybrids showed the formation of microspheres with sodium alanate dispersed in the polymer matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium-alginate micro particles have been used extensively in drug delivery systems. Therefore we establish a one-step method for preparation of internally gelated micro particles with spherical shape and narrow size distribution. We use four types of alginate with different G/M ratio and molar weight. The size of the particles is measured using light diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Measurements showed that with this method, micro particles with size distribution around 4 micrometers can be prepared, and SEM imaging showed that those particles are spherical in shape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between compaction pressure and binder content on the density, shrinkage, weight loss, as well as the physical and mechanical properties of 92% alumina were studied. Samples were produced by die pressing using spray dried granules with two different binder content. Properties in the green, presintered, and sintered states were examined. It was found that the compaction pressure and binder content affected the sintered shrinkage of the samples. The increase in compaction pressure increased the green density and decreased the shrinkage, but did not affect the mechanical properties considerably. The increase of binder content lead to increased weight loss and shrinkage. The sintered density, hardness and flexural strength were increased when binder content was increased. A microstructural evaluation showed a decrease in porosity with increased compaction pressure. Samples produced with increased binder showed less residual porosity, which was responsible for the improvement in the properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food dryers are things that now need to be developed as food aging. One of the drying methods is Spray Drying, where in the drying process mass and heat transfer occurs on the basic elements of Spray Drying, namely Droplets. To show the characteristics of droplets, we have formulated several models of heat transfer and mass equations. The analogy model which is generally used to obtain the heat transfer coefficient and mass values is the analogy model of Ranz W. E. and Marshall W. R. The analogy model must be combined with analytical models. Here we use an analytical model in the form of a stagnant film model. The purpose of this study was to see the results obtained from the analogy model of the Ranz-Marshall equation with a combination of stagnant film models applied to droplets of pure methanol and ethanol, which have Lewis numbers greater than one, with experimental data obtained. The results of the experiment, namely in the form of data that shows changes in temperature that affect the diameter of the droplet, which ranges from 1.5 mm - 3 mm. From the results of the Ranz Marshall analogy model, we get deviations from the values of Nusselt (Nu) and Sherwoods (Sh) numbers which have an impact on the values of C1 and C2 which are quite small. Therefore, a more general new equation is needed which is capable of calculating heat transfer and mass of all substances tested at different speeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clove oil originates from leaves, flower, and trunks of clove plant (Syzigium aromaticum) that is volatile and prone to both temperature and light. Clove oil generally uses as medicine due to properties such as analgesic, antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal, and antivirus. This research aims to decrease the rate of clove oil evaporation by making it into a microcapsule. This research starts with the isolation of clove with a spray dryer using a casein encapsulator. Microcapsule resulted is evaluated in both physically and chemically as it is also tested for activity towards Streptococcus mutans. The result of clove oil microcapsule is in the shape of white-yellowish color crystal powder with a unique smell of clove. The particle shape is round with pores in the size of 1.16µm, encapsulation efficiency of 97.78%, loading capacity 62.24%, water content 12.59%, solubility in water 91.65%. Microcapsule activity test of clove oil shows inhibition as an antibacterial towards Streptococcus mutans of 1.663 CFU with a minimum inhibition concentration of 0.25g/mL and an inhibitory rate of 11.8±1.0 mm. Clove oil could be made into microcapsule with casein as an en which also having antibacterial activity towards Streptococcus mutans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spirulina platensis has phycocyanin compound as an antioxidant which has potency as a functional food. Antioxidant stability influenced by several factors such as temperature and light. One of the methods to keep the stability of antioxidant is by using maltodextrin. The research aim is to make phycocyanin powder from Spirulina platensis extract using maltodextrin, which has antioxidant compound as a functional food. The maltodextrin was used for coating on spray drying process. Maltodextrin was added with variation 50 g/L, 100 g/L, and 150 g/L. The phycocyanin-maltodextrin powder were observed on antioxidant activity as IC50, moisture, total ash, macronutrient (carbohydrate, fat, and protein), micronutrient (vitamin and mineral), organoleptic and morphology (SEM). The result showed that IC50 on liquid phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis were higher than phycocyanin powder from Spirulina platensis. The higher maltodextrin concentration will give higher IC50 and lower moisture, total ash, protein, total fat. Phycocyanin with addition 100 g/L maltodextrin has characteristic as a functional food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) powders are used to preparing the bio-composite coatings by electrostatic spray coating on 316L stainless steel with dimensions of (2×2×1 mm) was used as substrates. Different weight percentages dry powders were mixed to form a composite mixture consisted of Al2O3and TiO2 with of PMMA matrix material, the ceramic powders additives were studied in four groups, namely, A (2 % wt Al2O3and 3% wt TiO2) with 95% wt PMMA), B (4 % wt Al2O3and 6% wt TiO2) with 90% wt PMMA), C (6 % wt Al2O3and 9% wt TiO2) with 85% wt PMMA) and D (8% wt Al2O3and 12% wt TiO2) with 80% wt PMMA). The samples of all groups were cured at (140 C°) for (2 hr). The coating morphology from SEM was characterized and analyzed for bio-composite coating with examined FTIR and DSC. The results show improving the performance of coating base-PMMA by depositing a ceramic material on the surface of the 316L SS implant. The results in DSC test showed that the maximum value of glass transition temperature was obtained in the coated composite materials for (Group C) specimen and no exhibited significant other endothermic appears for the DSC scan range. While the results in FTIR test showed no other new peak or peak shifts appear for all coated composite specimens were observed and these give good indication of improving the state of miscibility for all groups specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural product drying increases its lifespan. Solar energy drying is one among the best option for effective and cheap farmer product drying. Though solar dryers with energy storage material have improved the efficiency, parameter prediction and estimation may further increase the performance. The best solution for parameter prediction is Machine learning. This review is focused on various machine learning models used for estimation of process parameter in drying of agricultural products. Among all the solar dryers, Hybrid solar dryer with energy storage material has increased performance and support vector regression predicts the drying parameters accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan-magnetic composites are widely used as catalyst and as adsorbent for various metal ions. In this work, microparticles containing magnetite nanoparticles dispersed in ionically cross-linked chitosan matrix were prepared in one single step by spray drying two separate colloidal solution consisting of chitosan, magnetite NPs and sodium tri-polyphosphate together using a three-fluid nozzle. Subsequently, silver ions were adsorbed on these composite microparticles and reduced. The composite was characterized using SEM, HR-TEM, SQUID, XRD, TGA and FTIR techniques. Finally, the catalytic activity of silver nanoparticle loaded chitosan-magnetite composite microparticles were tested on the reduction reaction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol by sodium borohydride. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is one of the problems faced today. One of the impacts arising from climate change is a decrease in immunity. The decreased immune system is caused by climate change can modulate the abnormality in white blood cells. Propolis is one of the resin compounds collected from plants by bees and has various benefits. One effect is that propolis has an immunomodulatory effect on the body. In its use, propolis has a strong taste and smell. One method that can be used to disguise the physical properties of propolis is to convert it into microcapsules by spray drying. Utilization of microcapsules can be done in various ways, one of which is utilization by food fortification. This research and simulation are aimed for knowing the production units, cost structure, factory feasibility, and factory's cost sensitivity to scale up of biscuit fortified with propolis with basis of 10 kilograms of flour perbatch. The result of the simulation is the production unit mixer, oven, extruder, and belt conveyor. The capital investment cost from this simulation is USD297,000,000/year, NPV is USD96,000, IRR is 17.89%, and payback time is 6.04 years. The sensitivity analysis for the fluctuation of product price shown that the decrease of product price by 10% will make this investment will not feasible economically with IRR 5.08% and NPV -$48,000 (USD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]