Search

Sunset Yellow (SY) is an azo dye used in various food and pharmaceutical industries that deserves special attention because of its allergic and carcinogenic properties. Recently, electrochemical techniques have come to the spotlight because of their high sensitivity, simplicity and rapidity as compared to other techniques. In this work, we have developed a cost‐effective and stable electrochemical sensor by a simple method using Vitamin B12‐derived cobalt oxide coupled with g‐C3N4 (V12‐CoO/gCN) modified Au electrode. The composite prepared for the sensor was characterized using techniques such as FTIR, Powder XRD, SEM analysis, EDAX, and mapping. For electrochemical sensing of the dye Sunset Yellow, CV, DPV, and LSV techniques have been used, out of which DPV shows a better detection limit of 1.39 nM followed by LSV and CV that displayed detection limits of 3.3 nM and 4.14 nM respectively. When 5 real samples obtained from the local market are analyzed using the DPV technique, the detection limit is obtained in the range between 2.1 nM and 6.9 nM. This method leads to the development of an electrochemical sensor for the detection of Sunset Yellow to get a lower detection limit that can be used in food toxicology and related fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High content analysis combines automated microscopy and quantitative image analysis to visualize in vitro models for multi-parameter analysis， which has the advantages of high efficiency， rapidity and multi-targeting， and it has been applied in the field of in vitro toxicology research. Food toxicology， as a branch of toxicology， plays an important role in safeguarding food safety and human health. Traditional experiments can hardly meet the current rapidly increasing demand for safety evaluation of various food-related risk substances， for which high content analysis provides an efficient technical approach. Recent applications of high content analysis in the field of food toxicology would be reviewed in this article， in order to provide reference for food safety assessment methods and technological innovation.

Rigorous risk assessment of chemicals in food and feed is essential to address the growing worldwide concerns about food safety. High-quality toxicological data on food-relevant chemicals are fundamental for risk modeling and assessment in the food safety area. The organization and analysis of substantial toxicity information can positively support decision-making by providing insight into toxicity trends. However, it remains challenging to systematically obtain fragmented toxicity data, and related toxicological resources are required to meet the current demands. In this study, we collected 221,439 experimental toxicity records for 5,657 food-relevant chemicals identified from extensive databases and literature, along with their information on chemical identification, physicochemical properties, environmental fates, and biological targets. Based on the aggregated data, a freely available web-based databank, Food-Relevant Available Chemicals Toxicology Databank (FRAC-TD) is presented, which supports multiple browsing ways and search criterions. Applying FRAC-TD for data-driven analysis, we revealed the underlying toxicity profiles of food-relevant chemicals in humans, mammals, and other species in the food chain. Expectantly, FRAC-TD could positively facilitate toxicological studies, toxicity prediction, and risk assessments in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) transfer in three dairy farming areas in the Mantaro river headwaters in the central Peruvian Andes and at varying distances from the mining complex at La Oroya. At each of these sites, the transfer of trace metals from the soil to raw milk was estimated, and a hazard assessment for lead and cadmium was carried out in scenarios of minimum, average, and maximum milk consumption in a Peruvian population aged 2–85. Pb and Cd were quantified by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Significantly, the concentrations of lead and cadmium were found to exceed the maximum limits recommended by the World Health Organization, with a positive geospatial trend correlated with the distance from mining activity. Both Pb and Cd were found to be transferred through the soil–pasture–milk pathway, with the primary source of Cd being phosphate-based fertilizers used in pasture improvement. Pb was found to be the most significant contributor to the Hazard Index (HI) with those under 19 years of age and over 60 recording an HI of >1, with infants being the most vulnerable group due to their greater milk consumption in relation to their body weight. A marginal increase in contamination was observed in the dry season, indicating the need for studies to be expanded over several annual cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing and diversified use of rare earth elements (REE) is considered a potential source of pollution of environmental media including soils. This work documents critically overview data on the occurrence of REE in the fruiting bodies of wild and farmed species of edible and medicinal mushrooms, as this was identified as the largest published dataset of REE occurrence in foodstuff. Most of the literature reported occurrences of cerium (Ce) and lanthanum (La), but a number of studies lacked data on all lanthanides. The Ce, La, and summed REE occurrences were assessed through the criteria of environmental geochemistry, analytical chemistry, food toxicology, mushroom systematics, and ecology. Ce and La accumulate similarly in fruiting bodies and are not fractionated during uptake, maintaining the occurrence patterns of their growing substrates. Similarly, there is no credible evidence of variable REE uptake because the evaluated species data show natural, unfractionated patterns in accordance with the Oddo-Harkins' order of environmental lanthanide occurrence. Thus, lithosphere occurrence patterns of Ce and La as the first and the third most abundant lanthanides are reflected in wild and farmed mushrooms regardless of substrate and show that Ce is around twice more abundant than La. The current state of knowledge provides no evidence that mushroom consumption at these REE occurrence levels poses a health risk either by themselves or when included with other dietary exposure. Macromycetes appear to bio-exclude lanthanides because independently reported bioconcentration factors for different species and collection sites, typically range from < 1 to 0.001. This is reflected in fruiting body concentrations which are four to two orders of magnitude lower than growing substrates. Key points: •Original REE occurrence patterns in soils/substrates are reflected in mushrooms •No evidence for the fractionation of REE during uptake by fungi •Mushrooms bio-exclude REE in fruiting bodies [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human exposure to foodborne inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) is a growing concern. However, identifying potential hazards linked to NP ingestion often requires long-term exposure in animals. Owing these constraints, intestinal organoids are a promising alternative to in vivo experiments; as such, an in vitro approach should enable a rapid and reliable assessment of the effects of ingested chemicals on the gut. However, this remains to be validated for inorganic substances. In our study, a transcriptomic analysis and immunofluorescence staining were performed to compare the effects of food-grade TiO2 (fg-TiO2) on enteroid-derived monolayers (EDMs) from murine intestinal organoids to the known impacts of TiO2 on intestinal epithelium. After their ability to respond to a pro-inflammatory cytokine cocktail was validated, EDMs were exposed to 0, 0.1, 1, or 10 µg fg-TiO2/mL for 24 h. A dose-related increase of the muc2, vilin 1, and chromogranin A gene markers of cell differentiation was observed. In addition, fg-TiO2 induced apoptosis and dose-dependent genotoxicity, while a decreased expression of genes encoding for antimicrobial peptides, and of genes related to tight junction function, was observed. These results validated the use of EDMs as a reliable model for the toxicity testing of foodborne NPs likely to affect the intestinal barrier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diverse models have been long explored to impel the progress of food science, while Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) models applied in food toxicology and food function evaluation received vigorous advances recently. With multifaceted advantages such as short lifespan, apparent phenotypes and well-recognized genetic background, C. elegans is becoming a driving model organism in food science. In this review, we comprehensively reviewed the research progress of C. elegans models based on the literature published in past two decades, and systematically categorized the methods of C. elegans models' construction, summarized the applications of nematodes in food toxicology, mainly involved in microbial contamination, food additives, pesticide residues, heavy metals, food packaging, and physical pollution. C. elegans models' exploitations for functional foods assessments were also exemplified, and biological properties included anti-oxidant, anti-aging, anti-obesity, anti-glucotoxicity, anti-neurodegenerative and immunoregulation. Research gaps between present shortcomings and future orientations have been further discussed. We believed that this review would inspire ideas and strategies for further nematodes model's exploration and multi-models-cooperation in food science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a correction notice for an article titled "Hazard characterization of Alternaria toxins to identify data gaps and improve risk assessment for human health" published in the Archives of Toxicology. The correction addresses incorrect affiliation details for several authors. The correct affiliations for Anne Straumfors and Solveig Krapf are the National Institute of Occupational Health in Oslo, Norway, and the correct affiliations for Eszter Borsos and Francesco Crudo are the Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology at the University of Vienna, Austria. The publisher, Springer Nature, remains neutral regarding jurisdictional claims and institutional affiliations. [Extracted from the article]

This study investigated lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) transfer in three dairy farming areas in the Mantaro river headwaters in the central Peruvian Andes and at varying distances from the mining complex at La Oroya. At each of these sites, the transfer of trace metals from the soil to raw milk was estimated, and a hazard assessment for lead and cadmium was carried out in scenarios of minimum, average, and maximum milk consumption in a Peruvian population aged 2–85. Pb and Cd were quantified by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Significantly, the concentrations of lead and cadmium were found to exceed the maximum limits recommended by the World Health Organization, with a positive geospatial trend correlated with the distance from mining activity. Both Pb and Cd were found to be transferred through the soil–pasture–milk pathway, with the primary source of Cd being phosphate-based fertilizers used in pasture improvement. Pb was found to be the most significant contributor to the Hazard Index (HI) with those under 19 years of age and over 60 recording an HI of >1, with infants being the most vulnerable group due to their greater milk consumption in relation to their body weight. A marginal increase in contamination was observed in the dry season, indicating the need for studies to be expanded over several annual cycles.

[Display omitted] • Comparison of toxic side effects of synthetic food additives through the latest research results. • Application comparison between commonly used synthetic additives and plant-based additives. • Edible coatings/films and nanoencapsulation applications for plant-based additives. • Providing future research directions for the sustainability of plant-based additives. The growth of the world population and the rapid industrialization of food have led to food producers' increased reliance on food additives. While food additives offer numerous conveniences and advantages in food applications, the potential risks associated with synthetic additives remain a significant concern. This report examines the current status of safety assessment and toxicity studies of common synthetic additives, including flavorings (sweeteners and flavor enhancers), colorants, preservatives (antimicrobials and antioxidants), and emulsifiers. The report also examines recent advances in promising plant-based alternative additives in terms of active ingredients, sensory properties, potential health benefits, food application challenges, and their related technologies (edible coatings/films and nanoencapsulation technologies), providing valuable references and insights for the sustainable development of food additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article titled "Syzygium aqueum: A polyphenol-rich leaf extract exhibits antioxidant, hepatoprotective, pain-killing and anti-inflammatory activities in animal models" published in Frontiers in Pharmacology on 5 June 2018 has been retracted due to concerns about image integrity. Image duplication was found in Figure 5, and the authors could not provide a satisfactory explanation during the investigation. As a result, the data and conclusions of the article were deemed unreliable, leading to its retraction by the Chief Editors of Frontiers in Pharmacology and the Chief Executive Editor of Frontiers. The authors did not agree with this decision. [Extracted from the article]

Cellular fluorescence imaging (CFI) uses fluorescent substances to label specific biomarkers in cells, recording their dynamic changes via fluorescent signals to study physiological processes. With advancements in fluorescent probe technology and cell biology, CFI has been widely used in food toxicology studies. CFI offers significant advantages over conventional toxicological methods, but no articles summarize this development. This paper reviews the application of CFI in detecting and evaluating toxic metal elements, chemical residues, mycotoxins, bacteria, viruses, and food processing contaminants, as well as evaluating vitamins, functional minerals, functional amino acids, functional peptides and polyphenol compounds. Additionally, the challenges and future prospects of CFI in food testing and toxicology are discussed. • Advanced cellular fluorescence imaging (CFI) for food evaluation are reviewed. • Different ways of imaging cells are described and compared. • Case-studies are presented on food evaluation by cellular fluorescence imaging. • Future scope of CFI for food evaluation are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a corrigendum for an article titled "Development of new approach methods for the identification and characterization of endocrine metabolic disruptors--a PARC project." The corrigendum acknowledges an error in the published article, specifically in Section 5, where an entry indicated an opposite effect than what was shown in the reference. The corrected sentence has been provided, and the authors state that this error does not change the scientific conclusions of the article. The corrigendum also includes a note from the publisher stating that the claims expressed in the article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of their affiliated organizations or the publisher. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the need for more toxicology experts in veterinary medicine, as there are currently fewer than 100 active toxicologists nationwide. Kansas State University has developed a training program to address this need, utilizing diagnostic service, collaborative research, and teaching in the professional program. The program aims to provide practitioners with access to specialists who can assist with sample and test selection, as well as interpretation of results. The program also includes teaching toxicology to veterinary students and leveraging collaborative research opportunities. [Extracted from the article]

This Special Issue contains articles on applications of various new approach methodologies (NAMs) in the field of toxicology and risk assessment. These NAMs include in vitro high-throughput screening, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling, physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling, network toxicology analysis, molecular docking simulation, omics, machine learning, deep learning, and "template-and-anchor" multiscale computational modeling. These in vitro and in silico approaches complement each other and can be integrated together to support different applications of toxicology, including food safety assessment, dietary exposure assessment, chemical toxicity potency screening and ranking, chemical toxicity prediction, chemical toxicokinetic simulation, and to investigate the potential mechanisms of toxicities, as introduced further in selected articles in this Special Issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae are valuable sources of human nutritional products, leading to growing interest in algae-based dietary supplements. Research is still ongoing for high-value commodities from microalgae to cover the food demands of the ever-increasing human population. Thus far, there is a dearth of comprehensive information available on the safety of microalgae-based products (MP) for the food sector. Algal food safety (AFS) is a nascent field, and consequently, quality analysis has not been adequately explored; the lack of hygienic requisites is a matter of concern for scientists, producers, policymakers, and consumers. In this review, we aim to provide the available knowledge on the potential hazards, critical insights into the necessity of AFS, as well as quality control (QC) and regulations. This paper briefly reviews bottlenecks at each step of the production process, from the pre-cultivation to the storage stage. Plus, quality assessment criteria are discussed, including toxicological and microbiological standards. Additionally, it describes the role of all stakeholders in the algal food industry. Finally, we discuss a few suggested solutions to address the gaps in AFS. [Display omitted] • Comprehensive information remains scarce on the safety of microalgae-based food products. • Algal food safety is a nascent field, necessitating exploration of quality analysis and hygienic requisites. • Bottlenecks exist at each production step, from pre-cultivation to storage. • Rigorous quality assessment ensures high-quality algal products. • Collaboration between stakeholders (researchers, producers, consumers, and policymakers) helps establish best guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Toxicología is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Toxicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Toxicología is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Toxicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Toxicología is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Toxicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Toxicology in the Veterinary Degree (VetD) at the University of Murcia (UM), currently, is a subject placed in the 6th semester and carries 6 ECTS. Recently it has been very well received by the EAEVE evaluators. Our program is design according to the One Health Strategy, with more than 50% of the hours devoted to practice sessions, covering the study of: i) the natural and synthetic toxins and toxics that affect animal species and humans, ii) their effects on humans and animals, iii) methods to diagnose, prevent and treat intoxications in animals and humans, iv) regulatory bases to ensure the safety of drugs, additives, biocides, etc. The program of practical sessions comprises three parts of 15 hours each related to the following topics: 1) fundamentals, lab safety, sampling and analytical toxicology; 2) clinical and forensic toxicology; and 3) food and environmental toxicology. We use labs, computer rooms, debate and discussion sessions, seminars, external practices with animals, etc. In our webpage (www.sertoxmur.com) our students have a specific link where they can find videos, reports, protocols, etc. about the practical lessons. The clinical practices with animals are taught by a clinical professor in the Wildlife Rehabilition Center of Alicante. Each group (maximum 10 students per group) performs different tasks related to clinical toxicology. Furthermore, a gastric lavage session is scheduled during this clinical session. On the other hand, the "Toxicology and Forensic Veterinary External Service" provides enough real cases to prepare the forensic practical sessions. The professor leads discussions on the diagnosis, treatment, and evolution of each case based on the available information. The students are evaluated using four tools: Multiple-choice test about theory (45%), multiple-choice test about practical lessons (20%), resolution of a clinical and a forensic case of poisoning (20%), active participation during the practical sessions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The special issue "New Insight into Mycotoxins and Bacterial Toxins: Toxicity Assessment, Molecular Mechanism and Food Safety" in Food and Chemical Toxicology contains 19 articles on current hot topics in mycotoxins and bacterial toxins. Dietary exposure to mycotoxins and risk assessments are reported in this issue. Molecular mechanisms of multiple mycotoxins and emerging mechanisms of toxicity are especially concerned by researchers. Moreover, mycotoxin-detoxifying substances and antimicrobial agents are also fully investigated in the context. This special issue will help to further understand the mycotoxins and bacterial toxins, casting new light for the control of food safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Aflatoxin B1 is a fungi species mycotoxin produced by specific of the Aspergillus group. It is considered one of the most active metabolites that influence children's growth, and it exists in food products, particularly grains, and agricultural products. Therefore, the kids' growth is affected when they consume foods or grains containing this toxin. Findings: Aflatoxins are a group of mycotoxins, naturally occurring toxic compounds formed by Aspergillus flavus. These toxins are present in some basic food products like corn, nuts, dairy products, and oilseeds and can adversely affect children's growth. Aflatoxin B1 is the most potent food contaminant that results in nutritional disorders and diseases among children. A study has established that consuming aflatoxins through food is one of the leading causes of growth problems in children. Aflatoxin B1 may reduce the yield of animal products such as milk, eggs, meat, etc., and cause stunted growth, poor learning ability, and behavioral and nutritional problems in children. Consequently, protecting food from being contaminated with aflatoxins is highly desirable, especially for food meant for children. Aflatoxins can influence calcium levels, leading to severe complications in the normal functioning of the children's cells, bones, and metabolism. In addition, the child's immune system and the growing body's cells are exposed to this toxin, which results in changes in the growth hormone and the delayed development of children. Conclusion: As one of the most important environmental mycotoxins in foodstuffs, Aflatoxin B1 has caused great harm to children's nutrition and growth. Since this is a dangerous toxin with severe and expensive implications, it is vital to avoid, detect, and manage this toxin in food, especially in children's food, to enhance the healthy growth of children in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Toxicología is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Toxicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Frameworks have been developed to standardize the assessment of carcinogenic potential in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries, building upon decades of research. Carcinogenicity is also evaluated during the safety evaluation of food substances, using a comprehensive approach unique to each substance. To better understand these approaches, a retrospective assessment was conducted on the publicly available database of substances notified to the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) as being Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS). The data contained within these GRAS notifications (GRNs) were reviewed for the methods used to evaluate carcinogenic potential (genotoxicity studies, 2-year bioassays, other pre-clinical animal studies) to identify patterns that could provide an understanding of how this assessment has been conducted for different categories of food substances. While different approaches to the safety evaluation were required to adapt to the unique food substances, the data in all notifications supported the conclusion of safety. The evaluation of food substances for carcinogenic potential must consider all available data, including identifying the need for when more data must be generated to support an evaluation. Due to the complexity of substances used in food, ranging from defined chemical entities to minimally processed agricultural commodities to live microorganisms, the approach to conducting the safety evaluation of food substances must be able to adapt to the most relevant scientifically supported approach. This paper illustrates the data commonly used to support the safety of different types of food substances and proposes an approach familiar to other product sectors., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Khatera Rahmani is a full-time employee of Mars, Incorporated. Yen-Ching Wu is a former employee of a food manufacturing company. Neil Buck is a full-time employee of General Mills. Alexandria Lau is a full-time employee of ToxStrategies. Paul Hanlon is a full-time employee of Abbott Nutrition.