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The article offers updates and developments related to nuclear science in the U.S. in 1962. Former U.S. President John F. Kennedy announced on March 3 the U.S. preparation to resume atmospheric nuclear test in April. The 18-nation disarmament conference in Geneva, Switzerland on March 14 faces problems on conference representation and verification problem. Lieutenant Colonel John H. Glenn became the first American to orbit the earth for three times despite some minor troubles on February 21.

The article explores the Project Plowshare established at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission in 1957. Under the program, the feasibility of the potential industrial and scientific uses of nuclear and thermonuclear explosives is explored. Among the studies successfully achieved through the program are the development of fusion explosion and the feasibility of producing such explosion with small fission contribution. Other projects being undertaken and proposed for study under Plowshare include the project Chariot, Gnome and Oilsand. Information about the goal and objective of each proposed project are also discussed.

The article discusses the official background of U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower's address to the United Nations (UN) on December 8, 1954, the immediate reaction to his nation address and his conversation with Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., U.S. representative to the UN, in relation to his atomic pool proposal. Welcoming a pooling of atomic knowledge for the general benefit of the people was the immediate reaction to the president's nation address. However, these reactions have indicated the fear of nucleonics to takeover the national state.

The article focuses on the role of scientists in the society, and the developments of science, in general. It has been said that scientists are useful in daily life and they help people see what in science goes beyond the scope of any separate community. The growth of science raised the human problems and these problems should be solved by worldwide means and measures. Scientists have pondered the human problems of the atomic age. There are efforts that aim at finding adequate forms and efficient methods to give proper expression to the new generosity.

The article reflects the views of the author on international science. The author cites the use of nuclear science as an instrument of foreign policy which he believed to have both beneficial and dangerous implications. He also cites the most important public responsibilities of science at large, one of which is to direct more of the world's scientific resources along lines which concerned with the issues of human happiness.

The article focuses on the atom energy and its effect on the future of the world. The dropping of an atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima dramatized the opening of the atomic age. The successful test of this weapon at Alamogordo, New Mexico, in July of 1945 was the culmination of the work of 50 years. One might highlight and outline that progress by considering only the major scientific discoveries--the discovery of X rays, the studies of the structure of the nucleus of the atom, etc. Such an overview, however, neglects the fact that the brilliant insights are few and, often, far between. The periods separating them are times of patient research, the importance of which cannot be discounted in evaluating the total result. Any scientific progress depends on such a combination of routine and inspiration. This is usually an exciting story, to the relatively small number of people who are interested. The announcement of the beginning of the atomic age was, however, of different significance. The years of the Manhattan Engineer District, which developed the atomic bomb, represented a unique co-operation of science, industry and government. The size of the project was unusual also. It is estimated that more than two billion dollars were spent in that effort. On the constructive side, it must be remembered that the developments of those years opened the door to future progress. The development of atomic energy for peacetime power is a problem, which captures the interest and imagination of the physicist and the engineer.

The article presents information about an exhibition to provide information on nuclear energy to general people. The purpose of organizers of the exhibit is to make an interesting show for young and old, to use simple words for the uninitiated, and to be accurate in the descriptions so that experts will not be offended. The atom model uses two-dozen electric-light bulbs, equal numbers of clear (electrons), red (protons) and green (neutrons). Lighted, it is a futuristic Christmas tree, with electrons majestically changing position in rhythmic circles around the sturdy little neutrons and protons closely packed in the stationary nucleus. The organizers tie in the new words of atomic physics with the picture of the model. Nucleus is a new word to many. It is nuclear explosions that give us the terrific release of energy in this age of atoms. We "shoot the nucleus" rather than "smash the atom," though these mean the same thing. After shooting the model atom organizers explain chain reaction by setting off sixty mousetraps, nuclei, each loaded with two rubber stoppers. Each nucleus shoots two more traps. It takes a man ten minutes to set the traps; they clatter into final silence in two seconds.

The article focuses on public opinion with regard to the atom bomb. A major social issue has emerged in the past three and one-half years. Atomic energy poses problems for representatives in Congress and the United Nations and for the rest of people, who read the newspapers, listens to the radio; participate in community forums, or the more informal discussions around the cracker barrel or in the club car. Nuclear energy challenges psychologists and educators in their professional fields as well as in their roles as citizens. The atomic age has arrived and we must find ways to prepare for its promise as well as to face its problems. Discussions of atomic energy since Hiroshima have centered, for the most part, on the problem of the bomb and its control. That priority is completely understandable. It is further understandable that, of necessity, much about the bomb has been and must be kept secret. There is an acceptance of the necessity for that secrecy which is often accompanied by the feeling that each individual has no responsibility to learn in this field because so much of the technical material is not available. Many people feel that they are justified in avoiding the issue while they hope that the responsible officials will solve the problem of atomic weapons adequately.

The article presents information about attempts to provide information on nuclear energy to general people using an exhibit. To present "Power from the Atom" in exhibit form, for general public consumption, the General Electric scientists and engineers determined that simple understandable facts must be shown. If the author and his team undertook to give all the historical background, basic physics, story of conversion of energy and the handling of radioactive materials in one exhibit, they would have required an extremely large space and probably would have greatly overlapped the efforts of others. Since their primary purpose in nucleonic is to devise a way of harnessing, for useful purposes, the energy given off by the splitting of the atom, they considered that their main panel should show all the major steps in such a possible process. It was necessary to show that part of the process is still in the developmental stage and that actual production of useful power even experimentally was still a few years off in the future. To produce fuel for bombs and atomic-power plants, facilities such as the Hanford plant in the state of Washington are required.

The article focuses on the importance of exhibits as a technique in atomic education. It has been well said that our civilization is a race between education and catastrophe. In 1948, it appears that atomic energy has given catastrophe a fearful potential lead, and that, therefore, every means of communication and education should be used in attempting to reach the greatest problem in cultural lag ever to confront mankind. Without dwelling too much on the problems touched in other sections of this journal, it can be said that the attempt of Brookhaven National Laboratory and its parent organization, Associated Universities, Inc., to manage an exhibit program has been designed to study, in a small way, the problems of communication posed by a human development which burst upon the consciousness of the country with an overwhelming suddenness. After running an exhibit program since early 1947, our doubts concerning the exhibit technique relate chiefly to its expense, and the relatively small number of persons reached in relation to the enormous number who need to be reached. Exhibits in atomic energy can be effective. The Brookhaven program now consists of two "shows" provided to communities for locally sponsored activities in public information and education. To some extent, the laboratory also provides counsel and services to local sponsors in public relations on a local level.

The article presents the author's views about the atomic age. The importance of the atomic age is easily comprehensible, ushered in as it was, abruptly and significantly by the necessity for ending war. The author realizes, too, what this atomic age will mean to him as a member of a generation, which will have to grow up and live with the delicate knowledge of both the atomic bomb and the more beneficial atomic sciences. In his time, most probably, there will be extensive advances in the pure sciences, advances perhaps more remarkable and astounding than those which led to the development of the bomb itself. The advances, which will be made, may not create a Utopia for us but the author feels certain that there will be remarkable changes in the structure of living in this world. Scientists have been able to apply what knowledge they have now to the solving of many problems and to finding the key to others. In time, this work itself will be amplified many, many times. To the author, personally, the atomic age will not mean so much in terms of discoveries in biology, medicine, chemistry, physics and engineering as in terms of the actual implications of the atomic bomb and its influence upon our society. Before any discoveries can be utilized for general benefit, the world will have to learn to live in peace. The knowledge garnered from research on the atomic bomb is not important in itself. The world has always had knowledge. It is especially important because it vividly magnifies the need of people to learn to live together.

The article presents information about attempts to understand nuclear energy by a small town Marengo, Iowa. It is a midwestern town of 2,260 men and women. Along with the people of thousands of other communities, great and small, throughout the United States, the people of Marengo are interested in atomic energy and have large stakes in the atomic age. And they are trying to do something about it--they are trying to learn and understand the atom. Marengo's efforts are not spectacular. Rather are they fundamental and typical of what any community can undertake. They reflect, in minuscule, the efforts of all people, everywhere, to grasp the meaning of the atom. Marengo's citizens have built their atomic activities about their long-established evening school. They refer to their project as the Marengo Experiment in Atomic Energy Education. This year, nearly 450 of Marengo's townspeople are participating in this co-operative educational project. They like to think they are developing a pattern of community action which can be used elsewhere. They attend lectures in the local-school auditorium and view films and demonstrations. Visiting speakers from the state university address them on the customary subjects connected with atomic energy. They examine the atom's social and economic implications. They become familiar with its physical characteristics.

A detailed description of the mechanized techniques now being used by the Technical Information Service of the Atomic Energy Commission in the preparation of the several indexes for Nuclear Science Abstracts. These innovations which make use of standard equipment have resulted in substantial reductions in the time and cost required to prepare author (both personal and corporate) subject, and report number indexes for NSA. The new techniques have also proved of value in preparing cumulative indexes, as well as those for individual issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the suggestions that were given by a subcommittee of four representatives of technical societies to the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission concerning the use of classified material to the nuclear energy industry. The survey of the subcommittee showed that most of valuable information was in the field of chemical and metallurgical engineering. The subcommittee consisted of editors including E. E.Thum from "Metal Progress," Keith Henney from "Nucleonics," and F. J. Van Antwerpen from "Chemical Engineering Progress."

The article focuses on the Manhattan Project declassification program in the United States. The Manhattan project worked out as an effective program that protects the secrets of nuclear science affecting national security during the war. The purpose of the policy was to support American science for advancement not only in government sponsored and controlled laboratories, but also in several independent academic and industrial organizations. To continue the fundamental policy, a committee on declassification was created consisting the senior scientists in the country with the purpose to recommend the adoption of a detailed procedure to accomplish the mission of releasing scientific information for national welfare and security.

The article features a discussion on atomic power production. Conflicting statements about the practical uses of atomic power have been made by different scientists, depending largely upon whether a short-range view or a long-term view is taken. A "pile" is made by simply stacking up uranium or uranium-235 or plutonium with a moderator of graphite or other suitable material which slows down the neutrons so that they will be better absorbed in the uranium. The pile must not be less than a definite critical size, otherwise the external loss of neutrons will be so great as to prevent the continuation of the nuclear chain reaction.

The article discusses whether or not atomic bombs can start a nuclear chain reaction. Since the planning of the Navy tests, many thoughtful scientists have expressed concern about the possibility of the nuclear chain reaction in water. Such consideration can be made with the help of existing nuclear theory without making any assumptions going beyond the range of well explored phenomena. The conclusion from the calculations is that there is no danger of a nuclear explosion in any substance naturally occurring on earth with any of the atomic bombs which have been developed or have been conceived on paper.

The article offers news briefs related to nuclear science in the U.S. The first seven months course of the International School of Nuclear Science and Engineering has been opened on March 13, 1955 at the Argonne National Laboratory in Lemont, Illinois. John von Neumann has been appointed to the Atomic Energy Commission. The Consolidated Edison Co. of New York has announced plans to build nuclear plant on the Hudson River near Peekskill.

The article offers a British Atomic Energy Research report in connection with physics. The section examines several particle accelerators used for research at Harwell, including a 110-inch frequency-modulated cyclotron used to accelerate protons to maximum energy of 175 million electron volts with a mean proton beam current of around 1.5 microamperes. The British research establishment focuses on atomic energy, ranging from technological assistance to basic nuclear research, concentrating on several activities of physicists at Harwell.

The article offers a British Atomic Energy Research report in connection with chemical engineering. The section discusses the interests of the Chemical Engineering Division at Harwell. It includes mineral dressing as applied to the beneficiation of low-grade uranium ores, the chemical processing of irradiated material, the development of the technology of reactor materials, and the fundamental study of the operations of special interest to the new industry. The mineral dressing group of the division intends to study the methods for the treatment of low-grade radioactive ores.

The article offers a British Atomic Energy Research report in connection with metallurgy. The section examines the development of efficient methods for extracting uranium and plutonium, the development of new structural materials for reactors, and the solution of corrosion problems introduced by the use of liquid metals as coolants. It states that such technological developments are an essential part of the work of the Metallurgy Division at Harwell. Also discusses within this section includes the deformation phenomena in uranium metals.

The article offers a British Atomic Energy Research report in connection with chemistry. The section discusses the main aim of the Chemistry Division of Harwell. It states that the division intends to provide the background of chemical knowledge needed for the development and operation of British plutonium production piles, reactors, and uranium and plutonium extraction plants. The scientific group examines problem suggested by operational developments, but their terms of reference are wide, and no problems in radiochemistry, radiation chemistry, or heavy element chemistry lie outside their objective.

The article focuses on attempts to provide information about the effects of nuclear radiation on human blood. The widespread devastation at Nagasaki and Hiroshima indicated that a new military weapon was at hand whose destruction superceded anything in the past. It is considered very important that the rank and file of our population, as well as physicians, be advised that the effects of the atomic bomb are twofold, i.e., blast and fire damage and irradiation damage. Much of our primary knowledge in this field is related to the blood stream. As part of the National Military Establishment, the Navy exhibit in Man and the Atom was planned to show the effects of nuclear radiation on human blood. The development of blood in the human being from embryo to adult life is a complicated story. For a lay audience it was considered that this process could best be visualized by the use of cartoons. It was further simplified by omitting some of the more complicated factors in blood development and those about which there was professional controversy. The presentation of the exhibit, therefore, presented "embryo" cells as the "mother" of all cells. "Young" cells were portrayed as "infants," "adolescent" cells as the "human teenage group," and "adult" cells as "human adults." The message was as follows: Despite the fact that this exhibit was designed along the simplest possible lines, it is considered that many who viewed it felt it to be out of their intellectual range.

The article presents quotes related to nuclear science. Winston Churchill suggests that the superiority of the United States depends on their weapons that give them chance for survival. The "Grand Soviet Encyclopedia" states that the explosions in Hiroshima and Nagasaki caused not so much military destruction with the annihilation of thousand people due to the explosion and radioactivity in the human organism.

The article reports on the Atomic Energy Commission's (AEC) receipt of additional appropriation for the current fiscal year. The appropriation was received after the signing of the 20 billion dollar emergency appropriations bill on January 6, 1951. The sum represented fifty percent increase over the regular appropriations in previous years. The appropriation was allotted for the enlargement and expansion of AEC's production capacity and effectivity for making atomic materials and nuclear weapons.

The article reports that "New York Sun" had retracted its inaccurate statements about the "Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists." On October 7, 1947, the "New York Sun" used an article by Harvard University law professor David Cavers which was also published at the "Bulletin of Atomic Scientists" and insinuated that the Bulletin is a Communist-inspired publication. In their retraction, the newspaper admits that one of their article may have created misleading impressions concerning the Bulletin article, its author as well as to the editor of the publication.

The article presents news briefs in atomic science. A commemoration event was held for the first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction on December 2, 1942 on the University of Chicago campus. The conference of atomic scientists held on New Jersey was attended by about 40 scientists in which discussions included international control of atomic energy. A meeting of the board of directors of atomic scientists have centered on reaching a unified policy toward world security problems.

The article features a conference that will discuss and recommend the formation of a type of world government adequate for the control of atomic bombs and other super-weapons. The said conference started on March 11 and will continue through March 15 at the Rollins College in Winter Park, Florida. Participating were professors Samuel K. Allison and Harold C. Urey of the Institute of Nuclear Studies, University of Chicago. James Carey, secretary-treasurer of the Congress of Industrial Organizations, and Emery Reves, author.

Two letters to the editor are presented in response to articles published in previous issues including "The Twentieth Year," by Harrison Brown and another on nuclear chain reaction by Alvin Weinberg in the December 1962 issue.

The article offers world news briefs related to nuclear science. A national institute for research in nuclear science is to be established in Great Britain. The heads of six European nations have agreed the basic provisions of two treaties which include the common tariff-free market and the establishment of a European Atomic Energy Community. Greece has planned to launch a major atomic program which will be the focus of a laboratory named the Democritus Nuclear Research Center.

The article offers world news briefs regarding atomic energy developments. The European Council for Nuclear Science has announced its plans to establish a nuclear research center in either Switzerland or Denmark. The Great Britain's first official report about the works at the Harwell atomic energy establishment has been released in London.

The article reports Dr. James B. Conant's call for re-establishment of nuclear physics cooperation between United States and Great Britain. Conant explored the fact that the success in nuclear physics has become a matter of national and political pride during a talk on "Anglo-American Relations in the Atomic Age," at the London School of Economics in Great Britain. A day after the lecture, Conant claimed that U.S. security rules are interfering with United States and other nation's cultural exchanges.

The article offers information on a foreign radio comment on the proliferation of nuclear research in the United States. In a move to counter the atomic research in the United States, the Radio Berlin, East Zone, repeatedly aired on April 8, 1951 that atomic research in this country is bankrupt, and that such endeavor has been discouraged by the U. S. Government. The broadcast stated that atomic plants which are destined to be used in peaceful objectives are inconceivable and unrealistic in an ultracapitalist country. This false information is carried out to maligned the development of nuclear research in the United States.

This article presents information on several publications related to information sciences. The publication "The Revision of the Thesaurus of ASTIA Descriptors," is the printed version of the second edition is compared with the magnetic-tape version that contains approximately 1,000 more descriptors for computer purposes, plus about 175 new terms added in the six months following publication. The other publication "UDC Special Subject Edition for Nuclear Science and Technology," is the first special edition of UDC to be published by the FID Secretariat, which is jointly sponsored by the International Atomic Energy Agency and the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority

Information on the conference which was held in Brookhaven, New York. This conference is designed to improve atom instruction in the eleven teachers' colleges in New York so that public school curriculum can include more information on the social and economic implications of nuclear science. Teachers who attended the event admitted that many students are more informed when it comes to thinking in terms of atomic energy.