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wish to state at the outset that this paper is based on my conviction that a conference such as this one is more profitable if its participants attempt to concentrate on constructive exchanges of ideas rather than on destructive disagreements concerning the value of one approach as opposed to that of another. Accordingly, I have chosen inquiry into sport as meaningful human experience as my focal point and have attempted to point out ways in which philosophers might improve their attempts to understand sport as experience. I will first set forth some of my beliefs concerning some distinctions and clarifications which must be made by those who would make philosophic inquiry into sport as experience. I will then point out some aspects of sport which must be considered by the serious sport philosopher in his/her attempt to understand the sport experience. Finally, I will attempt to expand the usual notion of who constitutes the sport experiencer and try to outline my notion of the task of the philosopher who would make inquiry into sport as experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the philosophical method of investigating sports phenomena. The content of philosophical investigation is distinguished by the form of its pursuit, and it is argued that the two are inseparable. The history of philosophical methodology is briefly presented, beginning with the dialectical method of Socrates, and proceeding through Aristotle, scepticism, scholasticism, a variety of scientific methods in modern philosophy, and the phenomenology of Husserl and Heidegger. It is suggested that these methodologies differ more in content than they do in form. Seymour Kleinman's essay "Toward a Neo-Theory of Sport" is discussed.

The article explores whether there is one methodologically correct way to investigate a given subject, and what the correct mode of inquiry would be when investigating the philosophy of sports. An Aristotelian method for choosing modes of inquiry proper to their respective ends is presented in detail, and it is argued that there are multiple legitimate modes of inquiry appropriate to sports, contingent on the aims of investigation. Mode and method are briefly distinguished. The manner in which the paper was approached is labelled as a Socratic dedication to investigating claims to insight with the openness characteristic of play.

Little empirical research has been done on urban marketing systems in developing countries or on the segmentation of these markets by sociocconomic variables. In this study, the shopping and consumption patterns of individuals in the various social classes of Sao Paulo, Brazil, were examined. The results revealed important differences in the shopping habits of members of the different social classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The FTC's corrective advertising remedy has been a subject of controversy and debate since it was first introduced in 1970. Yet relatively little empirical research has been performed to assess the impact of this measure. This article reports the results of an experimental study of the communication effects of alternative types of affirmative disclosure. The authors' findings raise some important questions for marketers and public policy makers about the effectiveness of the corrective advertising remedy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing importance of industrial marketing in recent years has been reflected in increasing expenditures to advertise industrial products. The question presented here is just how well these expanded advertising efforts are being directed at their intended audience. This article presents a study in which the buying motives of representatives of four industrial segments were compared against the motives that industrial advertisers in these fields perceived for their customers. The results indicate that advertisers apparently do not understand which appeals influence their markets. INSET: MARKETING MEMO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a review and analysis of fear appeals, examines their effect on consumer behavior, and discusses methodological considerations in fear research. Emphasis is given to identifying gaps in our knowledge and understanding of how fear appeals work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There appears to be sufficient commonality in the concerns expressed by the foregoing comments that we may respond in a collective fashion to the issues raised. We shall consider first the objections to our formulating the decision as lease-or-buy, rather than lease-or-borrow. We next undertake to clarify the rationale for our use of different discount rates for the lease payments and depreciation tax shield. Finally, we discuss some of the peripheral issues raised in two of the comments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the practical implementation of the experience-rating method of insurance class adjustments toward the goal of fair insurance rate coverage and expense. It is suggested that while ideal insurance rate theory is to form homogenous risk classes, common practice generates diverse and heterogenous levels for members within rate classes. The different systems of schedule, informal, and experience rating to compensate for the phenomenon are outlined and the latter is highlighted. Inefficiencies within the process in common practice are described and suggestions for simplification are offered.

Studies of the role of race and ethnicity in marketplace discrimination have been quite limited to date. This article reports on a field experiment involving middle-income Anglo-whites, blacks, and Chicanos in the mobile home marketplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Choosing the most effective and profitable sales force is the single most important task facing sales management. The authors describe a quantitative method for deciding between alternate selling methods, choosing the number of sales agents and the management structure required, and estimating the profit dollars that the optimum sales organization should generate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumer problems of low-income, inner city residents may be the result of both poor performance by marketing institutions and lack of buyer skills and motivation. Although solving these problems depends upon specific knowledge of possible determining factors, research has focused more on retail performance than on buyer behavior. This study explores one aspect of that behavior the effects of residence, age, and education on black shoppers' perceptions of food store characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports a survey on the extent to which societal issues are covered in marketing curricula. An analysis of the data indicated that cautious optimism is warranted regarding marketing educators' involvement in socioenvironmental issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonfinancial incentives of privilege pay, status pay, and power pay have a direct effect on the level of a salesmen's job satisfaction. Some significant relationships between nonfinancial incentives and job satisfaction of industrial salesmen are discussed in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Do people shop simply to make purchases? Are some shopping trips motivated by considerations that are unrelated to an actual purchase? The results of an exploratory study of shopper motivation suggest that a person may shop for many reasons other than his or her need for products or services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author questions recent research suggesting that direct measures of cognitive dissonance actually measure chronic anxiety. He proposes that the tendency to experience dissonance may be a personality variable that is a specific form of chronic anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of college education in providing an "ethical framework" for evaluating marketing practices is examined. The effects of a specialized college major on an individual's evaluative framework are suggested and the implications of these findings discussed in terms of both marketing education and future business-society relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article points out some reasons for marketing's lag in the use of computers and quantitative techniques. The systems approach is suggested as one which can minimize or eliminate the causes of this lag. The systems approach outlined by the author uses marketing theory to guide the firm's efforts in establishing performance criteria, organizing an information collection activity, and developing analytic models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A three-step method is presented for planning new products, for planning product improvement, and for evaluating relative strength of copy claims. Step 1 involves systematic creative exploration of all conceivable product variations; step 2 assigns differentiation ratings; step 3 evaluates three primary factors of product attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is industrial marketing research really as simple and straightforward as it is made out to be? Is there more to it than just "freewheeling" interviews with a few hand-picked respondents? Why is there so little published about industrial marketing research? Why is methodology so lacking in industrial marketing research? Here are some answers to these questions by a Dutch marketing specialist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research in its real sense means continuous searching. To be scientific, it has to submit to the same criteria whether applied in the marketing field or the atomic field. These standards involve the formulation of hypotheses and their validation. In this provocative article, Dr. Dichter develops seven such tenets, which he sees as prerequisites for a sensitive and creative diagnosis of "why" questions in any field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of abstracts are presented for articles related to marketing research and research techniques. They include "Product Testing at Sears: Backstopping the Buyers," "Eight Ways to Doom a Product, 11 Ways to Help It," and "Application of Operations Research to Development Decisions."

The article, written by the American Marketing Association Committee on Distribution Costs and Efficiency, presents a statement on the tools and techniques of distribution cost analysis for use by marketing researchers and executives. The article discusses distribution cost analysis, its value and methods of analysis, and its limitations. The article explains that distribution cost analysis helps businesses develop profitable objectives, set policies and procedures, and examine their own organizational efficiency. Specific benefits of this process are outlined, as are the methods of conducting such a study.

Evidently the mail survey, including 65 per cent of our sample, provided results that were representative of the entire sample. True, the proportion of response is high for a mail survey, but a high return is to be expected in a situation where interest in the subject matter has been demonstrated by acceptance of participation in the test. Time pressures frequently call for relatively short test periods. In testing of lipsticks and with the type of design used here, the one-week test period seems adequate. Since the test product is used daily and frequently within each day, the formulation of a reliable opinion is to be expected in a relatively short time--in the case of lipsticks, probably less than one week. Frequency of use of a product is, of course, an important factor in the determination of the length of a test period. Basic to these findings is the inclusion in the sample of only those most likely to have stable opinions on this product. Had the sample included a sizable number of women who had just changed lipstick brands or otherwise lacked stable opinions, it is conceivable that the mail-interview and personal-interview replies may have differed markedly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the preferred time in reporting for the survey technique known as the consumer purchase panel. The author believes that while weekly reporting of purchasing is preferable, it is not always practical. Many panels report on a monthly basis to minimize cost, to get a better understanding of purchasing trends, and minimize missed reports. A further factor the author believes that affects the preferred reporting period involves the continuity of the report. He feels that the reduced cost associated with monthly reporting may allow a firm to keep more continuous reports. The author believes that while more research is needed in the area of the reporting period for a consumer purchase panel, early research tends to favor continuous reporting over discontinuous.

The article discusses a number of marketing research techniques used in forecasting the sales of consumer durable goods. According to the author, sales forecasting is important because it can point out possible future economic downturns. The author presents a number of steps in the process of creating an effective sales forecast. These steps include the plotting of past business trends on graph paper and scattergrams, calculating the firm's industry sales figures for past years and preparing forecasts by product lines.

The experimental results of this study suggest that there are significant differences in decision making between business managers and academics. This casts doubt upon the validity of using students as subjects in business decision research and underscores the challenge of involving managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article addresses the use of the comparative method in the study of business administration, spurred by international affairs which highlight the need for such study. This article begins the effort by asking what a comparative study might involve, what elements would be compared, and to what end? Additionally, the article addresses the methodology and some concerns, such as comparable phenomena and avoiding random phenomena, among others. Prospects for the research and teaching of the comparative method are also provided.

A rapid method for clustering variables is presented. The uses, values, limitations, and precautions are discussed, and several examples of diverse applications are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A response to an earlier comment of the author's research into preference distribution analysis and methods of product testing is presented. The author claims that James R. Taylor, in his criticism of Day's methods of analysis, failed to understand that the paired comparisons experiment is only the data collection phase of preference distribution analysis. The final analysis involves solving a probabilistic model of choice. The article discusses preference distribution analysis, probabilistic behavior in product tests, and paired comparisons. The author claims that the probabilistic model has an advantage over ranking in the choice process with the added advantage of accounting for the weighting of data.

Many articles have discussed the value of interpreting preference data for a distribution of buyer preferences arrayed on a product attribute or dimension [1-3, 5, 6, 9]. Products are seen as ranging from light suds to heavy suds, weak chocolate flavor to strong chocolate flavor, etc. The premise is that differences in buyers' preference patterns reflect these underlying dimensions. This article's purpose is not to question the concept of this dimensional approach but rather to question the data collection procedure used to develop the preference distribution. The argument is that the paired comparison procedure, as currently used, can lead to misinterpretation of the underlying preference distribution. The key to developing a realistic preference distribution is to place each subject on the dimension such that his location represents his first-order preference. Consequently, the procedure used to collect such information should allow the investigator to identify each subjects preferences ordering of the dimension levels. There are many data collection procedures (paired comparison, ???, rank order, etc.) allowing the investigator to do this [3]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a response to remarks from Richard W. Pollay about a study of consumer impulse purchasing behavior in food supermarkets and a follow up to that work. The authors take this opportunity to discuss the research methodology which Pollay noted had been lacking in the earlier article. The authors discuss perceived methodological issues, methodological sources of competing explanations, tests of competing explanations, and the importance of experimental effects. The authors agree that methodologies may have significant impact on test data and advocate for more sophisticated research designs.

This study was designed to test a methodology for measurement of self-concept and consumer behavior in comparable terms and, therefore, to further substantiate the relationship of self-theory to consumer behavior. The results from this limited study were positive, indicating that consumers of a specific brand of automobiles perceive themselves with self-concepts similar to others who consume that brand and significantly different from owners of a competing brand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally it has been held that consumer buying behavior can be classified by social class and stage in the family life cycle. Recently it has been suggested that these distinctions have been obscured by the leveling effects of social and economic changes. From data of an extensive empirical study of women's shopping behavior, the authors suggest that in many instances the earlier market segmentation concept may be outmoded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment with a factorial design showed that consumers developed preferences for three brands of a physically homogeneous product (beer), identical except for brand name and price. With price used as a cue to brand quality and time measured by total purchase trials, strength of brand loyalty could be explained by perceived quality and a time trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study of the methodology of market analysis is a necessary port of the development of a science of marketing. A case study in market analysis is presented to illustrate the actual problem-solving process, rather than just the rationalized reconstruction of the process often reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sometimes bias can be employed as a beneficial tool of marketing research techniques. This article describes a case study in which a form of bias was implemented in a consumer test to provide the answers to an acute marketing problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author discusses the impact of the interaction of man and the environment towards the effects of environmental pollution worldwide. He believes that nationalization of resources will produce a long range program for the development of the society. Likewise, it responses a positive significance not only in the political aspects but also for the protection of the natural resources of the earth as well as for the benefit of humankind as a whole. He pointed out that with the launching of the World Meteorological Organization extensive program it will develop alternative ways to prevent such in various environmental catastrophe. He suggests that through unity and stability on using regenerative natural resources approaches, transformation and conservation will develop.

The article discusses the analysis which had been conducted in order to show that the elements of a scientific theory are human constructions rather than physical things. Such analysis has a secondary purpose which is to show each artistic genre is distinguished from the others by its distinctive elements. According to C. P. Snow, an aesthetician, an analysis would be well-intentioned, but should be out of place when studying science. An aesthetic theory of science emphasizes the aesthetic aspect of science and relates to the analysis of Snow.

The article focuses on issues and topics related to science and technology in the Soviet Union. Some Western observers have interpreted Soviet scientific organization as a rational and carefully chartered administrative pyramid with a well-developed decision-making mechanism, but in reality it has been an unwieldy maze of haphazardly united institutions with different lines of administrative subordination, parochial interests, and widespread duplications. All Soviet science is under continuing political pressure to engage in applied research. The network of institutions subordinated to narrow functional ends has become so fragmented that its splintered units are too weak to cope with the fundamental problems of science and technology and thus have to be consolidated into larger units.

The article comments on the properties and realities of physics. According to the author, physicists fall into two groups which are the experimentalists, who use the ordinary concepts of things, and the other is called theoreticists, who utilize abstract language. He states that in learning natural science, one must assimilate and master experimenting and theorizing. He also suggests that physicists should investigate the philosophical foundations of his methods of reasoning, and should renounce the ideas of positivism and materialism.

A methodology which utilizes integer programming is developed as an aid to designers of production facilities. Specifically, the methodology can be used to determine optimal unloading configurations for mixed discrete products obtained from a production process which cannot be halted (due to physical constraints or economics) and which has no in-process storage. The methodology is practical; application to the design of unloading facilities for an existing float glass process is given. Tests of the design methodology reveal that it gives least cost answers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of an investigation which compared differences in tool life values obtained from an intermittent testing method with those obtained from a continuous testing method. In addition, the results of an economic analysis are presented and used to determine the cost of applying the data from an experimental tool life procedure which does not coincide with the actual production operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to present a generalized and a special purpose method for the evaluation of throughput time. The general method presented represents a modification of Mason's Rule to a special ease of flow evaluation encountered in production operations. The algorithm presented is for the special model wherein there is a single output and wherein all possible feedbacks are permissible. It is anticipated that the methods presented will aid greatly in the evaluation and understanding of throughput time. The methods should be equally applicable to normal manufacturing operations and to special major project type activities. Clearly the application of the methods is limited only by one's ability to establish the flow graph, the times for the operations and the yields for the various flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies two major problems of development, i.e., making equipment perform satisfactorily after it has been completely assembled: (1) the estimation of actual time spent on development work, and (2) the content and magnitude of the delays occurring during development work. A multi-variate analysis approach is introduced for relating the actual development time with the complexity characteristics of the equipment. On the basis of an extensive survey, significant causes of development delays and their time distribution are established. Although this work concentrates on the development process of special purpose machines used in metal-working industries, it is emphasized that the same methodology can be used for any other types of special purpose machines if the corresponding complexity variables are known. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, the human factors evaluation of displays is focused on input aspects (e.g. ratio of line width to height, use of colour, visibility, etc.). Acquisition measures (e.g. reaction-time, reading speed, etc.) have typically been chosen as dependent variables. However, many displays of interest (e.g. those for Command and Control) require the observer not only to acquire information but also to manipulate the displayed data and derive a decision that is judicious as well as timely. This paper will summarize a series of studies in which a decision adequacy metric was applied to the evaluation of displays. It will be shown that several of the relationships previously found (using acquisition variables) are either modified or reversed when we focus on the goodness of display based decisions. A programme of research expanding on these studies will also be described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with the efficiency of the branch-and-bound technique for solving the production scheduling problem. Since the efficiency of this technique depends on a powerful lower bound, five promising bounding procedures are studied and investigated empirically. This investigation is based on the number of nodes explored and the computational time involved. Several computational experiments are conducted and results reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A set of personnel selection tests was developed to give employers a guide for selecting prospective production workers for bench type assembly operations. The resulting methodology incorporated a battery of eight personnel selection tests which were administered to 29 production workers for measuring the individual's sensory, motor and psychomotor abilities believed pertinent to such tasks. Using the test measurements as independent variables, time to perform elemental motions of the Methods-Time Measurement predetermined time system was predicted. Elemental motion performance predictions were then combined to provide a prediction of total job performance for a prospective employee. Such an approach is unique in that the methodology predicts performance on elemental motions. Thus, the prediction of performance on any job could be attempted if the basic elements of the job were known. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper defines optimum as the condition most favouring factors which influence certain objectives and the achievement of those objectives. Factors which may influence certain objectives can be classified as (a) alternate strategies, (b) states of nature, (c) time, (d) costs related to the achievement of the objectives.
A suboptimum may occur as the result of one or more of the following actions. (1) Exclusion of one or more of the possible strategies (not based on economic consideration). (2) Exclusion of one or more of all states of nature (not based on economic consideration). (3) Inconsistency in the time intervals involved in the decision problem. (4) Neglect of the costs related to the achievement of the objectives. (5) Optimization of one objective resulting in a lower degree of attainment of other objectives. Examples of these categories are given and the paper discusses approaches to be taken in decision problems to eliminate the danger of a suboptimum.
This paper tries to overcome the shortcomings of suboptimization by looking simultaneously at all pertinent factors and functions of the integrated system as they evolve through time and impinge on each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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