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Discusses the establishment of Children's Hospital of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania. Focus of the major interest of American hospital pediatrics from 1910 until after World War II; Consideration of the hospitalized child.

The article presents study investigating the efficiency and effectiveness of the system at the pediatric clinic services in Dade County, Florida. In the said study, various levels of administration and staff were involved in the initiation of the clinic self-evaluation program. Seven major areas of concern were identified by the clinic self-evaluation. The results show the feasibility of achieving positive results from an evaluative study of a large, complex health delivery system. Moreover, the findings indicated several areas where modifications could result in better utilization of manpower and easier accessibility of services for the patient.

The article focuses on the incorporation of an educational programming in the short-term hospitalization of the children. Because hospitalization is becoming a single short-term experience or a series of short term experiences for more children, conscientious educators and medical staff must take a new look at the kinds of extramedical services pediatric hospitals are providing to make hospitalization an ego building and positive experience for each child. For instance in the fulfillment of child's psychological needs, the educational program must consider the environment and the people surrounding the child inside the hospital. Because he is not is in the hospital by choice, he needs social growth through interaction with his peers somewhat more rapidly than this occurs for his schoolmates.

The article reports on the result of the group therapy conducted for eleven preschool children with cerebral palsy at the Sunnyview, the Eastern New York Orthopaedic Hospital-School Inc. in Schenectady, New York. The group treatment provides instruction for the parents, frequent and regular health supervision for the children and help for the parents through frequent contacts with professional personnel with whom they could discuss problems with. There was a slight progress recorded at the end of the three month period upon reevaluation of the children.

The article focuses on the establishment of the state hospital school for epilectic children in Michigan. The Caro State Hospital School is dedicated to the education of the epileptic child. There are eleven state institutions solely for epileptics. The school was opened in the summer of 1940, with a capacity of 150 children. It consists of a school building and three residence cottages each housing 50 children.

A technique for successful and consistent cannulation of extremity veins of neonates using a plastic catheter with inner needle stylet has Been used in over 150 neonates for surgical and postoperative management at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and has all but eliminated the use of the incisional "cut-down." Advantages of this method over the incisional "cut-down" include: ease of changing insertion sites, preservation of function and subsequent use usefulness of the veins, the ability to use larger caliber cannulas, increased duration of function without phlebitis, and the elimination of the unsightly" cutdown" scars. Although meticulous attention to the details insertion and immobilization are essential for success with this technique, it has been easily taught to our rotating junior level surgical residents and to many of the pediatric interns and pediatric residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the role of pediatric hospital in the control of the injuries suffered by children in accidents. Functions of pediatric hospital; Responsibilities of the hospital administration in providing a safe environment for the pediatric patient; Importance of preparing nursing care plans for patients.

Discusses the results of a study on nephrotic children who have been admitted with documented sepsis to the Children's Hospital Medical Center in Boston, Massachusetts. Common complications of nephrotic syndrome in children; Infections associated with the children admitted at the hospital.

Discusses the problem of overcrowding in the pediatric departments of hospitals in New York City. Formation of a committee by the directors of pediatric hospitals in order to deal with the problem; Utilization of the system of patient assignment developed in London, England; Installation of a computer terminal in pediatric institutions.

The article discusses the study at the Child Development Clinic at the Children's Hospital in Los Angeles, California, which determines the effect of a retarded sibling on a teenager in terms of his school, social and family life. Results of the study indicated that there was acceptance of the retarded child and adequate understanding of the diagnosis. The study suggests that the presence of a young retarded child in the home does not seem to have an adverse effect upon teenage siblings.

The article discusses the results of the psychological testing of cerebral palsied children at Children's Hospital in Los Angeles, California. The outcomes of the study suggested that the children had various types of mental developments and intellectual adjustments. It is also indicated that these children achieved a substantial increase in their intelligence quotient during retests.

In an effort to stimulate referrals of children under the age of 3 showing mild developmental retardation, this clinic reached out to patients of a hospital pediatric clinic. A survey revealed that over 9 percent of the children seen by the loner were functioning at a mentally retarded level, showing this to be a high-risk population. The authors stress the need-in any program aimed at treating the mentally retarded-for realistic case-finding techniques and periodic re-evaluation of the children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sense of involvement with broad problems of mental health is not automatically achieved by social casework students. Quite naturally, casework students tend to become absorbed in the fascinations of learning about, and working with, the individual and his family. Such knowledge is basic to the development of professional skills, but the skills will rarely enter the service of preventive efforts without early engagement of student interest in the challenge of mental health. The purpose of this report is to describe some of the educational methods that have proved valuable in the teaching of mental health concepts. Although developed in a children's hospital, they are thought to have relevance for many other field settings. Opportunities for the teaching of mental health principles exist in all field instruction settings. The methods described in this paper are believed to be adaptable to a wide variety of other settings. In the opinion of the writer, it is impossible to overemphasize the importance of early student interest in mental health principles.

Under California law, the hospital must comply with three sections of the Penal Code of California pertinent to inflicted injuries to children. Any person who inflicts "unjustifiable physical pain" on any child or who willfully permits such child to be placed in a situation in which "its life or limb may be endangered or its health likely to be injured" is guilty of a misdemeanor. "Any person who willfully inflicts upon any child any cruel or inhuman corporal punishment or injury resulting in a traumatic condition" is guilty of a felony. Over a six-month period in 1959, three patients known to Children's Hospital, all of whom had previously inflicted injuries, died as a result of additional injuries. The parents of two of these children were arrested on a charge of murder. Whereas prior to September 1959 the efforts to protect children whom the hospital knew to have sustained suspected inflicted injuries had been haphazard and largely ineffectual, in 1960 there was only one child for whom no protective action was taken.

The article discusses the establishment of the North Carolina Cerebral Palsy Hospital in 1950 which offers treatment and educational opportunities for cerebral palsied children. It mentions that the admission is set to children under sixteen years of age who are legal residents of North Carolina. It notes that the activities offered by the hospital to palsy children include physical, occupational, and speech therapy. It details the implication of physiological approach for palsied children.

Discusses the emergency room care of children with asthma in the Asthma Department of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania. Questions for parents; Plan of care; Parent education.

How much psychopathology exists among children admitted to a pediatric hospital? Does the pediatric staff miss any cases? To answer these and other questions a study was conducted at a pediatric hospital over a ten-month period. Findings are reported and their implications discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a research study on the application of music therapy on a group of child patients at the Peninsula Children's Center, a medical facility where the author serves as a music therapist. It notes on the author's two-hour musical program in which the first hour is spent on group activity while the second half consists much of individually focused work directed at helping a child with particular problems of affect or skill.

This article presents child guidance in a pediatric clinic. In the practice selected for study, three pediatricians and one general practitioner cared for pediatric outpatients whose visits totaled 35,000 per year, 80 to 90 new newborns each month, and a ward of ten to 20 inpatients. Each child brought in because of a behavior problem or found to have such a problem by the physician was given a thorough physical examination on the initial visit. Audiometric and visual acuity examinations were included as indicated, particularly with school-failure problems.

The article focuses on a study of the use of corticosteroids and anabolic hormones in treating childhood asthma. Opinions vary on the use of hormonal preparations in the management of asthma, and the administration of corticosteroids is a matter of preference. In the study, ninety-one percent of the 515 children admitted to the Children's Asthma Research Institute and Hospital in Denver, Colorado from July 1957 to June 1963 had received corticosteroid therapy prior to admission. Twenty-two percent received antiasthmatic therapy. Complete cessation of corticotherapy is possible when asthma improves. Better knowledge of the effects of the corticosteroids and anabolic compounds on the growing child can be acquired only through the study of the biochemical changes induced by these drugs, used separately and in combination.

Reports on the state of pediatrics in Hungary. Founding of the first children's hospital by A. Schop-Merei in 1837; University medical schools in Budapest; Hungarian pediatric school founded by the Bokays; Socialized health service in Hungary; Number of hospital beds for children; Regional scheme for hospital and outpatient clinics; State restrictions on private practice; Medical research; Society of Hungarian Pediatricians; International relations of Hungarian pediatricians.

Describes a preliminary study of reinforcement effects, using an automated Bobo toy which elicits hitting responses from children. Number of male children at a resident hospital for emotionally disturbed children who were included in the study; Mean number of responses of institutionalized and non-institutionalized children during the prereinforcement period.

The article describes the services in a pediatric teaching hospital that combines in-patient and day-patient care in adapted premises in Great Britain. Patient's admission may either be for diagnostic assessment or short term treatment and the day-patients may be accepted for longer-term treatment. The pediatric teaching was conducted at the ward of the Child Mental Health Services of the United Bristol Hospitals. Patients share the facilities of the hospital school which caters all the hospital in patients while the individual play therapy makes use of the outpatient play facilities. The ward group interaction is supplemented by occupational therapy, remedial teaching, and group or individual psychotherapy.

At present three distinct forms of nursing preparation exist in the USA: diploma programme (hospital); baccalaureate degree programme (college or university) and associate degree programme (junior college). Nursing education in the USA is coming at the moment under intensive scrutiny, aimed at improving its quality by changing the present systems. An outline of the general education system in the USA emphasizes the upsurge of Junior Colleges. All three nursing education programmes have several common denominators: they prepare nurses for registration and are open only to high school graduates. The diploma programme is the traditional and still most common form of preparation. The cheap labour hospital school students provided in the past produced today's emphasis on separating service and education. Diploma courses cover nursing care, various science subjects, but not courses in the liberal arts. Nursing courses are taught by nurses. Clinical experiences are carefully selected and controlled. The diploma course is more hospital oriented; the graduate is qualified for a beginning position in nursing. Fees are generally subsidized by the hospital and hence by the patient. Baccalaureate degree programmes in nursing give the student a general college education and demand normal college admission qualifications. The student either starts nursing and general studies together, from the beginning, or completes one or two year general studies before beginning nursing studies. In some cases clinical experience must be gained in institutions at some distance from the college, but this is still under the control of the college faculty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canada's ratio of one registered nurse per 182 persons is one of the world's most favourable. The Canadian Nurses' Association is a federation of ten provincial self-governing associations. The history of nursing in Canada has been influenced by French religious nursing sisters and by the Nightingale tradition. Close ties also exist with nursing in the USA. The would-be nurse can choose from 170 hospital schools, degree programmes at 20 universities and post-basic courses at three universities. The percentage of qualified women entering nursing is declining and salaries must be increased to attract recruits, including men. Provincial nurses' associations are taking a greater part in collective bargaining. Nursing in Canada is in the course of change, influenced by changes in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on evidence of a curvilinear relationship between IPAT anxiety and achievement at nursing school. 53 freshman nursing students at the Norwalk Hospital School of Nursing were tested with the IPAT (40 item) anxiety scale in October 1961. The mean NLN (National League for Nursing Examination) score for this sample was 108.2, range 88 to 128. Compared to the national NLN mean for nursing school candidates, this sample of freshman appears to be somewhat higher than average in aptitude and achievement. The mean age of this sample was 18 years (17-24). The mean raw score on the IPAT anxiety scale for this student sample was 20.7, median 20.5, range 649.

The article focuses on the aspects to consider in helping the long term patient in a hospital school to develop academically, emotionally and socially. Hospital classrooms need to be interesting and challenging place which provides a rich experiences for the patients. Teachers are encouraged to help the patient understand what is suitable for him to know the medical aspects of his condition and to help him in facing his fears. Having a screen and projector in a classroom can save the inconvenience of a teacher to move the children to an auditorium.

The article provides information on the hospital schools in the U.S. Hospital school has three values which include therapeutic, vocational, and general educational values. According to a survey of the U.S. Office of Education, private initiatives has been an important factor in the development of hospital schools through the support of individuals and philanthropic agencies. Hospital school offers an important means of continuing education for patients under prolonged treatment.

Deals with a study which examined the use of blood gas criteria among patients with hyaline membrane disease (HMD) at Children's Hospital of Washington, D.C. to indicate whether artificial ventilation is required. Materials and methods; Results of the retrospective analysis of the blood gas data; Precedents for liberalizing the criteria of ventilatory assistance in HMD.

The article focuses on the importance of music therapy as a treatment modality to psychotic or schizophrenic children in the Peninsula Children's Center. It highlights the description of an autistic child as well as the number one symptom in autistic people which is isolation. The author also offers his summary on infantile autism and childhood schizophrenia that show up in a group of symptoms, in which each reflect severe psychopathology.

This article discusses growing child-care activity in developing countries. Clinical syndromes of protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM) such as kwashiorkor and marasmus form a large percentage of pediatric hospital admissions and deaths in many developing countries. For example, in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, malnutrition is responsible for 8.9 per cent of hospitalizations and 10.3 per cent of deaths in children under the age of five years. In nutritionally deprived children, many infectious processes are more difficult to treat. Mild to moderate PCM also interferes with growth, as many as 50 per cent of children may have weight and height far below the norms for well-nourished children. In various parts of the world, to deal with childhood PCM, there are projects for increasing food production and improving agriculture, for health education, for producing low cost nutritious foods for the weanling and for health supervision of the preschool child. One of the newest developments is the Nutrition Rehabilitation Center-a highly effective activity, which is already receiving high priority in child health programs in some developing countries.

The article presents information about the Spafford Memorial Children's Hospital of Jerusalem. This small hospital, privately run, has been in existence since 1925. It is unique in many respects and well repays a visit by the visitor to Jerusalem, particularly if he is a pediatrician. The hospital has 55 beds for in-patient care. The hospital is built literally on the wall of the old city of Jerusalem, adjacent to the Damascus Gate on the north side. Before the six-day war of 1967 it was just inside the Jordan-controlled part of the city, but is now part of the State of Israel.

This article focuses on the breath-holding spells. Ordinarily, mild breath-holding spells are of little consequence. More troublesome is the breath-holding in those few children who become unconscious or have seizures. Such episodes must be distinguished from more serious disorders such as epilepsy. Children between six months and four years of age attending the General Pediatric Clinic, Fitzsimons General Hospital, were randomly surveyed during a five-month period to determine a present or past history of breath-holding spells. Parents of all children who attended the pediatric clinic were questioned, without regard to race, sex, or the presenting medical problem.

Offers news briefs concerning the field of marriage and family life study in the U.S. as of November 1946. Details of the workshop in family life education held by the Ball State Teachers College; Name change of the "Journal of Social Casework" to "The Family"; Transformation of the Children's Hospital of Boston in Massachusetts into the Medical Center for Children.

The article relates the author's experience of being a teacher for child patients at the Boston City Hospital School in Massachusetts. Parents were grateful that the schooling of their children is continued while they are still in the hospital. The procedure for the admission of patients is described. Instruction given at the school is both academic and occupational.

Discusses a program of involving mothers in residence as nursing attendants at the Istituto Provinciale per L'Infanzia, a children's hospital in Ferrara, Italy. Philosophy that the emotional and psychologic viewpoints of a well-instructed mother can be the best caretaker for her sick infant or child; Description of facilities; Activities of mothers; Visiting hours for families; Attitudes of mothers who are also working mothers.

The article discusses the hospital services in the Soviet Union. Entering medical students must choose one of three curricula which are taught by three separate faculties: general medicine (adult), pediatric medicine, or sanitation-epidemiology. Upon graduation the physician is assigned to a first-level medical position, usually in a hospital or polyclinic in a rural or peripheral area of the Soviet Union. Here, he is required to serve for three years under supervision as a member of a team of professional health care personnel. Of the Soviet Union's 9.6 general and mental beds per 1,000 population, 2.2 are pediatric beds, and most of them are in pediatric hospitals. Other child care facilities in the Soviet system are quasimedical in nature. These are the 'creches,' or nurseries and kindergartens, located near the factories and collective farms, where the mothers return to work about two months postpartum.

The article reports on the creation of a special education department of the hospital school of the University of Michigan. The department focuses on providing children patients class projects. Pictures and illustrated advertising brochures are used in the activities. The main objective of the department is to give patients the chance to learn even if they are in a hospital environment.