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The article discusses the work of an American Marketing Association committee whose responsibility is to examine the problem of income classification. The author notes a general lack of standardization among income classification systems. According to the author, while some systems classify income by whole dollar amounts, others make divisions by descriptive terms. Also discussed is the need for sample control in income research. The author notes that social class differentiations should be taken into account.

Analytical methodologies assume 'resolution into simple elements' as a necessary preliminary stage of scholarly investigation. They explicitly, or more often implicitly accept, therefore, that the conclusions reached reflect not only the phenomena analysed, but also the applied system of analytical subdivision. The paper explores and compares the main systems of analysis in current sociology: institutional, class and communal. It suggests a taxonomy of analytical systems and a cross-classification which is introduced to throw light on their conceptual properties at the societal as well as the individual level. It proceeds by discussing the issues of: (A) The societal roots of selection of analytical schemes in sociology; (B) The advantages and blind spots of the specific analytical systems; and (C) Attempts at the integration and reduction of analytical systems in contemporary sociology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have not explicitly examined the effect of level of linguistic analysis on correlations observed between language variables and status variables. In the present study, three levels of analysis of a linguistic construction were selected; grammatical form, lexical choice and use of predication type. The corpus was the speech of forty-eight dyads of children (male, female; low, middle socio-economic status; Negro, white) performing three problem- solving tasks. The grammatical form of the construction differentiated between social groups, sexes and races. Lexical choice within the construction differentiated between social groups. Use of the predication type however, seemed to depend primarily on the task itself.

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The article presents the author's comments on sociologist Frederick W. Taylor's theory on organizational innovation and class structure. The specifics of the Taylor system were a grab bag of new and made-over practices. The differential piecework rate, the regular procurement and retrievable storage of supplies, and even the proof of the efficiency of the system depended upon the improved methods of inventory and cost accounting. Every advance of the Taylor system was marked by intense conflict. At its inception, Taylor received death threats from the workmen in the shops he organized. There are certain consistent traits that emerge from Taylor's writings. There is a compulsive stress on order, which is equated with virtue, as is work. There is an unmistakable tone of moral condemnation of workers who soldier and of the management that is unwilling or unable to control them. Both are shirkers. Closely related to this compulsive orderliness is the belief that complete rationality of action can be obtained. Moreover, righteousness and rationality are closely linked.

Durkheim popularized the term anomie and stimulated a great deal of theoretical discussion and research. Subsequently, Srole constructed interview schedule items to measure Personal anomia, and his items have been used by a large number of investigators. Many of these researchers implicitly assumed unidimensionality while others explicitly tested for it by Gutttman scaling and factor analysis techniques. However, none of these researchers repeated Srole's latent class analysis. In this paper, representative samples of households in the Los Angeles SMSA and in a "suburban type" city responded to the anomia items as part of larger investigations. The responses were subjected to factor analysis and Guttman scaling for a test of unidimensionality, and latent class analysis as a test of scalability and typological construction. For both samples, the responses did not meet the generally accepted criterion of a "pure" Guttman scale. As a result of a principal axis factor analysis only one common factor was extracted in both samples. The Green solution was used for latent class analysis and the result was the minimum one would expect from a unidimensional set of items, or two classes--the anomic and eunomic. Major conclusions are that it cannot be assumed an item, or universe of items, will foster the same results in different universes or at different times, even under somewhat similar modes of analysis. If no tests for unidimensionality and scalability are made, gradations of the Guttman scale type appear to be contra-indicated and polarization appears to be more appropriate for the Srole items. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sets forth a model of the school as a social organization within an institutional framework and relates its organizational characteristics to its age- grade structure. Employing Etzioni's concepts of organizational goal and compliance, three hypotheses relating goals, student compliance, and teacher compliance to organizational age-grade structure are developed. A preliminary test of the teacher compliance hypotheses then is offered using a secondary analysis of data gathered in 1960-61 from a national sample of urban documentary, junior, and senior high schools. The responses of 3039 teachers to 14 questionnaire items about the behavior of their principals are examined. The results are supportive of the hypothesis that a strong normative teacher compliance structure in the lower age-grade levels gradually becomes increasingly utilitarian at the higher age-grade levels. Implications of both reasoning and data for the further analysis of schools as social organizations within an institutional framework are considered, with particular emphasis upon how different social class contexts of schools might place conditions upon the relationship of goals and compliance to their age-grade structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report is based upon the data of a larger 1966 study of educational and mental retardation in Lahore, West Pakistan. The income and education of parents of 5-15 year old children are examined in terms of the admission of the children to school, and in terms of the age at which the children are admitted to school. The authors find that the children of low status parents are less likely ever to go to school, and if they do, are less likely to enter school at an early age, than the children of high status parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents sociological analysis of social mobility upon the societal organizations and the institutions that serve both as social "ladders" or "staircases" for vertical circulation and as "sieves" or "sifters" which test and select, sort and grade the members of the population, and distribute and locate them in the strata where they function their obligations and rights. The processes of vertical mobility have never operated perfectly in the U.S. There have always been discriminations, unequal opportunity, and barriers to rising for various portions of the population and effectively artificed and maintained supports which enabled other portions to enjoy social altitudes for which they had not been fairly selected. The U.S. class system has been more "closed" than one is willing to admit on the basis of fondly fostered mobility ideology. Many of the old obstacles still exist. There are also "straws in the wind" that indicate that new blocks and gaps are appearing on the social staircase, that the sieves are not working so well or function only for portions of the population and that there is a discernible tendency for more and more positions to become established and fixed.

The article throws light on the economic classes in Rhode Island. Rhode Island was the first host in the U.S. to the factory. Agrarian and commercial enterprises were willingly pushed aside for the greater chance of profit in this direction. Admirably adapted to a manufacturing economy, the state became thoroughly industrialized by the middle of last century. The affects of this industrialization on social structure are therefore slow growths. It is pertinent to inquire as to the affects of this industrial development upon particular groups within the population. Social movements of the past century emphasize the importance of these changing economic classes. And trends within these classes should be equally significant to the employer and worker who are directly connected with industry and to all people who are interested in community affairs. The economic classes of Rhode Island can be conveniently arranged in the following order: farm laborers, farmers, proprietors and officials, professional class, low salaried employees, servants and industrial wage earners.

The article discusses the impact of marital adjustment on social class and social mobility. It focuses on the position of marriage as a system for equality of status in a stratified social order. It discusses the existence of social strata and family as an unit in the class structure. It analyzes whether the marriage of a man and woman of different social levels result in the shift of status for one or both of them. It is stated that the actual class levels of the spouses at marriage determines the success of the marriage.

The development of a new kind of scale for socio-economic status has been described. This scale consists entirely of items drawn from a personality inventory, and contains no overt references to status whatsoever. Inspection of the items suggests that they fall into five general groups, namely literary-esthetic attitudes; social poise, security, confidence in self and others; denial of fears and anxieties; "broad-minded," "emancipated," and "frank" attitudes towards moral, religious, and sexual matters; and positive, dogmatic, and self-righteous opinions. The tested reliability of the scale as a whole appeared to be satisfactory, and its validity in the original and in a test sample was demonstrated. There are certain personality factors characteristically related to sociological categories; once these personality factors have been empirically isolated they may be presumed to be present in some degree among persons assignable to the class according to some other defining property.

From comparative studies in Wisconsin of suburbs and counties favorable and opposed to Governor Wallace of Alabama; of the Wallace and normal party votes; and of the Wallace and former Senator McCarthy votes, Professor Rogin finds that much of the political expression of white prejudice is concentrated among middle- and upper-class conservatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

City school problems are considered in the context of city economic and racial problems. Social class differences between educators and pupils are presented as a particular source of problems. Special projects and a ‘new breed’ of educators are discussed as solutions to these problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study on the social class origins of college teachers of education in the U.S. The data were gathered as part of a larger study of college teachers of education at the University of Nebraska. Deans and chairmen were asked to submit up-to-date lists of their faculty members in education. The questionnaire used contained several measures of social class origin in which father's occupational level was thought to be the most accurate. The evidence suggests that much larger number of incumbents enter the field of college teaching of education from homes of skilled or unskilled laborers.

The article presents a study which examines the relationship between mental disorder and social background in a sample of 186 case histories of males with functional psychoses. The study aims to trace the family background of the patients, the social class of their fathers, and the difference between their social status from their fathers during their first admission to mental hospital. The result indicates that schizophrenics and reactive psychotics show a decrease of social status compared with their fathers. Also, analysis during the follow-up shows the gradual decrease of social status in schizophrenics than in reactive psychotics.

The article focuses on the circumstances of the present times that ardent patriotism and convinced religious determinism are considered anachronistic. But the British Israelite, in whom these strands of thought are forcefully allied, remains a familiar figure to Protestant churchgoers. It is important to note the gradual changes that have been taking place both in the movement's ideology and its social base. British Israelism is a movement, which has had very considerable appeal to the upper and upper middle classes, and which, at least formerly, recruited disproportionately from the aristocracy, the military and the colonial middle class. British Israelism appears to have, as of 1968, fewer such people among its supporters. Newer members are more inclined to emphasize the most recent phase of Israel-Britain's history, her time of troubles and have become retrospective, looking to the past for theft standards. The present is thus rejected in favor of the past, and British Israelism has become a denial of social change.

The article discusses various aspects of social stratification and social class. It is important to distinguish between social stratification and social class, for the former is concerned essentially with statistical categories, while the latter deals with group formation and group behavior. So, the aims of this article are: to emphasize the importance of the distinction between these two concepts; to examine each in terms of the two complementary determinants of stratification and class: authority structure and certain social psychological processes; to propose the concept of social goods as an aid to understanding both stratification and class, and to explore the link between social stratification and class; and to explore the link between social stratification and class, that is, the process whereby incumbents of strata become members of classes. The final outcome of the article suggests that both stratification and class arise from two main sources: collective definitions and the structure of relationships in imperatively coordinated associations. The first source is personal attributes and possessions; but the specific objects that become meaningful are whatever the group defines as desirable, while the second source contains different roles that are in a superordinate-subordinate relationship, and have a differential distribution of social goods that is based on position in the authority structure.

The article sheds light on 'embourgeoisement' and self rated class. In a paper published in the periodical "The Sociological Review," sociologists John H. Goldthorpe and David Lockwood, have convincingly argued against the view that post-war affluence has made manual workers and their wives 'middle-class' in attitudes and styles of life, and have put forward a model which gives the notion of 'embourgoisement' a precise and testable meaning. This paper sets out to show that figures for self-rated class in Great Britain can, on the contrary, be used to elucidate both these questions provided that respondents have been asked about the meaning of their self-rating. The data on which this conclusion is based are taken from a national sample survey carried out in the spring of 1962. The embourgeoisement thesis is of course not new. Before the Second World War many different observers spoke of a visible assimilation between the manual and non-manual classes. Proper examination of the embourgeoisement thesis requires, however, that the relationship with income should be more fully considered. The embourgeoisement thesis would presumably lead people to expect that the frequency of Conservative support should be highest among those manual workers (or their wives) who have reached the top third of the overall income distribution, and perhaps it would also lead people to expect that the correlation with self-rating should hold within all three levels of income.

The article presents information on a study that examines the causes of small families among clerical and professional workers in the United States. The author believes small families among these workers are caused preponderantly by willful limitation for personal or selfish reasons. Three classes participated in the investigation, numbering in all 115 students. Twenty of these were graduate students and 95 were juniors and seniors. Fifty per cent were teachers in service or persons of greater maturity than the normal upperclassman. The assumption that the family size among cultured people is restricted primarily for selfish or personal reasons is obviously not borne out by the data, for this covers only 23 per cent of the cases. Financial limitations loom large in the family plans of many intelligent and forward-looking people. It is but natural for such people to want the best in educational and social opportunities for their children and when the prospects of an adequate income are not forthcoming, the family size is restricted to fit the income. They sincerely believe that to give much to one or two children is better than to give little or less to three or four. The factors of health and sterility indicate that there is something seriously amiss in the mode of life and development. They present a situation to the home, the school, and the medical profession that under a combined attack could be largely met.

The article presents a discussion on class analysis. The article author says that the basic problem of a general theory is to arrive at a common denominator of interpretation and at a total picture of the basic class divisions that are of general significance to all classes. For class analysis, some cultures are more relevant than others, and their study may justly be limited to those which are significant to the Western culture. Reference to class divisions as done in Aryan Rig Veda is also made in the context, along with Plato's The Republic. The approach to class analysis through cultural history is not without difficulties of its own. The article author further says that it is misleading to speak of the Greeks, Romans, Hebrews, and Christians as homogeneous societies or spiritual entities. The fundamental division in cultural traditions is correctly symbolized by the conflict between the classical and biblical heritages. The traditions which have major influence upon the destinies of western man is also done in this context. The article author concludes with the view that man may be a beast of prey intent on accumulating wealth and exploiting the weak, but he is also a rational being anxious about perfecting himself and doing his duty.

Many writers in the field of social stratification have criticized the apparent ambiguity in the concepts and research procedures of W. Lloyd Warner and his associates. Warner's primary technique for social class placement, Evaluated Participation, has been made the special target of critics who have pointed out that its imprecision and subjective character do not lend themselves to replication and validation by independent observers. An Index of Status Characteristics (ISC) purportedly serves as an index of class placement by Evaluated Participation. The efficiency of ISC ratings in predicting placement by Evaluated Participation is shown by deriving high multiple correlations between Evaluated Participation ratings and the items of the ISC. The theory of Guttman scale analysis may be utilized in testing the proposition that the ISC is a unitary concept. The application of this model tests the hypothesis that several items represent a single universe of content and ascertains whether individuals can be ranked on the dimension in question.

The author read John Chappell's comments on an article. Karl Wittfogel, Marxist was certainly attempting to strike a balance between the human and the environmental factors in the development of society. In doing so he was ahead of the general trend of the period, which was to overemphasize the role of physical environment. Thus, the author feels that in context of time that he was writing and in view of his attempts to achieve balance the environmental factors in Marxist analysis, Wittfogel was opposed to environmental philosophy.

Socio-economic class differences in parent-child behavior were examined at two beaches, one used primarily by Warner's "upper middle" class and the other by Warner's "lower-middle" and "upper-working" classes. A time-sampling technique was used to record the frequencies of types of adult-child interactions in the water. Distinct differences were found in the types of contact parents made with their children at the two beaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author comments on an article "Convicts and Rebels," by H. McQueen published in a previous edition of the journal. Criticisms made by McQueen regarding statements cited from the author's book "The Australian Legend" about the influence convicts had on Australian history are defended. He questions whether McQueen actually read his book based on his accusation that the author "ignores all social and national divisions" among convicts.

The editors of Science and Society announce the beginning of its tenth year of publication with the Winter issue which features an article by the noted French physicist and Copley Prize winner, Paul Langevin, on "The Era of Atomic Energy," in which is traced the history of the scientific research that led to the discovery of ways to release and control atomic energy. Other features of the issue include "Co-operative Economy in Yenan" by Yung Ying Hsu, which is based entirely on Chinese documents; a discussion of the race prejudices and mores of Los Angeles by Carey McWilliams entitled "Los Angeles Archipelago"; an article by Judson T. Stone, "Theory and Practice of Psychoanalysis," on the points of difference between the progressive psychiatrists and the Freudians; and "Class Analysis of a Literary Controversy: Wit and Sense in the Seventeenth Century" by Robert M. Krapp.