Search

The impact of induced abortion on fertility under Indian conditions is studied in this paper. The model is executed on a computer. First, matrices of birth probabilities specific to age and age at marriage are obtained, with the help of a simulation model, under various assumptions regarding the incidence of induced abortion. Later, making use of these matrices, period fertility measures such as age specific marital fertility rates and crude birth rates are obtained for India for the period 1961-75. One of the findings is that the effect of induced abortion in reducing the birth rate of India will be greater if it is used as a supplement to various family planning methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unidimensional paper chromatographic study of patients with Indian childhood cirrhosis revealed the excretion of the aminoacids methionine, threonine, phenylalanine, cystine and glutamic acid. The excretion pattern was quite distinct from that observed in patients with other liver disorders and in the controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents abstracts of articles on economics published in the January-March 1965 issue of The Indian Economic Journal. In the paper An Activity Analysis Approach to Measure Productive Efficiency in Agriculture: A Case Study of Ahmednagar and Nasik Districts, by K. R. Bharadwaj and R. Bharadwaj, the authors have made an attempt to employ the activity analysis technique to measure productive efficiency of agriculture in India. This technique enables the authors to handle more efficiently multiple inputs without varying the usual index number problems. The approach requires only the more general convexity condition on the production set and the non-positivity of the slope of the isoquant. In the first two sections the methodological issues and the empirical procedure have been discussed. In the final section the results of an empirical enquiry using the farm management data pertaining to the Ahmednagar and Nasik districts have been presented. Furthermore, the article Central Banking in Developing Countries: Some Lessons of Australian Experience, by H. W. Arndt considers each of the major central banking functions such as foreign exchange policy, control of money supply, selective control of credit and development of capital market in order to show how they have come to be exercised by Australia's Central Bank, what problems have arisen and what lessons the Australian experience may hold for central banking in the developing countries. Moreover, the purpose of the paper Production Function for Indian Steel Industry, by A. K. Sarkar is to study the functional relationship of output in the Indian steel industry with that of different inputs. The modified Cobb-Douglas type regression equation has been fitted to the time-series data by the method of least squares in the multiple regression equation with a linear relationship.

The paper attempts to study the implications of the hypothesis that personality patterns organize the forces operating in a social milieu. The findings of a Rorschach experiment on a group of 24 students from India are interpreted in terms of the childhood experiences, family discipline, and social pressures. An ambiequal pattern leaning toward introversiveness is indicated. This is found to be the product of early permissiveness, subsequent rigidity of behavior code, and later status role. The authoritarian character of the Indian family structure and the early socialization process are found to be largely responsible for the evolution of rigid control and withdrawal mechanisms. The paper concludes by suggesting that the study of personality-culture phenomena may be profitably conducted by analysing the defense system that a culture tends to evolve in its members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes an exploratory field study carried out to ascertain the pattern of assimilation among East Indian immigrants in California. It was found that the Hindustani immigrants, because of their small numbers and their pattern of living in individual isolation, are prevented from forming their own ethnic communities. In this paper, the term Hindustani refers to immigrants from India and includes Hindu, Sikh, and Moslem immigrants. They constitute one of the smallest Oriental groups in the U.S.— 2,405 in 1940— and are the least known of all ethnic groups in this country. Of the total Hindustani population in the U.S. in 1940, 61.4 percent resided in California. Many have lived there for over thirty years. The majority of California Hindustanis are emigrants from rural villages in the Punjab, with a handful from Gujarat, Bengal, Oudh, and Madras. This study focused on four aspects of Hindustani life— residential pattern, occupational interactions, community life, family and home life.

The article provides context to findings published by L.V.L.N. Sarma and K.S. Hanumana Rao (S&R) in a September, 1969 "Journal of Finance" article entitled "Leverage and the Value of the Firm." In that article S&R concluded that the Modigliani-Miller proposition concerning the impact of leverage on firm value did not hold for a sample of Indian firms they studied. The authors of the current paper discuss findings of a comparative study that included firms in both the U.S. and India. Their results support S&R's view concerning firms in India, but indicate that view cannot be generalized to U.S. firms.

The article presents a response to Cherukuri U. Rao and Robert H. Litzenberger (R&L) from L.V.L.N. Sarma and K.S. Hanumanta Rao (S&R), authors of a September, 1969 "Journal of Finance" article entitled "Leverage and the Value of the Firm." R&L had previously commented that, although conclusions reached in the article were correct, the methodology employed by S&R contained two potential sources of bias. The authors of the current paper defend their work by elaborating further on the procedures employed.

This paper tackles the assumption that as a country with a joint family system modernizes, the result will be the decline of the Joint family in terms of the property relations among fathers, sons and brothers. There are two important aspects of a Joint family in India: household composition and property held in common. Urbanization and education have not yet resulted in decreasing levels of Joint household participation in India. Legally, though, the Joint family is defined as those holding property in common. It was found that urbanization and education (a) have not increased the proportion of sons who separate their property from their fathers before his death, but (b) are associated with a significant increase in shared property among brothers. Neglecting the property aspect of Joint family life in survey literature may have falsely led to the conclusion that education and urbanization will preclude the cooperation of brothers and other relatives in using family property to its full economic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An oral leukoplakia register was established among 50,000 villagers in five districts of India in 1967-68. The paper describes the results after a 5-year follow-up study among 30,000 subjects from three of the districts with regard to spontaneous regression of leukoplakias. The follow-up rate for the three districts varied from 66.6 % to 794 %. The corresponding rates for individuals with leukoplakias varied from 67.6 % to 759 %. The regression, comprising a total or partial disappearance, varied from 26.1 % to 437 % in the three districts. The upper labial mucosa, the left commissure and left buccal mucosa were the sites of maximum regression. In Ernakulam, leukoplakias appeared to regress more often among chewers than among smokers. Although 23.2 % of the patients with regressed leukoplakias had changed their chewing or smoking habits, none had stopped either chewing or smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluates various papers focusing on social development in Asia. Land reforms and agrarian change in India; Examination of professional profiles and employment problems in selected countries; Analysis of the political sociology of the process of economic development; Agrarian framework for development.

The process of economic development of any country depends on the ratio of industrial activity to agricultural activity. When measured in terms of per capita income, economic development depends on a growing agricultural surplus. According to Jorgenson, "Both classical and neoclassical theories of development of a dual economy provide an explanation of the increase in the share of savings." The increase in the share of savings depends on a significant increasing agricultural surplus but not on the presence or absence of disguised unemployment. In a recent article by Bardhan and Bardhan, the price elasticity of marketed surplus food grains was estimated. The significance of neither the ratio of industrial output to the agricultural output nor the growing agricultural surplus in determining the savings ratio (S/Y) was established empirically. This paper attempts to investigate such a relationship in the Indian economy. I use annual time-series data for the period 1953-65. The conclusions of this study corroborate Jorgenson's hypotheses. Due to the significant presence of agricultural surplus, the industrial sector is viable. This has implications for disguised unemployment in Indian agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies have concluded that the restrictive industrial and trade control regimes adopted by many semi-industrial countries have been responsible for inefficient allocation of resources. These studies typically have been concerned with cases where the control regimes led to production of goods in which developing countries do not have a comparative advantage or raised the cost of production above the minimum attainable. This paper discusses a closely related but nonetheless distinct cost of one such control regime: the designs of many engineering goods produced in India during the 1960s were not the most efficient ones available for the products concerned. Producer goods were manufactured to designs which were technologically obsolete or economically inefficient. Similarly, consumer goods were produced to designs which were inefficient for the tastes and incomes prevailing in India. The first section of the paper examines design deficiencies of a number of Indian engineering goods. The second section discusses the role of government industrial and trade policies in explaining why goods with inefficient designs were produced. The concluding section considers the possibility that the industrial and trade control regime not only led to inefficient resource allocation but also reduced the rate of technological change. It also discusses the implications of the study for semi-industrial countries which are attempting to make a transition from import substitution to export in the case of new manufactured goods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article lists international meetings published in the November 1, 1968 issue of "International Social Science Journal." The list includes Fifth European Symposium of European Committee for Rural Law to be held in the Netherlands, session of Institute of International Law to be held in Great Britain on matters of international law, public and private, conference of Inter-Parliamentary Union to be held in India, and Eleventh General Conference of International Association for Research in Income and Wealth to be held in India. The list also includes Second International Congress of Balkan and Southeast European Studies to be held in Athens, Greece, Tenth International Congress of Criminal Law of International Association of Penal Law to be held in Europe, International Conference on the International Transfer of Management Skills to be held in Europe, Thirteenth Triennial Conference of War Register's International to be held in the U.S., Nineteenth Congress of International Union of Local Authorities to be held in Athens, Greece.

The article focuses on the Indian National Scientific Documentation Center and Its Regional Activities. Documentation activities in a country stem from the existence of active and vigorous scientific work. The establishment of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal in 1784 is an important landmark in the scientific activities of India. A significant feature of the post-war development was an all-out program for rapid industrialization. Many industrial and research organizations were established. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research started a chain of national laboratories for applied research.

In this paper abridged nuptiality tables for the single population of India have been constructed for the three consecutive decades 1901-1911, 1911-1921 and 1921-1931. No significant time trend has been observed in the nuptiality rates among the single Population of India. The rates are initially small, but increase rapidly until they reach a maximum at ages 25-30 for bachelors and 15-20 for spinsters, following which they gradually decline. During 1901-1931, unlike Western countries, India had not experienced any revolution in marriage habits encompassing traditional child marriages. The distinctive marks of the Indian age patterns of marriage are higher age-specific marriage rates combined with lower ages at marriage and lower proportions of people who never marry with relative stability of marriage habits during the early part of the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Demography (Springer Nature) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper may be regarded as a first short step into a scheme of systematic geography, since it deals with an island off a young coastal plain that is Shriharikota, Madras, India. The island is probably the simplest part of the simplest type of land form. Moreover, its inhabitants, simple jungle folk, are in the most elemental stage of evolution. The island has the monsoon type of climate. The East Coast of India presents to the Bay of Bengal a shoreline backed. except in a few places, with a monotonously low relief. If one braves the tulmultous shallow inshore waters of the bay from the city Calcutta to Cape Comorin his typical view is of a silver strand surmounted by jungle growth.

This is a sociological study of the Indian industrial worker. The study is based on a review and discussion of the available empirical evidence and the relevant theoretical literature on the subject. There are two main objectives of this study one, to bring together whatever little empirical data exist on the sociology of the Indian industrial worker, and, two, to examine certain theories on the subject in the light of the empirical evidence. In view of these objectives, the study will, of course, be biased towards empirical data and the sociological method of analysis. It is well to recognize this fact, because the selection of material for review as well as the review itself will be influenced by this bias. For example, much of the literature dealing mainly with the history of the Indian industrial worker has been deliberately excluded from the scope of this paper. Also excluded are works, which are based mostly on what might be called hindsight or mere speculation. It is the impression of this writer that much of the literature on the subject is either not based on first-hand empirical data or, if empirical, not sufficiently well grounded in relevant theory.

It is the aim of this exploratory paper to characterize broadly the processes of socio-cultural changes in rural India as also among her tribal peoples. Two motives have actuated this attempt. Firstly, to show how the villagers and the tribal communities, traditionally dubbed as conservative, have been changing. Secondly, it is sought to correct the picture of changing India by reference only to the rate of its urbanization and industrialization. For, India is still overwhelmingly a land of villages and peasants. Among other rural countries of the world it strikes one with its 380,109 villages or 68.1 % having less than 500 persons out of a total of 558,088 villages. However, a steady drift to the big cities and towns has been evident since the first detailed Census of 1881. For the purpose of this paper, the author may concentrate on about 150 years of consolidated British rule, influences of which affected the remotest villages and the most marginal tribes. India had never been so intensively governed in her history, and the tribal communities never so extensively stirred. Therefore, it may be inferred, the changes or the inducements to change have never been so universal and rapid. Since Independence in 1947 this process has been even more intensified and extended under the aegis of a national Welfare State. India has not only undergone a political revolution, but also has entered into what is in reality a social revolution.

This paper re-examines the matter of rural-urban fertility differentials in India. It is a commonplace that urban fertility is lower than rural fertility in the West, and it is frequently assumed that this holds for non-Western populations as well. In the case of India, previous studies of rural-urban fertility ratios have appeared to bear out this expectation. However, fertility ratios based on the most recent available age distributions show no significant rural-urban fertility differentials. This conclusion is supported by several recent sample surveys of children ever born and is consistent with the generally accepted fact that contraception is negligible even in the cities of India. It is noted that the virtual disappearance of the Indian rural-urban fertility ratio differential over time has in all likelihood resulted from a narrowing of the rural-urban infant and child mortality differential.

Much of the research on the Indian family is an attempt to establish the presence or absence of the joint family. The present paper deviates from the usual joint family controversy and focuses on the nature of the kinship and family ties among the 287 migrant lower-class and lower-caste gold miners in Kolar Gold Fields in Mysore State, India. The data suggest that the geographic mobility has caused the breakdown of the localistic patrilineal kinship system. However, the kinship ties are maintained despite the spatial distance. The nature of the kinship ties among the respondents is predominantly expressive and instrumental in character. In the city the modal family is the nuclear family. The respondents have adapted to the industrial setting despite the breakdown of their face-to-face extended kinship system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the ways in which legal norms enunciated by India's industrial tribunals are used by management and labor in their bilateral negotiations. Data from Indian courts and companies permit an empirical contrast between Durkheim's and Weber's analyses of the legal process. The evidence substantiates portions of both approaches: legal norms tend to be invoked as a function both of need for normative regulation and of the authority of the courts. A theoretical synthesis of the two positions is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A district headquarters town In India is, virtually by definition, the seat of a whole complex of law courts. The personnel whose activities contribute to the patterning of social life in such towns includes as an essential feature a small brotherhood of local legal practitioners. This article describes one such brotherhood: the advocates who practice in a district headquarters town in Haryana, India. It is mainly concerned with isolating and describing the system of social relations, the inter-connected set of behavioral patterns, that occurs in the daily interactions among a hundred or more professionals in the district courts. For the litigants of an Indian district, the courts are an important occasional social arena. For even the busiest of chronic litigants, however, they are only an occasional arena. The professional and administrative personnel of the legal system are necessarily somewhat marginal figures in the litigant's world, of not as much concern to him as the allies and opposite parties of his numerous lawsuits. For a vast majority of district legal practitioners in India, on the other hand, the courts are the arena, the physical and social setting, for a lifetime's work.

The article presents an insight to the colleague relationships among Indian lawyers. For the litigants of an Indian district, the court is an important occasional social arena. In the lives of lawyers outside the courts, caste is significant. In general, however, caste does not have the role- summation significance for city professionals that it has in village life. For almost everything that goes on in the courtroom, there exists somewhere a set of written rules namely government manuals on court upkeep and organization, textbooks on advocacy, codes and case law. Colleague interactions here are highly legalistic in content. The constant struggles of lawyers to prevent conflicting hearings from getting on their appointment books suggest that there is scope for some division of labor even if not amounting to formal specialization in fields of law. Unlike, the linkages of an action set, the alliance does not have a variety of possible bases. All the ties that are used in alliances are those created by mutual involvement in the day to day working of the courts.

This paper presents a report on an attempt to investigate the racial attitudes of the average educated Indian. There is a special emphasis on color prejudice and the relation between prejudice of this type and the liberal-conservative attitude. Three tests were used: Vetter's Attitude Scale, Bogardus' Social Distance Test, and a general questionnaire of 20 questions. The subjects consisted of 550 male Hindus, 200 male Muslims, and 60 women not further classified. The positive correlation between color prejudice as revealed by the Social Distance Test and Radicalism- Conservatism as revealed by Vetter's Test is a finding of major importance in the present investigation. In view of the traditional beliefs about the tolerance of the East, the high negative scores in the Social Distance Test come as a surprise. Not only the white races but also the coloured races get negative marks. Taking the subjects as a whole, it is found that three white races are ranked above two colored races (Japanese and Negroes). There is more prejudice among Indian students than among Indian professionals and that this prejudice is not always of colour but of race also.

This paper develops a theoretical framework for the application of cost-benefit analysis to management education in developing countries. Social returns are estimated through a combination of the import substitution and income creation approaches, both of which are considered in the evaluation of investment. The cost-benefit analysis of a major national project in India within this framework shows that its educational program has a positive net present value even at a social discount rate as high as 13 percent. The net returns appear to be quite sensitive to the values assigned to the foreign exchange rate, discount rate, and price elasticity. The purpose of this paper is to report the results of the cost-benefit analysis of a specialized branch of education in India. The branch selected is management education, which, though relatively new to India, is likely to expand significantly, given the managerial and organizational problems facing the country. The first section of the paper presents a conceptual framework of the cost-benefit analysis appropriate to management education.[1] The second section reports the results of the cost-benefit analysis of a national institution for management education in India. The conclusions of the study and its relevance for educational planning are summarized in Section III of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Responds to the comments of K.L. Gupta on the author's article discussing the response of household savings in India to prices and price changes. Dependence of savings on personal disposable income, price level and price changes; Koyck-type distribution lag function.

The present paper has two goals. First, since rotating credit associations have not been described for India, except in the briefest of terms, we shall contribute in a small way to filling this void. Our data are limited. They derive from a month of field work in the city of Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh), carried out in July 1962, and include two days in a village approximately twenty miles from the city. The focus of the field investigation was voluntary associations generally. Only a few interviews dealt with chit funds, as rotating credit associations are commonly called in India. The work in the village, limited as it had to be, was more than usually fruitful, because reports were available from earlier studies by other social scientists. The second aim of this paper is to consider the potentialities of such associations for socializing to modern business life. Before dealing with the latter problem, let us look at the three types of chit fund that we found. (The number is not necessarily exhaustive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freedom fighter Mahatma Gandhi's influence on Indian planning can best be understood by investigating the economic history of modern India and the role of Gandhian economics. Of course, one cannot speak of Gandhian economics unless one can show that there is a systematic approach to economics that can be called Gandhian; but this aspect has been widely discussed in an earlier paper. This article is a critical analysis of Gandhi's influence on Indian economic planning. Gandhi's influence on Indian planning was subtle rather than obvious. This emerges from the fact that officially he was neither a member of the National Planning Committee nor a believer in vigorous economic planning. He also did not wish to be associated with any political party. During the latter part of his life, Gandhi was not even an ordinary member of the Congress Party.

The present paper deals with caloric values of important plants and insects occurring m the grassland vegetation at Kurukshetra, India. The data indicate variations in energy content among different species and at different seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This section presents abstracts of articles on economics published in the October-December 1964 issue of The Indian Economic Journal. The article Aspects of Trade Policy in India, by D. T. Lakdawala surveys the various aspects of trade policy in India. The various aspects of import regulation are critically scrutinized in the context of development. The problems of increasing imports which brings forth for consideration the various aspects of import substitution are examined. Meanwhile, the article Migration of Agrarian Labour Force and the Theory of Disguised Equilibrium, by Yasusuke Murakami and Machiko Kubo argues that agriculture still occupies an important place in the Japanese economy and though non-capitalistic in a sense, it coexists with the capitalistic sectors. The equilibrium between agricultural labour and non-agricultural labours must be sought in the comparison of per capita agricultural income and per capita non-agricultural wages. Moreover, the paper The Representative Firm and the Theory of Value, by V. Dubby is an attempt to show that the concept of the representative firm is not only useful for exposition but a tool with analytical significance. The technique of using the representative firm to derive the long-period supply curve of the industry is here developed in two steps. First, it is assumed that the relation of the price to the average cost of the representative firm determines the variation in the size of the industry. Second, a relationship between the average cost of the representative firm and the output of the industry is established.

The article offers information on the symposium entitled "Review of Nuclear Proliferation Problems" organized by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) and conducted in Tallberg, Sweden on June 15-18, 1973. The meeting delved into various topics including the spread of nuclear technology, nuclear developments, safeguards, cooperation in peaceful uses of nuclear energy, military consequences of the proliferation of nuclear technology, the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) review conference, and security problems involving non-nuclear weapon countries. Delegates from India, Israel, Japan, USSR, Mexico, and the United States attended the gathering.

This paper examines the rationing system used with the Bhakra canals, one of the major new canal systems in north India, and focuses on study area in Hissar District. Rationing occurs at three principal levels: first, at higher levels, with the allocation of water available in the reservoir; second, at the middle level, with the rotation among channels of the preference to receive water; and third, at the farm level, with the rotation of turns among farmers (warabandi) served by the same watercourse, which is the ditch from the main channel to the farmers' fields. Institutional or administrative decision rules and schedules rather than market forces govern canal-water rationing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the trends in employment and labor productivity and attempts to link such trends with the overall development strategy that was followed during the last two decades in India. The trends in employment and labor productivity in agriculture, manufacturing, and services sectors are discussed in Section I. Data on employment and labor productivity are further disaggregated and analyzed separately, for as many sectors as possible, in Section II. The last section deals with the policy implications and conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a contribution to the growing body of empirical literature challenging basic assumptions and policy conclusions regarding industrial wage determination in the Lewis-Fei-Ranis model of economic development in labor surplus economies. We shall show that in India wages in modern industry are some four times higher than the earnings of agricultural laborers, rather than the 30 percent or so hypothesized by W. A. Lewis as necessary to attract labor to the modern sector and to compensate for the higher urban cost of living. More important, we shall show that the earnings differential, expressed in real terms, has been rising at an average annual rate of 1.5 percent from 1949 to 1965. Available evidence points to rising real wages in industry as an investment in higher productivity for the employer, not a wasteful deduction from the investable surplus forced upon industry by government and unions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is the contention of this paper that there is interpretive value in looking at aspects of mystical experience from the perspective of the psychological development of man's growth from childhood to maturity, it is not argued that mystical experience is a simple function of psychological crises in human development, but it is maintained that psychoanalytic interpretations of human development do provide clues for gaining a new perspective on mystical experience and can contribute to building a mystical anthropology. The mystical traditions of India provide the context (or the analysis. Based on these many traditions it is possible to suggest a four-fold typology of mystical experience oriented primarily around the stages of human development. Enough texts are readily available in the Sanskrit Literature to set the typology in a psychological, sociological, and linguistic framework that is reasonably homogeneous and integral. The typology includes the following kinds of mystical experience; (a) unitive, (b) isolative, (c) copulative, and (d) nihilative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper embodies the findings of a field study made of communication of modern ideas and knowledge into some Indian villages. The diffusion into seven villages of the following modern ideas and kinds of knowledge was studied. The intellectual perspective of the villages makes for greater communicability of certain items. Both intranational and international items of communication were analyzed. Limited as the sample of each of these was, however, they brought out the relative predominance of knowledge of local over world events. Interviewing and observation were the main tools. The schedule containing the questions had sometimes to be kept in the background. Experience in the villages proves that greater information can be obtained by informal chats and discussions than by asking straight questions. Questions had to be mixed with a good deal of other conversation. Certain broad conclusions emerge from the study. As is revealed by the scalogram, it is not merely the distance from or nearness to the city that facilitates communication of ideas and knowledge. The social structure also determines the qualitative and quantitative content of the communications that are assimilated.

A massive investment program is under way to meet the increased demand for chemical fertilizers in India. This paper reports on a preinvestment survey of that program. Such a survey cannot be viewed as a master plan for the development of the entire chemical fertilizer industry. Rather, it is intended to provide a rough framework within which to draw up a detailed proposal on the next few units to be built. The conclusions are intended to serve as the initial premises for a specific project: when, where, and how large a plant to construct. Necessarily, a preinvestment survey will contain fewer engineering details and will be less realistic than a report on a specific unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sampling procedure involving repeated application of double sampling for stratification on several successive occasions is considered. The formulae for the estimate of the mean on any current occasion and its variance are obtained. The determination of optimum allocation of available resources and the extension of the procedures for uni-stage sampling, to multi-stage sampling, are briefly indicated. The use of the design, suggested in this paper, is illustrated by its application to a recently conducted survey for estimation of coconut production in the State of Assam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines some hypotheses with respect to the interregional wage variations in Indian manufacturing from 1950 to 1960. The choice of this period was determined by the availability of relevant data. It was found in an earlier study that the regional wage structure tended to be flexible during the period under consideration. In this paper, an attempt has been made to explain the inter-regional wage differentials by analysing the data on trade unionism, per capita income, productivity, capital intensity, nonprimary employment and consumer prices. It is argued that the level of regional wage differentials can be explained by relative differentials in productivity and in trade unionism, but the change in wage differentials depends upon the changing capital intensity in respective regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Such accounts make hardly any mention of the importance of institutional factors in the working of the labour market. India in particular is well known for the degree of control and influence which the Government tries to exercise over the economy, not least over the labour market, so that in her case the omission of such factors can hardly be justified. There is a voluminous Indian literature on this subject, particularly since the report of the National Commission on Labour in 1969,[1] and one of the striking facts about wage settlements in India is the extent to which public debate and public policy have been continually brought to bear on such settlements. Wages are very much influenced by administrative and legislative factors, and, while not denying the importance of market forces, more attention should be given to the former. Thus the purpose of this paper is to give a simplified account of some of the institutional features of wage settlement in India's economy, together with some brief critical comments on the wider implications of the system and on recent proposals for changing it. The analysis of this paper has tried to show how the Government has evolved a politically viable wage policy which has ensured some restraint on, and equity in, the movement of industrial wages. But the Government cannot expect to have both its wage policy and an absence of industrial disputes in times of rising prices. Strikes are the inevitable cost of wage restraint, and the appropriate remedy is not to abandon a politically well-tried and feasible wage policy, but to try to ensure greater price stability: the best labour policy recommendation for India is to continue gradually to adapt the existing system to the changing demands of balanced economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents updates concerning the field of operations research as of 1960. The Seventh International Meeting of the Institute of Management Sciences will be held in New York City from October 19 to 22. The Argentine Operations Research Society had elected officers of its directing council. The Operations Research Association of Bangalore held its Third Annual General Meeting in Bangalore, India in February 27. The Canadian Operations Research Society has elected D. B. DeLury as president.

Studies of India over the past decade have shared a sense of crisis and concern over the nation's future, which reflect a widespread doubt that any people can confront the inhibitions of tradition, the trauma of change, and the complexities of modern industrial society at one and the same time with any assurance of success. If it were merely a question of destroying the ancient regime and substituting for it a pre-fabricated and pre-tested modern nation state the task would be simple. The problems of social change are the problems of restructuring a people's activities into new patterns to meet new stresses and to pursue new goals, and the problems are intensified in an underdeveloped country such as India by a general mistrust of change, the parochial nature of its social institutions, and the highly diffuse power structure. At a number of points this paper stresses the need for considering the political system as an autonomous variable in social modernization. A corollary of this assumption, which has often been ignored, is that for the political system to operate in this fashion it must be possible for fundamental changes to take place in the power structure or the purposes of the power elite which, if not unrelated, are at least independent of social and economic revolutions.