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The article presents a discussion on migration rate in the U.S. with reference to the paper by James D. Traver and William R. Gurley which is based on use of multiple regression model in demographic and sociological research. It suggests that if net migration rates is to be explained or sources influencing migration are to be found, the joint influence of two or more variables should be measured as median family income, median years of schooling, percent adults who have completed four or more years of high school, county net migration rates. It views that two highly intercorrelated measures of education are used in the paper which results in measuring the same things again. It is also suggested that a variable representing natural increase should be introduced to calculate the migration rate because areas with high natural increase rates are more likely to lose population by migration whereas areas with low natural increase rates are more likely to gain population by migration. It is viewed that despite of these problems also, the paper is able to handle some very complex and difficult problems.

Relatively little work has been done on the contributions made to the American trade union movement by specific religious or ethnic groups. In the past we have published several papers dealing with the Catholic trade union movement in the United States. In this article the author analyzes the cultural, political, and ideological factors in the Jewish labor unions and other workers' organizations and their impact on the American scene generally, In the October issues a second article by the author will present an analysis of the history from World War I to our own day. This study was made possible by a grant from the American Jewish Committee and is published in this Review with the permission of the committee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two outstanding studies of historical trends of internal migration in the United States were both made some years ago. C.J. Galpin and T.B. Manny made their study in 1934 and C.W. Thornthwaite's study was also made in that year. Both of these studies used state-of-birth data from the Census. The present study, for which this paper is merely a progress report, is using the survival method for estimating net migration. In this method survival rates are computed for each age-sex-color-nativity group for each decade. These survival rates are applied to the number present at the beginning of a decade, in order to get an expected number present at the end of the decade. This expected number is compared with the observed number present at the end of the decade and the difference is considered to be due to net migration. Obviously the accuracy of this method is determined by both the accuracy of enumeration of the population and the accuracy of the survival rates. Since enumeration is generally fairly accurate and since there is little one can do about errors here, efforts are turned to the computation of survival rates.

The article presents comments of the authors on the review of their article by Professor C. Horack Hamilton. The paper was based on the analysis of net migration rates in the U.S. in 1950-60 by using multiple regression model. Authors of the article suggest that the usage of terms "variables" and "covariable" to identify the independent variables are common and accepted. It is made clear that the mathematical model, employed in the paper, did not include an independent variable to reflect natural increase as it is suggested by Hamilton. And the two educational variables used in the analysis, median years of schooling by persons 25 years of age and over, the percentage of the population 25 years of age and over completing 4 or more years of high school, are closely related. The computation of the overlapping and net effects of each independent covariate helps in determining the highly correlated variables and eliminating those variables from the model, but the overlapping effects provide no information regarding the nature of interactions which may exist and don't show the response surface of interacting variables.

The main objectives of our paper are to examine economic, political, social, demographic, and professional factors in the United States and Taiwan which may account for Chinese scholars' decisions to stay in the United States or their reluctance to return to Taiwan. Our paper is divided into five sections. Sections I and II provide background and definition of terms used in the paper. Sections III and IV present data and statistical analysis. The final section summarizes the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the accuracy of Zipf's hypothesis in estimating interstate migration streams in the United States, and then to determine whether the predictive power of Zipf's hypothesis can be improved by adding additional variables. The three independent variables in Zipf's hypothesis accounted for 57 percent of the variation in interstate migration streams in 1935-1940, 61 percent in 1949-1950, and 68 percent in 1955-1960. The addition of per capita personal income of the states of origin and of destination increased the explained variance by only four percentage points in 1935-1940 and by less than one percentage point in 1949-1950 and 1955-1960. Then, the Petersen-Greenwood hypothesis that interstate migration streams in any period are a function of previous flows was tested by adding cumulative lifetime migration as an independent variable. Over 80 percent of the variation in interstate migration streams was explained by cumulative lifetime mobility, as reflected by state of birth data. The conclusion of the study is that the Petersen-Greenwood hypothesis provides a better estimate of interstate migration streams than does Zipf's hypothesis. Nevertheless, the Petersen-Greenwood hypothesis requires further evaluation to determine whether cumulative lifetime mobility is simply a proxy for some other underlying variable and whether it provides accurate estimates of migration streams for other geographic areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a socioeconomic occupational grouping of the foreign-born gainful workers of the United States at each census from 1870 through 1930. This series is then used to estimate the net immigration of gainful workers into the United States during each of the six decades from 1870 to 1930 cross classified by occupational group and sex. The following three conclusions are then drawn from the above two series. First, the socioeconomic position of the foreign-born population of the United States remained relatively stable from 1870 to 1910 but then increased appreciably from 1910 to 1930. Second, although most of the contribution that immigration made to the United States labor force was in the form of semiskilled and unskilled workers, the relative importance of professional, clerical, and skilled workers increased almost continuously from 1870 to 1930. Third, the "new immigration" was not less skilled than the "old immigration". On the contrary it was actually more skilled than the "old immigration". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses Chinese family life in America. When the Chinese first came to America about the middle of the nineteenth century they came as contract laborers to work on the railroads, in the mines and on the farms. This migration was largely a male enterprise. In addition to the obligations of the daughter-in-law in a big Chinese family, foot-binding was at that time a common practice in most of the districts from which Chinese came and a woman with bound feet could not help her husband earn a living in the new country. Between 1890 and 1930 the total number of Chinese males in the United States 15 years of age and over, decreased about one-half, however, and the total number of females of the same age increased almost three times town remains predominantly a community of men. It is significant that the American-born Chinese were reported as having twice as many males as females in 1930. In spite of the so-called exclusion acts there are ways of juggling passports and citizenship papers, known best to certain well-paid immigration go-betweens that are attached to the more important clans, whereby children born in China can be brought to America.

The lack of good flow data is a handicap to spatial interaction research, yet many published works provide little evaluation of such data. Good quality flow data should provide spatial coverage at a large scale with small sampling and other error components. Few generally available data series for interregional commodity flows, interregional population migration, and intercity person movement in the United States meet these basic requirements. The data sets of the Bureau of the Census, Department of Transportation, Social Security Administration, and other government agencies do not provide a sound empirical foundation for spatial. interaction analysis at this time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a estimate of the quantitative impact of the foreign born labor force on the U.S. commodity production over 1869-1929. In order to demonstrate the importance of immigration, the author has constructed estimates of per capita commodity output in the absence of foreign born labor. A broader measure could be defined to include the output produced by foreign born laborers and their children. This more broadly defined measure would give a greater weight to the quantitative impact of immigration and would extend this impact later into the twentieth century. The measure used in this paper, foreign born labor, indicates the economy's dependence on an exogenous labor force, most of whose basic rearing costs have been met before entering the United States. Estimates are made of employment in the commodity producing sectors of agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and construction for the total labor force and for foreign born labor. A commodity output series is estimated, by sector, for 1869-1929. Average labor productivity for each commodity producing sector is constructed for the total labor force. The product of average labor productivity of the total labor force and immigrant employment, by sector, is taken to yield estimates of commodity output produced by the foreign born labor force.

The article presents information on the migration of southern African Americans to northern cities after World War I and World War II, which resulted in a redistribution of the African American population. In his book "Negro Intelligence and Selective Migration," Otto Klineberg has written a method in which intelligence and performance tests are given to Negro children living in New York, and then a comparison is done between the groups with different lengths of residence in New York. After comparison, it was found that the earlier migrants were superior to the later ones.

The article presents an analysis of the pattern of interstate migration of agricultural laborers in the U.S. For the past half-century the primary agricultural migration has been from the South to the North and the West. And it is predicted that these states will lose more population in the coming years. The data for the analysis is collected by interviewing 417 migrant workers or members of their families in two separate districts within Van Buren County, Michigan. Over half of the men, as well as of the women, in the families studied were between the ages of 30 and 49. Most of the migrants who were interviewed, were in agriculture occupation. 42 percent of the total interviewed migrants were originally form the state of Arkansas. It is also found that 175 persons of the total spent nine months or more of the year in their home city and only a small minority like migrancy. Their desire to stay is also related to their social acceptance. They are welcomed by the people in the towns. The study suggests that the movement of agricultural workers across the states would result in a continuing loss of population for the Southern states.

The objective of this paper is to assess the current state of our knowledge about the socio-economic and motivational characteristics of Puerto Rican migrants to, and from, the United States mainland. Focusing on these characteristics of the migrants makes it possible to determine the significance of the migration for Puerto Rico, by indicating which population segments the Island is losing, and gaining. It also enables one to see the significance of the move for the migrants themselves. Perhaps a social mobility process is involved, in which the more motivated migrate to the mainland to improve their socio-economic status, and the most successful return to Puerto Rico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The paper uses existing human capital theory to provide a unified explanation of the education, age, race, and income characteristics of migrants. The hypothesis is formulated that the better educated, the younger, and the middle-income groups are more mobile than the less educated, the older and the very low- or very high-income groups respectively. Nonwhites are expected to be less mobile than whites during periods of high unemployment in the economy. Empirical evidence concerning migrants to and from 93 SMSA's of the United States supports the theoretical hypotheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a research paper "Immigration and Crime," by Issac A. Hourwich. He states that there is no direct connection between immigration and crime in the United States. On the contrary, as he shows, the wave, of criminality in New York state, of which the superintendent of prisons complains, coincides with the lowest ebb of immigration, whereas the high tide of immigration for a number of decades past has coincided with a decrease of crime. The average foreign-born citizen of this country is, if anything, slightly more law-abiding than the native-born white American. This is especially true of the immigrants from northern Europe and also of those from Russia. In general, these people come from countries where government and criminal courts are more efficient than in the United States. The increase of crime corresponds not with the increase of immigration, but rather with periods of economic and industrial depression. In other words, the economic prosperity which favors immigration tends at the same time to lessen crime, while, economic depressions check immigration and at the same time tend greatly to increase crime.

Examines advantages and disadvantages of the emigration and immigration of highly trained workers. Role of changes in the United States' Immigration and Nationality Act on the increase in professional immigration from underdeveloped countries; Reasons why professionals move interregionally or internationally; Two general schools of thoughts about the consequences of professional migration in the book `The Brain Drain,' by Walter Adams; Arguments on consequences of the migration of professionals.

The article presents information on the effectiveness of farm-labor migration in diminishing regional differentials in agricultural incomes. During the unprecedented continuous period of full urban employment of the recent past, the U.S. farm sector has experienced extremely high rates of net emigration. Despite these massive movements of population off farms and the growth of part-time farming, considerable areas of low factor reward to farm workers persist in a significant portion of the U.S. agricultural labor force. While this diminution of farm labor inputs has mitigated the problem of low incomes per farm worker, there nonetheless continues to be a wide gap in average agricultural incomes between high farm-income areas such as Iowa and a low farm income area such as the Mississippi delta. Some students look upon this persistent income differential over the last 19 years as testimony to the failure of migration in achieving regional equalization of farm incomes. While emigration of farm population cannot alone solve the farm poverty problem, any solution to this problem which implies a reduction of farm labor inputs necessarily bears upon the problem of farm labor redundancy.

The effects of education on current migration propensities in the United States are examined for each age group, and an estimate is made of how these age-specific differentials cumulate over a lifetime in determining the number of times that individuals at different educational levels can expect to move over the course of their lives. The independent effects of age, education, and occupation are also examined. Two other sections investigate trends in educational selectivity of migration in the United States and international comparisons of occupational differences in migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on primary, secondary and return migration in the U.S. between the period 1955 and 1960. In the course of analyzing the historical data on net intercensal migration that constituted the basic demographic data for the study of population redistribution and economic change in the U.S. between 1870 and 1950, it became necessary to formulate hypotheses that would explain certain peculiarities observable in the profiles of age-specific rates. In brief, the configuration of age-specific rates of net interstate migration and of interstate displacement of population due to migration was such that some explanation was called for in terms of probable differences between gross migration in the dominant, or prevailing, directions and gross migration in the reverse directions. For migration in general, peak rates occur in the early twenties. Dominant and reverse migration are both systematically related to age, the rates for adults first increasing then decreasing with advance in age. Return migration is present in both dominant and reverse migrations.

The old-new theory of differences between European groups in their adaptation and assimilation in the United States is applied to the large-scale immigration in Australia after World War II. Since Australia, unlike the United States, first received sizable numbers of many northwestern and southeastern European groups at the same time, it is possible to test the validity of the theory when the groups are established at corn parable periods in a society otherwise similar to the United States. As many as 9 old and 19 new groups are studied in terms of 14 indicators of work force characteristics, spatial segregation, amalgamation, and social problems. With the exceptions of urban segregation, location in rural areas, and inter- marriage, the Mann-Whitney test fails to support the hypothesis when extraneous factors such as length of residence and age distributions of the groups are taken into account through standardization. These findings suggest both severe limitations in the generality of the old-new theory as well as the possibility that much of the old-new variance in the United States reflected differences in the group? timing of arrival rather than cultural differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report confines itself to aspect of interstate migration differentials. Its objective is to explain the variations in the annual interstate migration rates in the U.S. during the 13 year period 1947-1948 through 1959-1960. The underlying hypothesis is that age, sex, and year exert a selective influence upon annual interstate migration rates. The report analyzes annual Current Population Survey (CPS) data obtained in nationwide samples by the Bureau of the Census. It computes an analysis of variance for the selected sources of variation, employing conventional techniques. Specifically, it lays out the 13 annual CPS interstate migration rates for 1947-1948 through 1959-1960 in a randomized block design and analyzes them by the a mathematical model. Males have slightly higher interstate migration rates than females, even though the differences are insignificant. Females tend to move at younger ages than males and their peak movement comes at an earlier age. Whereas females 18 and 19 years of age tend to be more mobile than males, men 20-34 years of age generally have much higher interstate migration rates than females of the same ages. Dips in migration rates in 1954-1955, 1956-1957, and 1958-1959 signify minor contractions in business conditions and in opportunities.

The article discusses the Negro family life in the United States. The urbanization of the Negro population during the present century has effected the most momentous change in the life of the Negro since his emancipation. During the first three decades of the twentieth century, nearly two and a half million Negroes moved from the rural South U.S. into the urban areas of the North and the South United States. Public attention has been directed to the northward movements because they were dramatized by the mass migrations to northern industrial centers during the World War I (1914-1918) whereas, the million or more Negroes who drifted into southern cities of the United States attracted little or no attention. However, the shift from country to city in both the North and the South has been accompanied by profound changes in the Negro's behavior and general outlook on life. Because of the fundamental role of the family in social organization, the study of the Negro family offers the most fruitful approach to an understanding of these important changes in the social and cultural life of the Negro.

An important feature of the government's cotton program is its effect on rural-urban population movement, significant for both the rural and the urban economic problem. Recognizing the complexity of the question, the present study deals with one aspect: the geographic stability of the owner and renter classes in the face of the milder form of economic pressure characteristic of the pre-depression period from 1925 to 1930. It is argued that a study of these groups (most likely to benefit from such permanent improvement as the adjustment program may bring) during the period preceding five-cent cotton, throws light on possible future developments, particularly in high-cost areas. The methodology is based on a comparison of changes among whites and negroes, the two races exhibiting significant causal differences. The broad conclusion is that in spite of governmental efforts in behalf of cotton growers, the South remains a potential source of large additions to our urban labor force, and hence a vital factor in the problem of the industrial workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major objective of this research was to determine whether interstate migrants moved greater distances in 1935–1940, in 1949–50, or in 1955–1960, the only three periods for which interstate migration data exist. Accessibility greatly increased between 1935 and 1960; therefore, it is reasonable to assume that interstate migrants moved successively greater distances. The major findings of the study were as follows: First, the distances moved by interstate migrants in the United States increased steadily during the three periods studied, going from an average of 606 miles in 1935–1940, to 689 miles in 1949–50, to 756 miles in 1955–1960. Second, despite the relatively long distances moved by some, most interstate migrants (the modal group) moved only between 100 and 199 miles in each of the three periods. Third, white migrants consistently moved farther than nonwhites in each of the three periods studied. Nevertheless, the differences between whites and nonwhites in the average number of mile moved narrowed inn each successive period, from 167 miles in 1935–1940, to 128 miles in 1949–50, to 82 miles in 1955–1960. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between economic changes and migration characterizes most of the important migrations in the history of the U.S. The urban industrialization of the U.S. demanded a type of migration quite different from that by which the country was settled and developed. The insatiable demand of the industrial cities for more and more labor coincided with the emergency of population surpluses in agricultural areas. Especially after the stream of immigrants from Europe was reduced to a mere trickle, only migrants from the countryside could supply the expanding cities. This migration was stimulated during the World War and continued through the 1920's. The last depression reduced the volume of these movements and in one year actually reversed their direction but with the signs of returning prosperity the migration was resumed. Moreover, a new wave of migration resulting from the National Defense program has been stimulated by employment opportunities especially in aircraft and shipbuilding, in heavy goods industry and in large-scale construction projects. In addition to the important expansion of industry in already well-developed cities the National Defense Program has led to large-scale construction in rural areas.

From 1935 through 1964, more than 800 Chinese male narcotic addicts were admitted to the Lexington hospital. Of this group, 137 recent male admissions were selected for study. It was found that these Chinese addicts exemplified the sojourner way of life; but they were unsuccessful sojourners. Migrants to America in search of wealth, they were alienated from the dominant American culture. They lived in metropolitan Chinatowns, worked in laundries or restaurants, and were separated from their families. At the time of their current hospitalization for opiate addiction, these patients were an older group--3 years--with a long history of drug use. Evidence of the high incidence of opiate addiction among the Chinese-Americans during the first half of this century is considered. And the reasons why addiction within this minority group has virtually ceased by the 1960's are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses various issues related to immigrants in the United States. There have been calls by politicians for laws restricting immigration and one politician credited the superior labor conditions in the cotton mills of the United States as the motivating factor for skilled labor immigration from the Old World. However, figures collected by the U.S. Bureau of Statistics from the period of 1877 to 1886 show that almost 73% of immigrants were either unskilled or low-wage workers. The article states that a majority of mill workers were unskilled in their home countries. It also dispels the misconception that immigrants are the pick of European labor, they are rather excess labor.

The article presents a statistical summary of the trends in professional immigration into the United States, using the data published by the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service. The proportion of immigrants who are professionals has been steadily increasing during recent decades, and change in immigration laws produced a sharper increase since 1965. The second trend of importance is the increasing proportion of professional immigrants who come from the less developed nations of the world. A change in the Immigration and Naturalization Law in 1965 was intended to bring an increase in the percentage of professionals among the immigrants. A particular group of professional and technical immigrants that arouses special interest is the highly qualified category of scientists, engineers and physicians. A large percentage of the immigration of scientists from the developing countries consists of students who do not return home after completing their studies in the U.S. The article also discusses the effects of immigration on American science and medicine and the reasons behind the migration of professionals.

The article discusses U.S. manufacturing industries. It describes the migration of industry, including the movement of industrial investment, from North America to Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay. It analyzes economic aspects of this migration that are more or less applicable to all such geographical shiftings. North American capital has sought employment in all parts of Latin America at different times. Mercantile and mining investments go back to an early period. The Panama Railroad antedated the American Civil War(1861-1865) and one or two cotton spinning mills were operated in Mexico by Americans before the middle of the last century. Copper in Peru, tin in Bolivia, oil all the way from Mexico to Venezuela, and plantation products like sugar and bananas have long attracted money and management from the United States. The migration of industry did not start until the present century and did not become important until after the World War I(1914-1918). It does not represent a transfer of industries from the United States to South America but rather an expansion of North American industries to the other continent under the wing of a parent company in the home land.

Until quite recently, investigations concerning social conditions in the Swedish country areas have been of a predominantly demographic and social-political character. In 1749, the so-called "tabular office" was established, and ever since then Sweden has had yearly statistics on certain changes in the population. At the turn of the century, the demographic discussion was dominated by the great emigrations to the United States. Although the large population surplus in the country was diminished by this emigration movement, Sweden would have preferred to keep the labor power and use it in productive work other than farm work. During most of the 1930's and up to 1945, an official committee studied the housing conditions in Sweden. The committee has presented a great quantity of statistical material on housing in towns and in the country. Even though the emigration intensity decreased, migration from the country continued, now toward the towns and urban areas. In 1942, another committee began the task of studying the entire agricultural policy, and the agricultural and social policies together.