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The response measure in which conditioning is measured ranges from the eyelid to electrodermal and vascular responses. Cognition, in the sense utilized by most of these experimenters, deals with awareness by the subject of something. Awareness is an essential ingredient of the development of expectancies. In the count-up to a noxious stimulus, studies, subjects can develop expectancies about the likelihood of occurrence of the stimuli, as well as expectancies about the time of occurrence of stimuli.

This Paper resents a definition and typology of "awareness contexts" and offers a paradigm for their study. The paradigm emphasizes the developmental interaction processes deriving from given awareness contexts, and directs attention to transformations of those contexts. The writings of four sociologists are located within the paradigm with respect to the types of awareness context they assume and the segments of the paradigm they treat. Implications of the paradigm for future research and theory are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews experimental evidence relevant to the issue of whether human classical conditioning can occur in the absence of awareness of the CS-UCS contingency (contingency learning). It is concluded that the evidence fails to convincingly demonstrate successful conditioning in the absence of contingency learning. In fact, the evidence is more consistent with the view that contingency learning is an essential mediator of human classical conditioning. Although original learning may require the presence of contingency learning, the performance of a previously acquired conditioned response may not require such mediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the major gaps in research in TST measured self-conception is data relevant to the assumption that self-conception is a stable structure of meanings attached to self. This paper indicates the inconsistency between current theoretical and empirical orientations in the area of self-conception and outlines three basic models of the processual characteristics of self-conception found in the literature. Using a ten wave panel design in which self-conception is measured repeatedly throughout the subjects' daily interactional routines, specific hypotheses derived from the models are tested. Results suggest which model is most appropriate for the description of the processual characteristics of various aspects of self-conception and the possible errors involved in the continued use of current self-conception research designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This issue reflects the growing awareness of "shibboleths and lacunae (Laws, 1969)" in the study of women, and includes some of the recent attempts to correct these. The issue focusses on methodological and theoretical criticism, analysis of female stereotypes and roles, and achievement and achievement motivation in women. The feminist movement which is responsible for these new perspectives on women also raises fundamental questions regarding present institutions like the family, and provides fresh views on such vital issues as peace, racism, population, and environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The successful utilization of operant-conditioning procedures to modify verbal behavior has been demonstrated most convincingly in a number of recent investigations. In verbal-conditioning studies, subjects typically are instructed only to emit verbal behavior and the experimenter employs interpersonal stimuli such as "good" or "mmmhmm" to reinforce some preselected verbal response class. Increments in this reinforced response class for subjects judged to be unaware of any relationship between their own behavior and the experimenter's reinforcement have been interpreted as providing evidence that learning has occurred without awareness Such evidence was reported in 29 of 31 verbal-conditioning studies reviewed by researcher L. Krasner. Although the results obtained in verbal-conditioning studies are remarkably consistent, the validity of the interpretation that the empirical findings provide evidence of learning without awareness requires further analysis of the concepts of learning and awareness as employed in these studies. The principal objective of this research paper is to examine the role of awareness in verbal conditioning.

In the article "The Termination Process: A Neglected Dimension in Social Work" the authors make repeated and insistent references to the absence of articles in the social work literature on the termination process, especially in relation to termination of casework with children and student-supervisor awareness of the importance of termination with clients in the field experience.

The occupational aspects of social work analyzed are (1) the type of occupation from the standpoint of authority and sanction, (2) the prestige of social work as a profession, and (3) work satisfactions derived from social work as a profession. The comparative analysis of responses from social workers and university students reveals that the self-image of social work has been transmitted to university students who represent an important element of the public image of social work. The "status dilemma" of social work implied in this analysis gives rise to some concern about the position of an important problem-solving profession in the social structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since vocational development processes are not synonymous with psychopathology, the techniques for assisting vocational development must be conceptualized as distinct from psychotherapy. Two levels of assistance are suggested: facilitation (promoting normal development) and, remediation (actively removing serious blocks to development). Utilizing the author's earlier formulation of five vocational development life stages, four transitions exist: (a) social amniotic to self-differentiation (b) self-differentiation to competence; (c) competence to independence; and (d) independence to commitment. Procedures required for making these transitions involve, respectively: (a) determining the program; (b) Information in-put; (c) information processing; and (d) information utilization. Techniques for assisting these procedures involve, respectively: (a) facilitation-life style analysis, remediation-environmental manipulation and psychotherapy; (b) facilitation-guidance, remediation-skill training; (c) for content- client-centered approach, for process-training in decision-making; and (d) for intrapsychic difficulties-existential approaches, for situational difficulties-job matching. For c and d, facilitation and remediation differ in degree, not in kind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the 1968 Convention staged by the American Personnel and Guidance Association (APGA). Its theme, Total Awareness-Total Commitment, proved to be more than just a catchword or slogan; it typified an atmosphere which made this year's Convention truly unique for its 9,041 participants. Most people who attend conventions know little of the preparations, decisions, frustrations, and grueling extra hours required to organize an APGA Convention. The 1968 Convention in Detroit, Michigan, had all of the elements of a regular APGA Convention and more. National and local circumstances, resulting from the tragic assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., U.S. clergyman and leader in the civil rights movement, caused the Governor of Michigan and Mayor of Detroit to impose on the city a day-by-day 5 p.m. curfew, which placed the whole notion of public assembly in daily jeopardy. Because of the curfew, all evening general and theme sessions were cancelled. Still, a record number of content meetings and ancillary meetings were held during the daytime hours.

The purpose of this paper is to point out the importance of response to advertisements as an objective of public education. Curriculum leaders seem to agree that the best approach to curriculum research is through a study of actual human behaviors. The advertisement is a very common element in the environment of man today. The bulk of the space in newspapers and magazines is devoted to this form of literature. And the function of advertising is to influence human behavior, "to persuade others to perform some specific acts." In considering the need for education in advertisement response, it seems well to consider the nature of the influences exerted upon human behavior by advertising. Sometimes advertising is considered a public servant and sometimes a public menace. One of the valuable functions of advertising is the education of the public to make use of the products and services which industry, government, other institutions and individuals are able to supply thereby raising standards of living. However, advertisements sometimes appeal to desires that are not needs. It also spreads false notions. Since advertising has such important bearings upon the public welfare, it seems reasonable that the public should take measures to control the outcomes of this social force.

The article presents some findings from an exploratory study dealing with the relationship between certain personality characteristics and the adoption of farm practices. Data were obtained in 1957 by personal interviews with a sample of 23 farm operators residing in a central Iowa rural community. According to the author, a personality characteristic which one might expect to be positively related to adoption is knowledge of new farm practices. A farmer does not adopt a new practice until he (1) receives information about the existence of the new practice and (2) gains knowledge about specific details, such as how much to use and where to obtain needed materials. An awareness knowledge index was developed to measure knowledge of the existence of some very new farm practices. An adoption knowledge index was constructed to measure knowledge of the specific details about practices in the adoption scale. Of the seven personality variables that were studied as they related to adoption, only rigidity, change orientation, innovative proneness and adoption self-ratings were found to be significantly related.

This article discusses the educational opportunities of consensual sociological research. The trade of data for sociological education is only an accidental advantage of mutuality. However, the basic reason for striving for mutuality is mortal and depends upon one's conception of sociology. Shils has distinguished three distinct views of the use of sociological knowledge: manipulation, alienation, and consensuality. The consensual approach to research requires a sociologist to learn from the data-gathering process but also morally commits him to learn with the respondent. The assumption in consensual research is that the ultimate beneficiary of the research is not an elite, either established or revolutionary, but all society. Since the respondent is a member of society, what better place to start the self-awareness process than with him? Although there is little to disseminate in the data-gathering stage except the hypothesis under scrutiny, awareness of the hypothesis can be gained before data are collected, tabulated, and analyzed. Might such awareness doom research to biased responses, that is, to response from subjects eager to help the objectives of the investigation? Only if the desire to help or hinder is stronger than the desire to offer objective data bearing on the research problem.

The article presents an elaboration of the paper of Martin D.S. Braine on Jean Piaget's theory on the cognitive development of children. Braine implies that individuals may increase the precision of their knowledge in some areas through an attempt to reach Piaget's objectives by the utilization of nonverbal techniques. Nonverbal methods are superior in giving sufficient controls and in allowing a more precise specification of the stimuli involved. However, disagreements remain on the concept that nonverbal methods can raise one's understanding of the phenomena that Piaget describes.

The article focuses on the efforts of the press to keep abreast of the new atomic developments in the U.S. It is stated that the press stands as the only representative of the public that can conduct an aggressive campaign to straighten out the confusion underlying the public apathy on the subject of atomic warfare. According to the author, the atomic bomb burst on a completely unprepared public, in which the press, all but forbidden even to mention uranium, had been unable to make the somewhat gradual, preparatory explanation that has eased the path for scientific and technological advance in other fields. Moreover, when the Hiroshima explosion shocked the world, there were few people who even had any idea what an atom might be.

The article refers to "The New Industrial State," by John Kenneth Galbraith, and "The Hidden Persuaders," by Vance Packard, questions the concept of consumer sovereignty, and focuses on manipulation in marketing. Three theories related to learning psychology are stimulus-response reinforcement, operant-conditioning, and cognitive. Experiments concerning subliminal advertising, unconscious stimuli that change consumers' attitudes and purchase decisions, awareness levels such as supraliminal, learning and behavior without awareness, reinforcement contingencies, overt behavior-awareness reciprocity, Galvanic Skin Response, and the "perceptual defense" phenomenon are mentioned.

The article presents the achievement, contribution, and work of United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) for the development of the Natural Sciences program worldwide. The Natural Sciences program in UNESCO presents an objective that will contribute in maintaining international peace and security. And to achieve this goal, the five main line is created including scientific organization, international research centers, scientific literature and material, science cooperation offices, and teaching are presented. The information about each item is also discussed. Moreover, the contribution of UNESCO in spreading science worldwide will help the public to be aware on the attitudes and methods of science in developing such program

The article presents comments of the author on the symposium "Neighborhoods and Citizen Involvement." This symposium originated out of an effort by the National Capital Area Chapter of American Society for Public Administration (ASPA) to have a better understanding of issues and problems associated with citizen involvement and participation. A local conference on citizen participation was held in April 1970 and a chapter-sponsored study/action group on citizen participation evolved from that conference. Contents of this symposium vary deliberately from the normal Public Administration Review symposium structure. It is the opinion of this symposium editor and contributors to this symposium that more attention should be focused on specific issues that concern public administrators. Papers and comments on papers are designed to provoke an awareness of the hard issues surrounding the topic of citizen participation. The policy recommendation section is included in order to encourage an active and enlightened professional debate on citizen participation. This symposium is viewed as the catalyst to that debate and ultimately to an ASPA policy position on the "proper" role of citizen participation in public administration.

The article present comments on the paper titled "Awareness Contexts and Social Interaction," by Barney G. Glaser and Anselm L. Strauss, published a 1964 issue of the journal "American Sociological Review." It states that Glaser and Strauss have recently presented an analysis of awareness contexts. In so doing, they again raise the question of what it "means" to be aware of something, though they do not come to grip with this problem themselves. Using the Glaser-Strauss paradigm as a springboard, the article points to certain competing conceptions of awareness, which must be considered before the Glaser-Strauss schema, can be assessed empirically. As per the article, one common view of awareness equates it with a high degree of knowledge or certainty. Three of the Glaser-Strauss awareness types open, closed and suspicion are easily placed along a knowledge or certainty continuum. In the open context, both parties have rather complete knowledge and in the closed context, both lack knowledge. The suspicion context is intermediate, one party is knowledgeable and the other is not.

The arguments of Richard Centers and Philip Converse about the relationship of subjective class consciousness to political attitudes are reanalyzed with the use of longitudinal survey data from 1956 to 1968. Respondents may he split into four groups based on identification with the working class versus the middle class and on admitting awareness of social class membership as opposed to unawareness. Consistent with previous research, working-class identification is associated with collectivist views on the role of government and voting for the Democratic party. Awareness, however, contrary to previous research, increases the collectivist tendencies of both the working and middle classes. Furthermore, the effects of class identification and awareness on political attitudes show little change over time, although they do seem to have different effects on presidential voting in a Democratic as opposed to Republican victory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a study done in England to understand the political parties images and partisanship among young English students. It further clarifies the process of early partisanship by examining a sample of 1,570 respondents drawn from fifteen schools in England: five secondary modern, three comprehensive, four grammar and three preparatory-independent. In order to assess the direct influence of the parents, the author constructed a paired father-child sample approximating 10 percent of the children's sample. It was concluded that awareness on the part of the young concerning the relationship between social class and party does not translate itself to the same extent into a subjective feeling as to which party represents class interests. Whereas there is a recognition that trade unions support the Labour Party and business the Conservatives, the author detect no corresponding explicit class image of the adolescent's preferred party. This is in contrast to the parents who have exhibited a salient class image of political parties.

The accuracy of people's information concerning the spatial extent of air pollution in Christchurch is tested. Overall, the information was generally accurate, though people were more aware of the smoke pollution in the inner city area than of the sulphonation in an outer suburb. Of groups living in different parts of the city, residents of the more polluted areas are more aware of the local problems than are the population as a whole, whereas residents of the "cleaner suburbs tend to over-stress this characteristic.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study, based on a sample of 552 persons at five levels of exposure to airplane noise, examined the effects of exposure, awareness, and annoyance reactions to airplane noise, and cognitions about airplane noise on health problems. Awareness and annoyance reactions to noise had the strongest relationship with health problems. Those persons who were more aware of the noise were more likely to have health problems than those persons who were not aware. Level of exposure to airplane noise was not related to health problems at the zero-order level and, although there were some significant relationships, cognitions about noise were not consistently related to the number of health problems. The results showed that a social psychological approach contributed to an understanding of the effects of airplane noise on health problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At an initial session groups of Ss either were (1) correctly informed of the response to be controlled, HR, and given visual feedback of it, or were (2) correctly informed of the response but given no feedback, or were (3) incorrectly informed of the response and given feedback of HR, or were (4) not informed of the response and given feedback of HR. At a second session half of the misinformed and uninformed Ss were correctly informed. Trials on which Ss were to raise and to lower HR were both given.Between group comparisons generally supported the proposition that correct knowledge of response facilitates learning to lower HR when given external feedback. Results on raising HR, although generally indicating the facilitative role of correct knowledge of response, were not as consistent as those for lowering.Within group comparisons showed trends for correct knowledge of response to improve HR control. Further within group comparisons of raise HR and lower HR trials consistendy showed that Ss who knew the correct response and received feedback of it, achieved control of HR, whereas those who were misinformed or who received no feedback did not achieve control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of studying the interrelationships listed in the title was to examine the orienting-reaction (OR) and cognitive (awareness) interpretations of differential electrodermal conditioning (DEC). The method was to perform correlational analyses on the data obtained from three DEC experiments (N = 32, 40, and 32, respectively) which together provided variations in such factors as the CSUS interval, and the sensitivity of the awareness measure of subjective contingency (SC). Following Zeiner and Schell (1971), the OR and responsivity measures were obtained, respectively, from preliminary CS+ trials (tone and light) to-bepaired with the US and from US (shock) trials. The results clearly disconfirmed the cognitive interpretation, since SC was not correlated either with DEC or with OR in any of the experiments. The OR interpretation received some support, but could handle the following aspects of the results only with difficulty: (a) some significant correlations of responsivity with DEC; (b) the fact that the apparently large OR-DEC correlations were reduced when statistical control (through partial correlations) was imposed for the influence of consistent individual differences in responding to the CS+ and CS-- stimuli before any conditioning had taken place; (c) the fact that when these individual differences were not significantly present (in Exp. III), the OR-DEC correlation was also not significant. It was noted that the first aspect supported an S-R, contiguity-reinforcement account of DEC, an account which differs from the cognitive and OR interpretations inasmuch as it does not attempt to reduce DEC to some other process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many of the polls published in the "Public Opinion Quarterly" have shown quite clearly that sizeable portions of the public are grossly ill-informed about important public affairs. This ignorance must concern anyone who believes that democratic progress depends upon a well-informed people. During 1948 and 1949, the authors studied information levels in relation to attention to mass media in surveys of three different population groups in Minnesota. Results of the surveys indicated that reading in the three written media-magazines, books and newspapers-were related to variation in information. Sex differences contributed substantially to variation in information. Men were particularly better informed than women on political figures. The question of media attention and information levels should be attacked much more specifically and fully in future studies. Information content might well be separated from entertainment content in prospective studies. Various verbal abilities, interests and socio-psychological dynamics need further exploration.

Distinctive theoretical features characterizing research in the area of the self-concept, with attention paid to the approaches of phenomenology, existentialism, behaviorism, and symbolic interaction, are related to investigations into the nature of the black self-concept. A modification of Mead's symbolic interactional approaches is developed. The grounding of research on the black self-concept in non-African epistemologies is considered sufficient reason to discard most, if not all, previously published research in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article present a research on the rapid growth of interest in the "self" and in the role of perception from a "self" point of view. There were attempts to study the nature of the self-concept and its effect upon behavior. Self-perception is defined as the person known to himself particularly the stable, important and typical aspects of himself as he perceives them while perception is defined as the process of attributing meaning and significance to the immediate situation according to the author.

Attitude tasks, which were designed to be similar to the nonnormative verbal operant Taffel task in terms of availability of response classes and/or explicit presentation of response classes, yielded results that were consistent with results obtained with the verbal operant task. Specifically, the present attitude conditioning experiment yielded a large number of aware Ss, and conditioning effects only for aware Ss. When sources of complexity were eliminated from normative tasks, Ss did not appear to perceive and interact with them in a fashion that is fundamentally different from the way in which they deal with nonnormative tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many of the meanings of words of ordinary languages have to do with persons and society. A collection of such meanings can be called a natural sociology. Whether or not this is a satisfactory description depends upon finding in such a collection the signs of some orderly response to society. Historical stabilities are used here to test just such an ordered scheme of awareness in the English semantic record. A number of stabilities are found to have lasted many centuries. In spite of profound changes in the semantic record, a constant scheme of sociological awareness appears to have been fitted to the English language. A way to study collective representations is demonstrated by this inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examined certain aspects of the validity of the inter- personal Maturity Level Classification, which has been used in treating delinquents in the California Youth Authority. Specifically, the roles of intelligence and affect awareness in the classification system were studied. Groups of institutionalized deliquent girls at different levels of "interpersonal maturity" were compared on several measures of intelligence and degree of awareness of feelings in others. The results indicated that intelligence, verbal fluency, and race were the most important components of Inter- personal Maturity Level considered. Higher levels of maturity were also accompanied by greater attention to affect cues and better judgment of nonverbal expressions of affect. The findings concerning affect awareness, while consistent with the theory behind the classification system, point to differential salience of affect as the key variable underlying differences in awareness of feelings in others. The data on intelligence point to the need for further research to clarify the actual components of the Inter-personal Maturity Level Classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three experiments are reported in which part of the stimulus to be after-imaged was presented to each eye, producing simultaneous, binocular, after-images. In each case the monocular stimuli were complementary to each other, so that the binocular combination constituted a meaningful whole. The subjects' reports on the appearances and fragmentations of their after-images suggest the existence of some central, integrative, mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on human development in the classroom. The Human Development Program focuses on three main themes: (a) awareness (knowing feelings, thoughts, and actions); (b) mastery (self-confidence); and (c) social interaction (knowing other people). In the magic circle, children are given an opportunity to develop an awareness of their positive and negative feelings, positive and negative thoughts, and constructive and destructive behaviors. They discuss the discrimination between real and fantasy, their ambivalence and fears, and the issues involved in making commitments, all of which help to dispel the delusion of uniqueness. To date, most school counselors touch the lives of only a very small percentage of the student body. Students avoid seeing counselors because they view counselors as the disciplinarians. Too often when students display disruptive behavior in the classroom, they are sent to the counselor. Counselors can increase communication between students and teachers by supplying new communication skills that can be used daily within the classroom.

This article seeks to present a viable resolution of one of the perennial ideological issues in counseling: the determinism-human freedom dilemma. That this problem is of pivotal significance to counselors is immediately evident in view of its bearing on the related professional issue of client and counselor responsibility. A conceptual model involving limited personal freedom within a framework of biological-environmental determinism is reviewed, followed by a concluding comment on the counselor's shared responsibility for the outcomes of the counseling relationship. The author rejects the notion that the counselor can function as a neutral observer in client decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major thesis of this philosophic treatise is that unless the counselor realizes in his own life the full import of the search for meaning and self-understanding, he will be unable to empathize adequately with the struggles of another human being who likewise seeks to realize his highest potential. Hindering our self-discovery are the problems of meaninglessness, alienation, and the loss of our freedom. The path toward breaking out of our insulated selves is: (a) to accept fully, on a personal level, a sense of responsibility for what we are, and (b) to realize that self-fulfillment occurs within a social contexts The former involves a sense of personal integrity and the latter gives a contextual frame of reference to our search for meaning. The path to sell-understanding is difficult and threatening, but as the counselee perceives--on both the intuitive and operational levels--the counselor's sincerity in his own quest for fulfillment, the goals we seek to achieve in the counseling relationship will be facilitated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the promotion of audience consciousness in relation to public speaking. Reason behind the need to develop a sense of audience awareness among students of public speaking; Challenges faced by teachers of public speaking in training students; Ways of helping students with speaker-audience problems.

The article presents a study which reviews the literature on selective exposure to information. It also analyzes conventional theories with the help of existing knowledge about the correlation of communication bias and attitude bias. The authors first clarify what is meant by "selective exposure," and then characterize the evidence leading to its use. Finally, the authors evaluate the evidence regarding whether or not there is a psychological tendency to prefer supportive to non-supportive information.

This article discusses the development of self awareness and related human qualities of personality functioning. It has long been recognized that teacher and early school experience played a role in enhancing the development of the self. It was found out that the life of infant operates on a principle of omnipotence. The conditions of the development of self awareness are present in child at the time he develops certain concepts. Moreover, school life may affect the child in different ways as a consequence of the time of introduction.

Children's awareness of selection restriction rules in sentences was investigated in 2 groups of children, 4-8 to 5-3 years and 6-8 to 7-3 years of age. The 32 children were asked to identify anomalous and meaningful sentences as either "silly" or "okay." Information about the Ss' use of selection restriction rules was acquired by having them convert the anomalous sentences into meaningful ones. Analysis of the Ss' responses on the 2 tasks indicates that both 5- and 7-year-old children are capable of distinguishing between anomalous and. meaningful sentences although 7-year-olds demonstrate greater awareness of selection restriction rules. 7-year-old children are more proficient than 5-year-olds at using selection restriction rules in sentence production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the young child's awareness of affect concepts. 102 children, ages 4-6, were rated for affect awareness by their teachers and on their responses to 6 verbal and performance tests. The results of a cluster analysis of teacher ratings and intercorrelation of tests provide modest support for several hypotheses. Teachers describe the child who can verbalize his feelings as expressive, mature, empathic, and imaginative. The data suggest that a child's affect awareness is a general orientation which he utilizes in his selective response to other people and in his awareness of self. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explores a conceptual framework that study the validity and reliability of mothers' histories on child development. Implications for parent-child relationship research; Relation between awareness and maternal behavior; Consistency of the mothers' histories.

The human organism is continually bombarded with sensory stimulation, only a fraction of which is directly and consciously used for rational thought or action. Much sensory stimulation remains unnoticed or unattended, while some is actually subliminal. The fate or consequences of this marginal stimulation which occurs on the fringe of awareness has become of considerable theoretical and empirical interest in recent years. Experimental evidence now exists which suggests that incomplete or fragmentary perceptions have effects upon other behaviors. Modes of behavior such as dreams, associations, and fantasy have been shown to be influenced, often in quite unique ways, by marginal or subliminal perceptions. It is usually a matter of some unreported aspect of a stimulus configuration being "recovered," either conceptually or more directly and specifically. This so-called stimulus recovery is predicated on the assumption that much of the stimulus had registered on the central nervous system, even though it was not fully reported.