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Organizational research generally does not use experiments or multivariate analysis to verify propositions. This paper indicates four types of designs that characterize such research. Suggestions are advanced for each type of design, which would improve the logical rigor of such research and thus provide better propositions for verification by means of experiments and multivariate analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the second of two papers which report on a survey of 600 articles related to marriage and the family. The articles were published in 12 journals between 1962-1968. This paper deals primarily with 444 of the articles which were based on empirical data and focuses on approaches to the family as a researchable unit, current trends and problems and prospects in the area of family study. Findings include: uneven attention to component parts and minimal attention to the family as a whole. Frequent use of data collection techniques which involve minimal contact with the family, increased use of very large and very small samples, increased use of longitudinal studies, and more efficient use of data through application of a wider range of statistical techniques were also noted. The predominant use of static variables as independent variables and dynamic variables as dependent indicates little progress in viewing the family as an institution which shapes its own course as well as that of other institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the first of a series of papers designed to report the various stages of a longitudinal research project on the study of managerial effectiveness. The purposes of this article are: (1) to set forth the various dimensions of the overall research effort; (2) to present a review of the research on the prediction of managerial success or effectiveness; and, (3) to establish the focus for a second paper subsequently to appear in the Academy of Management Journal describing the results and implications of an intermediate research effort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents findings from an exploratory, longitudinal study of the effects of a change-over to electronic data-processing equipment in a light and power company. As a case study it deals with (1) the general problems of introducing this change, which extended over five years and affected more than sixteen hundred employees in two organizational divisions, and (2) the effects of such a change on organizational structure, policies and philosophy, job structure, and personnel at all levels of the company. Some of the more unique problems of transition to a high degree of automation in the office are indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on specific methods that were used in a longitudinal Study in which 94% of the subjects cooperated at the time or at recontact after a two-year interval The probable factors responsible for this success are described, including details regarding the preparation prior to the study, approaching the subject, establishing rapport at initial contact, and the maintenance of rapport throughout the study. It is hoped this description will encourage others to provide similar reports on their methods and be helpful to those pursuing comparable research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Panel studies, undertaken with grandiose plans and high hopes, frequently fail to live up to the expectations of the initiators of the research. Practical problems, such as continuity of personnel, institutional commitment, funding, design and substance of the data bank, and changing of facilities and equipment may interfere with the success of the project. The purpose of this paper is to describe some of the pitfalls that may be encountered in such longitudinal studies and to suggest ways in which the researchers' awareness of these hazards may facilitate planning to circumvent some of the difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study an attempt is made to test empirically a body of theory related to linkage of social systems in explaining floricultural change. Data for the paper are based on a longitudinal study of an Extension educational program with a sample of part-time farm families in one North Carolina county, 1955- 1960. It appears evident that certain changes were more pronounced among those families (viewed as client systems) which developed a high degree of linkage with the change-agent system (the county Agricultural Extension organization) than occurred among families which developed either a medium or a low degree of linkage with the change-agent system. This difference was found especially on changes in participation in voluntary associations. Implications for further research include more attention to existing linkage between relevant social systems at a bench mark period, and further refinement in measuring points of linkage between client and change-agent systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a distinction has been drawn between the demographic analyses that have been performed on fertility (at both the macro-structural and micro-structural levels) and the social analysis of fertility, at the micro-structural level. To stress the distinctive objectives of the latter, I have labelled the dependent variable in such analyses `family formation' rather than `fertility'. Along with this re-labelling, an increased stress was placed on the need for finding new measures of family formation, that would be integrative of past demographic measurement and take account of the costs or dependency of children. The latter seemed important to any socio-economic or social analysis of family formation. A general measure of family formation processes was proposed - the `child-years-of dependency' (CYD) index. This (1) integrates demographic measures of quantity and tempo of fertility; (2) appears to discriminate among family formation patterns where some of the conventional demographic measures (especially quantity measures) do not; (3) is readily calculable from fertility histories, which are currently used in conventional demographic surveys of fertility; (4) is very flexible in taking account of `deviant' or irregular family formation patterns, such as adoption, child mortality, etc., where most conventional quantity and tempo measures in demographic studies are not; and (5) has a face validity that appears greater for social analysis of family formation than conventional demographic measures. The stress of the CYD on the dependency burden of children led to a discussion of more valid cost estimates than the simpler counting of children present in the basic CYD measure. Among the issues treated were group differentials in average costs, declining marginal costs of child-rearing, and age gradients of costs. Costs were defined minimally, in terms of dollar expenditures per child for consumption, and increased household work time entailed in child-rearing. Some existing data were used to illustrate levels and social class differentials of these various costs, recognizing the general inadequacy of available data. The need was stressed for longitudinal cost data, following families through their successive stages of family formation to see the actual and perceived levels of costs involved in rearing additional children. Finally, the inclusion of CYD measures in a general cost-benefit model of family formation was suggested. In part, this is required to balance the perspectives derived from some macro-structural cost-benefit models of economists, in understanding the persistence of high fertility, especially in underdeveloped areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation was undertaken to evaluate the effect on gingival exudation of u raised level of progestogen in young females by using the exudation during the normal menstrual cycle as a reference. Fourteen female student nurses aged 19 to 24 years participated in this study. Only the buccal mesial aspect of the upper incisor and canine teeth was examined. In no case did the depth of the gingival pocket exceed three millimeters, and the gingiva in the area of observation showed clinically only slight signs of chronic inflammation. Intra-crevicular exudate samplings were carried out once every second day for a period of around 140 days. The hormone administration was not started until a period of time containing two phases of menstrual bleedings had elapsed. The results clearly show that the regular use of chlormadinone acetate, a synthetic preparation with a specific and marked progestogen effect, induces a gradual increase in the amount of gingival exudate obtainable on filter paper strips inserted into gingival pockets. The influence of the progestogen was most marked during the menstrual phase when the production of ovarian estrogens and progesterone is low.

The article is a response to comments concerning "Design of Proof in Organizational Research" and "Organizational Effectiveness: An Inventory of Propositions." The research designs of case study, small-sample study, and longitudinal method are mentioned, as well as five ideas to improve the quality of proof in research such as compiling measurement inventories for the major variables and controlling contaminating variables. The author states that comments on his work, the issues raised, and the reported data were not accurately assessed.

The longitudinal vehicle control problem associated with any automated transportation scheme is discussed. The two fundamental aspects of the problem are the logical aspect and the control aspect. The logical aspect of the problem concerns the decision of where vehicles should be at a future time, based on present system conditions, so that the level of service delivered by the system is good. The control aspect is concerned with how to control vehicles to attain and maintain their desired positions while giving a comfortable ride, not taking too long, not exceeding car capabilities, and maintaining safety. Previous work dealing with both the logical and control aspects of the longitudinal vehicle control problem is briefly reviewed. One approach to handling the logical aspects of the merging problem in automated systems assumes that vehicles occupy positions on a guideway within hypothetical 'cells' that move at a constant velocity. This approach simplifies the logical aspect of the longitudinal control problem. The problem of controlling vehicles to attain and maintain an assigned cell on a guideway is modeled in the paper as a linear state regulator optimal control problem. The resulting vehicle control scheme requires less information feedback than alternative schemes, and exhibits good vehicle response characteristics. Alternative control strategies that lead to optimal control problems other than the linear state regulator are discussed, and the relative advantages of the scheme presented in the paper are pointed out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts of various research papers related to sociology. The paper "Child-Rearing Practices in the First Year of Life of 200 Filipino Babies," by Miguela Solis, is part of the 25-year period longitudinal study of 200 Filipino infants being conducted by the NCCSDFCY. Its objectives are to determine the pattern of child-rearing practices of the Filipino family from three socio-economic levels, high, middle, and low, and to determine whether there is a significant difference in the child-rearing practices of the socio-economic groups. The paper "Family Solidarity--An Explanation Through the Study of Samtoy Kinship Terminologies and Allied Expressions," by Manuel M. Gapuz uses several Ilocano terms used in referring to lineal and collateral relatives in both ascending and descending generations reflect a few of the values attached to the family. The use of the human body and the tree as bases for the formation of such terminologies likewise suggest the closely-knit character of the Ilocano family.

This research was supported by a Dissertation Research Grant, a Summer Research Fellowship, and Grant GP-4825 from the National Science Foundation. Brown University Provided additional assistance through a University Fellowship.The authors indebted to these two Institutions and to Philip Sagi and Ralph B. Ginsberg for their comments on an earlier draft of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents longitudinal data on internal migration collected in various censuses or surveys. In this paper, the authors are concerned with additional details on residential history. From, either a complete residential history or front direct questions, they can obtain such items as the residences at three or more points in time or the number of changes of residence. When longitudinal data on employment status, occupation, marital status, and so forth, arc obtained as parts of life histories or at dates for which residence is also obtained, they can measure the association between changes of residence and changes of job or mobility propensities for the population at risk in various economic and social groups. From such kinds of longitudinal data on mobility, authors could measure the distribution of the population by number of moves and determine how this distribution develops with chronological age or with key events in the life cycle. The author's interest, however, is not in the levels of mobility rates but in the patterns of mobility for successive periods.

Discusses longitudinal research development and its impact on the field of developmental psychology. Use of the longitudinal method to delineate developmental patterns and etiological relationships in the physical growth, personality development and physiological development of children.

In this paper we endeavor to show how a management scientist maintains his integrity and individuality while changing from a staff position to a consultant position and eventually to a top executive position in a large company. It is a segment of a longitudinal study and is presented in a special format, which makes it possible to present the data at all. In the introduction we utilize an historical sketch of the management field to show at what time in the development of management science this particular person's career started and, thereby, some of the factors which helped mold his personal and character values. The vicissitudes of the problem are elaborated and background material given for the understanding of the issues involved. We hope to encourage others to present similar segments of longitudinal studies which, we feel, will help people seriously engaged in this field to develop theories based on clinically-gathered data and which will, therefore, be closer to the truth of what really happens under certain conditions in which certain human beings have an impact on large-scale organizations and vice versa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A short survey is given of the theoretical background for the simultaneous measurement of intraluminal pressure and H in the oesophagus and stomach as well as the method used in the paper presented. In 20 of 23 patients with symptoms of regurgitation this was sustained by the H measurement (87%). In only 20% was incompetence demonstrated radiologically. The H measurement is of especial value in the diagnosis of oesophageal reflux. The value of simultaneous pressure measurements is to ascertain the position of the electrode distally or proximally to the oesophageal hiatus. Thus we suggest that pressure and H measurements are mandatory in future post-operative follow-up examinations in patients operated upon for hiatal herniae. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper has two major purposes: (1) to present more detailed information than has been previously reported (Schneider & Bartlett, 1968) on the initial development of a measure of organizational climate; and (2) to explore a number of issues surrounding the question: who's view of an organization's climate do you use? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing data from a seven-year longitudinal study of high school graduates, this paper focuses on the careers of girls who planned to become and/or eventually became elementary and secondary school teachers. The concern of the paper is the way in which factors such as socioeconomic status background, rural-urban residence, measured intelligence, time of occupational choice, level of education, marital status, and husbands' occupational status are related to recruitment to teaching and to retention in the teaching profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The instrument to be described in this paper was developed in the course of a longitudinal study of character development with adolescent boys and girls as subjects. This instrument, known as the C-questionnaire, was devised as a possible means of measuring strength of conscience. Experience with the instrument has cast some doubt on its usefulness for the original purpose, but has shown it to give results, which bear interesting relationships to other measures of moral aspects of the personality. In its present form the C-questionnaire consists of two protocols. The 115 acts rated in each protocol are classified into eleven categories of ten items each, and a twelfth category of five. The eleven categories each represent a component of prevailing Western morality, and persons would rate all the items contained in them more or less negatively with the most severely conventional standards of behavior. The items in the twelfth category would be rated neutrally or positively according to typical prevailing moral standards, and are included to indicate when emotional factors other than moral ideology are strongly influencing moral judgments.

This paper presents a detailed longitudinal study of the costs—human, physical, and financial—of a family planning program. Both results obtained and methods used are presented in detail. It should provide a better idea of the cost of such programs and also help in planning similar projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines some major shortcomings and errors of previous research on the prediction of delinquency and the related conditions of personal and social adjustment, health problems, welfare contacts, and achievement in school. In the Eau Claire County Youth Study a large number of behavioral observations of 1,550 children were conducted in 1961 and 1962. The first problem which shall be noted in this field of research is the paucity of true longitudinal studies. A second major problem generally noted in delinquency research involves the analysis of predictor variables one at a time, with no provision for assessment of interrelationships among predictors. Another problem involves criteria. If tests B, C, D, E, F, and G are all individually correlated with the delinquency criterion Z, then multiple regression analysis makes it possible to combine their predictive power.

The article discusses several considerations leading to the undertaking of a longitudinal study of the relation of test anxiety to performance on intelligence and achievement tests as basis for attacking the problem of how individual differences among children can be adopted into account by teachers. The first major reasons was stemmed from awareness most the old studies and other probes had not used children in the earliest grade while another major reason concerned the problem of distortions of self report on paper and pencil techniques, such as Test Anxiety Scale for Children. And reflected the strong belief of a pressing need to develop functions to screen those children who would become learning problems or those children whose level and quality of academic functioning.

The article presents the results of one phase of a longitudinal study of some 4000 young adolescents. Early in 1947 the authors designed a project intended to obviate some of the difficulties found in research studies undertaken to reveal how adjusted and maladjusted persons differ in personality characteristics. In general, the majority of such studies have tended to relate the background of the deviant or the maladjusted to the personal or behavioral difficulty alter his maladjustment has occurred. Thus, much of what is known about the factors supposedly indicative of probable maladjustment is derived from a reconstruction of the developmental histories of deviant persons only. The reliability of such reconstructions is dependent upon a variety of circumstances beyond the control of the investigator. In order to keep at a minimum problems of interpretation and classification of data, it was decided to employ a personality inventory of known reliability and validity to collect Personality data. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory was the instrument chosen.

This article focuses on the validities of assessment centers in identifying managerial skills. The use of multiple assessment procedures in industry is linked to the Management Progress Study, a longitudinal research study undertaken by AT&T Corp. in 1956. The objectives of this study were to develop "career histories" by investigating the factors which determine the career progress of young men entering the management environment. An initial assessment of personal characteristics hypothesized to be of importance to the individual's success in the Bell System was a major aspect of the Management Progress Study. One unique feature of the Management Progress Study is that no information about any candidate's performance has ever been communicated to company officials. All information collected from these 422 subjects during assessment and subsequently has been held for research purposes only. Michigan Bell Telephone Co. was one of six Bell System Companies which participated in the Management Progress Study. After witnessing the assessment techniques used in the Management Progress Study, some executives at Michigan Bell recognized, the potential use of such procedures to assist in evaluating the managerial capabilities of craftsmen.

The article presents the paper, the first of a series of reporting a five to fifteen year follow-up study of children with infantile psychoses, which attempts to provide a fairly detailed description of the children and their disorders in England. The group consisted of the 69 children who were all those who attended the Maudsley Hosspital between 1950 and 1958. The group is compared with a group of non-psychotic children who attended the same hospital at the same time, and who were individually matched for age, sex and intelligence levels.

Fifteen years after 270 persons 60 years of age and over were first studied in a multidisciplinary longitudinal study of aging, 83 panelists were available for a sixth observation. In an investigation of the relationship between self and physicians' assessment of general health status the following was demonstrated: (1) There is a persistent, positive congruence of the two types of health ratings. (2) Whenever there is incongruity the tendency is for the individual to overestimate his health. (3) There is a substantial stability of both types of ratings through time. (4) The self health rating tends to be a better predictor of future physicians' ratings than the reverse. (5) Self-ratings of health have utility as a measure of health in survey research when objective measures are not feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is an empirically based longitudinal study of performance in a manufacturing company using management by objectives. This study utilizes a multiple-time-series quasi-experimental research design. The performance of the subordinates of 181 MBO involved supervisors in production and marketing departments is analyzed. Time lag, reinforcement and sustaining improvements in performance are considered and analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive buyer behavior model is examined in the context of a test market study utilizing a specially designed panel. The analysis uses both full-model cross-sectional and longitudinal procedures. Improvements for the hypothesized model are suggested, as well as implications for buyer behavior theories in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationships among early job challenge, early performance, and later performance and success were studied in two companies of a large industrial organization. The careers of two groups of managers were studied during their first six and seven years with their companies. Theoretical material is presented which indicates that a person's first year in an organization could be a critical period for learning. It is hypothesized that first-year job challenge correlates strongly with later performance and success. The results provide strong support for the hypothesis, although in one company initial performance is a better predictor of later success and performance than is first year challenge. A model of organizational socialization is presented for future testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Membership in the small primary work group has been considered a major source of motivation for employees since the Hawthorne studies. Much of the early evidence from research in group dynamics and from T-group training supported this assumption. Disappointing results from long-term studies within organizations have, however, modified early enthusiasm. This has led to current concern with problems of power equalization and the role of the rank-and-file worker. Attention is drawn to recent work of the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations with autonomous work groups, which goes far towards solving the problems of worker motivation, participation, and power equalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an effort to better understand some of the basic dimensions underlying organizational process, a longitudinal study was undertaken in which a variety of operational variables derived from a firm's record system were subjected to factor analysis. When the factors which emerged from the analysis were described in terms of the operational variables associated with them and compared with theoretically derived dimensions, they provided hypotheses about some of the underlying variations In the firm's performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An abstract of the article "Longitudinal Studies of Diurnal Variations in Depression: A Sample of 643 Patient Days," by F. Stallone, G. J. Huba, W. G. Lawlor and R. R. Fieve is presented. The paper studies the diurnal patterns of depressive symptoms in 10 depressed patients in hospital for a total of 643 days. It is shown that diurnal fluctuations are not stable but change from day to day.

Longitudinal study of patterns of gross motor development in a group of 10 infants, blind from birth and otherwise intact, showed: (1) neuro- muscular maturation and postural achievements appeared within the Bayley age ranges for sighted infants; (2) self-initiated mobility and locomotion were delayed. From our related prehension studies we understood this delay to be associated with the normally late adaptive substitution of sound for sight as incentive for mobility. An intervention program that focused on human relationships, adaptive hand behavior, and coordination of tactile and auditory schemas resulted in advances in mobility for this group in comparison with another similar blind group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2 experiments examined infant preferences for novel and familiar visual stimuli. In both, infants were repeatedly shown 1 pattern with novel patterns interspersed at 3 intervals in the familiarization series. In Experiment I infants 6-12 weeks of age were examined both longitudinally and cross-sectionally. Experiment II was a partial replication of Experiment I with 6-8-week-olds. Habituation to the familiar pattern occurred at 10-12 weeks but not at 6-8 weeks. Older Ss also preferred novel patterns, while younger Ss preferred familiar ones. Results from the cross-sectional design were clearer than from the longitudinal design. The findings support Hunt's (1963) 2-stage model of infant preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A prospective epidemiological study of the Neonatal Hepatitis Syndrome in S.E. England showed Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency (Pi ZZ) to be present in seven out of fifty-two patients. Data are considered from these seven patients, and from a further six cases from outside this area. The nature of acute illness, pathological changes on early liver biopsy, and short-term prognosis show considerable variability, but in general the hepatitis is more severe in patients with Alpha-1-A.T. deficiency than in those in whom no aetiological factor was found. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This prospective study reports the results of stereotactic limbic leucotomy at a mean of 17 months following surgery. Clinical improvement had occurred in twenty-four (80%) of the patients, fifteen (50%) of them being symptom free or much improved. Fourteen of sixteen patients suffering from obsessional neurosis were improved, as were five of seven with chronic anxiety and the degree of improvement at 17 months was superior to that at 6 weeks. Psychometric scores of anxiety, obsessions and neuroticism were all significantly reduced at 17 months. The mean depression scores were also significantly reduced and this result was superior to that reported in a previous study of ‘free-hand’ operations. Adverse effects were not a problem following limbic leucotomy. Emotional blunting, disinhibition, post-operative epilepsy and excessive weight gain were not encountered, and intelligence was unaffected by the operation. Limbic leucotomy is a much more limited and precise procedure than older ‘free-hand’ operations which we have studied, but its therapeutic effects are comparable and in obsessional neurosis, superior. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

, , 359-365. In a series of 15 patients with ischaemic heart disease, systolic time intervals (STI) were measured before, and at one week, three months, and six months following coronary vein-graft surgery. Preoperatively, the left ventricular ejection time (LVET) was abnormally short in seven patients, while the pre-ejection period was abnormally long in seven patients, suggesting impaired left ventricular function. At one week after surgery LVET and total electromechanical systole (QA2) were significantly abbreviated. This may be explained by the transient fall in cardiac output or postoperative neurohumoral changes. For the group as a whole, no significant changes were found at three or six months, suggesting that cardiac function was generally preserved rather than improved. However, in individual patients changes in STI correlated with the clinical and angiographic estimate of success of the operative treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

, , 343-348. Abnormally prolonged peripheral vasoconstriction has been detected prospectively by means of a toe temperature nomogram in 15 (11·5%) out of 131 patients following cardiopulmonary bypass. This state has been associated with a 53% incidence of hospital death, a detectable pathological cause in all cases, and in seven of the 15 cases it was the first or only evidence of a circulatory disorder. It is apparent that toe temperature monitoring after open-heart surgery gives early warning of a wide variety of potentially serious pathological processes, permitting effective treatment of the underlying cause before irreversible changes occur. It has become an indispensable part of routine postoperative care in our unit and is regarded as the simplest and most effective method of monitoring the circulation currently available. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

, , 667-679. Anatomic mobilization of the trachea permits resection of one-half or more with primary anastomosis. An anterior approach by a cervical or cervicomediastinal route utilizes cervical flexion to devolve the larynx and tracheal mobilization with preservation of the lateral blood supply. The transthoracic route is employed for lower tracheal lesions. Over 100 tracheal resections have been done using these methods of direct reconstruction. Eighty-four patients suffered from benign strictures, 79 resulting from intubation injuries. Eleven primary tracheal tumours and five secondary tumours are included. The majority of lesions following intubation occurred at the level of the cuff. It was possible to repair 78 of the 84 stenotic lesions through a cervical or cervicomediastinal approach. Seventy-three of the 84 patients with inflammatory lesions obtained an excellent or good functional and anatomic result. Nine of 11 patients with primary neoplasms who underwent reconstruction are alive and without known disease. There were five early postoperative deaths in these 100 consecutive patients who underwent tracheal reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents a five-year longitudinal study on cognitive style and inquiry strategy. The purpose of the study was to determine the longitudinal effects of the inquiry strategy method on the pupil's styles of categorization. The subjects were administered with the Sigel Cognitive Style Test (SCST). The longitudinal groups of experimentals and comparisons had the SCST in 1966. The results have shown through Chi-square that both inquiry groups were significantly more analytical in styles of categorization than were the comparison groups. Implications for analytical style were discussed.

The arguments of Richard Centers and Philip Converse about the relationship of subjective class consciousness to political attitudes are reanalyzed with the use of longitudinal survey data from 1956 to 1968. Respondents may he split into four groups based on identification with the working class versus the middle class and on admitting awareness of social class membership as opposed to unawareness. Consistent with previous research, working-class identification is associated with collectivist views on the role of government and voting for the Democratic party. Awareness, however, contrary to previous research, increases the collectivist tendencies of both the working and middle classes. Furthermore, the effects of class identification and awareness on political attitudes show little change over time, although they do seem to have different effects on presidential voting in a Democratic as opposed to Republican victory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A standardized radiographic method has been presented for evaluating longitudinal changes in periodontal defects. The technique employs metallic endosseous implants, radiopaque pocket probes and marking on the tooth to provide constant points of reference from which accurate interpretation of diagnostic radiographs may be made. The data suggest that inherent in this method is a very small degree of variability, and that it may be a more useful technique to incorporate in future clinical investigations than conventional use of the pet periodontal probe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to authors, the aim of their work was not to construct a theoretical explanation for the differentiation of urban sub-areas. Duncan herself has indicated that such an explanation would require a longitudinal analysis of areal change. Their research compared a series of empirical regularities that were observed in U.S. cities in 1940 and 1950. In their 1958 report, the bulk of their analysis was concerned with seven generalizations, all of which still stand after researcher Beverly Duncan's comments. Their 1958 report indicated that the generalizations showed less consistency between cities in 1950 than in 1940. While Duncan has implied by her quotations of their 1958 report that these generalizations were a basis for speculation, an explanation of the remainder of the quoted paragraph indicates that the comments were in the form of guidelines for further research, rather than hypotheses or assumptions. Duncan implies that they have confused individual and areal data. A re-reading of both the 1950 and 1958 articles clearly shows that the concern of their research was with population aggregates rather than with individuals.

The article focuses on changes in readiness for vocational planning. The making of educational and vocational decisions is of lifetime importance. Seemingly, it would be significant and helpful to know when such decisions should be made. Concerning the timing of choice, there is the familiar demand of vocational psychologists for the delay of one or more years in forced curricular choice. This delay appears more and more difficult to achieve as colleges exert pressure on students to take sequences of courses, necessitating the choosing of some selective courses at an early date. This is the first in a series of reports of the data collected and analyzed in a longitudinal study of the career development of boys and girls from early adolescence to adulthood. The study sample comprises 111 subjects. This initial phase of the study is concerned with the ability of students to deal effectively with crucial educational and pre-vocational decisions they must make in the eighth and tenth grades. This ability will be referred to as readiness for vocational planning.