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The article discusses the highlights of the 37th Annual General Meeting of the British Ecological Society held in the University of Oxford in Oxford, England on January 5 to 7, 1956. A soirée was held at the university's Department of Botany at which exhibits illustrating the ecological work in progress at Oxford were shown. A series of coloured slides of New Zealand vegetation were shown by professor Gordon of New Zealand. Some of the topics of the papers read at the meeting, include field populations of Calliphorine flies.

The article presents a response by the author to a article by Jane M, Soons, criticizing author's article "Raised Submarine Canyons: An Explanatory Hypothesis," published in the 1966 issue of the journal "Annals." According to the author, Soons has criticized the canyon paper on two different counts. In all but one case the charge of error turns out conclusively to be her error, compounded by the gratuitous contribution of several new errors. The second charge concerns the interpretation of ideas presented on the nature and origin of fiords. Her treatment of what was said on the origin of fiords is misleading both in what was included and, especially, in what was omitted.

This paper presents an empirical analysis of individuals in policy formulating and policy implementing roles. Data for the comparison are from interviews with a random sample of 119 New Zealand middle-level public administrators from 27 government departments. The individuals in the policy formulating roles were slightly younger; however, those in the formulating and implementing roles varied little from each other in terms of social background, educational attainment and career patterns. Few differences were evident in regard to job satisfaction, decisional authority, and hierarchical relations. Significant differences between policy formulators and policy implementors were discovered in terms of work load, career aspirations, and awareness of political influences in governmental policymaking. From the evidence of this study, the New Zealand administrative system does not allocate policy formulating roles to individuals different from those who implement policies. Differences between formulators and implementors in the New Zealand system appear to stem from the nature of the work of the two policy roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Annual variations are often more brutal for nuptiality than they are for other demographic phenomena. Short-term economic movements, in particular, seem to have a more direct impact. In the long run, however, nuptiality is generally considered as a much more stable factor than, say, fertility which has undergone profound changes in all industrialized countries over the past hundred years. In this article the social scientists will attempt to study these recent trends in the light of longer-term ones, by comparing nuptiality movements in four countries: Canada, the United States, Australia and New Zealand. In this paper, they study the nuptiality of birth cohorts by calculating the proportion ever-married at age 50, and mean age at first marriage. Data are not always strictly comparable between one census and another, especially in Canada and the United States where geographical coverage has varied through time. However, the numbers involved were small. Moreover, the definition of marital status has not been changed, at least not the basic distinction between single and ever-married. Through a study of nuptiality trends for the single for about a hundred different birth cohorts, they will attempt to determine whether attitudes towards marriage have changed. But first, they must eliminate the structural effects which affect the phenomenon studied. For instance, marriage becomes more difficult for women and female nuptiality decreases when there is a scarcity of potential male partners.

This paper is concerned with the relationship between the exchange rate and the protective structure; the latter is used as a collective term for all subsidies, tariffs, quotas and other non-price barriers to the international movement of goods. The basic view underlying the study is that the exchange rate and the level of protection are substitutes in achieving the target of external balance. In fact, there are an infinite number of pairs of exchange rates and protective levels which, if simultaneously implemented, will achieve external balance. External balance can be achieved at any 'disequilibrium' exchange rate if a suitable level of protection accompanies this policy. While focused specifically on New Zealand, the model developed here is applicable to any country committed to the maintenance of a fixed price of foreign exchange for extended periods. Specifically, the study is addressed to the question: if the level of protection is lowered, by how much must the exchange rate be adjusted to maintain balance of payments equilibrium? In the first section we develop a comprehensive model of the current account that relates the change in the exchange rate needed to compensate for changes in the level of the protective structure. The welfare gain from reductions in protection is also derived, and we then present the results of the analysis. In an attempt to explain the continued presence of import controls, New Zealand's post-war inflation rate is compared with that of its major trading partners. We finally consider an application of the model to the question of the impact of British entry to the E.E.C. on New Zealand's foreign exchange market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents abstracts of several papers about economics published in the December 1964 issue of the journal Economic Record. In the article New Zealand Economic Survey, August 1964, W. Rosenberg attempted to illustrate by the example of New Zealand in 1964 the Prebisch thesis that there exists a permanent tendency in the post-war world for the terms of trade to move against primary exporters. In the article Import Substitution, B. D. Cameron examined methods of handling imports in input-output models.

Recent levels and trends of mortality and fertility of the minority Maori population of New Zealand are analysed. On this basis two projections for the year 1976 are presented, the first assuming a further rise in life expectation, which has already increased rapidly over the last two decades and the other that both mortality and the consistently high fertility levels will be reduced. Last century the decrease of the Maori population appeared to prove that culture contact led to the "racial suicide" of "inferior races." Their plight was widely recognized both in New Zealand and abroad, and gave rise to a series of speculative, even bizarre, essays dealing with the "Passing of the Maori." The sole concern of this paper is with the components of the rapid Maori growth rate-- mortality and fertility. Once these variables have been analysed it will be possible to speculate about future short-term trends of growth. At each census date some age group of males showed higher survival rates than did the same section of the female population. At the earlier period, survivorship levels were lower among females than among males over a wider span of ages, but mainly at childbearing and post-childbearing ages.

The article focuses on the implication of ecological studies in New Zealand on botanical taxonomic conceptions and procedure. Authors clarify that although this paper deals directly only with the country, they present it in full belief that it has a fundamental bearing on taxonomy in general. It is noted that data and conclusions presented are results of a continuous study of the country's vegetation and flora throughout the region. Expressions of opinion upon herbaria and its relation to other branches of botanical enquiry are examined. Classes and grades of polymorphy are also tackled including polymorphy in individual plant, polymorphy in groups of related individuals and artificial polymorphy of systematist.

The article presents a list of books related to economics published in New Zealand. Some of the books included in the list are "A Portrait of the New Zealand Share Investor," by A.J.L Catt, and "The Nature and Extent of the Farm Labour Shortage in Cheviot, Canterbury," by J.L. Morris and R.G. Cant.

This paper analyses two New Zealand surveys conducted by the author in 1968-70, the first on patterns of consumption and the second on methods of production, costs and the optimal size of plant in manufacturing industries.[1] The consumer survey covered 50 families; the rate of response was 92 per cent. Consumers were asked to provide information on their incomes, savings, assets and daily expenditures on different items for a period of one calendar month.[2] The production survey covered 85 industrial firms of varying size distributed throughout New Zealand; 25 industries were involved. Cost accountants and production managers were asked to complete a 23-page questionnaire on production techniques, costs and optimal size of plant;[3] sales managers were questioned about their market behaviour and market strategies. The response was 87 per cent.[4] Finally, market strategies of existing firms are considered and their effects on the entry of new firms evaluated. *I should like to than all those families and firms who made this study possible. 1 The two surveys were financed by the New Zealand Universities Research Grant Committee and sponsored by Waikato University and Victoria University of Wellington. 2 The interviewing was carried out by students of Waikato University. Each student was responsible for one family and visited that family at least four times during the month of September 1968. 3 The interviewing of firms was conducted by the author. Each interview lasted four hours and the interviews were spread over the year 1970. 4 Copies of each questionnaire are available on request. Thirteen per cent of the replies were excluded as unreliable. Comments on procedures of interviewing are also available on request. greater amounts of direct investment by government to promote manufacturing industry and enhance competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information related to several abstracts on economics published in the June 1962 issue of the journal 'The Economic Record.' Marginal labor and investment coefficients of Australian manufacturing industry; Economic analysis of investment in New Zealand manufacturing from 1957-58; Private savings banks in Australia from 1956-60; Soviet investment policy.

This article examines the main aspects of the backwash phenomenon on capital and skills in New Zealand. Many countries are faced with the economic dilemma whether to aim at joining a customs union or free-trade area or whether to opt for the indefinite maintenance of their tariff autonomy. The strongest argument in favour of joining is the fact that most modern manufacturing activities cannot be carried on economically unless the volume of sales reaches a certain minimum; and this can be achieved only through either a high degree of international competitiveness or through access to a sufficiently large protected market (or through some combination of the two). Since in the crucial early period after their establishment infant industries cannot hope to make much headway on the open world market, the attractions of constituting bigger protected markets are obvious. A technique has been described which would make it possible to eliminate the payment of duties on the bulk of the trade between two or more countries and yet to prevent backwash by keeping the composition of this trade under control. We have also sought to demonstrate that the proposed arrangements were theoretically sound, administratively practicable and consistent with the relevant international agreement. But the underlying concern of this paper is not with conformity to received doctrine, to administrative routine or to legal precedent: it is with growth.

The article deals with the recent widespread increase in marriage rates in the Western world. A convenient method of studying aspects of the recent history of marriage is provided by easily available data regarding the proportion of single persons at various dates. The article uses these data to disentangle two effects in the marriage boom: the extent to which the cohorts whose marriages have formed the main contribution to the marriage boom are marrying more, i.e. whether the proportion who will ultimately remain single is likely to be lower than in previous generations, the extent to which the mean age at marriage of these generations is likely to fall below that of their predecessors. The raw material for the computations to be presented consists of the proportions single at two recent dates for each of thirteen countries used in the study. The countries included in the study are Czechoslovakia, Denmark, England and Wales, France, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Australia, New Zealand, and the U.S. The study from the proportion single shows that both reduction in the age at marriage and an increase in the proportion marrying at least once in the course of their lives is occurring in several countries.

The article examines the condition of the vegetation of Arthur's Pass situated in New Zealand as of 1932, and compares the result from the vegetation's condition way back 34 years ago. L. Cockayne had successfully retained the image of the vegetation during the latter part of the 19th century. He was able to take pictures that show the progression of events involving the vegetation. He also provided the fact that the previous vegetation can be divided into three: herb field proper, shrub herb field, and tall tussock herb field. 34 years, however, have brought changes to the sceneries of the land. These changes include the disappearance of dominant Gleichenia alpina on Sphagnum bog, the persistence of Ranunculus Lyallii, and the existence of exotic plants in the new vegetation.

Provides empirical evidence on the determinants of interregional trade flows, highlighting the manufacturing industries in New Zealand. Level of money wage rates and labor productivity; Size of the firms; Geographical distance between trading areas; Level of preferential trade barriers; Relationship between aggregate income and consumption.

This paper is a study of retail trading in New Zealand and its object is to explain, and produce projections of, domestic consumption of certain commodity groups at the retail level, and also for all groups as a whole. The individual commodity groups, chosen on grounds of general interest, data availability and computational feasibility, are called (1) meat, (2) other food, (3) apparel, (4) household operation, and (5) miscellaneous. Point projections and tolerance limits in both `real' and current value terms are given for 1970 and 1975 for each individual group and for the aggregate of the groups. Some short-term forecasts are also given to show the possible usefulness of the projection method in this direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of this paper is to present a theory of supply which the writer believes is applicable to the situation faced by New Zealand sheep farmers. Basically, a sheep farm is supposed to produce outputs of lamb, mutton and wool (neglecting beef for the moment), with the production of these items being highly interdependent over time. A farmer's decisions in any one year will evidently affect his possible actions in succeeding years. For instance, he can run down his stock numbers to cash in on current meat prices but in doing so he curtails his ability to produce meat and wool in succeeding seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article comments on the paper "Prices, Wages and Industrial Productivity in Australia and New Zealand," by E. Lerdau and J. Rowe published in the February 1956 issue of "The Quarterly Journal of Economics." The paper discusses the association between productivity and size of establishment. The authors find a very close association, and in the case of a "test industry" a significant correlation. High output and high productivity are obviously positively associated. If one measures the size of a firm by the volume of its output, one will get a positive correlation between productivity and size of firm. When such spurious correlation is presented as significant, it may create the impression that high productivity is possible only in large firms. The article also makes use of several mathematical formulas to examine between productivity and size of establishment.

The article examines statistics on strikes in New Zealand during the 1950s and 1960s, and the relevance of the statistics to labor law and legislation. The article describes the history of government policy on industrial relations and conflict management in New Zealand. Characteristics of labor conflicts between 1952 and 1970 are detailed. Working conditions and wages are named as issues that lead to labor conflicts and strikes. The authors address the ability of law and legislation to resolve labor conflicts and prevent strikes.

The article focuses on a study that examined the vegetation of peat lands in New Zealand. The two classifications of flat fens are described. The first group are fens with a vegetation dominated by trees and shrubs like Podocarpus dacrydioides, Cordyline australis, Coprosma tenuifolia and Hebe salicifolia, while the second group are fens with a vegetation dominated by herbs, sedges, rushes, and grasses. In New Zealand, it has been observed that deciding whether a mire should be classified as a fen or as a bog is considered difficult.

The article provides an overview of the study "Versuch einer Uebersicht der siphonogamen Polsterpflanzen," by H. Hauri and C. Schröter published in the 1914 issue of "Engler's Botanische Jahrbuch." In this article, a list of the known phanerogamic cushion plants and their general characteristics are presented. An analysis of the plants' geographical distribution revealed that half of the species grow in South America and New Zealand. In Europe and Asia, these plants are confined to the mountains.

Focuses on the Compulsory Arbitration Act of 1894, implemented in New Zealand. Conditions under which the act was passed; Reasons behind passing of the act; Provisions of the act.

Focuses on the development of railways in New Zealand. Provision of funds for railroad construction; Cost associated with the construction and maintenance of roads; Details of the activity of the provincial governments in connection of the building of roads.

Presents several abstracts related to economics, published in the December 1962 issue of the journal 'The Economic Record.' Economy of New Zealand in 1962; Industrial courts and women's wages in Australia; Marriages of migrants in Australia.

The appearance of a new hypothesis offering an alternative to current explanations for a group of landforms is an event of some significance, and one that both demands and deserves careful appraisal. This is very much the case with the hypothesis presented in the article "Raised Submarine Canyons: An Explanatory Hypothesis," by J.H. Winslow in the 1966 issue of the journal "Annals," as the author himself recognizes. Winslow has presented a competent summary of the evidence for the existence and probable mode of formation of submarine canyons. The present writer is particularly concerned with the application of the hypothesis to the New Zealand area.

The historic trend of rural and urban fertility in the South Island of New Zealand conforms closely to the experience over time of other world areas of similar socio-economic evolution, in particular Australia, the United States, and Western Europe. In the period from 1881 to 1936 a widespread decline occurred in both rural and urban fertility. There was a subsequent resurgence lasting to 1951 but thereafter, especially in the 1960's, a new phase of decline emerged. Meanwhile, an appreciable narrowing of rural-urban, inter-rural, and inter-urban fertility differences has taken place. Within the larger metropolitan centers, however, pronounced suburban variations are evident, a major contrast existing between the downtown pattern of low fertility and the outlying residential districts of high fertility. Both long term and recent shifts have been causatively linked with changing cultural attitudes deriving from the emergence of an overwhelmingly urban-dwelling society in place of the rural agricultural, pioneer society still predominant in 1881. Fertility differences at the regional and local level are explained by reference to a wide range of cultural variables, chiefly socio-economie status, religion, marital status, and other sociological circumstances peculiar to urban as distinct from rural ways of living.

Assuming that a general process of daminance ranking has take place through the improvement of internal accessibility, a simple model depicting the evolution of the spatial patterns of New Zealand port locations is developed to provide a standard for gauging changes in the status of seaports. By applying the idealized-type sequence to the distribution of New Zealand ports at different times it is shown that Auckland, Wellington, Lyttelton, and Dunedin have grown faster than the other ports. The full realization of the process of dominance ranking with the concentration of activities on a single port, however, has been hindered by local vested interests, the perishable nature of some of the commodities handled, and the interference of the central government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Governmental influence is one of the cultural causal processes affecting the geography of agriculture. In New Zealand where agricultural socialism is well developed, there ate numerous examples of this influence in agriculture, such as the program designed to encourage wheat growing so as to lessen the dependence on overseas imports. A complex system of state control has developed which provides growers with attractive prices and yet, at the same time, protects consumers from inflated price for bread and flour, As a result of the comprehensive governmental control, wheat growing in New Zealand is frequently thought to be largely a response to state incentives. This hypothesis cannot be substantiated, Returns from competing systems of land utilization are influential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the low-value housing in New Zealand. Problems associated with maturity and old in the urban settlements; Transformation of pasture, orchard and market gardening land into districts of suburban housing; Youthfulness of European settlement relative to the growth of towns and cities.

New Zealand is young in length of European settlement. Although the sites of one or two towns are more than 100 years old, all urban development has taken place in less than a century. Because of the apparent uniformity among New Zealand towns an analysis of the functions which they perform becomes of particular importance as a means of differentiating dearly among them. As a result this aspect of urban geography probably takes on an even greater significance in New Zealand than in most other countries. It is therefore of interest to distinguish the kinds of New Zealand towns on the basis of their functions and to classify the urban areas of this small country.

Describes the climate of New Zealand. Contrasts in rainfall totals; Division of the climate; Climatic boundaries.

The article presents estimates of New Zealand Maori vital rates from the mid-nineteenth century to World War I. Recently, some South Pacific populations appear to have undergone rapid declines in mortality after decades of very high death rates. The available evidence suggests that mortality levels increased after contact with Europeans reaching peaks in the nineteenth century, particularly during epidemics, then declined gradually until the period of accelerated decrease after World War II. Probably the birth rate was, under normal circumstances, reasonably high. To obtain estimated vital rates for the population as a whole one must use enumeration data as a base. There are many methods available to carry out such an analysis, but the minimum requirement is the availability of at least one and preferably two censuses with a published breakdown by quinquennial age groups. Moreover, the populations under analysis should, in principle, be closed and stable. For a "closed" population it is not necessary to assume that the structure is quasi-stable if one uses for estimates the survivorship of cohorts between censuses as a basis. However, there is the problem of intercensal differences in the quality of enumeration for the same cohort.

This article presents a fertility analysis of New Zealand marriage cohorts. Of the two possible lines of investigation that the vital statistics offer for a cohort analysis, namely, birth cohorts and marriage cohorts, the present study is concerned with marriage cohorts. Some results will be summarized in Section III under three heads, one, fertility rates specific for marriage duration and for birth order; second, parity progression ratios for cohorts of virtually completed fertility; and third, "timing" of births of order 1 to 4. The limitations of the present report which is part of a wider project should be stated at once: One, until an analysis of the same material in terms of birth cohorts has been made, the relative merits of studying the experience of either marriage cohorts or birth cohorts cannot be fully assessed. Second, the question of spacing has been neglected for the present. The published material alone throws no light on the question of significant differentials in spacing of births of consecutive order between families of different size. third, the present analysis essentially disregards nuptiality, although, as will appear later, some results lend point to the contention that it is only a combination of fertility and nuptiality experience that will lead to an adequate evaluation of observed variations.

The article provides information on Epilobium nerterioides. It refers to a small creeping tufted perennial forming spreading matted patches. Its stems are slender and elongated with roots at the nodes and branches frequently ascending to their tips. Epilobium nerterioides is a naturalized alien, native of New Zealand and introduced into Great Britain as a rock garden plant. Epilobium nerterioides is commonly found in open habitats in regions of high precipitation and where cloud and mist are prevalent.

The article describes the effects of rabbit grazing on the grasslands of Macquarie Island, located mid-way between New Zealand and Antarctica. The two widespread dominant species in the grasslands are the Poa foliosa and Stilbocarpa polaris, while the Polystichum vestitum and Poa hamiltoni are the co-dominants that are not widely developed. The article states that the effects of rabbits are due to the selective grazing of only the most number of species. In addition, remote plant communities consisting of few species are likely to be susceptible to rabbit invasion.

The article reports on the ecology of the halophytic vegetation in Lake Ellesmere, New Zealand. In perspective of the great significance of the duration and frequency of flooding in controlling the zonation of halophytic vegetation, the altering conditions of inundation must have had a marked effect on the vegetation. Moreover, with the periodic growth in lake level due to the inflowing of fresh water from the Selwyn and other rivers, the salinity of the lake waters changes substantially. It was discovered to be from one-half to one-sixth as saline as sea water although mostly nearer the lower value.

The article focuses on the observations made during the study of alpine vegetation of screes in Canterbury, New Zealand. It states that the scree which was studied is located near the Canterbury University College Mountain Biological Station at Cass, New Zealand and forms the northern slope of Mount Bailey, the northernmost peak of the Craigieburn Range. It mentions that the regional vegetation is made up of a tussock grassland association which has been modified in local areas by fluctuating conditions. It informs that eight species of succulent herbs have been found on the screes of the Cass district, seven of which are strictly confined to the scree habitat.

The article presents a discussion on the vegetation of grass verges and explores the grass habitats which are regarded as excessively trodden places. It is implied that a considerable degree of similarity exist between the vegetation of the trampled grass verge found on highways and that of the grassy footpath or the sheep track situated whether on lowlands or at high elevation. The article is supplemented with details regarding the botanical composition of the plant communities, ecological distribution, climatic and edaphic backgrounds, and observations drawn from investigating samples coming from Great Britain, Australia, and New Zealand.

The article accounts the topography, climate and vegetation of New Zealand. The country's climate is composed of several distinct facies revealed by the vegetative cover, but not so clearly by the spectra. Study shows that the spectra for the western and the eastern portions of South Island are similar, but dissimilar in their climates and vegetative covers. It gives the spectra of different association groups. It concludes that the spectra of major taxonomic groups do not always agree with those of the normal spectrum. This suggests that biological spectra do not give a more accurate picture of plant climates than would careful summaries of major formations.

The article offers information on the epiphytes found in the forests of New Zealand. It describes the habitats of epiphytes, epiphytic successions as well as the ecological distribution of epiphytes. It states that the place of epiphytes in the forest formations depends on the arborescent habit of the dominant plants. It mentions that the ecological distribution of the species is related to climate, while the distribution within the forest is related to wind, light and bark characters, which determine the holding surface. It offers information on various species of epiphytes which are classified as typical epiphytes, which are habitually epiphytic, occasional epiphytes, hemi-epiphytes and ephemeral epiphytes. It also offers information on the origin of epiphytes in New Zealand.

The article examines various epharmonic response in plant species found in New Zealand. This response refers to all changes in the form of an organism traceable to varying conditions of the environment. Plants observed in the study include Ranunculus Monroi, Plagianthus ribifolius, Olearia capillari and Olearia virgata. The leaves of Ranunculus Monroi are rounded reninform or nearly orbicular or ovate. It was seen growing on Mount Peel in Canterbury. The most striking aspect observed is the changes in size and the degree of tomentum. Plagianthus ribifolius are usually acute and the stellate pubescence is not confined to the veins, the under-surface of which are covered with a mat of stellate hairs. It is seen in the eastern mountain region.

Discusses the enslavement of Maori war prisoners in the 19th century. Traditional setting of Maori slavery; Means of capturing prisoners; Purpose of women's enslavement.

New Zealand churches are surrounded in an integrationist-segregationist controversy, as of June 1, 1965. The central issue of the debate revolves around the question as to whether ecclesiastical policies should aim at separate Maori or integrated Pakeha and Maori organizations and services. An unusual feature of the controversy is that all parties are aligned in the reverse order as compared with South Africa or the U.S. Maori religious workers generally favor segregation, those who favor integration are nearly all Pakehas, usually somewhat removed from the scene of racial interaction. One can detect the controversy in nearly all the major denominations, more so in the Protestant churches, less so in Catholicism. The only major denominations where the controversy is absent are the Church of the Latter-Day Saints, which is entirely integrated with a predominant Maori membership, and the almost exclusively Maori sects, such as Ratana and Ringatu.

This article examines the attitudes of managers to different aspects of corporate life in New Zealand. During 1965, a survey was conducted among some companies in New Zealand in an attempt to ascertain whether the attitudes of their managers differed according to the size, industries and internal structure of each company. The survey was confined to variations in attitudes of managers to the following aspects of corporate life: a. The company's planning period b. The desired return on invested funds c. Risk-taking d. Importance of sales volume e. Importance of share of the market. Twenty companies throughout New Zealand co-operated in the survey. Personal interviews were given by one and in some cases two senior executives of each company. The executives were asked questions from a prepared list, and their answers form the basis of this report. As it is not a study 'in depth' nor an adequate random sample, some of the conclusions are only tentative. However, some striking differences in attitudes are evident among the managers.

IT WOULD SEEM then that the achievements of countries like Australia and New Zealand are worthy of emulation. Much constructive work, of course, is being done in the United States. For instance, the College of Agriculture at the University of Wyoming has succeeded in adding 3 pounds to the weight of the fleece during the past five to ten years by instructing Wyoming sheepmen how to breed large, sturdy sheep that bear low-shrinkage, high-quality wool. The government also is expanding its research in breeding and marketing practices; but unfortunately, the government seems to have the unhappy faculty of nullifying its constructive efforts by destructive activities. For example, long and short hedging in wool and wool top futures against price uncertainties is a legitimate instrument that wool growers, wool dealers and manufacturers can use to protect themselves from financial loss, but this was made more or less difficult in 1946 by the ceiling prices and the actions of the CCC. But if wool growing is to survive in this country, it must retain its traditional characteristic of freedom, for from the very beginning of time, the pastoral life has always been the freest element in any country's economy. Thus the sheep farmers must be taught to help themselves, as they must learn more about their business and give the market what it wants. But they cannot gain this knowledge by crouching behind trade barriers and leaning on subsidies, for in the last analysis, competition is the only real educator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study, where comparing the effects of neonatal thymectomy on New Zealand Black (NZB) mice, he possible role of thymus in autoimmune disease was discovered. The neonutally thymectomized NZB mice, in common with those of other strains, showed lethal wasting, a lymphocyte deficit in their lymphoid organs and blood, their packed cell volume was reduced and some had liver lesions associated with the hepatotrophic virus MHV-l. Although germinal centers develop and plasma cells occur in the lymphoid organs of most thymectomized mice, the striking feature of the NZB mice was the large number, size and activity of the germinal centers that persisted after thymectomy.

The articles reports that the schools of New Zealand were copied from their prototypes in Great Britain. Education standards were modeled on the revised Code for the elementary schools in Great Britain. The aim of the Minister of Education is to give the children of New Zealand quality training not inferior to that obtained in the primary schools of England and Scotland. The derived character is reinforced by the outflow of emigrants from the British Isles.

A strategy for studying social differentiation in ethnically diverse situations is outlined and applied to Maoris and non-Maoris in New Zealand. Four propositions are formulated on the relations between religious and occupational status differentiation, between status differentiation and spatial, fertility, and mortality differentiation, and between status differentiation and biological amalgamation. The propositions are restated and tested in the form of nine hypotheses on intercensal changes in New Zealand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study on several species of aquatic plants collected from Waikato River in New Zealand to determine whether the aquatic plants accumulate arsenic from waters enriched with the element. Determination of arsenic content in the plants through both the molybdenum blue and silver diethyldithiocarbamate procedures; Influences on the level of arsenic accumulated by the aquatic plants.

Examines radiological observations of plants of Lower Buller Gorge uraniferous area of New Zealand and their significance for biogeochemical prospecting. Ecology of the uraniferous area; Correlation coefficients for copper-uranium relationships in soils; Plant species that were examined for their usefulness in biogeochemical prospecting.

Peritoneal exudate cells from old NZB/Bl mice were found to be more active in taking up I125 labelled bovine serum albumin than similar cells from age matched BALB/c, C57B1 and CBA mice. The cells from both young and old NZB/Bl mice were markedly less able to degrade the ingested antigen than cells from the other strains. These observations are discussed in relation to the development of autoimmune phenomena in the NZB/Bl strain, [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on a study which assessed the annual aggregate import and export functions for New Zealand over the post-war period. Model used in estimating New Zealand's demand for imports; Estimation of the export function for New Zealand; Conclusion.

Focuses on a study which examined the influences of acculturative stress on Maori adolescents. Background to the study; Research design; Factors affecting vocational and educational achievements; Transmission of Maori aspirational and motivational traits.

The article discusses the studies conducted on the mechanisms governing the sex ratio in Rumex acetosa and Rumex Acetosella. It states that there is a prominent contrast between the sex ratios of natural populations of R. acetosa and R. acetosella. According to A. Löve, natural populations of R. acetosela in North Wales and Scandinavia, have a sex ratio of 1 male: 1 female, although W. Harris has found few populations in New Zealand that depart significantly from a 1:1 sex ratio. In 1961, F. S. Anderson studied the results of a large number of experiments with species and discovered that in some species, the proportion of females decreases with increasing density.

The article examines the presence of calcium, magnesium and trace elements in six plant species that grow on the serpentine soil on Dun Mountain, South Island, New Zealand. The plant species considered include Myositis monroi , Notothlaspi australe, and Pimelea suteri. Noted in the article is the difference in the ability of the species to accumulate or exclude the various elements. It is said that Pimelea contains the highest chromium, while Myosotis does not contain magnesium. One of the differences observed within the serpentine ecotypes is the exclusion of chromium on Hebe odora.

The article focuses on the study conducted regarding the floristic relations between New Zealand and it neighbouring islands. A simple biographic model have been developed to help determine the geobotanical distance of both areas. Although the biographic model takes a little account on the dynamics of the plant population, it still indicates that the floristic variations are due to the relative positions and sizes of the islands. This study has been conducted to trace the development of the vegetation.

The article discusses a dissertation that examines the non-fiscal goals of the tax system in New Zealand. The author attempts to present how and to what extent these goals have been accomplished. He explains that the tariff was used to protect the domestic industry, with a special emphasis on manufacturing. The article also discusses the relationship between import prices and the value of imports which indicate that the tariff did not do much to decrease total import expenditures. The author states that excises on beer, sugar, and tobacco were levied on commodities imported along with those that were produced domestically.

Presents news related to the labor sector compiled as of February 1967. Labor unrest in India; Awarding of an increase in the basic wages of wage and salary workers in New Zealand; Teachers' lockout in Sweden.