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The article discusses the papers of labour journalist Henry Boote which are held in the Australian National Library and the Mitchell Library of New South Wales. A selection of newspaper clippings, photographs, and letters are discussed. It notes that some of the letters touch on political issues including conscription as well as personal correspondence. Drafts of speeches on security, socialism, and war are also discussed. The article includes biographical information concerning Boote's career as a journalist.

The article presents the second part of an exploration into the legal history of the Australian colonies before 1900 regarding evidence of political interest in labor organization and legal protection. In this segment focus is given to the laws of New South Wales. Multiple lists of citations and primary sources are given, including immigration data, formal censuses from 1856 to 1894, and publications of annual statistics concerning railway, public services, and working class conditions. Additional surveys of specific legislative acts are also given.

Analyzes the overseas investment situation in Australian economy. Role of capital inflow in the economy; Relationship of capital inflow with the domestic monetary management; Correlation of capital inflow with the exchange rate.

Presents ways of improving the allocation of land between speculators and users in Australia. Influence of land speculation on the operation of the land market; Efficiency using land resources; Consideration of capital gains as taxable income.

The article presents news briefs concerning the Australian Society for the Study of Labour History. The report of the fourth general meeting of the society, a response by E. W. Peters, president of the Victorian Branch of the Australian Labour Party, to the article "Australian Labour and Foreign Policy," by E. Andrews in an issue of the journal "Labour History," and the preservation of the personal papers of Australian labour figure Doctor H. I. Jensen are discussed.

This paper estimates the incidence of total Australian taxation in 1966-67, the incidence of taxation at the Federal, State and local government levels and of some individual direct and indirect taxes. It constitutes the first of a series of studies concerned with the problems of estimating the incidence of taxes and of government expenditures. The aim of the present paper is to provide estimates of Australian tax incidence together with a brief discussion of the nature and reasonableness of the incidence assumptions necessarily adopted in a study of this nature. Consideration of the more fundamental theoretical incidence problems and the formulation of a tax model for tax incidence will be presented in a later paper. There are five sections. The first deals with the data sources and their limitations. The second outlines the methodology decisions made. This is followed by a discussion of the incidence assumptions adopted and a description of the techniques by which each type of tax was allocated to household income classes. In the fourth section the results are presented, and the final section consists of a brief discussion of some policy implications arising from the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents abstracts of articles on economics published in the January-March 1965 issue of The Indian Economic Journal. In the paper An Activity Analysis Approach to Measure Productive Efficiency in Agriculture: A Case Study of Ahmednagar and Nasik Districts, by K. R. Bharadwaj and R. Bharadwaj, the authors have made an attempt to employ the activity analysis technique to measure productive efficiency of agriculture in India. This technique enables the authors to handle more efficiently multiple inputs without varying the usual index number problems. The approach requires only the more general convexity condition on the production set and the non-positivity of the slope of the isoquant. In the first two sections the methodological issues and the empirical procedure have been discussed. In the final section the results of an empirical enquiry using the farm management data pertaining to the Ahmednagar and Nasik districts have been presented. Furthermore, the article Central Banking in Developing Countries: Some Lessons of Australian Experience, by H. W. Arndt considers each of the major central banking functions such as foreign exchange policy, control of money supply, selective control of credit and development of capital market in order to show how they have come to be exercised by Australia's Central Bank, what problems have arisen and what lessons the Australian experience may hold for central banking in the developing countries. Moreover, the purpose of the paper Production Function for Indian Steel Industry, by A. K. Sarkar is to study the functional relationship of output in the Indian steel industry with that of different inputs. The modified Cobb-Douglas type regression equation has been fitted to the time-series data by the method of least squares in the multiple regression equation with a linear relationship.

The balance of payments in an open economy plays an important role in determining changes in the stock of domestic money. International reserve inflows, for example, will increase the domestic stock of money if they are added directly to the money balances of residents, or if they are exchanged for domestic currency at the central bank. In Australia, reserve flows are an important factor, and occasionally a dominant one, in determining changes in the domestic stock of money. This observation raises the question, what are the major determinants of Australian reserve flows and what role, if any, do policy actions play in affecting reserve flows? In this paper the latter, and simpler, approach is taken. Reserve flows are related to factors determining growth in demand for money, and to policy and other domestically determined factors that contribute to growth in the stock of money. This money-market approach to the balance of payments is a slightly modified version of a model developed by H. G. Johnson (1972). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts of several research papers related to economic history and development and national economics. The first research paper "The Late Victorian Economy," by W. Ashworth, seeks fresh grounds of discussion on the basis of agreement about the contrast in growth rates between the mid-nineteenth, and early twentieth centuries in Great Britain. The second article "Australian Economic Developments," by H.P. Brown, states that final use of Australian economic resources has moved strongly towards fixed capital formation, defense and education in the four years from the top of the last boom to the present full capacity level. The third paper "Investment in the Public Sector of South Africa," by G.W.G. Browne, analyses investment in the public sector in relation to economic growth in South Africa. The fourth paper "Investment and the Balance of Payments of South Africa," by J.C. du Plessis, examines the limiting effects of the balance of payments on the cyclical expansion and economic growth of South Africa for the years 1956 to 1964, and analyses the import content of fixed investment over this period.

This article presents abstracts of several papers about economics published in the March 1965 issue of the journal Economic Record. In the article Synthetic Fibres and Australia's Economic Future, M. Polasek summarizes the main results of an extensive statistical inquiry into technological displacement of virgin wool by non-cellulosic man-man fibres during the last decade. While the objective of the paper Price Determination in Models of the Inflationary Process is to see which of the four views about the determination of commodity prices is the most appropriate for the Australian economy.

The simplest measure of the mortality experienced by children during the first year of life, for any one calendar year, is obtained by calculating the ratio of the number of infantile deaths in that calendar year to the number of births in the same calendar year. This ratio is called a crude death rate and is published annually for Australia by the Commonwealth Statistician index of infantile mortality. An alternative method for calculation of this index has been put forward by V. G. Valaoras in a paper in Population Studies, December 1950. Dr Valaoras properly points out that the simple method described above is defective, mainly because it fails to refer the infant deaths to the appropriate group of births from which the deaths arose. The first defect is not important when births are being maintained at a fairly constant level. It is, in such circumstances, not unreasonable to assume that births are evenly distributed throughout each calendar year. Recently, however, birth rates have been subject to severe variations and the distribution of births during each calendar year has been very uneven.

The article focuses on an ecological study regarding the coastal zonation of Southern Australian coasts in relation to a generalized scheme of classification put forward by ecologist T. A. Stephenson. It mentions that the generalized scheme is not satisfactorily applicable to Southern Australian coasts and a modified scheme is being proposed. It states that the new scheme is an integration of terms and zones which appear most applicable to Australian conditions. It informs that the general applicability of the new scheme of intertidal zonation to coasts other than Southern Australia must be critically examined on the basis of their topography and habitat conditions.

The article presents a discussion on immigration into Australia after the Second World War. Between 1947 and 1956, over one million immigrants arrived in Australia. This represents an average annual increase of about 1.1 per cent in the total population of the continent. With the exception of Israel, the rate at which these immigrants poured in was the highest of any country. Sustained immigration, plus the equally fast natural growth of about 1.3 per cent annually, should result in a total population of 10 million in about 1960. In 1946, similar to Great Britain's White Paper on full employment, the Commonwealth government of Australia issued its White Paper on Employment. This paper established high and stable employment as the principal objective of economic policy. The original immigration policy has hardly at all been considered in relation to the full employment goal of the Welfare State. In fact, economic motivation became prominent only after humanitarian and national defense reasons of the early post-war Operation Welcome more or less ran out.

The article focuses on the accounting education in Australia. Upto the year 1954, only the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, had a well established curriculum of accountancy. A full-time student normally takes four subjects a year. The honors course is a four-year one in which the compulsory subjects are covered in the first two years, after which the student enters the final division, comprising special honors lectures and seminars, with examination at the end of the fourth year of his studies. During this last year he is also required to submit a thesis on a subject within a specialized field of his own choice. The first of these courses is regarded as an introduction to accounting method, with students required to maintain a small set of double-entry records. It covers the theory of accounting and interpretation of transactions, ledger, journal and its subdivisions, trial balance, control accounts and subsidiary ledgers, preparation of reports, balance day adjustments, unsystematized records, non-trading enterprises, partnerships, joint stock companies, closing accounts of vendor, funds statement, departmental accounts, branch accounts, consignments, joint ventures, columnar accounting, analyzed journals and auditing.

A conference paper about the biological control of Chondrilla juncea is presented. It presents the results of the detailed ecological study being made on C. juncea and the organisms attacking it in Mediterranean Europe, as a prelude to biological control introductions into Australia. Using a line transect method at the dense Chondrilla sites between Barcelona, Spain and Nice, France, observations have shown that the plant populations decline to a greater or lesser extent according to conditions.

Annual variations are often more brutal for nuptiality than they are for other demographic phenomena. Short-term economic movements, in particular, seem to have a more direct impact. In the long run, however, nuptiality is generally considered as a much more stable factor than, say, fertility which has undergone profound changes in all industrialized countries over the past hundred years. In this article the social scientists will attempt to study these recent trends in the light of longer-term ones, by comparing nuptiality movements in four countries: Canada, the United States, Australia and New Zealand. In this paper, they study the nuptiality of birth cohorts by calculating the proportion ever-married at age 50, and mean age at first marriage. Data are not always strictly comparable between one census and another, especially in Canada and the United States where geographical coverage has varied through time. However, the numbers involved were small. Moreover, the definition of marital status has not been changed, at least not the basic distinction between single and ever-married. Through a study of nuptiality trends for the single for about a hundred different birth cohorts, they will attempt to determine whether attitudes towards marriage have changed. But first, they must eliminate the structural effects which affect the phenomenon studied. For instance, marriage becomes more difficult for women and female nuptiality decreases when there is a scarcity of potential male partners.

This paper tests for certain benefits of foreign direct investment in the manufacturing sectors of two leading host countries---Canada and Australia. A quest for evidence on the effects of the multinational corporation needs little defense at a time when host and source countries alike incline towards restricting its activities. Economic theory tells us that intramarginal[2] gains from foreign investment take diverse forms. An evident and tangible gain to the host government stems from the corporate income tax collected from subsidiaries (net of the incremental cost of public services supplied to them). Other benefits, conjectural and elusive but possibly large, lie in the effects of direct investment on the value productivity of resources owned by the host economy (Macdougall, 1960; Corden, 1967; Caves, 1971). The host nation's private sector does not benefit directly because the foreign subsidiary is efficient, or brings to its shores skilled entrepreneurship or productive knowledge. Rather its gains depend on spill-overs of productivity that occur when the multinational corporation cannot capture all quasi-rents due to its productive activities, or to the removal of distortions by the subsidiary's competitive pressure. These potential benefits can be divided into three classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the production functions for Australian manufacturing industries. The production function, being a technical relationship, might well be estimated in terms of technical rather than monetary measures of capital. This paper takes as its point of departure the Arrow, Chenery, Minhas, Solow (ACMS) time series estimation of the side relationship of the CES production function and proposes an energy measure of capital, namely, horsepower. Labour (L) should be a flow of labour services in constant efficiency units. The Secondary Industries Bulletin details number employed, including working proprietors. There are small problems concerning overtime, etc. which should be allowed for on a similar basis as the use of capital. If labour works at night, then so does capital. The series L in this paper is the number employed including working proprietors taken from the Secondary Industries Bulletin. Section II considers the data requirements and assumptions for the ACMS estimation and suggests that the original formulation of the relation may give biased estimates of the elasticity of substitution due to an autocorrelation problem arising from random errors of measurement in capital while section III considers a specification error analysis of a systematic misspecification of capital.

In Australia most manufacturing firms are force to make at least two kinds of location decisions, one involving the merits of the six capital cities, and the other based on variables operating inside the metropolitan areas. This paper is concerned with the behavior of the individual manufacturing firm when making the letter decision; empirical data have been obtained from three case study areas in Sydney. There is purposeful economic behavior by firms in locating, the most important influences being closeness to product market and the cost of land. The spatial effect is an arrangement of manufacturers strongly oriented to the CBD and to centrally located transport terminals. In a theoretical context, the neglect of rent considerations is a serious weakness in traditional manufacturing locating theory. The growing ability of firms to substitute among production factors also has important locational effects.

Over wide areas of the earth the railroad has been a decisive instrument in the creation of many of the most important patterns of human geography. Railroads are clearly phenomena of prime geographical interest, yet if it is true that "each means of transport has its own technological characteristics and its spatial layout, or network," it is equally true that their understanding of the inherent geographical implications of these characteristics and networks is far from satisfactory. The following paper attempts to add a further dimension to this common quest by focusing upon the comparative genetic character of two railroad networks.

This article describes the contraceptive usage of the wives of Melbourne; a portrait of birth control in Sydney would undoubtedly be very similar and indeed the picture is probably a faithful representation of the situation throughout the greater part of Australia. Apart from the evidence it presents on Melbourne, the chief contribution of this paper lies in two methodological innovations. The first is the use of "main" method of family planning for specified time periods; the "main" method being defined as the method used for the greatest proportion of time during the period. The second innovation is the analysis of the contraceptive practice of those women who were not knowingly infecund at the time. By coding separately those women who were not practising birth control but believed themselves to be fecund and those who were using nothing but believed themselves to be infecund, researchers have a reasonable base from which to calculate those at risk of practising contraception. A analysis shows that levels of family planning practice have been largely a function of the period and the technology, and, with the exception of the very young still without children or pregnant at marriage and the older women with increasingly impaired fecundity, the levels of practice have varied little with age. Total practice has increased steadily so that the proportion of fecund women employing some family planning method rose from about two-thirds at the end of the 1940's, to almost three-quarters at the end of the 1950's to nine-tenths in the early 1970's.

This paper focuses on a managerial accounting system for agriculture in Australia. This is the system operated by the Farm Management Service Laboratory at the University of Western Australia as part of its managerial information service. It has been designed specifically to generate managerial information from within the farm-firm for farmers in Australia. The system reflects the distinguishing features of agriculture and aims to be economic, timely, accurate and relevant. The distinguishing features of Australian agriculture are: interdependence of home and business; unity of ownership and management; unspecialized management; numerous independent firms; saleability of assets; joint products and joint costs; production flexibility; and long duration of production processes. The managerial accounting system operated by the Fann Management Service Laboratory has been designed in accordance with the general requirements of economy, timeliness, accuracy and relevance. Several features of the system contribute to low cost. The farmer is encouraged to do his own recording, and instructed how to do it. This avoids the service costs of commercial recorders, and the costs of time and travel to and from the farm.

The main purpose of this paper is to examine the size distribution of income of Australian families and to evaluate the inequality measures of the distribution. In addition to the estimation of the degree of inequality from the full sample, the families are subdivided into homogeneous groups on the basis of certain socio-demographic characteristics and the distribution of income within each sub-group is examined. As income does not always represent the actual economic position of the family, it is sometimes replaced or supplemented by the total family expenditure. Again, as families differ in size and composition, inter-family comparison of income is difficult. In order to obtain an idea of the relative economic position of a family, the family income distribution is transformed by deflating the incomes for the differences of family composition, and the inequality measures are then computed. The scope and limitations of the study are discussed in the first section of the paper. Some of the shortcomings of the data are also discussed in the same section. In the second section different inequality measures arc examined for their comparative efficiency. The results are presented and considered in the third section. In the final section an international comparison of the inequality of income distribution is attempted and a few concluding remarks are then made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first purpose of the present paper is to examine empirically the importance of intra-industry trade under the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) used by the majority of countries today. In Part II, we examine first Australia's trade, analyzing the magnitude of intra-industry trade as a function of different levels of aggregation from 7-digit to 1-digit SITC classes, and consider whether intra-industry trade is a real phenomenon or an accident of statistical aggregation. Second, we measure the magnitude of intra-industry trade for the major industrial countries of the OECD at the most widely-used 3-digit level of aggregation. The second major objective of this paper is to present some evidence on the causes of the phenomenon of intra-industry trade. This evidence is useful for choosing the level of aggregation for empirical studies and for assessing the significance of intra-industry trade. The phenomenon of intra-industry trade calls for a re-examination of the traditional Heckscher-Ohlin models of international trade. In one way the phenomenon resembles the Leontief paradox, which gave new directions to empirical and theoretical work in international economics without, however, changing the validity of the basic principles of comparative advantage as derived in the Heckscher-Ohlin model. In other papers we have indicated how product differentiation by style, model, and quality can give rise to intra-industry trade [4], [5], [6], but unfortunately the series needed to test these hypotheses are not available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A perusal of the contents of this paper will undoubtedly show up the virtues and shortcomings of this approach. Those searching for ideas for particular reforms of particular taxes will be sorely disappointed. What this paper suggests is that a look across the whole board of taxation at all levels of government is required; that such a survey will disclose unnecessary taxes which have outlived their usefulness and which can therefore be scrapped; and that only in a general reorganization of the taxation structure can a real solution to the problem of financial independence for the various levels of government be found. This generality of the paper precludes a great deal of immediate practical use, but it is hoped that by concentrating on principles some worthwhile purpose may be served. The Australian tax structure can be discussed in various ways. It can be looked at from the point of view of the taxing body and the level of government with which it is associated--that is, Federal, State and local government taxation--or it can be looked at and classified according to the tax base on which it is levied, that is, whether it is tax on income, a tax on property, or a tax on the outlays of individuals or enterprises. Both approaches are useful, highlighting as they do different features of the taxation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper Australian data are used to test the hypothesis that status inconsistency is linked with political liberalism. Status inconsistency is here defined operationally in two different ways: (1) as a score following Lenski's original procedure and (2) as specified combinations of status categories. Since for behavioral studies status inconsistency is better conceived in terms of interaction between specific status categories rather than as a generalized score, the method of regression analysis with dummy variables is used to assess the explanatory power of alternative statistical models. Although status inconsistency in general has no clear effect on voting behavior, specific types of inconsistency do. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the economic effects of the gold discoveries upon South Africa from 1886-1910. South Africa's gold discoveries present a peculiarly happy situation for a study of the changes accompanying these new conditions. Into this simple economy there suddenly burst a vast predominant force, creating a new industry overnight whose product, gold, should exercise its powerful effects upon the whole world. At first glance, it might be supposed that South Africa merely offers on a somewhat larger scale the conditions so ably discussed by a leading economist in his papers concerning the Australian discoveries. Unlike Australia which was soon provided with a domestic refinery and mint, the product of the South African mines, raw bullion, went out of the country in the same manner as any other merchandise export, without reference to exchange rates or specie points. It is, thus, the movement of coined gold and refined gold bars, not crude gold bullion, which must be watched as indicating shifts in South Africa's international trade position.

News briefs related to the Australian Society for the Study of Labour History are presented. The Sydney (New South Wales) branch met in March 1966, heard a paper by Edgar Waters, and held elections. The Melbourne (Victoria) branch met in February and heard a paper by Harry Pearce. The Australian Miners' Federation observed its 50th anniversary in July.

Comments on the rate of technological changes in Victorian agriculture for the period of 1870-1910 in Australia. Scrutiny on the major investment plants in the country; Implications of the advancements with the productivity of the rural sector; Consequences of the technological change on the input and output in the country.

Recent and forthcoming studies of the relationship between output and employment have used a demand-determined model in which desired employment is a function of output and with actual employment determined by linking such a relationship with a dynamic adjustment mechanism. The present article is a further study of such a model but is oriented to a country of fast industrial and population growth, Australia. The results obtained are interpreted in the light of the new specification of the relationship advanced by economists N.J. Ireland and D.J. Smyth. The employment functions that authors have fitted to Australian manufacturing appear to produce reasonably sensible results and some interesting comparisons with previous studies. But authors must stress the difficulties and limitations of this form of analysis. First, there is the problem of identifying a demand relationship and in this study there is no way of ascertaining if authors achieved this. Secondly, there are statistical problems, arising principally through multicollinearity and the use of a distributed lag model. Finally, there are problems of interpretation, for instance, the distinction between returns to scale and returns to labor and between shifts in capital and shifts in technology.

This section presents abstracts of articles on economics published in the June 1965 issue of the journal The Economic Record. The article Measuring Australian Economic Growth, 1861 to 1938-39, by E. A. Boehm provides a detailed review of the book Australian Domestic Product, Investment and Foreign Borrowing 1861-1938/39, by N. G. Butlin. An appendix to the article discusses the nature and size of the unrecorded transhipments in Australia's trade of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Meanwhile, the paper titled The Development of Trade and Specialization in a Primitive Economy, by R. T. Shand considers the problems of how to expand production and income of economic units in the subsistence sector of a primitive economy such as Papua-New Guinea, once one or more of the factors of production initially available have become fully employed. Three ways of obtaining further growth are examined such as new techniques, greater specialization in resource use among units and additions to the resources of units. Moreover, the article Economic Change and Differentiation in New Britain, by Scarlett Epstein presents a research in one Tolai parish and collected a 100 per cent socio-economic census plus detailed economic statistics for a 15 per cent stratified random sample of all parish households. The data indicate that Tolai economic progress is basically due to European contact. Most Tolai ex-migrant labourers have tried to imitate European productive activities much more than they have attempted copying European consumption patterns. This new stress on entrepreneurship is in line with Tolai customary emphasis on enterprise and thriftiness in terms of shell money. The use of cash has not ruled out shell money accumulation, which continues side by side with capital and cash accumulation.

Presents a series of abstracts on various topics of economics published in the March 1964 issue of the periodical 'The Economic Record,' vol. 40. Survey of Australian economy; Overview of the economies of Oceanian region; Appraisal of surveys of business opinion in New Zealand; Introduction of dynamic process analysis in a model of trade cycle; Overview of the industrial scene in Australia.