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The article develops supply and demand functions for the commercial paper market. Between 1965 and 1968 the value of short-term debt issued by corporations more than tripled. The author estimates equations for supply and demand using quarterly data for the period 1954-1968. Results for several different industries are presented and discussed. Although the model worked will within the sample time frame, it performed less well for the two subsequent quarters, owing to structural changes in the market.

The article discusses methods of quality control in the operations of a fine paper mill. Quality control involves statistical models as well as the arrangement of operations, psychology of personnel and structure of the organization. The application of a new paper cutting machine after 1959 led to quality control problems in a Wolvercote paper plant. Changes in operations to increase the number of paper sorters, primarily women, are discussed. Women inspectors were trained to oversee the sorters.

The article presents information on the use of a type of matrix to analyze citations of scientific papers. Scientific papers have a series of citations belonging to the previous literature. It is possible to investigate the internal connections among papers in a group, whose papers are frequently cited by themselves, by examining their citations. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the measurements by which the internal connections of a group of scientific papers are measured. The techniques of using the type of matrix is further developed to carry out the analysis of a certain type of group of scientific papers.

Two steers excreting similar quantities of organic matter daily were grazed at pasture during the summer of 1961. The four experiments each involved a preliminary period of five days dosing with Cr2O3 to reach a fairly constant excretion. The steers received a daily dose of Cr2O3 either in oil suspension or in shredded paper. The carriers and steers were interchanged for each trial. For two of the trials each steer in turn was harnessed every other day and all its dung collected in a bag. Total faecal excretion of organic matter was measured from the bagged steer and estimated from the Cr2O3 concentration in a composite sample made up from all dung pats voided during the ten-day collection period. In the other two trials the steers were not harnessed and each dung pat was separately sampled and analysed for Cr2O3 in the organic matter. The average recovery of Cr2O3 in the first two trials was 99·1 (oil) or 94·4% (paper). Calculating the faecal organic matter excretion from the concentration of Cr2O3 in the faeces and the quantity given daily overestimated it by 3·5 to 8·0%. There was no significant difference between shredded paper and oil as carriers of Cr2O3 for estimating the quantity of organic matter excreted. There were 37% and 22% less variation between dung pats in Cr2O3 concentration when this was administered in shredded paper than when given in oil suspension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a report on the papers read at the 7th International Grassland Congress, which was held at Massey College, Palmerston North, New Zealand, during November 6-15, 1956. The Congress, attended by some 180 overseas delegates from 35 countries together with over a hundred delegates from New Zealand, was intended for the presentation of papers on recent developments in grassland thought. These were arranged in thirteen sessions, dealing with various aspects of grassland, at each of which four papers were read. Considerable attention was paid to the introduction and breeding of improved pasture species. Various aspects in the breeding of improved herbage varieties were presented in ten papers.

This article comments on the papers presented at the Sixth International Grassland Congress held in State College, Pennsylvania from August 17 to 23, 1952. A large proportion of the papers in the Genetics and Breeding Section were of the cytogenetics type in that they reported investigations of the breeding behavior of certain species and hybrids. The significance of this may be in the fact that methods based on selection within mixed population and subsequent strain building from basic plants, after tests of combining ability, have explored fairly thoroughly the available material within a few of the more common species.

A conference paper about corporate accounting is presented. It discusses the empirical research used in the research on accounting methods and their impact on financial accounting as an industry. It examines the statements and hypotheses generated by other research papers on corporate accounting including comments on the success of other papers and the future of research in the accounting field.

Different test solutions moved 2.5-2.9 times faster on Munktell's filter paper no. 3 than on Whatman filter paper no. 1. The paper quality may thus be an important factor when measuring gingival exudate by the filter paper method, and results obtained with different types of paper may not be comparable. Upon descending chromatography a 30-50 per cent increase was found in mobility as compared to ascending chromatography, indicating that gingival exudate measurements may be influenced by the flow direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A list of papers related to sociology that were submitted to the International Sociological Association is presented. They include "Recruitment of Higher Civil Servants in Britain," by Keith R. Kelsall, "Social Science Research and Intergroup Relations Agencies," by Willard Johnson and "A Community Survey of Darmstadt, Germany," by Nels Anderson.

The article presents summaries of research papers discussed at the Winter Meeting of the British Grassland Society held in London, England on December 11, 1970. Forage nutritive value may be considered a function of voluntary consumption, digestibility and the efficiency with which digested nutrients are utilized. Ensiling has little effect on digestibility or on the efficiency with which the energy in forage is utilized, but will generally result in a reduction in the efficiency of utilization of crude protein. High rates of production can be attained by animals fed entirely on conserved forages. Good silage depends upon high-quality crops, harvested at the right stage of growth and ensiled quickly. The choice of any storage system depends not only on its cost but also on the prevention of waste. The potential for loss must be balanced against the cost of the silo and of the machinery essential for its filling and unloading.

Presents a review of several papers on grassland management and animal production read at the 8th International Grassland Congress at Reading, England in July 1960. Basic factors which influence the efficiency of conversion of pasture to animal products; Grazing pressure and the measurement of pasture production.

A conference paper about auditing and accounting is presented. It discusses the definition of critical synthesis which is an antonym for analysis and how the author will analyze research done on auditing practices and accounting. It examines other papers concerning auditing procedures and accounting methods including the one by Neil Churchill.

Facets of human behavior deserve the serious consideration of man more than the re-evaluation of our moral codes and the development of a sound, functional, ethical orientation regarding sex. Because human beings have sex impulses, society has found it necessary to order and regulate sex activities and relations, and therefore every cultural group has established some set of rules and patterns to which its members were expected to conform. Some of the traditional attitudes and beliefs about sex have focused upon the negative view that sex was unclean--something to be denied and rejected. The church and state took upon themselves the responsibility of establishing regulations and attempted to enforce adherence to these regulations in order to preserve the values of the society or group. The double standard in premarital sexual intercourse has been increasingly questioned and criticized in modern United States. There are those who believe in and observe a single standard of chastity, and an apparently increasing number who are accepting premarital coitus for both male and female.

Presents a case-history describing primary psychotraumatic neuroses experienced by a teenage patient. Family background; Personality and characteristics of the patient; Information on the phobic anxiety and alternating amnesia suffered by the patient.

Presents a study which measures the effect of one's conscious attempt to influence scores on a questionnaire type of personality tests. Reason cited by critics for doubting the reliability of questionnaire type personality tests; Methods and materials utilized by the researchers for the study; Results of the experiment; Factor which caused the directional change in the scores of the subjects.

Discusses the development of cutis verticis gyrata in acromegalic patients. Features of acromegaly; Description of acromegalic patients; Nature of cutis verticis gyrata.

Presents a recap of the events that transpired during the summer meeting of the British Grassland Society, held at the Newscastle Upon Tyne, England. Attendees; Activities and programs; Details of the conference sessions.

The sharp seasonal difference in the price schedule for milk produced in this country has been a consequence of concentrating the industry on the supply of milk for the liquid market and the wide price-gap existing between milk for the liquid market and milk for manufacture, a result of the free import of dairy products. Seasonal pricing has thus been intimately related to the Government's general policy on the size of the milk industry, and on international trade. The policy framework will change when we enter the EEC. Then the gap between liquid and manufacturing prices will be smaller. The general level of producers' prices will be higher and deliberate policies of restriction on total milk output will have gone. On a reasonably conservative assessment of the likely liquid premium in the UK within the EEC framework, the Milk Marketing Board have concluded that it will be possible to maintain the present absolute level of seasonal price differentials. More doubt is attached to the possibility that there could be any increase in relative winter prices to cover the greater increases in cost that winter producers will suffer from rising prices for concentrates. Switching output from winter to summer raises the cost of manufacturing dairy products, and also increases transport costs. A modest estimate of these additional costs has been calculated to be of the order of £13 per cow if she is transferred from calving in the September- November period to the February-April period, or 1-5 pence per gal of milk transferred. On the farm side, having regard to the evidence of the Milk Costings scheme and other sources, there is some doubt as to whether spring calvers will produce milk sufficiently cheaply to justify the additional marketing cost. Having regard to all the doubts about costs and marketing, the Board have decided to leave the seasonal price schedule unchanged and to make no move in favour of summer production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A survey and assessment of labor union activities in the Canadian and U.S. paper industry since 1900. Concludes that the unions have succeeded in keeping abreast of the national average increase in wage rates, that fringe benefits have been above average, and that union leaders have cooperated intelligently with management.

Focuses on the rebellion against the pulp and paper industry union and the formation of the Association of Western Pulp and Paper Workers (AWPPW) in the United States. Background of the rebellion; Change in union acts; Causes of the rebellion; AWPPW struggle for survival after winning the representation election; First contract of the AWPPW; First constitutional convention.

The article discusses studies which investigated the transpiring power of plants as indicated by the method of standardized hygrometric paper. It explains the idea of a standard evaporating surface, the power of which to give off water to the hygrometric cobalt chloride paper was compared directly with the similar power possessed by the leaf surface in question. The use of saturated blotting paper as standard evaporating surface to avoid some of the difficulties arising from the use of the free water surface is also described.

The article presents summaries of research papers presented at a symposium of the British Grassland Society and the Fertilizer Society that was held in London, England on April 25, 1974. The quantity of nitrogen fertilizer necessary to obtain a given yield from grassland depends on the nitrogen contribution from non-fertilizer sources, that is, soil, legume and animal excreta. Although the use of nitrogen fertilizer on grassland has been recognized for a considerable time as an effective means of increasing the output of milk per unit area, relatively low levels are still used on a national basis. The response of grass to nitrogen fertilizer is variable in terms of the yield obtained for a given rate of nitrogen or the yield increment for each unit of nitrogen applied.

The article presents information on various papers discussed at the conference title "The Conference on Empirical Research in Accounting." The author states that scholar Carl Nelson made an attempt to link all research to empiricism and explains that all research had to have an empirical base. He says that Nelson found that the proper order is not that all research has to be empirical but rather that research has to be tested. The article states that it has become a well-known precept in science that one can not ever prove anything by observation.

Highlights a special meeting devoted to original papers and discussions on lichen planus which took place in Strasbourg, France on July 11, 1927. Issues related to the study of lichen planus that were discussed during the meeting; Discussions on the micropathology of lichen; Types of treatment for lichen planus.

Comments on papers about grassland management read at the 8th International Grassland Congress in July 1960. Role of herbage in maintaining the right soil condition for the right plants; Use of fire in the extensive management of grassland; Reason attempts to introduce better species into pasture by oversowing have rarely met with rapid success in Great Britain.

It was reported that the so-called salivary or pharyngeal gland of the marine snail Neptunea antiqua contains a toxic substance. Food poisoning is caused by the salivary gland of Neptunea arthritica. Extracts of the salivary gland of Neptunea antiqua produce acetylcholine-like effects on certain isolated organs. Extracts of the salivary glands of Neptunca antiqua contain a toxic substance. The results from paper chromatography and from studies of the biological effects of the extracts make it likely that the active substance is a quaternary ammonium base, possibly neurine or a compound related to neurine.

The article discusses a study which investigated the flora of paper-mill lime waste dumps near Glasgow, Scotland. The topography and description of the lime dumps on which the current work is being conducted is presented. The constituents of the lime dumps come from the accumulation of all the refuse from the paper mills for a period of 6 to 7 years and contains mud and a large variety of substances, such as old beltings and boots. A chart is presented which shows an analysis of the substances found in the area.

1. The chromatographic behavior of a large number of plant growth regulators and allied compounds has been studied with special reference to indole compounds. RF values of the compounds in a large number of solvents, their color reactions and ultraviolet fluorescence have been studied. 2. Isopropanol-ammonia-water and pure water have been recommended for use as developing solvents in one dimensional or two dimensional chromatography of indole compounds. With water results may be obtained in about two hours. For the aromatic acids also isopropanol-ammonia-water was found to be the best of the solvents tried. 3. The relationship between the structure of compounds and RF values has been discussed. The partition theory in relation to chromatographic separation of indole compounds on paper has been examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a discussion of Arthur I. Bloomfield's research paper on a survey of central banking in developing countries. The reviewer said that his research was lucid and comprehensive and the author is in general agreement with Bloomfield on the various issues he discusses. The author adds to Bloomfield's paper by describing the various steps taken by the monetary authorities in India in the late 1940s and throughout most of the 1950s. The steps were taken to strengthen the banking and credit system.

The article presents a reprint from "Safeguarding America Against Fire" which is related to the paper making industry. A piece of paper with specific signatures and printing may become financial protection against a future property loss. In the matter of Science and mechanical inventions and discoveries, in history China is recorded as far advanced from the rest of the world. In the year 105 A. D., the Emperor of China called upon to discover the manufacturing of a writing material. During research, it was found that by decreasing the inner bark of the mulberry tree to a pulp and treating the pulp by beating it and matting the resulting fibers in sheet form, a good material writing could be prepared, furthermore, it was found that rags were more suitable for paper manufacture in comparison to the inner bark of the mulberry tree. It has always been interesting to track down an industry to the earliest record of its existence. Paper making and insurance have been into existence for hundreds of years. The paper industry employs the product of insurance or financial protection and the insurance companies use stores of papers to keep complete annual records and files.

Punched paper tape readers, frequently used for machine control and computer input, are readily adaptable for the purposes of presenting extremely complex signal sequences such as those used in psychophysiology. A description of basic operating principles is given together with an explanation of the minor modifications necessary to adapt this instrument to signal control. Complete schematics are presented of an instrument with seven channel control capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report describes the results of automatic processing of a large number of scientific papers according to a rigorously defined criterion of coupling. The population of papers under study was ordered into groups that satisfy the stated criterion of interrelation. An examination of the papers that constitute the groups shows a high degree of logical correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a case study of the introduction of financial incentive schemes in a fine paper mill. The circumstances were difficult in several respects. First, a new machine had been installed which raised the mill's capacity sixfold, yet the industry suffered several severe recessions in the following years. Secondly, one of the biggest British firms of management consultants had been brought in, but the employees had formally refused to have anything to do with their proposals. Thirdly, it was necessary to make special provision to reward quality as well as quantity of output. In these conditions it is significant that the measures adopted were outstandingly successful, the mill's output rising to the new capacity with a total wage-bill which, after correcting for the effect of national awards, is virtually unchanged. There has been a papermill at Wolvercote, near Oxford, for three hundred years. For the last hundred years it has been owned by the Oxford University Press and it has supplied the Press with its various qualities of bible and book papers. For most of this time there was one small paper machine running slowly and producing very expensive paper. By 1949 it had become essential to reduce production costs, and a programme of modernization was started. The existing paper machine was first modified and speeded up; then in 1957 a new paper machine 130" wide, with a designed speed of 800 ft. per minute, was brought into operation. This meant increasing annual output from 3,000 tons to a possible 18,000 tons of which only 2,500 tons was to be taken by the parent organization. At the time when the plans for the new machine were being made, it appeared that there would be no difficulty in selling this difference of 15,500 tons to other customers. In the... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]