Search

This section presents commentaries on the articles The Decline and Fall of Social Class, by Robert A. Nisbet and Recovery of Class Theory, by Rudolf Heberle. According to Bernard Barber of Barnard College, the authors of both articles are agreed that social stratification theory is in need of improvement. He is of the same mind. He agrees strongly with many of their strictures on current theories of social stratification. But he cannot quite accept the solutions they offer for the difficulties. Nisbet seems to recommend the abandonment of the notion of social class for modern society in the U.S., that is what the title of his article suggests. Yet after an excellent critique of current stratification theories, Nisbet cannot go the whole way in abandoning what they are struggling to understand. However, Otis Dudley Duncan from the University of Chicago said that the two articles under discussion do their bit toward the removal of ethnocentric bias in the analysis of stratification, both are explicitly written in a comparative framework. However, one could wish that both authors had been a little more obsessed with method. He is convinced that the issue as between the two papers cannot be resolved on the conceptual level, but requires the explicit acceptance of a common set of methodological criteria for identifying classes and for establishing the determinants, concomitants and consequences of class stratification.

Throughout this paper a certain view of theology is assumed, and it seems desirable therefore to begin by an endeavor to state it clearly in a way, which it is hoped, will meet with very general agreement. It does not claim to be a complete view, but it endeavors to bring forward that aspect of theology, which makes a closer union between theologians and sociologists possible and indeed urgent. And in the first place it should be mentioned that by theology is meant Christian doctrine, any other religious philosophy being differently named. Theology, then, is taken to be! in the first place an interpretation of life by its highest and fullest perfection, unified as God. Theology postulates Christ as the perpetual image of God manifested in the world, but realized in fullness in "The Son of Man." In this way people have a working conception of the nature of God. This divine humanity summed up in Christ, is further exemplified by certain persons called the saints, more or less approximating to the ideal type. All Christians are "called to be saints."

The article discusses the historical differences which have characterized the pulp and paper industry and the stevedoring industry on the Pacific Coast from 1934 to 1948. The International Brotherhood of Pulp, Sulphite and Paper Mill Workers and the International Brotherhood of Paper Makers represented workers in the pulp and paper industry. The two unions negotiate jointly with the Pacific Coast Association of Pulp and Paper Manufacturers in a meeting which usually is held annually. The differences in the nature of the two industries and what they have contributed to the record of peace in the one instance and of conflict and warfare in the other are considered in the article.

The article presents a study which examined the use of paper partition chromatography to determine the free amino acid content of saliva. Amino acids proven to be present in saliva include cystine, leucine, proline, and histidine. Results indicate that thirteen free amino acids can be identified in saliva using paper partition chromatography.

The article comments on sociologist Jerome Rabow's article "Displacement of Goals in Applied Social Science." The "Woodlake" program to which professor Rabow refers is a pseudonym for a community program which, for the first three years of its existence, was run under my direction as the Silverlake Experiment. Professor Rabow's failure to mention both the research and publications that have been made on the Experiment may be due to his efforts to preserve the anonymity of the study and thus spare it any embarrassment. However, since the identity of programs tends to come out anyway, it may have been preferable to have dealt candidly with these matters. There are a number of substantive issues that merit consideration, the first of which was Professor Rabow's concern that Silverlake was an unfaithful replication of Provo. In noting this fact he was quite correct, but for far different reasons than he suggests.

The article focuses on irreducability of social change. The essence of the modern theory of biological evolution lies, as Stebbins J. Gould makes clear, not in vistas of stages, unilinear or multilinear, proceeding from primitive and simple to modem and complex types. The real essence of evolution lies in what the theory has to say about the mechanism of change: specifically, about the processes of genetic variation and natural selection. Common ignorance of the real nature of both processes on the part of social scientists is the basis of their frequent supposition that they are in fact dealing with "variations" and "selection" in their studies of kinship, class, tribe, or nation. modern icience But this is their business. The danger in any case does not come from the occasional Stebbins. There are three central ways in which the differences between biological evolutionary change and social change are manifest: the type of data the two disciplines work with; the altogether different role of time in each; and the relation between process and event.

The article describe the shop steward-training program of the International Brotherhood of Pulp, Sulphite and Paper Mill Workers which is operated jointly with the International Brotherhood of Paper Makers. Due to the emergence of trade unionism throughout the U.S. industry, new needs and new jobs were created for international unions. The objective of the training of union stewards in the pulp and paper industry is to stimulate activity among the men and women who represent the local union. The activity will depends upon the local union and the location of the community.

The authors' purpose for initiating an investigation of salivary electropherograms was to establish a routine procedure under standardized operational conditions. Patterns of parotid saliva from people under controlled stimulation may then be compared and evaluated. It is also the goal of this paper to standardize the operational factors of paper electrophoresis with a diagnostic laboratory instrument.

The article describes a technique for examining the components of parotid saliva with paper electrophoresis and assesses its effectiveness. The conclusion is that paper electrophoresis, which is used in serum analysis and can separate eleven components in parotid saliva, is not a satisfactory method for salivary analysis.

The article presents the author's views on the ideals of Eastern women. There are a considerable number of Western men in whom there is a survival of the Eastern view about women, although they take very good care not to carry the Oriental notion of impersonality and sacrifice into their conception of what is seemly in men. This ideal is not imposed upon women by men, but is the national and eternal ideal of both sexes, It is less obviously ridiculous for an Oriental to assert that women like seclusion, ignorance, and subjection, because when any living creature is accustomed from birth to certain conditions, that creature suffers when transplanted to other conditions. The author firmly believes that he has seen so many women gain joy and hope by the opening of doors: seen dull eyes brighten and sad lips smile to hear words spoken which at last express their inmost and hitherto unfriended thoughts and aspirations and sorrows, The depression of life and energy, of will and genius, that comes from slavery is spiritual murder, and the kind of slavery which is involved in the subjection of one sex to the other is the most penetrating conceivable; for it permeates flesh and spirit. It is life-long, it corrupts the ethical standard of both slave and slave-owner, so that no one yet knows what women can do nor to what heights men can rise.

The article discusses chemical studies related to periodontal disease. Protein putrefaction, associated with periodontal disease, involves amino acids which are researched through the use of paper chromatography. Saliva was collected from patients with periodontal disease and incubated. It was found that many common amino acids were present in all of the saliva but also an unknown that could be aminovaleric acid.

The article presents a study which examined the mechanism of pain found in the dentin and the role of odontoblasts in the pain response. Absorbent paper was applied to exposed dentin to prove that exposed outer apertures of dentinal tubules register pain when in contact with absorbent materials. The mechanical stimulation of pain fibers at the pulpo-dentinal border is discussed.

The article presents an account of the book "Diseases of Community and Their Treatment," vol. 1. The book is a collection of papers on research in the field of cure of community diseases. The papers suggest that in the search for a cure of community diseases, a notable shift of tendency may be discerned. It is turning away from separate modes of treatment for particular ills, and is a concentrating on the fostering of means towards life more abundant. The newer scientific treatment of evils as defects of life, thus reinforce the older claims of religion to transmute the defects into the qualities of life. So, it is the aim of civic sociology to seek out, gather together, and, as far as may be, harmonize, the resources of science and of religion available to these ends. Yet the merest beginnings have so far been made, either by civic sociology or other means, towards an authentic body of verified knowledge and tested practice bearing on social evils as science at its clearest sees them, and religion at its purest transmutes them.

This article present information regarding meetings and research papers received by the Sociological Society for 1910. During the year under report the full number of ordinary meetings for papers and discussions was held, and the migration of the Society for this purpose to the ample ball of the Royal Society of Arts noted in last year's report, has an appreciable effect upon the size of the audiences. It may be noted also that towards the end of the year, as the result of a vote taken among the members, the Council decided that about half the ordinary meetings should be held in the afternoons, with an opportunity for meeting at tea. There is reason to anticipate that the innovation will not only be generally appreciated, but will be especially welcome to a large section of the members who find evening lectures inconvenient, and, further, that it will be of material assistance in bringing together representative audiences. There is, more particularly among professional men and women and those engaged in the public service, a growing disinclination to attendance at after-dinner meetings.

The article discusses the conclusions drawn from various electrophoretic studies of saliva. Moving-boundary, or free electrophoresis sometimes yields boundary anomalies, and is not used frequently. Paper electrophoresis of saliva can be used to detect levels of salivary proteins. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis can be used with parotid and submaxillary saliva to separate anionic components.

The article focuses on paper of Stebbins J. Gould on evolution theory. It does not offer to on to order existent species into a single sequence of stages, say from simple to complex. It has other, and better, explanations for cross-sectional diversity-diversity that was always embarrassing to cultural evolutionists who sought to fit lateral differentiation into a scheme of sequences. Second, evolutionary theory is not concerned with structural differences among individuals, save as these are of demonstrable significance either in terms of genetic drift or in terms of differential adaptation. On a third point, the experts are not agreed, namely, whether there are clear and anthropomorphically neutral tests of progress, that is, of relative degrees of development or advancement Stebbins chooses his language with care when he says that supporters of the synthetic theory of organic evolution are reluctant to speculate on the course of evolution, or phylogeny, on the basis of the supposed primitiveness or advancement of modern forms of life. Evolutionary theory does not attempt organic and social comparison.

1. A technique is described for the separation of fibrinogen by paper electrophoresis and the effects of various anticoagulants are compared: the best results were obtained with a veronal buffer and with heparin as anticoagulant. 2. Numerous difficulties, including that of avoiding denaturation of the fibrinogen and the incomplete separation of fibrinogen from the neighboring fractions, render quantitative estimation unsatisfactory and inferior to the standard methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a paper on roentgen-ray indications for tooth extraction. The author explains that Dr. Byron C. Darling's third edition of his paper on the subject has discrepancies from its original version. The author believes that medical roentgenologists should not interpret x-rays intended for dentists or dental roentgenologists.

The article examines abstracts of papers submitted but not included in the program of the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association, Medical Care Section, 1962. Some of these are "Experiences and Activities at a Medical Computing Center," by L.D. Cady, M.A. Woodbury, and L.J. Tich and "An Internist's Experiences With Medical Care of Welfare Patients in Proprietary Nursing Homes," by Sidney M. Greenberg. The first abstract focuses on the center that is cooperating with investigators in the area of mathematical and theoretical analysis and statistical data handling and analysis, information coding, keypunching and storage of medical data for further study and retrieval. The second abstract contains observations of the medical, nursing, and administrative practices in four nursing homes as made by an internist responsible for the medical Scare of welfare patients in these homes. In evaluating these activities the recognition and meeting of the patient's total needs was utilized as the criterion of quality of performance.

Comments on the papers of John G. Gunnell and Victor C. Ferkiss on philosophical assumptions of inquiry in comparative public administration published in the August 1969 issue of 'The Journal of Comparative Administration.' Misuse of science by social scientists; Theory of coexistent universes of administration; Human and action components of study of society.

The article is designed to investigate the operation of two social variables in the formal communication system of science. Scientific papers contain references to previously published work, and these citations present a valuable source of data since they are generally considered to reflect the opinion which authors hold of work previously published. If work is considered important, either in a positive or negative sense, it will be cited. Therefore, the actual number of citations received by an article or person will serve as some indication of perceived importance. It was found that people who had power and high prestige (HIPP) in 1957-61 published significantly more papers in 1960 than did those with no power and low prestige (LOPP). Individual self-citation rates for LOPP papers were significantly higher than for HIPP and important papers. The relation was a strong one. No HIPP people cited any Important or LOPP papers. This suggests a high degree of polarisation in the formal communication system. It may be that, relative to the number of total citations, the number of self-citations is constant. The proportion of self-citations to the total may change as the total changes but the absolute number of self-citations remains steady.

The article discusses about the sociological papers for the people. In response to a challenge of this order from the Editors of the "Beacon," a series of popular sociological expositions, or, as they might be called, "Papers for the People" has been designed by the senior Editor of the "Sociological Review." Some idea of their scope and aims may be gathered from the following titles adopted for representative specimens of the projected papers. The series begins with a paper entitled "Rival Economies and Their Life Values." The first of these papers on current social evolution will appear in the January issue of the "Beacon." For the information of those not acquainted with this journal, written largely by and for men tried in the furnace of the war and found resistant to the temptation of disillusionment, it may be stated the "Beacon" is a monthly magazine devoted to the fashioning of a finer vision of life for the coming times. Now in its second year, it is edited by E. R. Appleton, assisted by Captain W. Wadsworth and Captain Ivor McClure.

This section presents abstracts of studies related to sociology presented at the annual meeting of the Pacific Sociological Society held from April 10 to 12, 1958.

The article focuses on a study with the objective of determining whether all graders are influenced by the factor of essay neatness and whether an interaction exists between the writing clarity of graders and the neatness of the essay papers which they grade. It was hypothesized that graders who have neat, clear handwriting will unintentionally lower their evaluation of an essay containing near-illegible handwriting, whereas graders who are themselves messy handwriters will not subjectively penalize the student who turns in an essay containing messy writing. The results of this study indicate that an interaction exists between the handwriting neatness of a grader and the legibility of the essay paper which he wades. Specifically, this experiment shows that graders who have neat handwriting are biased by the neatness of an essay-biased in the direction of giving lower grades to essays that contain messy handwriting. Graders who have messy handwriting however, are not influenced by the neatness of essays. For those who continue to use essay examinations, certain precautions should be taken to lessen the effect of extraneous factors such as handwriting neatness.

The article presents the selected papers from the Council for Exceptional Children International Convention in April 1970. These documents are available through the ERIC Document Reproduction Service. The papers can be reproduced hardcopy and pamphlet forms. The documents have been organized by the ten topic areas including "Workshop: The Team Approach to the Use of Educational Media," by Dolph C. Welch, "Evaluation Theory and Caseload Selection: Diagnosis and Disposition," by Lear Ashmore and "Use of Motor and Language Development Schemes," by Joann Fokes.

A convenient, sensitive, and reliable assay for the conversion of radiolabeled sucrose to alcohol-insoluble dextran by the Streptococcus mutans dextransucrase has been developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of archival journals in the communication system of science has been recognized as important by many writers.' The nature of the scientific reward system and the ideology of pure science ensures that public communication is central to the social system of science. The two journals considered here were in a sample of thirty-two British social science journals whose editors and referee organizations were discussed in an earlier paper. Their submission and rejection rates were similar to the median rates for the journals, but their age was less than that of the majority. They were both founded within five years of the year whose submissions were studied; such young journals constituted about a third of the journals in the sample. The differences in research area and autonomy affected the nature of the journals' referee systems. The pure discipline journal sent most of its submissions to a regular panel of editorial referees for evaluation and the editor usually accepted their recommendations.

This article reports on salivary lipid concentrations in parotid glands. The article discusses how serum lipid determinations related to saliva help diagnose systemic disease. Information is provided on the collection and evaporation of saliva for research and the use of paper chromatography to measure and analyze lipids.