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With Vietnam's countrywide electrification rate approaching 100 percent, electricity has become ever more indispensable and essential to the quality of everyday life. The steady upsurge in household electricity consumption over the past years has been driven by a growing technification of the domestic sphere. Modern households are increasingly equipped with a variety of electric appliances that not only provide convenience and comfort but also serve as markers of social distinction. This essay explores the history of domestic electrification and people's aspirations to live electrically in urban Vietnam, from the colonial era until today. Inspired by recent advances in the anthropology of electricity, it investigates the meanings that people have attributed to electric home appliances through the ages and asks if, how, and why some of these have come to define what it means to live a good life. In the current era, however, living electrically has also come to reflect a global sense of "cruel optimism" in which people become increasingly attached to certain understandings of what constitutes a good life that are unsustainable in the long run, and detrimental to their well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the end of COP26, Vietnam has developed many institutions and policies to fulfill its commitment to bring net emissions to "zero" by 2050 and reduce methane (CH4) to at least 30% below the 2020 levels by 2030. In order to gradually achieve the above goal, an inventory of facilities with greenhouse gas emissions plays a very important role. This study was conducted to estimate the greenhouse gas emissions at a seafood export processing factory. The study was carried out based on the method of collecting data from different emission sources and calculating emissions based on the activity data and emission factors from reliable sources. The research results show that, during the study period from March 2022 to March 2023, the total emissions at the facility were 19,144.14 tons of CO2eq, of which the indirect emissions from waste and electricity accounted for the high rate of about 60.37% and 36.55% of the total CO2eq, respectively. Research results also show that CO2 is the most emitted gas into the environment and is present in most of the waste sources, in which electricity consumption and CO2 emissions are the most significant, indirectly emitting 7,102.85 tons of CO2/year (accounting for 98.51% of total waste sources). For daily waste, landfilling indirectly releases into the atmosphere an amount of methane (CH4) approximately 410 tons/year, accounting for more than 95% of the total emissions. In addition, in the process of using fuel (gasoline and DO) at the facility, a large amount of N2O gas enters the atmosphere (nearly 70% of emissions from DO and 30% from gasoline). Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions at the facility could be achieved by saving water, reducing wastewater and using clean energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study uses a small area estimation method to estimate the average and inequality of per capita kWh consumption for small areas in Vietnam. It shows evidence of a large spatial heterogeneity in the electric power consumption between districts and provinces in Vietnam. Households in the mountains and highlands consumed remarkably less electricity than those in the delta and coastal areas. Notably, we find a U-shaped relationship between the inequality of electricity consumption and economic levels in Vietnam. In poor districts and provinces, there is very high inequality in electricity consumption. Inequality is lower in middle-income districts and provinces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although nearly all households in Vietnam have connected to the national grid, electricity shortage in the residential sector is still an issue. One measure of residential electricity shortage is the micro-renewable energy system (micro-RES), but little is known about the drivers for household adoption of such system and whether the presence of a micro-RES can help to reduce household energy consumption. This paper examines the characteristics of households that have adopted a micro-RES and investigates whether the presence of micro-RES would result in a decrease in energy demand by using fixed-effects models. Analysis was carried out on the 2016 and 2018 Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey data sets. The results show that the micro-RES adopters are likely to have lower educational level, lower income or living conditions, and live in the mountainous regions. Micro-RES adopters are found to spend less on electricity and fuel than the non-adopters and this finding is consistent across households of different income groups. The results also suggest that the support schemes may be beneficial to households adopting micro-RES because they really need it to meet the increasing demand in electricity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to determine the impact of monetary policy on environmental pollution in a transition country, with a focus on the case of Vietnam. The bounds testing approach is used to investigate the existence of a long-run cointegrating relationship between monetary policy and environmental pollution in Vietnam during the period from 1992 to 2020. Accordingly, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model is employed to test the short-run and long-run effects of monetary policy on environmental pollution in Vietnam. The findings indicate that monetary policies in developing countries such as Vietnam have not had a direct impact on environmental pollution in either the short-term or long-term. However, there is a one-way causal effect of money supply expansion on increasing per capita electricity consumption, as well as a causal effect of per capita electricity consumption on environmental pollution. Based on these findings, some recommendations are proposed to promote green credit growth and a green banking in Vietnam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper was to explore the causal relationship between CO2 emissions, economic growth, electricity consumption, energy use, and urbanisation in Vietnam between 1982 and 2016 using the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). In the short run, it has been empirically proven that GDP, electricity consumption, and energy use have significant and positive relationships with CO2 emissions in Vietnam. Results also indicated that electricity consumption and energy use are the main contributors to increase GDP while CO2 emissions and urban population negatively affect GDP. It was also found that GDP has a significant and negative impact on electricity consumption, but energy use positively affects electricity consumption in Vietnam. Further, urban population has a negative influence on energy use, while the latter has a positive relationship with urban population. In the long run, results showed that GDP per capita and energy use per capita have significant and positive influence on CO2 emissions in Vietnam while urban population contributes to reducing CO2 emissions. The results of the Johansen co-integration test showed that there is a long run relationship between CO2 emissions, economic growth, electricity consumption, energy use, and urbanisation. Results implied that economic growth should be considered by the Vietnamese government along with the target in environmental protection, and urbanisation should be carefully managed to achieve sustainable development in Vietnam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the energy poverty of Vietnam by mediating the role of financial development and environmental considerations. Across the globe, billions of individuals live in fuel poverty, failing to access inexpensive and sustainable energy, which is necessary for long-term development. An elevation in power consumption due to an overall increase in heat and short periods of extreme heat exacerbates global warming. The goal of this research is to look at how climate change is affecting energy poverty in Vietnam. This finding (1) demonstrates that temperature shocks have a positive and quantitative impact. (2) The same may be said for "poor income/high cost" figures, which include information on power rates. Similarly, if households use the same amount of power but spend less on other items, the influence will not raise their electricity use. (3) Thermal shocks have been shown to reduce agricultural output in studies. During seasons of low rainfall, for example, higher evaporation and plant water demand can worsen drought and raise total irrigation expenses. Labor productivity is also affected by rising temperatures, particularly in weather-sensitive industries like agriculture. As a result, heat shocks will lower agricultural revenues, worsening energy poverty. Surprisingly, overall income appears to be a little mitigating influence. This might be owing to widespread underreporting of stated income, particularly among persons who rely on agriculture for their livelihood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, support vector regression (SVR) models have been widely applied in short-term electricity load forecasting. A critical challenge when applying the SVR model is to determine the model for optimal hyperparameters, which can be solved using several optimization methods as the grid search algorithm. Another challenge that affects the response time and the precision of the SVR model is the normalization process of input data. In this paper, the grid search algorithm will be suggested based on data normalization methods including Z-score, min-max, max, decimal, sigmoidal, softmax, and then utilized to evaluate both the response time and precision. To verify the proposed methods, the actual electricity load demand data of two cities, including Queensland of Australia and Ho Chi Minh City of Vietnam, were utilized in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is an essential resource for economic development. The study employed the asymmetric ARDL cointegration approach to investigate the impact of energy consumption on economic growth for Vietnam during the period 1971-2017. The finding of the study is that the effects of electricity consumption on economic growth are asymmetric in both the short- and long-run, and the negative changes have a greater effect than the positive changes. At the same time, the impact of petroleum consumption on economic growth is asymmetric in the long-run, and the positive changes have a greater effect than the negative changes. The causality test also indicates the existence of bi-directional causality between energy consumption and economic growth, supported the Feedback hypothesis. Several policy implications are suggested from the obtained result findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rooftop solar is increasingly promoted as a source of low-carbon household energy; however, there is a plausible concern that solar installations might influence energy consumption patterns in ways that undermine potential environmental benefits. In this study, we examine the impact of residential rooftop solar panels on energy usage in Vietnam. Leveraging a comprehensive and unique panel dataset, we employ a difference-in-differences identification strategy to estimate the effects of solar installation on consumption. Our models reveal that households installing solar panels reduce grid consumption (typically carbon-intensive) by approximately 3.6 %. This reduction occurs concomitantly with an increase in total consumption of around 16 %, indicating a substantial rebound effect from solar panels. Nonetheless, dynamic models suggest a diminishing trend over time for both the decline in grid usage and the rebound effect, leveling off to 1.5 % and 3.5 %, respectively, within one year of solar installation. Acknowledging the marked differences in household consumption behavior and electricity demand dynamics between developing and developed nations, our research provides valuable insights into the understanding of the solar rebound effect and its dynamics over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite increased access to modern energy services being a key development priority, few studies have examined whether improved access is sufficient to facilitate universal energy use at the household level. Using micro data from Vietnam, we study how a national grid expansion is translated into households' electricity use over time. Our analysis reveals that household income is an important determinant of electricity consumption, and that this relationship is highly nonlinear with respect to income. We find a greater degree of inequality in electricity expenditure than we do in income. This finding suggests that a rapid increase in electricity access may not translate directly into increased use of electricity for low income households and could potentially increase the gap in energy use between high income and low income households. Lastly, we find that household characteristics, such as the education level of the household head, household size, as well as the type of housing (quality), are important factors that influence electricity consumption. • Micro-level analysis of the determinants of household electricity expenditure in a lower-middle-income country context. • Household income is an important determinant of electricity use in a developing country context. • Electricity expenditure has a highly non-linear relationship with income. • Inequality in electricity expenditure is greater than inequality in income. • Policymakers should consider how to facilitate productive uses of electricity across the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vietnam's electricity consumption has increased more than 20 times over the last 3 decades. As a consequence of the low energy price policy, the demand for electricity in both the residential and industrial sectors has risen at twice the rate of annual economic growth. Thus, there is an urgent need to characterize the properties of this demand and its determinants. This study presents a first household-level estimate of the demand for residential electricity in Vietnam using a 2015 World Bank household registration survey. Estimating a demand function with instrumental variables to address the simultaneity of price and quantity demanded due to an increasing-block-rate pricing policy, we find that the demand for electricity is almost unitarily elastic to average price and even more so to marginal price. Both income and substitution elasticities are low but positive, indicating that electricity is a necessity and that there is limited substitutability between electricity and other sources of energy. This finding implies that pricing instruments could be very effective for demand side management in Vietnam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, the Nonlinear Grey Bernoulli Model "NGBM (1, 1)" has been applied in various fields and achieved positive results. However, its prediction results may be inaccurate in different scenarios. In order to expand the field of application and to improve the predictive quality of the NGBM (1, 1) model, this paper proposes an effective model (named Fourier-NGBM (1, 1)). This model includes two main stages; first, we get the error values based on the actual data and predicted value of NGBM (1, 1). Then, we use a Fourier series to filter out and to select the low-frequency error values. To test the superior ability of the proposed model, two numerical data sets were used. One is the historical data of annual water consumption in Wuhan from 2005 to 2012 in He et al. 's paper, and the other is example data from Wang et al. 's paper. The forecasted results prove that the performance of the Fourier-NGBM (1, 1) model is better than three other forecasting models, namely GM (1, 1), NGBM (1, 1) and the improved Grey Regression model. Furthermore, this study also applied the proposed model to forecast the electricity consumption in Vietnam up to the year 2020. The empirical results can offer valuable insights and provide basic information for model building to develop future policies regarding electrical industry management. In subsequent research, more methodologies can be used to reduce the residual error of the NGBM (1, 1) model, such as Markov chain or different kinds of Fourier functions. Additionally, the proposed model can be applied in different industries with fluctuating data and uncertain information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In remote communities, hybrid energy systems are increasingly used to improve the reliability and renewability of power supply. The techno-economic analysis is often used to develop these promising energy systems, ignoring some performance indicators and environmental factors. This study proposes a multi-approach framework for developing operationally feasible, economically viable, and environmentally sustainable hybrid energy systems in remote areas. A case study is conducted on Con Dao Island in Vietnam to supply its electricity demand using six on-grid and off-grid hybrid energy systems. After finding the best techno-economic configurations of the six developed systems, they are subjected to multi-approach analysis and exhaustive comparison using a set of performance, economic, and environmental indicators. An off-grid hybrid energy system comprising photovoltaics, wind turbines, lead-acid batteries, and diesel generators has the lowest net present cost (109.7 million USD) to supply the predicted island's electricity consumption (with a total on-site electricity generation of 184.1 GWh/yr). However, this off-grid system indicates the highest excess energy fraction (55%), while the on-grid systems with the ability to export excess energy to the grid have no excess energy fraction. In terms of eco-friendliness, an on-grid hybrid energy system consisting of a high level of photovoltaics and wind turbines shows the best results, with a negative total environmental impact and CO 2-eq emissions. This on-grid system shows the best cost of energy (0.1 USD/kWh) with approximately 450% less total environmental impact than the best off-grid system investigated, offsetting about 48.2 kilotonnes of CO 2-eq /yr by exporting net emission-free electricity. Overall, the proposed framework can assist decision-makers in finding feasible, viable, and sustainable hybrid energy systems. [Display omitted] • A multi-approach framework is used to develop hybrid energy systems for remote areas. • Six hybrid energy systems are developed to supply Con Dao Island's electricity demand. • An off-grid hybrid energy system has the lowest net present cost (109.7 million USD). • An on-grid hybrid system shows negative environmental impacts and CO 2-eq emissions. • The framework can help hybrid energy systems become feasible, viable, and sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pilot tests of a cubic-lattice-based rotating biological contactor were implemented to remove organic matter from wastewater from a milk factory and a hospital in Vietnam. In the milk factory wastewater, the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal ratio was stable between 60% and 90% (average 75%) using this method, with a BOD surface load of 0.002-0.020 kg•m-2•day-1. The average nutrient ratio of the raw wastewater was 0.13 of total nitrogen and 0.015 of total phosphorus compared with 1.0 of BOD. The BOD of treated water was less than 50 mg•L-1, achieving category B of the industrial wastewater standard of Vietnam (QCVN 40:2011). For the hospital wastewater, the BOD removal ratio was stable between 60% and 90% (average 78%), with a BOD surface load of 0.005-0.022 kg•m-2•day-1. The average nutrient ratio of the raw wastewater was 0.25 of total nitrogen and 0.018 of total phosphorus compared with 1.0 of BOD. The BOD of treated water was less than 50 mg•L-1, satisfying category B of the medical wastewater standard of Vietnam (QCVN 28:2010/BTNMT). The electric power consumption was 0.73 KWh•m-3 of wastewater. The sludge conversion ratio from BOD was 0.51 kg TSS•kg BOD-1 based on the excess sludge and suspended solids in raw wastewater and treated water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vietnam's promising economic growth has led to energy shortage, growing coal imports, and increasing carbon emissions. The country's electricity demand annual growth rate has been 12% in recent years and is projected to be 8–9% by 2030. In Vietnam 40% of the land is dedicated to agriculture and thousands of inland water bodies are used for agriculture/aquaculture. Utilising even a small portion of them for Floating Photovoltaics (FPVs) would mitigate land-use conflicts and benefits agriculture and aquaculture. To demonstrate FPVs' potential, we selected a hydropower dam reservoir in the North and six irrigation reservoirs in the South. System Advisor Model (SAM) software was used to simulate the electricity generated if we cover 1%, 5%, and 10% of surfaces of these reservoirs. The results show a potential capacity close to 1 GWp and annual potential generation of 1.4 TWh if 1% of these surfaces were covered by FPVs. We also evaluated FPVs potential for four different types of water bodies in Vietnam: Lake, Lagoon, River and Without Classification. The results showed that the potential capacity, considering use of only of 1% of these water surfaces for FPVs is 3.7 GWp, and provides 5385 GWh generation, which highlights the significant contribution that FPVs can make to the renewable energy sector in this country. However, FPVs face some socio-technical barriers, including regulatory ambiguity about water rights, uncertainty about economic policies and limited information about their environmental impacts that could hamper the expansion of this technology, and need to be addressed through further research. [Display omitted] • Vietnam increasing energy demand has led to growing coal imports. • Population, geography, and land-use make allocating lands to renewables challenging. • Floating photovoltaics can significantly improve Vietnam's renewable energy sector. • We used System Advisor Model (SAM) to show significant potential of FPVs in Vietnam. • FPVs face sociotechnical barriers & regulatory ambiguity that need to be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, sudden global energy demand has led to the gradual exhaustion of fossil fuel, the world's main energy resource. With the negative impact of fossil fuel on the environment, governments and organizations have increased R&D funding on renewable energy resources such as solar and wave energy. Vietnam has a great potential for developing wave energy projects owing to the presence of a long coastline and vast ocean. Choosing an optimal location for wave-based power plant projects is a multicriteria decision that requires understanding the quantitative and qualitative elements for assessing the balance of factors when trying to reach the most accurate result. This study proposes a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) model, fuzzy-analytic hierarchical process (FAHP), and weighted aggregated sum product assessment (WASPAS) in evaluating potential wave energy stations at the Vietnamese coastline. The authors identify all criteria and sub-criteria affecting the wave power plant location selection process through literature review and expert interview. Selection criteria include wave height, the distance between two waves, number of waves, wind speed, wind duration, ocean depth, turbulence, water quality, coastal erosion, shipping density, protection laws, labor resources, safety conditions, and other related factors. FAHP was used to determining the weights of the identified criteria in the first stage of this study. Finally, the WASPAS model was employed to rank all the alternatives involved in making an effective decision. This study aimed to develop a tool to enhance decision-making when solving fuzzy multi-criteria problems. We propose a real-world model for the effectiveness of the proposed model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pig production has greatly contributed to economic development in Vietnam. However, the lack of appropriate management of large amounts of pig manure has caused serious adverse environmental impacts including GHG emissions. To address this challenge, this study explored the potential of biogas production from manure in Hanoi. Through the use of GIS suitability analysis, cluster analysis, and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) technique, the study first analyzed the spatial distribution of pig farms, identified optimal locations for biogas plants, and evaluated potential benefits of introducing biogas production to satisfy the electricity demand and reduce GHG emissions. The results show that it is possible to optimally install two biogas plants with a capacity of more than 1 MW and three with a capacity of more than 250 kW, meeting 1.75% and 0.76% of the electricity demand of Son Tay and Thach That respectively. The study estimated that the implementation of the three proposed scenarios would reduce GHG emissions by 84,777 tons of CO2 eq/year compared to the current situation or baseline scenario. The results open a great opportunity to address local energy security with renewable energy and reduce GHG emissions effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Both exergy and energy analysis methodologies are used for analysing energy efficiencies in various processes, including agriculture. This study focuses on the connection of three main process components (husbandry-crop-fishpond) in a typical farming household located within an acid soil region of rural Vietnam. The concept of exergy analysis is used to underline the potential for resource efficiency in alternative processes in the agricultural system. For development of an integrated ecological system aiming towards zero emissions, the analytical methods of material cycles and energy flows utilized a set of indicators of resource efficiency in a sustainable agriculture. Results: The design of the ideal integrated farming system "Agro-Industrial Zero Emissions Systems" (AIZES) can increase the system efficiency by making use of indigenous natural materials and waste reuse/recycling. Recycling waste produce energy, fish feed and fertilizer can result in a decreased environmental load of approximately half. Using exergy analysis to calculate an indicator non-renewable yield ratio (NRYR), the systems verified sustainability of agriculture production. Conclusions: The farming household will be able to subsidize their fuel and electricity consumption by utilizing biogas. Surplus biogas will be distributed to proximate households, further creating sustainable goals. Biochar, created by mixing the biomass residues with local plants, will improve soil quality and pig sludge, mixed with biomass residue, will create high-quality fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Assesses photovoltaics and battery project at commercial and industrial customers. • Studies applications in three industries and three South-East Asian countries. • Finds that profitable photovoltaic and battery investments exist already today. • Shows that adding a battery often reduces profitability vis-à-vis photovoltaic only. • Derives policy advice to foster the deployment of photovoltaic and battery projects. Solar photovoltaics and batteries are key technologies to enable a rapid decarbonization of electricity systems. Commercial & industrial consumers are an important market for these technologies due to their fast growing electricity demand, particularly in emerging economies. However, it remains unclear if photovoltaics and battery installations are profitable for commercial & industrial applications in an emerging country context. Assessing the profitability of investments in photovoltaics and battery projects, however, is much more complex than for standalone photovoltaics projects, and strongly depends on the regulatory regime. These regimes are often complex and can be inconsistent. Hitherto decision makers lack models which are suitable for detailed assessments and which can serve as basis to adjust the regime. Here, we develop a techno-economic optimization model for commercial & industrial photovoltaics and battery projects, which returns a profit-maximizing storage dispatch and system design. We investigate three South-East Asian countries (Vietnam, Thailand, and Malaysia) and three different industries (Textile, Consumer Goods, and Electronics). The results show that profitable investment opportunities in photovoltaics and battery projects exist already today, even though a battery typically reduces profitability vis-à-vis standalone photovoltaics projects. We discuss how reducing investment risks, building local industries, and shifting existing support schemes towards batteries could support battery deployment in South-East Asia and thereby contribute to the decarbonization of electricity systems in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports that the growing dependence on electricity and extended drought in Vietnam will lead to the country's electricity supply shortage. Percentage increase in the electricity being bought by Electricity of Viet Nam during the first 16 weeks of 2005; Reason behind the possible closure of the Hoa Binh hydro-electric plant; Information on the country's thermal power plant.