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For both developed and developing countries, manufacturing plays a crucial role in international competition. There is a growing consensus that 3D printing (3DP) technologies will revolutionise the development of global manufacturing. Although considerable research has previously been conducted to define the technological and economic benefits of 3DP on global manufacturing, minimal research has linked 3DP with Chinese manufacturing (CM). Therefore, to address this research gap and to investigate 3DP’s potential impact on alleviating CM’s development issues, this paper explores the definition, characteristics and mainstream technologies of 3DP, presents the current situation and the main problems of CM, and analyses the potential impact of 3DP on the development of CM. Then, this study introduces the current 3DP promotion and industrialisation situation in China as well as the issues with promoting 3DP in CM. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

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Frequent and open interaction between venture capitalists (VCs) and entrepreneurs is necessary for venture capital investments to occur. Increasingly, these investments are made across jurisdictions. The vast majority of these cross-border investments are carried out in a syndicate of two or more VCs, indicating the effects of intra-industry networks needing further analysis. Using China as a model, we provide a novel multidimensional framework to explain cross-border investments in innovative ventures across developed and emerging economies. By analyzing a unique international dataset, we examine worldwide venture capital investment flows from 2000-2012 and consider the effects of geographical, cultural, and institutional proximity as well as institutional and relational trust. We find trust to mitigate the negative effects of geographical and cultural distance, where institutional trust is more relevant for investments in emerging economies, and relational trust is more relevant for investments in developed economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite both being developing countries, China and India have markedly contrasting patterns in their use and targeting of antidumping (AD) measures. We explore the factors driving AD use by these two countries, considering in turn macroeconomic, strategic and other determinants. We find more regular or systematic features of AD use by China, while India displays a less systematic pattern of AD use. Economic growth, AD club effect and free trade agreement participation are shown to constrain AD use by China. Compared to India, AD use by China is also more sensitive across industries. Furthermore, China targets developed countries more than developing countries, while India is less discriminating with respect to the country type it targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1978, China has experienced the most rapid economic growth of any country in world history, and the most rapid growth in living standards of any major economy. Following the latest international financial crisis, China outperformed any other major economy – from the second quarter of 2007 to the second quarter of 2014, China’s economy grew by 78% and the USA by 8%. In a single generation, China has gone from a ‘low income economy’ to the verge of achieving ‘high income’ status by World Bank criteria. Achieving this would double the population living in ‘high income’ economies globally. This extremely rapid development is sometimes explained in terms of unique ‘Chinese characteristics’, but research over the last 30 years suggests it is rooted in universal economic processes. While the combination of global forces producing economic growth is unique in China and produces unique ‘Chinese characteristics’, they can operate throughout the world economy. If other developing economies could achieve the scale of China’s economic success, global problems of poverty and its consequences would be solved. China’s policy response to the international financial crisis was far more effective than that of other major economies. This paper examines the chief strategic lessons to be drawn from China’s success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars debate whether states or markets drive economic policy in the context of internationalization. Unpacking the market-state dichotomy, liberal pluralists and institutionalists alike conduct sectoral analysis to examine economic policies and outcomes. They debate the relative importance of sectors versus factors and the impact of sectoral coalitions, structural characteristics, and institutional trajectories. Building on previous scholarship, this article argues that state imperatives, such as national security and technological advancement, are an important guide to understanding dominant patterns of economic policy, defined as state goals, government-business relations, and state methods. Beyond that, the organization of institutions and structural sectoral attributes influence the ways in which actual policy outcomes vary across sectors and time. Case studies of the liberalization and subsequent reregulation of foreign direct investment across subsectors of telecommunications in China substantiate this argument. Evidence from other industries further validates this explanatory model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many developing countries are going through a stretch of market reforms and liberalization in their economic relations with the rest of the world, and yet few of them have advanced anywhere near China in this field. The reasons are very likely in the way they are reforming their economies and in how far they are going in giving consideration to the local and outside environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's economic development has been miraculous since the transition from a planned economy to a market economy in 1979. This article provides answers to six related questions: Why was it possible for China to achieve such extraordinary performance during its transition? Why was China unable to attain similar success before its transition started? Why did most other transition economies fail to achieve a similar performance? What costs does China pay for its extraordinary success? Can China maintain dynamic growth in the coming decades? What should other developing countries do to achieve similar success? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article applies panel-data techniques to examine the Balassa-Samuelson hypothesis (BSH) for 33 countries. We introduce a new approach for classifying traded and non-traded industries which allows for country-specific heterogeneity over each industry and changes in classifications across periods. We find that in developed countries, productivity growth in traded goods leads to a real depreciation of the currency, inconsistent with the BSH; however, higher growth countries experience real appreciation. The results of developing countries support the BSH in that higher productivity growth in traded goods leads to real appreciation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the future of the Washington Consensus, a U.S.-led model of classical liberal economics that focuses on free trade as a means of alleviating poverty in the developing world. Topics include the notion of a poverty trap, the concept of industrial policy (IP) as a protectionist approach to economic development, and the idea of a Beijing Consensus that draws upon economic growth in China. The nature of Chinese town and village enterprises (TVEs) is noted, along with the mixture between private and state enterprise in China.

A case study is presented on the alleged transformation of consumerism in China through examining its cities from the late 1990s through 2010, including the role that Chinese consumerism plays in China's classification as a Third World country. An overview of Chinese consumers, including regional variations in their style and consumptive behaviors, is provided.

Commodity prices are formed by the interaction of global economic growth and costs of expanding supply of commodities. They tend to be high for long periods when global average growth rates are high, and low for long periods when growth rates are low, and to fluctuate around these averages as short term demand departs from expectations. The growth of advanced developing countries is especially influential in determining global demand for resources. Exceptional growth and resource intensity of China have been the main determinants of high energy and metals prices since about 2003. Short term cyclical factors have pushed energy and metal prices higher still, because markets did not anticipate the strength of Chinese demand and supply takes time to catch up. The high resource intensity of Chinese growth has been the result of high investment rates and rapid increases in urban population and the export share of production. Strong growth is likely to continue although at slowly receding rates, but growth will become less resource intensive, leading to moderation of global commodity prices. Strong growth in China and the world are at risk if effective policies are not adopted to break the nexus between economic growth and pressure on the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China and India are touted as new entrepreneurship powerhouses. The two countries' different institutional history and characteristics have led to differences in environments related to entrepreneurship. There are some well-founded rationales as well as a number of misinformed and ill-guided viewpoints about the friendliness of the environment to support entrepreneurship in each country as well as the China-India differences concerning entrepreneurial environment. This article contributes to this debate by offering theoretical and empirical evidence regarding the differences in regulative institutions in the two economies. Specifically, we compare the state's regulative, participative, and supportive roles from the standpoint of entrepreneurship in the two countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large emerging economies, typically Brazil, India, China and South Africa (BICS), demonstrate a strong upward trend in many aspects of their macroeconomic performance in recent decades. This surge is attributed to 'size effects' whereby economies of scale and scope, and agglomeration impact, create productivity improvements. This paper concentrates on both conceptual and empirical studies about the most important contributions from real and financial sectors towards economic growth in large emerging economies. In particular, the transmission channels from finance to growth are discussed in this paper, to show how size effects can affect these transmission mechanisms from finance to development. The econometric estimations use a structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) model for four specific large emerging economies - BICS - and analyse dynamic shocks from real sectors and financial sectors, together with size-effect variables: education investment, government spending and military expenditures. We conclude that real shocks have much higher impact effects on output and growth compared to financial shocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An interview with Justin Yifu Lin, chief economist of the World Bank, is presented, focusing on global economic recovery and the role of the World Bank in developing nations. Topics include the applicability of Chinese economic models to other parts of the world, the role of central government in economic development, and gaps between the rich and the poor in China and elsewhere.

The global financial crisis (GFC) spread from the US and the EU economies to the developing world. In this article, we seek to gain a better understanding of clear contexts, attendant mechanisms, and processes associated with the GFC in China and India. We identify and synthesize the available evidence on the size of the external shock, the cushioning effects, and responses associated with the GFC to propose a framework that enables us to analyze more deeply the antecedents and consequences of the GFC in these two economies. Because of differences in their economic, social, and political backgrounds, China and India have exhibited noteworthy differences in the impacts and responses to the GFC. The findings indicated that trade and investment linkages with the outside world and the degree of personal globalization affected the size of the external shock associated with the GFC. In China's case, a sound macroeconomic policy framework and the state's control on the economy provided a cushion effect, which acted as a buffer to protect the economy against the external shock. China's and India's responses to the GFC included a shift from export-driven to domestic demand-led growth and diversion and shift of economic links away from economies associated with the GFC. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world's economic system is in transition as governments try to manage the tensions generated by the financial crisis that began in September 2008. While the crisis has had financial, economic and political consequences, a further set of effects could be termed geopolitical and geo-economic: broadly, the impact on the way that countries relate to each other politically and economically. It had been clear well before the crisis that emerging economies, and particularly China, were playing a more important role in world affairs. However, the crisis accelerated that process and helped create a more fluid situation in international affairs, in which the instincts of governments are more towards national responses, and established global institutions and regional organisations are no longer seen as the automatic port in a storm, or as the only route to international solutions. Two years after the 2008 crisis, the state of apparent flux in international economic relations could be but an interlude before harsher realities once again force further international coordination and create pressures for a new global compact to be forged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses export productivity and trade specialisation in China, Brazil, India and South Africa. The investigation calculates a time-varying export productivity measure using highly disaggregated product categories. The modelling shows that export productivity is determined by real income and human capital endowments. But the empirical analysis also reveals significant differences in export productivity and specialisation for countries with comparable per capita income levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is to analyze the impact of Chinese enterprises on the local employment practices in Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Based on surveys of over 100 Chinese and local companies and extensive interviews with managers and policy-makers in both countries made from July to December 2007,the study aims not only to depict the current employment practices of Chinese companies in Africa, but also to analyze the factors which affect the localization of employment. Two major patterns, bulldozer-type and locomotive-type, are identified and their implications for the local communities are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The codes of conduct of Western brand-name corporations normally require supplier factories in the Global South to comply with the local country's minimum legal wage; the codes also often stipulate a maximum sixty-hour work week. But the problems of illegally low wages and overtime violations in supplier factories remain unresolved. This article uses survey data collected in a city in South China on workers' wages and work hours to show how legal minimum wage rates, which normally are expressed in developing countries as a monthly wage, obfuscate the level of wages paid to workers. This will be demonstrated by comparing two different payment systems: time rates (which predominate in the toy industry) and piece rates (which predominate in garment manufacturing). The differences in the compensation rates and work hours resulting from the two systems lead the authors to contend that countries in the Global South and the implementers of corporate codes should calculate minimum wages in terms of hourly earnings in order to make wage payments more transparent and help reduce exploitative practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses whether developing countries will have the regulatory, insurance, and trained manpower infrastructure to build nuclear energy facilities to produce electrical energy. The author compares the distribution of electricity by nuclear power and coal and the debate between the two power sources among policymakers regarding carbon dioxide emissions and affordability. The article discusses the construction of nuclear power plants in China, India, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). It also examines the use of decentralized small to medium nuclear reactors (SMR) as a base for the development of nuclear power. The author asserts such reactors could create more productivity and that SMR has been recognized by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

This paper examines five issues: 1) Recent performance of developing countries in terms of growth, investment and integration with the world economy; 2) The impact of the crisis on these economies; 3) The response of policy makers in these economies to mitigate the adverse impact, in particular, the nature of the stimulus packages implemented in these economies; 4) The role developing countries can play in the recovery of the world economy; and 5) The role of China in the recovery, and, in particular, how to deal with the bilateral imbalance between the US and China. Special attention is paid to the behaviour of the economies of the developing country members of the G20 (DG20).1 Finally, the paper discusses what the crisis has revealed about the interests of Russia, India and China in the world economy and consequently a possible strategy for the G20 which would serve their interests. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the intellectual and political challenges when dealing with the notion of continental drift as it relates to economic development and knowledge production in developing countries. The situation in Asia, Africa, and Latin America is examined in terms of global injustice, developing economies, and globalization. The article also discusses the crisis surrounding global food prices, including food riots and food security amongst the urban poor. New dietary patterns amongst the middle-class in the expanding economies of India and China and biofuel feedstock are viewed as primary causes of the crisis.

Based upon a county level analysis, this article explores the complex processes of poverty mis-targeting in China and supplements the pre-existing literature with a bottom-up analysis. It argues that the rational calculations of key county leaders, shaped by a combination of formal and informal institutions, determine whether a county, irrespective of poverty level, competes for the title of “state-designated poorest county (SDPC).” This article also demonstrates that the interaction between formal and informal institutions is dynamic and subject to change. For future relevant research, this article suggests to analyze the practice of poverty reduction in a disaggregated manner by examining the interplay within and among different levels of government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluate the claim that world consumption poverty has fallen since 1990 in light of alternative assumptions about the extent of initial poverty and the rate of subsequent poverty reduction in China, India, and the rest of the developing world. We use two poverty indicators: the aggregate headcount and the headcount ratio, and consider two widely-used international poverty lines ($1/day and $2/day). We conclude that, because of uncertainties in relation to the extent and trend of poverty in China, India, and the rest of the developing world, global poverty may or may not have increased. The extent of the estimated increase or decrease in world poverty is critically dependent on the assumptions made. Our conclusions highlight the importance of improving the quality of global poverty statistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the relationship between capitalist and socialist approaches to the globalization and emerging markets. The socialist approach, which is related to Chinese foreign economic relations, is contrasted with capitalism, which is represented by the U.S. and neoliberal institutions such as the International Monetary Fund. Neoliberal institutions are presented as an institutional cover for the exploitation of developing countries. This approach is contrasted with the Chinese economic relationship with developing countries in Africa. The distinction between the behavior of the Chinese and the U.S. government in their relations with international organizations such as the World Trade Organization and the Asia-Pacific Economic Conference is also noted.

By reviewing changes in relationships during the past 50 years among cities in the Yangtze River Delta region of China, the author explores underlying forces affecting the relationship between a service center (Shanghai) and manufacturing bases (cities in the region surrounding Shanghai). Key internal factors, such as the development stage of cities and the government's promotion policies, together with external factors, including national politics and policy shifts and the strategy of foreign direct investment, are found to be influential in the dynamic relationship. Suggestions based on the Chinese case are offered for a regional alliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the position of China and other developing countries in the global economy. The author explores the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) of the world trading system and the World Trade Organization (WTO) agreement that offers special protection for developing countries in global trade. He looks into the issues surrounding the admission of China to the WTO, particularly on potential inequalities.

The article focuses on the integration of technological innovations in the market economy of China. It cites various technological developments in the country, including the video compact disc (VCD) players, MPEG-1 technology for video distribution and DVD technologies. It states that the progress in the VCD player industry in the country has offered an opportunity to examine various principles related to the innovations among catching-up countries. It adds that the companies in the developing countries may benefit from the way their industry is neglected by the developed countries in terms of product launches.

The article discusses how World Trade Organization (WTO) Director-General Pascal Lamy has called for a recalibration of the goals for the forthcoming WTO ministerial conference on December 13, 2005 in Hong Kong. It is the author's view that Lamy's move to scale down expectations for the meeting is an attempt to avoid the damaging fallout of failed negotiations. The author discusses how the WTO meeting may influence policies related to the import of generic drugs by poor countries who are without domestic drug-manufacturing capacity.